Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B2341/00—Details of ejectors not being used as compression device; Details of flow restrictors or expansion valves
  • F25B2341/001—Ejectors not being used as compression device
  • F25B2341/0011—Ejectors with the cooled primary flow at reduced or low pressure
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
  • F25B2500/01—Geometry problems, e.g. for reducing size

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to refrigeration. More particularly, it relates to ejector refrigeration systems .
• FIG. 1 shows one basic example of an ejector refrigeration system 20.
• the system includes a compressor 22 having an inlet (suction port) 24 and an outlet (discharge port) 26.
• the compressor and other system components are positioned along a refrigerant circuit or flowpath 27 and connected via various conduits (lines).
• a discharge line 28 extends from the outlet 26 to the inlet 32 of a heat exchanger (a heat rejection heat exchanger in a normal mode of system operation (e.g., a condenser or gas cooler)) 30.
• a heat exchanger a heat rejection heat exchanger in a normal mode of system operation (e.g., a condenser or gas cooler)
• a line 36 extends from the outlet 34 of the heat rejection heat exchanger 30 to a primary inlet (liquid or supercritical or two-phase inlet) 40 of an ejector 38.
• the ejector 38 also has a secondary inlet (saturated or superheated vapor or two-phase inlet) 42 and an outlet 44.
• a line 46 extends from the ejector outlet 44 to an inlet 50 of a separator 48.
• the separator has a liquid outlet 52 and a gas outlet 54.
• a suction line 56 extends from the gas outlet 54 to the compressor suction port 24.
• the lines 28, 36, 46, 56, and components therebetween define a primary loop 60 of the refrigerant circuit 27.
• a secondary loop 62 of the refrigerant circuit 27 includes a heat exchanger 64 (in a normal operational mode being a heat absorption heat exchanger (e.g., evaporator)).
• the evaporator 64 includes an inlet 66 and an outlet 68 along the secondary loop 62 and expansion device 70 is positioned in a line 72 which extends between the separator liquid outlet 52 and the evaporator inlet 66.
• An ejector secondary inlet line 74 extends from the evaporator outlet 68 to the ejector secondary inlet 42.
• gaseous refrigerant is drawn by the compressor 22 through the suction line 56 and inlet 24 and compressed and discharged from the discharge port 26 into the discharge line 28.
• the refrigerant loses/rejects heat to a heat transfer fluid (e.g., fan-forced air or water or other fluid). Cooled refrigerant exits the heat rejection heat exchanger via the outlet 34 and enters the ejector primary inlet 40 via the line 36.
• a heat transfer fluid e.g., fan-forced air or water or other fluid
• the exemplary ejector 38 (FIG. 2) is formed as the combination of a motive
• the primary inlet 40 is the inlet to the motive nozzle 100.
• the outlet 44 is the outlet of the outer member 102.
• the primary refrigerant flow 103 enters the inlet 40 and then passes into a convergent section 104 of the motive nozzle 100. It then passes through a throat section 106 and an expansion (divergent) section 108 through an outlet (exit) 110 of the motive nozzle 100.
• the motive nozzle 100 accelerates the flow 103 and decreases the pressure of the flow.
• the secondary inlet 42 forms an inlet of the outer member 102. The pressure reduction caused to the primary flow by the motive nozzle helps draw the secondary flow 112 into the outer member.
• the outer member includes a mixer having a convergent section 114 and an elongate throat or mixing section 116.
• the outer member also has a divergent section or diffuser 118 downstream of the elongate throat or mixing section 116.
• the motive nozzle outlet 110 is positioned within the convergent section 114. As the flow 103 exits the outlet 110, it begins to mix with the flow 112 with further mixing occurring through the mixing section 116 which provides a mixing zone.
• respective primary and secondary flowpaths extend from the primary inlet and secondary inlet to the outlet, merging at the exit.
• the primary flow 103 may typically be supercritical upon entering the ejector and subcritical upon exiting the motive nozzle.
• the secondary flow 112 is gaseous (or a mixture of gas with a smaller amount of liquid) upon entering the secondary inlet port 42.
• the resulting combined flow 120 is a liquid/vapor mixture and decelerates and recovers pressure in the diffuser 118 while remaining a mixture.
• the flow 103 passes as a gas through the compressor suction line as discussed above.
• the flow 112 passes as a liquid to the expansion valve 70.
• the flow 112 may be expanded by the valve 70 (e.g., to a low quality (two-phase with small amount of vapor)) and passed to the evaporator 64.
• the refrigerant absorbs heat from a heat transfer fluid (e.g., from a fan- forced air flow or water or other liquid) and is discharged from the outlet 68 to the line 74 as the aforementioned gas.
• a heat transfer fluid e.g., from a fan- forced air flow or water or other liquid
• an ejector serves to recover pressure/work. Work recovered from the expansion process is used to compress the gaseous refrigerant prior to entering the compressor. Accordingly, the pressure ratio of the compressor (and thus the power consumption) may be reduced for a given desired evaporator pressure. The quality of refrigerant entering the evaporator may also be reduced. Thus, the refrigeration effect per unit mass flow may be increased (relative to the non-ejector system). The distribution of fluid entering the evaporator is improved (thereby improving evaporator performance). Because the evaporator does not directly feed the compressor, the evaporator is not required to produce superheated refrigerant outflow.
• the use of an ejector cycle may thus allow reduction or elimination of the superheated zone of the evaporator. This may allow the evaporator to operate in a two-phase state which provides a higher heat transfer performance (e.g., facilitating reduction in the evaporator size for a given capability).
• the exemplary ejector may be a fixed geometry ejector or may be a controllable ejector.
• FIG. 2 shows controllability provided by a needle valve 130 having a needle 132 and an actuator 134.
• the actuator 134 shifts a tip portion 136 of the needle into and out of the throat section 106 of the motive nozzle 100 to modulate flow through the motive nozzle and, in turn, the ejector overall.
• Exemplary actuators 134 are electric (e.g., solenoid or the like).
• the actuator 134 may be coupled to and controlled by a controller 140 which may receive user inputs from an input device 142 (e.g., switches, keyboard, or the like) and sensors (not shown).
• the controller 140 may be coupled to the actuator and other controllable system components (e.g., valves, the compressor motor, and the like) via control lines 144 (e.g., hardwired or wireless communication paths).
• the controller may include one or more: processors; memory (e.g., for storing program information for execution by the processor to perform the operational methods and for storing data used or generated by the program(s)); and hardware interface devices (e.g., ports) for interfacing with input/output devices and controllable system components.
• One aspect of the disclosure involves an ejector having a primary inlet, a secondary inlet, and an outlet.
• a primary flowpath extends from the primary inlet to the outlet.
• a secondary flowpath extends from the secondary inlet to the outlet.
• a mixer convergent section is downstream of the secondary inlet.
• a motive nozzle surrounds the primary flowpath upstream of a junction with the secondary flowpath. The motive nozzle has an exit.
• a secondary inlet passageway along the secondary flowpath has a terminal portion oriented to discharge a secondary flow along the secondary flowpath at an angle of less than 75° off-parallel to a local direction of the primary flowpath.
• the motive nozzle may be mounted in a first bore.
• the secondary inlet passageway may be at least partially defined by a fitting mounted in a second bore.
• the second bore may be 30-60° off-perpendicular to the first bore.
• a needle may be mounted for reciprocal movement along the primary flowpath between a first position and a second position.
• a needle actuator may be coupled to the needle to drive the movement of the needle relative to the motive nozzle.
• a refrigeration system having a compressor, a heat rejection heat exchanger coupled to the compressor to receive refrigerant compressed by the compressor, a heat absorption heat exchanger, a separator, and such an ejector.
• An inlet of the separator may be coupled to the outlet of the ejector to receive refrigerant from the ejector.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a prior art ejector refrigeration system.
• FIG. 2 is an axial sectional view of a prior art ejector.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic axial sectional view of an ejector.
• FIG. 3 A is an enlarged view of a motive nozzle chamber area of the ejector of FIG. 3.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic axial sectional view of a second ejector.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic axial sectional view of a third ejector.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic axial sectional view of a fourth ejector.
• FIG. 3 shows an ejector 200.
• the ejector 200 may be formed as a modification of the ejector 38 and may be used in vapor compression systems (e.g., FIG. 1) where conventional ejectors are presently used or may be used in the future.
• An exemplary ejector is a two-phase ejector used with C0 2 refrigerant (e.g., at least 50% C0 2 by weight).
• the exemplary ejector includes a multi-part body assembly (e.g., formed of aluminum, stainless steel, or other machinings).
• the body parts 202, 204, 206 are axially secured to each other via screws, bolts, or other fasteners 208 and may have appropriate seals 210 (e.g., polymer-o-rings) and the like.
• a secondary flow conduit 216 extends from the secondary inlet 42 to a conduit outlet 217 and defines a secondary passageway 218.
• the terminal portion of the secondary passageway is oriented to discharge the secondary flow off-normal to an axis of the motive nozzle.
• An exemplary upstream body section 202 has a central axial bore 220 to which the motive nozzle (or assembly) 222 is mounted.
• the motive nozzle or assembly
• similar reference numerals will be used for the portion of the motive nozzle 222 as for the prior art nozzle.
• similar reference numerals are used for portions of the outer member (formed by the body portion 202, 204, 206) as are used for the outer member 102.
• the upstream body section 202 further has a stepped secondary bore 224 to which a secondary inlet fitting 226 (e.g., a conventional stainless steel threaded fitting) is mounted (e.g., via threaded engagement).
• a downstream end 227 of the exemplary fitting lies within the secondary bore.
• An upstream end 228 of the secondary inlet fitting may define the secondary inlet 42 of the ejector.
• a terminal portion 230 of the secondary bore intersects an annular chamber 232 surrounding the motive nozzle.
• the terminal portion 230 of the secondary bore defines a terminal portion of the secondary inlet passageway.
• the terminal portion is oriented coaxial with the fitting along a secondary axis 502.
• the axis 502 is essentially coincident with the direction and centroid of the secondary flow being discharged into the chamber 232.
• the exemplary terminal portion is oriented to discharge the secondary flow essentially parallel to the secondary axis at an angle ⁇ off-parallel to the centerline 500 of the motive flow and associated motive nozzle axis.
• An exemplary ⁇ is 10-75°, more narrowly, 30-60°, 35-55° or 40-50° or a narrowest 43-45°.
• exemplary ⁇ is less than 75°, more narrowly, less than 60°.
• exemplary minimum values of ⁇ are 10°, more narrowly, 15° or 30°.
• a downstream tapering of the adjacent portion of the outer surface of the motive nozzle may further smooth flow and reduce losses.
• FIG. 3 A shows the effective center of the secondary passageway as the intersection 518 of the centerline/axis 502 with the former outer wall 233 (or projection 520 thereof) which was penetrated by the stepped bore.
• the local radius at this location 518 relative to the ejector and motive nozzle axis 500 is shown as Ri.
• An axial length between this location 518 and the outlet of the motive nozzle is shown as Li.
• the outlet/exit of the motive nozzle may be coincident with its throat.
• exemplary Ri is
• Exemplary Li is 0-lOOmm, more narrowly, 3-60mm or 5-40mm.
• An exemplary axis 502 intersects axis 500 at a location between 2.0Ri upstream of the motive nozzle exit and l .ORi downstream, more narrowly, between l .ORi upstream and 0.5Ri downstream, and, more narrowly, between 0.5Ri upstream and the exit itself.
• the radial velocity component (at the location of initial mixing proximate the exit 110) of the relatively low velocity ejector suction flow is relevant to optimizing the losses associated with mixing of very high velocity ejector motive flow. If there is no radial velocity component, then the two flows take longer to mix and losses associated with friction increases. If the radial velocity is too large, as compared to the tangential velocity, then mixing occurs fast but losses associated with viscous dissipation increase. There is an optimal radial velocity that minimizes the two losses while maximizing mixing.
• the cross-sectional area of the annular flow channel formed along the chamber 232 and mixer 114 upstream of the exit 110 of the motive nozzle largely influences the overall velocity of the secondary (suction) flow.
• the angles of convergence of the adjacent surfaces then help define the radial velocity relative to axial velocity.
• 3A further shows an inner surface portion 262 of the convergent section 114 spaced upstream of the exit 110 and forming a brief chamfer having a half angle ⁇ 4 and a length L 2 .
• the chamfer serves to reduce recirculation of suction flow when the flow comes out from suction inlet and into the mixing chamber plenum.
• ⁇ 4 may be greater than ⁇ 3 .
• ⁇ 3 over a region near the exit and extending downstream therefrom (e.g., by a length of several times the diameter of the motive nozzle exit) and ⁇ 2 over a similar adjacent length of the motive nozzle upstream of the exit 110) largely influence the radial velocity component in view of their radial positions and the flow rate.
• the angle ⁇ may then be chosen, in view of any other geometric conditions, to further minimize losses upstream of the portion 262.
• the exemplary ejector body is shown as a modular assembly (e.g., of machined metal/alloy components 202, 204, 206).
• a modular assembly e.g., of machined metal/alloy components 202, 204, 206.
• alternative unitary constructions are possible.
• the modular construction may ease optimizing of length for the intended operating condition.
• different central body portions 204 may be used with given upstream and downstream sections/portions 202 and 206.
• the different central sections 204 may have varying convergent section lengths and/or mixing section lengths and/or overall lengths to provide desired flow properties and compactness.
• a precision machined central boss e.g., of circular transverse section
• the exemplary configuration of a precision machined central boss (e.g., of circular transverse section) 234 protruding from the upstream face 235 of the downstream section 206 and received in a mating compartment 236 in the downstream face 237 of the section 204 may help ensure precise radial registration of the portions 204 and 206 so that there is little relative displacement of the centralized local central axis relative to the nominal/intended central axis 500.
• An exemplary high tolerance on such radial displacement is a maximum of 0.5mm. Lower tolerances are 0.1mm, 0.02mm, and a highest tolerance of
• axial position of the motive nozzle may be set to a desired value.
• the exemplary motive nozzle is not rigidly axially secured to the body section 202. Rather, a precision stem portion 250 of the nozzle is accommodated in the axial bore 220 to provide appropriately precise radial positioning.
• Pressure in the chamber 232 drives the nozzle 222 upstream so that a shoulder 252 of nozzle butts against a base of the chamber (directly or via the one or more spacers) to provide the desired axial positioning.
• FIG. 4 shows a ejector 300 having a pair of diametrically opposite secondary inlet passageways 218 (218A&B) formed by associated bores and fittings otherwise similar to that of FIG. 3.
• secondary inlets 42A&B
• passageways 218A&B
• passageway terminal portions 230A&B
• 502A&B associated axes
• Other variations involve a greater number of such passageways evenly angularly spaced about the axis.
• Such a configuration may offer one or more advantages relative to the configuration of FIG. 3. For example, there may be more uniform circumferential distribution of the secondary/suction flow around the primary/motive flow. This may lead to improved mixing and some combination of improved efficiency and/or permitting reduced axial length.
• flow from the heat rejection heat exchanger may be split (e.g., via a Y-fitting-not shown) to separately feed the two secondary passageways.
• FIG. 5 shows an ejector 400 wherein the terminal portions of the passageways 218 A, 218'B are at an angle to associated upstream portions as the secondary passageways centerlines may curve or have an abrupt angular change.
• the exemplary terminal portions are formed by terminal portions 412 extending to ends 414 of bent/curving conduits 41 OA, 410B replacing the secondary fittings and extending into the chamber 232.
• Exemplary metal conduits 41 OA, 410B or portions of an assembly may be inserted from inside the chamber prior to installation of the motive nozzle and assembly of the body sections to each other.
• FIG. 6 shows an ejector 600 with relatively lengthened fittings 226" which penetrate/protrude into the chamber 232.
• the exemplary fitting downstream/outlet ends 227" are at a right angle relative to the associated axis 502 and their center defines the location 518".
• the ejectors and associated vapor compression systems may be fabricated from conventional materials and components using conventional techniques appropriate for the particular intended uses. Control may also be via conventional methods. Although the exemplary ejectors are shown omitting a control needle, such a needle and actuator may, however, be added. [0035] Although an embodiment is described above in detail, such description is not intended for limiting the scope of the present disclosure. It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, when implemented in the remanufacturing of an existing system or the reengineering of an existing system configuration, details of the existing configuration may influence or dictate details of any particular implementation. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

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• 2011
  • 2011-12-08 WO PCT/US2011/063920 patent/WO2012115698A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2011-12-08 CN CN201180068373.7A patent/CN103380336B/zh active Active
  • 2011-12-08 DK DK11796905.5T patent/DK2678622T3/da active
  • 2011-12-08 EP EP11796905.5A patent/EP2678622B1/en active Active
  • 2011-12-08 ES ES11796905T patent/ES2848158T3/es active Active
  • 2011-12-08 US US13/981,637 patent/US20140157807A1/en not_active Abandoned

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