WO2012085169A1 - Metallic amidoborates for functionalizing organic compounds - Google Patents
Metallic amidoborates for functionalizing organic compounds Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012085169A1 WO2012085169A1 PCT/EP2011/073715 EP2011073715W WO2012085169A1 WO 2012085169 A1 WO2012085169 A1 WO 2012085169A1 EP 2011073715 W EP2011073715 W EP 2011073715W WO 2012085169 A1 WO2012085169 A1 WO 2012085169A1
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- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001457 metallic cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 36
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- -1 borane compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003172 aldehyde group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000085 borane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 4
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trihydridoboron Substances B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012039 electrophile Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 72
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 56
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 33
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000006880 cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 15
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 13
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- VNFWTIYUKDMAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sphos Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(OC)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1P(C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1 VNFWTIYUKDMAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 10
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisilazane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N[Si](C)(C)C FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000006263 metalation reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000005750 3-halopyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000269 nucleophilic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- PWRBCZZQRRPXAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloropyridine Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CN=C1 PWRBCZZQRRPXAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 5
- YCBJOQUNPLTBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 4-iodobenzoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(I)C=C1 YCBJOQUNPLTBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylborane Chemical compound CCB(CC)CC LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010499 C–H functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005937 allylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-BJUDXGSMSA-N borane Chemical class [10BH3] UORVGPXVDQYIDP-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003818 flash chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- ULKSWZAXQDJMJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M magnesium;2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-ide;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1(C)CCCC(C)(C)N1[Mg+] ULKSWZAXQDJMJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 101150117543 tmpB gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- DLQYXUGCCKQSRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(furan-2-yl)phosphane Chemical compound C1=COC(P(C=2OC=CC=2)C=2OC=CC=2)=C1 DLQYXUGCCKQSRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JZTPKAROPNTQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-fluorobenzonitrile Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C#N)=C1 JZTPKAROPNTQQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical class COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011925 1,2-addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YASLVDGNNFPSBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-isoquinolin-1-ylbenzonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC(C#N)=CC=C1C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 YASLVDGNNFPSBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001120493 Arene Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron trifluoride etherate Chemical compound FB(F)F.CCOCC KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001717 carbocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- DOBRDRYODQBAMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(i) cyanide Chemical compound [Cu+].N#[C-] DOBRDRYODQBAMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 235000019439 ethyl acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- YNESATAKKCNGOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide Chemical compound [Li+].C[Si](C)(C)[N-][Si](C)(C)C YNESATAKKCNGOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCSHNCUQKCANBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium diisopropylamide Chemical compound [Li+].CC(C)[N-]C(C)C ZCSHNCUQKCANBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- VXLFYNFOITWQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-phenyl-4-phenyldiazenylaniline Chemical compound C=1C=C(N=NC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 VXLFYNFOITWQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- YUPAWYWJNZDARM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(butan-2-yl)borane Chemical compound CCC(C)B(C(C)CC)C(C)CC YUPAWYWJNZDARM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- ODIGIKRIUKFKHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (n-propan-2-yloxycarbonylanilino) acetate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)N(OC(C)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODIGIKRIUKFKHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTGIVYVOVVQLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-diethoxyethene Chemical group CCOC(=C)OCC VTGIVYVOVVQLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKEFYDZQGKAQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1 XKEFYDZQGKAQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKMGAJGJIURJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Substances CC1(C)CCCC(C)(C)N1 RKMGAJGJIURJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NZCKTGCKFJDGFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromobenzoyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Br NZCKTGCKFJDGFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CCZWSTFVHJPCEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-iodopyridine Chemical compound IC1=CC=CC=N1 CCZWSTFVHJPCEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AJKDUJRRWLQXHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromocyclohexene Chemical compound BrC1CCCC=C1 AJKDUJRRWLQXHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1C(C=CS2)=C2CCN1 CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQSCPPCMBMFJJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromobenzonitrile Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 HQSCPPCMBMFJJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OJIXYLUKURFLRJ-GLGOKHISSA-N CCOC(C(CC1)C=C[C@@]1(C)C(C)C)=O Chemical compound CCOC(C(CC1)C=C[C@@]1(C)C(C)C)=O OJIXYLUKURFLRJ-GLGOKHISSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVDZWDHVPGQUIM-QIIDTADFSA-N C[C@@H](C1C[C@@H](C)CCC1)C=O Chemical compound C[C@@H](C1C[C@@H](C)CCC1)C=O KVDZWDHVPGQUIM-QIIDTADFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010485 C−C bond formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003747 Grignard reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical class CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000066 S-methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S* 0.000 description 1
- 238000006069 Suzuki reaction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006161 Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYSQLSNDIYNSEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [dimethyl-(trimethylsilylamino)silyl]methane N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound CC(C)NC(C)C.C[Si](C)(C)N[Si](C)(C)C XYSQLSNDIYNSEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000641 acridinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- TVJORGWKNPGCDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoboron Chemical compound N[B] TVJORGWKNPGCDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004350 aryl cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006664 bond formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005620 boronic acid group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229950005499 carbon tetrachloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PBAYDYUZOSNJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N chelidonic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C=C(C(O)=O)O1 PBAYDYUZOSNJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003016 chromanyl group Chemical group O1C(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004230 chromenyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000259 cinnolinyl group Chemical group N1=NC(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005356 cycloalkylalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002433 cyclopentenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012954 diazonium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001989 diazonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AASUFOVSZUIILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethanone;sodium Chemical compound [Na].C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 AASUFOVSZUIILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012014 frustrated Lewis pair Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003838 furazanyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002632 imidazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002636 imidazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003387 indolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003406 indolizinyl group Chemical group C=1(C=CN2C=CC=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001977 isobenzofuranyl group Chemical group C=1(OC=C2C=CC=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004594 isoindolinyl group Chemical group C1(NCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000904 isoindolyl group Chemical group C=1(NC=C2C=CC=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002183 isoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001786 isothiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ANYSGBYRTLOUPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tetramethylpiperidide Chemical compound [Li]N1C(C)(C)CCCC1(C)C ANYSGBYRTLOUPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011147 magnesium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PKMBLJNMKINMSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;azanide Chemical compound [NH2-].[NH2-].[Mg+2] PKMBLJNMKINMSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RMHOGFJEHWOPLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M magnesium;di(propan-2-yl)azanide;chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mg+].CC(C)[N-]C(C)C RMHOGFJEHWOPLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002757 morpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004593 naphthyridinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CN=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001979 organolithium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002734 organomagnesium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005327 perimidinyl group Chemical group N1C(=NC2=CC=CC3=CC=CC1=C23)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004625 phenanthrolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=C3C=CC=NC3=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001791 phenazinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001484 phenothiazinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2SC3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001644 phenoxazinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005936 piperidyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IUGYQRQAERSCNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M pivalate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C([O-])=O IUGYQRQAERSCNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229950010765 pivalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003586 protic polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004309 pyranyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003072 pyrazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002755 pyrazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001422 pyrrolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005000 thioaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005490 tosylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008648 triflates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1B(C=1C(=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C=1F)F)C1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001834 xanthenyl group Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of reactive organometallic adducts for making functionalized organic compounds.
- Organometallic reagents are of increasing importance in organic chemistry especially for the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs as well as organic materials. Since organomagnesium and organolithium reagents possess an unnecessary high reactivity, organic chemists focused during the last decades on more selective organometallic reagents such as zinc, silicon, tin and boron derived compounds in order to achieve higher tolerance towards a wide range of functional groups.
- organoboron compounds have proven to be of distinguished usefulness in transition-metal catalyzed reactions.
- organoboranes in the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings has emerged as highly practical straightforward C-C-bond formation.
- This reaction has been frequently applied in academic institutions and industry.
- Organoboron compounds such as boronic acids, boronic esters and, in particular, organotrifluoroborates have been found to have a relatively high tolerance towards functional groups and improved thermal stability.
- the direct synthesis of such compounds has been difficult, has had a low atom-economy and has required transition-metal catalyzed C-H-activation reactions. Thermal instability at ambient temperatures has remained an issue.
- organoboron compounds for the synthesis of functionalized organic compounds is currently not sufficient to reduce or eliminate costly and time-consuming purification of the resulting products. Therefore, there continues to be a need for direct, practical and inexpensive synthesis of organoborates via metalation reactions to facilitate the synthesis of functionalized organic compounds, particularly synthesis via cross-coupling reactions.
- the present invention relates to metallic amidoborate adducts for making metalated compounds that enable a direct, practical and inexpensive functionalization of organic compounds.
- the metallic amidoborate adducts comprise at least one metallic cation or cationic complex and an anion comprising the moiety represented by formula (I):
- each R 1 independently represents Z 1 (Z 1A ) P - , wherein each Z 1 and Z 1A independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom and each p independently represents the integer 2 or 3 and
- each R 2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z 2 (Z 2A - , wherein each Z 2 independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z 2A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and "k" is a positive integer equal to the valence of Z 2 minus 1, wherein at least one, preferably two, and more preferably three, of the R 2 substituents is/are Z 2 (Z 2A -.
- the present invention also relates to a process for making metallic amidoborate adducts comprising reacting:
- R 1 and R 2 have the same meaning as defined above and Met represents at least one metallic cation or cationic complex.
- the present invention also relates to methods for making a metalated organic compound comprising reacting (A) at least one organic compound with
- each Q independently represents an organic compound comprising at least two carbon atoms
- w represents an integer having a value of at least 1.
- the present invention relates to methods for functionalizing organic compounds comprising reacting at least one metalated organic compound according to this invention with at least one compound comprising at least one atom, or group of atoms, that is electrophilic relative to the metalated position(s).
- Fig. 1 shows the mass spectrometric analysis spectrum of a metalated 2-chloro- pyridyltrialkylborate prepared according to Example 8 of the present invention in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) which was not previously exposed to hydrolytic conditions.
- Fig. 2 shows the mass spectrometric analysis spectrum of the metalated 2- chloropyridyltrialkylborate of Fig. 1 after treating the metalated 2- chloropyridyltrialkylborate with water (50 vol%) at 25°C for one hour.
- metalated means that the compound that is the subject of this adjective is bonded, coordinated or complexed with Met.
- hetero atoms as used herein preferably refers to the atoms N, O, S, and P.
- each R 1 independently represents a moiety represented by the formula Z 1 (Z 1A ) P - , wherein each Z 1 and Z 1A independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom and each p independently represents the integer 2 or 3.
- Z 1 is a silicon atom
- Z 1A is preferably a carbon atom
- Z 1 is preferably a carbon atom.
- Z 1 (Z 1A )p- more preferably R 1 , contains bonds selected solely from C-C bonds and C- Si bonds.
- R 1 is preferably represented by the formula (R 3 )3 -p - Z 1 (Z 1A ) P -, wherein each R 3 is independently selected from H, a methyl group, an alkyl group such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a C 5- i 0 cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a C 5- io aryl group, an aralkyl group such as a Ce-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group which is preferably mono-, di- or tri-substituted with a methyl group an alkyl group such as a C 2- 8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a C 5- i 0 cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group such as a Ce-is aralkyl group or, when each R 1 is represented
- the multivalent group covalently bonded to each Z 1 group is a divalent alkylene group, such as a C2-3 alkylene group, which is optionally substituted with one or more methyl groups, alkyl groups such as C2-8 alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups such as Cs-io cycloalkyl groups, aryl groups such as Cs-io aryl groups, aralkyl groups such as Ce-is aralkyl groups, or silyl groups mono-, di- or tri- substituted with a methyl group or an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group.
- the multivalent group is ethylene, propylene or isopropylene, more preferably propylene.
- Each Z 1A of R 1 is preferably independently a methyl group, an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group, such as a Ce-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group tri-substituted with a methyl group or an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group.
- each Z 1A group is a methyl group.
- each and every Z 1A and R 3 of R 1 represents a methyl group.
- R 3 is preferably a hydrogen atom, so that R 1 preferably represents zPr, for example.
- Z 1 is a silicon atom
- R 3 is preferably a methyl group, so that R 1 preferably represents a trimethylsilyl group, for example.
- each R 2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z 2 (Z 2A )k-, wherein each Z 2 independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z 2A represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and "k" represents an integer equal to the valence of Z 2 minus 1, wherein at least one, preferably two, and more preferably three, of the R 2 substituents is/are Z 2 (Z 2A ) k -.
- each Z 2 (Z 2A )k- independently represents
- Z 2 (Z 2A (R 2A ) 3 ) k - wherein Z 2 and "k" have the same meaning as in Z 2 (Z 2A ) k -, Z 2A represents a carbon or silicon atom, and each R 2A independently represents an hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or silicon atom.
- Z (Z (R ) 3 )k-, Z (Z and/or R , contains bonds selected solely from C-C bonds, C-N bonds and C-Si bonds.
- Z 2 (Z 2A - independently represent(s) a methyl group; an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group; a cycloalkyl group, such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group; an aryl group, such as a Cs-io aryl group; an aralkyl group, such as a Ce-is aralkyl group; a silyl group; -N(R 4 )2 wherein each R 4 independently represents -C(Z 3A ) 3 , wherein Z 3A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom or the two R 4 groups are j oined to each other to form a divalent group attached to the nitrogen atom of -N(R 4 ) 2 to form a nitrogen-containing ring structure, wherein the divalent group preferably comprises two or more carbon atoms and, optionally
- Each R 4 preferably independently represents any one of the R 1 and R 2 groups as previously defined other than -N(R 4 )2.
- no more than one R 2 substituent is a fluorine atom.
- none of the R 2 substituents is a fluorine atom.
- no more than two, more preferably no more than one, and even more preferably none, of the R 2 substituents are halogen atoms.
- R 2 substituent(s) represent Me, Et, zPr, nBu, sBu, tBu, c- hexyl, Ph, HMDS, -Nz ' Pr 2 , N-pyrrolidyl, and N-piperidinyl, which may optionally be substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
- the N-pyrrolidyl, and N-piperidinyl may also be optionally substituted with one or more groups comprising one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms preferably selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, or silicon atoms, such as Me, methoxy, methoxymethylene, Et, ethoxy, ethoxyethylene, zPr, «Bu, sBu, tBu, ohexyl, Ph, HMDS, and -Nz ' Pr 2 .
- Particularly preferred R 2 substituents are those having at least 2 carbon atoms up to 6, more preferably up to 4, carbon atoms.
- the R 2 substituents are preferably alkyl groups, such as Et and sBu.
- R 2 is an aryl ring, more preferably a phenyl ring, fully substituted by fluorine atoms (e.g., -CeF 5 ).
- Met is preferably selected from the group consisting of Li, MgX, Na, ZnX, CaX, A1X 2 , MnX q , FeX r , CuX s , LaX 2 or ZrX 3 , or a mixture thereof, wherein X represents CI, Br or I and p, q, and r represent the number of "X" atoms.
- the number of "X" atoms is less than the valence of the metal atom with which it is associated, so that the metal complex has a positive (i.e., cationic) charge.
- Each of the values of "q”, “r”, and “s” are therefore an integer that is equal to the valence of the corresponding metal atom Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively, minus 1.
- the value of "q” and “r” is therefore preferably 1 or 2 and the value of "s” is therefore preferably zero or 1, the selection of each depending on the valence of Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively.
- MgCl is preferred.
- metals such as Li
- metal complexes such as LiCl
- MgCl is preferably present as well.
- Particularly preferred metal amide bases of Formula (II) for making the amidoborate bases according to the invention described herein include: Li or MgX or Na or
- R1 H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
- suitable metal amides include lithium diisopropylamide, magnesium chloride diisopropylamide, tmpLi, tmpMgCl LiCl, LiHMDS,
- the above metal amides are either commercially available or may be prepared by the skilled chemist without undue effort.
- the metal amides tmpMgCl LiCl, LiHMDS and zPr 2 NLi are commercially available from sources such as Sigma Aldrich and Acros Organics.
- the following table provides examples of citations describing procedures for making additional metal amides. The citations are incorporated herein by reference for their relevant disclosure.
- amidoborate bases according to the invention described herein include:
- R H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl
- R H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl
- R H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl
- R H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl,
- Suitable borane compounds include BMe 3 (la), BEt 3 (lb),
- the metal amidoborate base obtained by reacting the metal amide and the borane compound preferably have a decomposition temperature greater than 30°C.
- the reaction between the metal amide and the borane compound is preferably conducted at a temperature in the range from 25°C up to, but not including, the decomposition temperature of the reactant having the lowest decomposition temperature.
- the reaction is generally conducted under the exclusion of oxygen or air in an inert nonprotic solvent under an inert atmosphere, such as argon gas, until conversion of at least one starting material is complete.
- Suitable inert nonprotic solvents include, but are not limited to, cyclic ethers, such as THF and Me-THF, aliphatic ethers, such as dimethoxyethane, toluene, benzene, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, hexachloromethane, and acetonitrile.
- cyclic and aliphatic ethers are preferred.
- THF and Me-THF are particularly preferred solvents.
- reaction should be carried out in the substantial absence of protic solvents, such as water.
- the reaction vessel, reactants and solvent should be dried or distilled before use to ensure that water is not present during the reaction.
- the metal amidoborate bases described above may be reacted with a substrate to form a metalated organic compound.
- the substrate is an organic compound having at least one C-H bond.
- the organic compound preferably comprises at least one ring comprising at least one carbon atom having at least one C-H bond and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms as ring members.
- the ring may be substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring or ring structure.
- the ring structure may comprise multiple rings that may be fused or non-fused.
- the rings and ring systems preferably comprise unsaturated rings.
- the unsaturated rings are preferably carbocyclic or heterocyclic aryl or aralkyl rings.
- the carbocyclic aromatic ring is preferably optionally substituted Ph, more preferably substituted Ph.
- the carbocyclic aromatic ring system is preferably a naphthalene ring system.
- the heterocyclic and carbocyclic aryl or aralkyl rings are further described below.
- the substituents are preferably halogen atoms F, CI, Br, or I), nitro groups, sulfoxy groups, ether groups, thioether groups, and ester groups, methyl groups, alkyl goups, an alkyl group such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group such as a C6-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group which is preferably mono-, di- or tri-substituted with a methyl group an alkyl group such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a Cs-io aryl group, and an aralkyl
- each substituent independently represents an electronegative group, such as a halogen atom or an aromatic ring or ring system.
- the halogen atoms are preferably selected from F, CI, Br and I.
- the ring preferably comprises 1, 2, or 3 hetero atoms as ring members.
- the hetero atoms are preferably selected from N, S, and O.
- the ring preferably comprises at least one nitrogen atom as a ring-member. Examples include the organic compounds used as substrates in the examples which follow.
- reaction conditions such as solvent and temperature conditions, are substantially the same as those used to prepare the metal amidoborate bases.
- the reaction is conducted at a temperature in the ranges previously specified for making the metal amidoborate bases, except that the decomposition temperature below which the reaction should be conducted is now the decomposition temperature of the metal amidoborate base or the metalated organic compound, whichever is lower.
- the decomposition temperature is often greater than the lowest decomposition temperature for making the metal amidoborate bases. It is preferably at least 30°C, more preferably at least 40°C, so that the reaction may preferably be conducted at room temperature (25°C).
- the reaction proceeds rapidly, so that the reaction time may be less than one hour, preferably less than half an hour, when conducting the reaction as a batch.
- the amidoborate bases zPr 2 NBEt 3 MgCl LiCl, zPr 2 NBEt 3 MgCl and zPr 2 NBsBu 3 MgCl were found to be particularly suitable.
- each Q independently represents a substrate as defined above covalently bonded to each boron atom via a C-B bond
- R 2 and Met have the same meanings as defined above
- w represents an integer having a value of at least 1.
- the value of w is preferably not greater than 3, more preferably not greater than 2, and even more preferably 1.
- Q comprises 5 to 7 ring members, more preferably 6 ring members, not including atoms in a fused ring system outside each heterocyclic ring Q.
- the ring members preferably comprise at least four carbon atoms.
- the ring members preferably comprise up to three, more preferably up to two, and yet more preferably one, nitrogen atom.
- the heterocyclic ring may comprise other hetero atoms, such as oxygen or sulfur atoms.
- the heterocyclic ring preferably comprises solely carbon atoms and one or more nitrogen atoms.
- the substitution may be regioselective.
- Regioselectivity may be determined when, for example, at least one heterocyclic ring has at least one nonreactive electronegative substituent, such as a halogen atom or an aromatic ring, and/or at least one heterocyclic ring is part of a fused ring system.
- regioselectivity is preferably at least greater than 95: 1, more preferably at least greater than 99: 1, based on GC-analysis of iodolyzed reaction aliquots relative to the total yield of metalated organic compound.
- the metalated organoborate compound is reacted with an electrophile, E + , which is a compound comprising an electrophilic atom or group with respect to the nucleophilic organoborate.
- E + an electrophile
- Electrophilic atom such as CI, Br, and I, are preferred.
- the compound may, for example, be X 2 , wherein X represents CI, Br, or I.
- the electrophile, E is an organic compound having a halogen or a nucleophilic leaving group substituent.
- Each nucleophilic leaving group is preferably selected from the group consisting
- R A , R c , R D , R E , and R F each independently represents an hydrocarbyl group or a fluorocarbyl group, wherein the hydrocarbyl or fluorocarbyl group preferably has
- Preferred hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, branched-chain and straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons such as ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, w-butyl, sec -butyl and /-butyl, and aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenyl and benzyl.
- Preferred fluorocarbyl groups include -(CF 2 ) m CF 3 , wherein "m" represents an integer in the range from zero to 4 and fluorinated aryl groups, such as fluorinated benzyl groups.
- Preferred nucleophilic leaving groups include triflates (-OS(0) 2 CF 3 ); mesylates (-OS(0) 2 CH 3 ); nonaflates (-OS(0)2(CF 2 )3CF 3 ); tosylates (-OS(0) 2 C 6 H5CH 3 );
- diazonium salts such as ArN 2 BF 4 , wherein Ar represents an aryl group such as phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, xylyl, or naphthyl; acetate; pivalate; thiomethyl; and thioaryl, such as thiobenzyl.
- Preferred organic compounds may be represented by formula (V):
- R 5 represents an organic residue comprising one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms
- L represents CI, Br, I, or a nucleophilic leaving group
- j represents an integer in the range from 1 up to 10, preferably up to 4, more preferably up to 2, and even more preferably up to 1.
- the organic residue, R 5 preferably does not comprise protonated hetero atoms such as, for example, OH, NH, or SH and preferably comprises one or more cyclic groups and/or one or more aliphatic groups.
- the cyclic groups may comprise carbocyclic groups, such as cycloalkyl groups and aryl groups, and heterocyclic groups, such as heteroaryl groups and partially or fully saturated heterocyclic compounds.
- Preferred cyclic groups have at least 4, more preferably at least 5, and even more preferably at least 6, up to 20, more preferably up to 15, and even more preferably up to 10, carbon atoms and optionally from 1 preferably up to a number of hetero atoms equal to the number of carbon atoms in the cyclic group.
- the heteroatoms are preferably selected from B, O, N, S, Se, P and Si, and more preferably selected from O, N and S.
- the cyclic group may comprise a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system.
- the polycyclic ring system may comprise fused ring systems, bridged ring systems and rings having one atom in common.
- Preferred carbocyclic groups are aryl cycloalkyl groups,and cycloalkenyl groups, such as phenyl groups, napththalene rings, cyclohexyl groups, cyclohexenyl groups, cyclopentyl groups, cyclopentenyl groups, etc.
- heterocyclic groups include heteroaryl groups having 5, 6, or 7 ring members and 1, 2, or 3 hetero atoms.
- heterocyclic groups containing one or more nitrogen atoms as ring members include pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, pyridinyl, piperidyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl or mo holino, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxal
- oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups other than those previously mentioned among nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups include furyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, iaochromanyl, and xanthenyl.
- the aliphatic group preferably comprises at least 2, more preferably at least 3, and even more preferably at least 4, up to 20, more preferably up to 12, and even more preferably up to 8, and even more preferably up to 6, carbon atoms.
- the aliphatic group may be straight-chained or branched, may comprise one or more heteroatoms representing up to half, more preferably up to one-fourth, the total number of atoms in the aliphatic group, and may comprise one or more unsaturated bonds.
- the heteroatoms are preferably selected from B, O, N, S, Se, P and Si, and more preferably selected from O, N and S.
- the unsaturated bonds are preferably double bonds and triple bonds.
- Preferred aliphatic groups include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups.
- the aliphatic groups are preferably saturated (i.e., do not contain unsaturated bonds).
- the electrophile may be represented by the formula:
- R 5 , L and "j" have the same meaning, including preferred meanings, as defined above in Formula (V) and Y represents O or S.
- Preferred substituents also include fluorine atoms and nonprotic functional groups.
- the substituents may include halogen atoms that are less electrophilic than the L group(s), nitro groups, sulfoxy groups, ether groups, thioether groups, acyl groups, and ester groups.
- Preferred functional group substituents are nitrile, nitro, ester, amide, protected alcohol, protected amine and protected amide.
- the ester group is preferably represented by the formula -C(0)OR 6 , wherein R 6 is an organic moiety, which may be selected from a wide range of moieties having at least 1, preferably at least 2, more preferably at least 3, and even more preferably at least 4 up to 15, more preferably up to 10, and even more preferably up to 8, carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms.
- R 6 is preferably selected from a methyl group, an alkyl group, such as a C 2- 8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, such as a C 5- i 0 cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group, such as a Ce-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group tri-substituted with a methyl group or an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group.
- Protected alcohol, protected amine and protected amide are alcohol, amine and amide groups in which each proton bonded to an oxygen atom or nitrogen atom has been replaced with a group that is less reactive than the proton and yet capable of being removed to permit reactions to take place on the respective groups.
- Suitable protecting groups for those functionalities are well known in the state of the art. A description of suitable protective groups is provided, for example, in "Protective groups in organic synthesis" T. W. Greene, P. G. M: Wuts, Wiley.
- An example is TIPS to protect alcoholic and phenolic OH groups.
- thermodynamically favored to proceed quickly e.g., at least 70 percent yield within 1 hour
- mild conditions e.g., at 25°C
- E + When the electrophile, E + , is not a halogen molecule, but rather an organic compound having a halogen substituent, such as a compound represented by formula (V), it is often desirable to promote the reaction using a catalyst.
- Catalysts appropriate for conducting nucleophilic-electrophilic cross-coupling, acylation, or allylation are well-known in the organic chemistry literature. Examples include Pd- catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling and Cu-catalyzed acylation.
- the Pd is preferably complexed with dba.
- a N-heterocyclic compound is metalated with a metallic amidoborate base described herein to form a metallic organoborate base having a -BR 2 3 » Met group derived from the metallic amidoborate base.
- the electrophile E is reacted with the metallic organoborate base, the -BR 2 3 » Met group on the metallic organoborate base is replaced by the electrophile E + .
- electrophile residues E, s after attachment to a substrate
- electrophile residues E, s after attachment to a substrate
- the method described herein may be used to acylate an organic compound, serving as the substrate, with an aldehyde group in the absence of a transition metal catalyst.
- R 1 , R 2 CMe2-(CH 2 )3-CMe 2i Si(Me 3 ), / ' Pr
- the borate bases described herein display high stability towards decomposition at room temperature for at least several weeks without loss of reactivity or significant decrease in
- 3-halopyridines (4) were used as test-substrates for regioselective metalation reactions with tmp-derived borate bases affording organoboron compounds of type 5 (Scheme 2).
- tmp- derived bases of the type tmpBR 2 3 ⁇ MgCl (type 3) were utilized for the preparation of organoborates via C-H activations and subsequent functionalizations (Scheme 4).
- E represents the positively charged synthon reacting with the nucleophilic organoborate affording a neutral product.
- E + defines the carbon- or halogen-based electrophile for C-C- or C-Hal-bond forming reactions.
- the substrate is reacted with the base in THF to form a metallic organoborate intermediate under the temperature and time conditions specified in Table 3.
- the metallic organoborate intermediate is then reacted with the electrophile, E, in THF to form the functionalized products 6a to 6g under the following conditions:
- Products 6a and 6d are obtained by cross-coupling the metallic organoborate intermediate with ZnC ⁇ (10 mol%) ) at a temperature of 25°C for 10 minutes followed by reacting the product of the cross-coupling reaction with Ar-I (0.8 equiv) in the presence of Pd(dba) 2 (2 mol%), P(2-furyl) 3 (4 mol%) at 25°C for 12 hours.
- trialkylborane and aminoborane derived bases is highly beneficial due to the high reaction rates obtained.
- Example 8 Functionalization of carbocycles using tmp-derived borate bases
- the substrate is reacted with the base in THF to form a metallic organoborate intermediate under the temperature and time conditions specified in Table 3A.
- the metallic organoborate intermediate is then reacted with the electrophile, E, in THF to form the functionalized products lib to llg under the following conditions:
- 3-fluorobenzonitrile (10a) was metalated using tmpBEt 3 MgCl LiCl (2b; 25 °C, 30 min) furnishing after a Suzuki -type cross-coupling (ZnCl 2 (10 mol%), Pd(OAc) 2 (3 mol%), S-Phos (6 mol%), 65 °C, 1 h) with ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (12; 0.8 equiv) the functionalized biphenyl 11a in 83% yield (Table 3 A, entry 1).
- tmpBEtyMgCl LiCl (2.2 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise at 25 °C to a solution of 3-fluorobenzonitrile (10a; 242 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) in a flame-dried and Argon-flushed Schlenk-tube equipped with septum and magnetic stirring bar.
- tmpBEtyMgCl LiCl (2.2 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise at 25 °C to a solution of 3,5-(trifluoromethyl)anisole (10b; 352 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) in a flame-dried and Argon-flushed Schlenk-tube equipped with septum and magnetic stirring bar.
- disubsituted anisole derivative such as lOf lead after metalation using 2b (25 °C, 0.5 h) followed by cross-coupling (ZnCl 2 (10 mol%), Pd(OAc) 2 (3 mol%), S-Phos (6 mol%), 65 °C, 1 h) with 12 (0.8 equiv) to the functionalized anisole llf in 96% yield (Table 3A, entry 6).
- tmpBEtyMgCl LiCl (2.2 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise at 25 °C to a solution of 3- bis(trifluoromethyl)anisole (lOf; 488 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) in a flame-dried and Argon-flushed Schlenk-tube equipped with septum and magnetic stirring bar.
- Example 10 Stability of pyridyltrialkylborate towards water
- Example 11 Functionalization of iV-heterocycles using iPr 2 NBEt 3 -derived bases
- N-heterocycles such as thiomethylpyrazine and isoquinoline were reacted with iPr 2 NBEt 3 ⁇ Met bases generating the organoborate intermediates which were subsequently reacted in Suzuki type cross-coupling reactions furnishing the corresponding substituted N-heterocycles 6h-j as shown in Scheme 8a and Table 4.
- the substrate is reacted with the base to form a metallic organoborate intermediate.
- the metallic organoborate intermediate is reacted with the electrophile identified in Table 4 to form the respective products by cross-coupling the metallic organoborate intermediate with the Ar-Br electrophile (0.8 equiv) and ZnCl 2 (10 mol%) in the presence of Pd(OAc) 2 (3 mol%) and S-Phos (6 mol%) at 50°C for 12 hours. All reactions were conducted in THF. The results are shown in Table 4 below. Table 4: Functionalization of N-heterocycles using iPr 2 NBEt 3 -derived bases
- structurally diverse amidoborates (2a- w) can be prepared which react rapidly with a wide range of heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds to produce metalated borate compounds in high yield and selectivity.
- the metalated borate compounds can be further functionalized, such as by means of Suzuki -type cross-couplings.
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Abstract
Metallic amidoborates, their anions and processing for making them are described which comprise at least one metallic cation or cationic complex and an anion comprising the moiety (R1)2N -B(R2)3, wherein each R1 independently represents Z1(Z1A)p-, wherein each Z1 and Z1A independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom and each p independently represents the integer 2 or 3 and each R2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z2(Z2A)k -, wherein each Z2 independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z2A independently represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and k represents a positive integer equal to the valence of Z2, wherein at least one of the R2 substituents is Z2(Z2A)k -. The metallic amidoborate compounds may be used to make metalated organic compounds, which in turn may be reacted with an electrophile to make organic compounds functionalized by the electrophile residue. The metallic amidoborate bases described herein are exceptionally stable, so that functionalization of the organic compound may be carried out rapidly and with high yield at room temperature.
Description
METALLIC AMIDOBORATES FOR
FUNCTIONALIZING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of reactive organometallic adducts for making functionalized organic compounds.
Background of the Invention
Organometallic reagents are of increasing importance in organic chemistry especially for the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs as well as organic materials. Since organomagnesium and organolithium reagents possess an unnecessary high reactivity, organic chemists focused during the last decades on more selective organometallic reagents such as zinc, silicon, tin and boron derived compounds in order to achieve higher tolerance towards a wide range of functional groups.
Among the latter, organoboron compounds have proven to be of distinguished usefulness in transition-metal catalyzed reactions. In particular, the use of organoboranes in the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings has emerged as highly practical straightforward C-C-bond formation. This reaction has been frequently applied in academic institutions and industry. Organoboron compounds such as boronic acids, boronic esters and, in particular, organotrifluoroborates have been found to have a relatively high tolerance towards functional groups and improved thermal stability. However, the direct synthesis of such compounds has been difficult, has had a low atom-economy and has required transition-metal catalyzed C-H-activation reactions. Thermal instability at ambient temperatures has remained an issue.
Moreover, the reactivity and selectivity of such organoboron compounds for the synthesis of functionalized organic compounds is currently not sufficient to reduce or eliminate costly and time-consuming purification of the resulting products. Therefore, there continues to be a need for direct, practical and inexpensive synthesis of organoborates via metalation reactions to facilitate the synthesis of functionalized organic compounds, particularly synthesis via cross-coupling reactions.
The present invention addresses this and other problems as further described below.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to metallic amidoborate adducts for making metalated compounds that enable a direct, practical and inexpensive functionalization of organic compounds. The metallic amidoborate adducts comprise at least one metallic cation or cationic complex and an anion comprising the moiety represented by formula (I):
(R1)2N - B(R2)3 (I)
wherein
each R1 independently represents Z1(Z1A)P- , wherein each Z1 and Z1A independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom and each p independently represents the integer 2 or 3 and
each R2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z2(Z2A - , wherein each Z2 independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z2A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and "k" is a positive integer equal to the valence of Z2 minus 1, wherein at least one, preferably two, and more preferably three, of the R2 substituents is/are Z2(Z2A -.
The present invention also relates to a process for making metallic amidoborate adducts comprising reacting:
(A) at least one metal amide base comprising a moiety represented by formula (II):
(RX)2N - Met (II)
with
(B) at least one borane compound comprising a moiety represented by
formula (III):
B(R2)3 (III),
wherein R1 and R2 have the same meaning as defined above and Met represents at least one metallic cation or cationic complex.
The present invention also relates to methods for making a metalated organic compound comprising reacting
(A) at least one organic compound with
(B) at least one of the above described metallic amidoborate adducts to form a metalated organic compound and metalated organic compounds obtainable by such methods.
Further encompassed are metalated organic compounds represented by formula
(IV):
Q(B(R2)3 · Met)w (IV) wherein
each Q independently represents an organic compound comprising at least two carbon atoms,
each R2 and Met has the same meaning as defined above and in the detailed description of this invention, and
w represents an integer having a value of at least 1.
Furthermore, the present invention relates to methods for functionalizing organic compounds comprising reacting at least one metalated organic compound according to this invention with at least one compound comprising at least one atom, or group of atoms, that is electrophilic relative to the metalated position(s).
Further details regarding the present invention are presented in the following detailed description of the invention.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 shows the mass spectrometric analysis spectrum of a metalated 2-chloro- pyridyltrialkylborate prepared according to Example 8 of the present invention in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) which was not previously exposed to hydrolytic conditions.
Fig. 2 shows the mass spectrometric analysis spectrum of the metalated 2- chloropyridyltrialkylborate of Fig. 1 after treating the metalated 2- chloropyridyltrialkylborate with water (50 vol%) at 25°C for one hour.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Definitions of terms used herein
The abbreviations used herein are defined in the following table:
When "p" of Z1(Z1A)P- is 2, this moiety has a valence of 2 and may, for example, be represented -Z1(Z1A)p-. When "p" of Z1(Z1A)p- represents 3, this moiety has a valence of 1.
The term "metalated" means that the compound that is the subject of this adjective is bonded, coordinated or complexed with Met.
Unless stated otherwise, the expression "hetero atoms" as used herein preferably refers to the atoms N, O, S, and P.
Preferred anions and starting materials
In the anions and metal amide bases used to make the metallic amidoborate adducts of the present invention, each R1 independently represents a moiety represented by the formula Z1(Z1A)P- , wherein each Z1 and Z1A independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom and each p independently represents the
integer 2 or 3. When Z1 is a silicon atom, Z1A is preferably a carbon atom. When each Z1A is a silicon atom, Z1 is preferably a carbon atom. In a preferred embodiment, Z1(Z1A)p-, more preferably R1, contains bonds selected solely from C-C bonds and C- Si bonds.
R1 is preferably represented by the formula (R3)3-p- Z1(Z1A)P-, wherein each R3 is independently selected from H, a methyl group, an alkyl group such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a C5-i0 cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a C5- io aryl group, an aralkyl group such as a Ce-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group which is preferably mono-, di- or tri-substituted with a methyl group an alkyl group such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a C5-i0 cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group such as a Ce-is aralkyl group or, when each R1 is represented by the formula (R3)3-p- Z1(Z1A)P- and p represents 2, the R3 groups of each R1 together form one multivalent group covalently bonded to each Z1 group to form a ring structure comprising the nitrogen atom displayed in the moiety represented by formula (I) above, wherein the multivalent group comprises two or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms.
In one embodiment, the multivalent group covalently bonded to each Z1 group is a divalent alkylene group, such as a C2-3 alkylene group, which is optionally substituted with one or more methyl groups, alkyl groups such as C2-8 alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups such as Cs-io cycloalkyl groups, aryl groups such as Cs-io aryl groups, aralkyl groups such as Ce-is aralkyl groups, or silyl groups mono-, di- or tri- substituted with a methyl group or an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group. In a preferred embodiment, the multivalent group is ethylene, propylene or isopropylene, more preferably propylene.
Each Z1A of R1 is preferably independently a methyl group, an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group, such as a Ce-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group tri-substituted with a methyl group or an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group. In a preferred embodiment, each Z1A group is a methyl group.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, each and every Z1A and R3 of R1 represents a methyl group.
When Z1 is a carbon atom, R3 is preferably a hydrogen atom, so that R1 preferably represents zPr, for example. When Z1 is a silicon atom, R3 is preferably a methyl group, so that R1 preferably represents a trimethylsilyl group, for example.
In the anions and the borane compounds used to make the metallic amidoborate adducts of the present invention, each R2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z2(Z2A)k-, wherein each Z2 independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z2A represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and "k" represents an integer equal to the valence of Z2 minus 1, wherein at least one, preferably two, and more preferably three, of the R2 substituents is/are Z2(Z2A)k-.
In a preferred embodiment, each Z2(Z2A)k- independently represents
Z2(Z2A(R2A)3)k-, wherein Z2 and "k" have the same meaning as in Z2(Z2A)k-, Z2A represents a carbon or silicon atom, and each R2A independently represents an hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or silicon atom. In
2 2A 2A 2 2A 2
one embondiment, Z (Z (R )3)k-, Z (Z and/or R , contains bonds selected solely from C-C bonds, C-N bonds and C-Si bonds.
In a further preferred embodiment, at least one, preferably two, and most preferably three, Z2(Z2A - independently represent(s) a methyl group; an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group; a cycloalkyl group, such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group; an aryl group, such as a Cs-io aryl group; an aralkyl group, such as a Ce-is aralkyl group; a silyl group; -N(R4)2 wherein each R4 independently represents -C(Z3A)3, wherein Z3A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom or the two R4 groups are j oined to each other to form a divalent group attached to the nitrogen atom of -N(R4)2 to form a nitrogen-containing ring structure, wherein the divalent group preferably comprises two or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms preferably selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, or silicon atoms, wherein the R2 and R4 groups may optionally be substituted with one or more methyl groups, alkyl groups such as C2-8 alkyl groups; cycloalkyl groups such as Cs-io cycloalkyl groups; aryl groups such as Cs-io aryl groups; aralkyl groups such as Ce-is aralkyl groups; silyl groups and/or fluorine atoms. Each R4 preferably independently represents any one of the R1 and R2 groups as previously defined other than -N(R4)2.
In a preferred embodiment, no more than one R2 substituent is a fluorine atom. In a more preferred embodiment, none of the R2 substituents is a fluorine atom. In an even more preferred embodiment, no more than two, more preferably no more than one, and even more preferably none, of the R2 substituents are halogen atoms.
In a preferred embodiment, at least one, preferably at least two, and more preferably at least three, R2 substituent(s) represent Me, Et, zPr, nBu, sBu, tBu, c- hexyl, Ph, HMDS, -Nz'Pr2, N-pyrrolidyl, and N-piperidinyl, which may optionally be substituted with one or more fluorine atoms. The N-pyrrolidyl, and N-piperidinyl may also be optionally substituted with one or more groups comprising one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms preferably selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, or silicon atoms, such as Me, methoxy, methoxymethylene, Et, ethoxy, ethoxyethylene, zPr, «Bu, sBu, tBu, ohexyl, Ph, HMDS, and -Nz'Pr2. Particularly preferred R2 substituents are those having at least 2 carbon atoms up to 6, more preferably up to 4, carbon atoms. The R2 substituents are preferably alkyl groups, such as Et and sBu.
In another preferred embodiment, all the hydrogen atoms of R2 are replaced by fluorine atoms. In a particularly preferred embodiment, R2 is an aryl ring, more preferably a phenyl ring, fully substituted by fluorine atoms (e.g., -CeF5).
Met is preferably selected from the group consisting of Li, MgX, Na, ZnX, CaX, A1X2, MnXq, FeXr, CuXs, LaX2 or ZrX3, or a mixture thereof, wherein X represents CI, Br or I and p, q, and r represent the number of "X" atoms. The number of "X" atoms is less than the valence of the metal atom with which it is associated, so that the metal complex has a positive (i.e., cationic) charge. Each of the values of "q", "r", and "s" are therefore an integer that is equal to the valence of the corresponding metal atom Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively, minus 1. The value of "q" and "r" is therefore preferably 1 or 2 and the value of "s" is therefore preferably zero or 1, the selection of each depending on the valence of Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively. MgCl is preferred.
In addition to Met, other metals, such as Li, and metal complexes, such as LiCl, may be present with the metal amide base and the metalated compounds made with those bases. When LiCl is present, MgCl is preferably present as well.
Particularly preferred metal amide bases of Formula (II) for making the amidoborate bases according to the invention described herein include:
Li or MgX or Na or
CaX or AIX2 or
MnX-|/2 or FeX-|/2 or Na, Li, K, MgX
CuX0/i or LaX2or (with or without LiCI)
ZrX3
(with and without LiCI) H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl
R1 = H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
alkenyl, cycloalkyl
Specific examples of suitable metal amides include lithium diisopropylamide, magnesium chloride diisopropylamide, tmpLi, tmpMgCl LiCl, LiHMDS,
CIMgHMDS, and
\ 1 1 /
N
I I
Li or MgCI Li or MgCI or ZnCI Na, Li, K, MgCI
(with and without LiCI) (with and without LiCI)
diisopropylamide hexamethyldisilazide
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl
The above metal amides are either commercially available or may be prepared by the skilled chemist without undue effort. The metal amides tmpMgCl LiCl, LiHMDS and zPr2NLi are commercially available from sources such as Sigma Aldrich and Acros Organics. The following table provides examples of citations describing procedures for making additional metal amides. The citations are incorporated herein by reference for their relevant disclosure.
Metal Amide Citation
"Carbene generation by a-elimination with lithium 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidide: l-ethoxy-2-p-tolylcyclopropane",
tmpLi
ORGANIC SYNTHESES (1978), 58, No pp. given. Publisher:
(John Wiley&Sons, Inc., )
"Silylamino-substituted Grignard compounds",
(HMDS)MgCl
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (1963), 75, (1), 95
"New mixed Li/Mg/Zn Amides for the Chemoselective
zPr2NMgCl LiCl Metallation of Arenes and Heteroarenes", EUR. J. ORG.
CHEM. (2009), 1781-1795
"Magnesium amide bases and amido-Grignards. 1. Ortho zPr2NMgX magnesiation", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL
SOCIETY (1989), 111, (20), 8016-18
Particularly preferred borane compounds of Formula (III) for making the
R = H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, R = H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
alkenyl, cycloalkyl alkenyl, cycloalkyl,
R = H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, R = H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl,
Specific examples of suitable borane compounds include BMe3 (la), BEt3(lb),
BzPr3 (lc), B«Bu3 (Id), BsBu3 (le), B^Bu3 (If), BcHex3 (lg), BPh3 (lh), B(C6F5)3 (li),
R = Me, Et, iPr, sBu, tBu, nBu, cycHex, Ph
The above borane compounds are either commercially available or may be prepared by the skilled chemist without undue effort. The following table provides examples of citations to procedures for making additional metal amides. The citations below are incorporated herein by reference for their relevant disclosure.
The metal amidoborate base obtained by reacting the metal amide and the borane compound preferably have a decomposition temperature greater than 30°C.
Preferred process conditions for making the metal amidoborate bases
The reaction between the metal amide and the borane compound is preferably conducted at a temperature in the range from 25°C up to, but not including, the decomposition temperature of the reactant having the lowest decomposition temperature.
The reaction is generally conducted under the exclusion of oxygen or air in an inert nonprotic solvent under an inert atmosphere, such as argon gas, until conversion of at least one starting material is complete. Suitable inert nonprotic solvents include, but are not limited to, cyclic ethers, such as THF and Me-THF, aliphatic ethers, such
as dimethoxyethane, toluene, benzene, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, hexachloromethane, and acetonitrile. The cyclic and aliphatic ethers are preferred. THF and Me-THF are particularly preferred solvents.
This reaction should be carried out in the substantial absence of protic solvents, such as water. The reaction vessel, reactants and solvent should be dried or distilled before use to ensure that water is not present during the reaction.
Preparation of metalated organic compounds using the metal amidoborate bases
The metal amidoborate bases described above may be reacted with a substrate to form a metalated organic compound. The substrate is an organic compound having at least one C-H bond. The organic compound preferably comprises at least one ring comprising at least one carbon atom having at least one C-H bond and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms as ring members. The ring may be substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring or ring structure. The ring structure may comprise multiple rings that may be fused or non-fused.
The rings and ring systems preferably comprise unsaturated rings. The unsaturated rings are preferably carbocyclic or heterocyclic aryl or aralkyl rings. The carbocyclic aromatic ring is preferably optionally substituted Ph, more preferably substituted Ph. The carbocyclic aromatic ring system is preferably a naphthalene ring system. The heterocyclic and carbocyclic aryl or aralkyl rings are further described below.
When the ring or ring system is substituted, the substituents are preferably halogen atoms F, CI, Br, or I), nitro groups, sulfoxy groups, ether groups, thioether groups, and ester groups, methyl groups, alkyl goups, an alkyl group such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group such as a C6-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group which is preferably mono-, di- or tri-substituted with a methyl group an alkyl group such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group such as a Cs-io cycloalkyl group, an aryl group such as a Cs-io aryl group, and an aralkyl group such as a C6-is aralkyl group.
In a preferred embodiment, each substituent independently represents an electronegative group, such as a halogen atom or an aromatic ring or ring system. The halogen atoms are preferably selected from F, CI, Br and I.
The ring preferably comprises 1, 2, or 3 hetero atoms as ring members. The hetero atoms are preferably selected from N, S, and O. The ring preferably comprises at least one nitrogen atom as a ring-member. Examples include the organic compounds used as substrates in the examples which follow.
The reaction conditions, such as solvent and temperature conditions, are substantially the same as those used to prepare the metal amidoborate bases.
The reaction is conducted at a temperature in the ranges previously specified for making the metal amidoborate bases, except that the decomposition temperature below which the reaction should be conducted is now the decomposition temperature of the metal amidoborate base or the metalated organic compound, whichever is lower. The decomposition temperature is often greater than the lowest decomposition temperature for making the metal amidoborate bases. It is preferably at least 30°C, more preferably at least 40°C, so that the reaction may preferably be conducted at room temperature (25°C).
The reaction proceeds rapidly, so that the reaction time may be less than one hour, preferably less than half an hour, when conducting the reaction as a batch. The amidoborate bases zPr2NBEt3MgCl LiCl, zPr2NBEt3MgCl and zPr2NBsBu3MgCl were found to be particularly suitable.
The result is a substitution of the metalated borate on the substrate which may be represented by formula (IV):
Q(B(R2)3 · Met)w (IV)
wherein each Q independently represents a substrate as defined above covalently bonded to each boron atom via a C-B bond, R2 and Met have the same meanings as defined above, and w represents an integer having a value of at least 1. The value of w is preferably not greater than 3, more preferably not greater than 2, and even more preferably 1.
In a preferred embodiment, Q comprises 5 to 7 ring members, more preferably 6 ring members, not including atoms in a fused ring system outside each heterocyclic ring Q. The ring members preferably comprise at least four carbon atoms. The ring members preferably comprise up to three, more preferably up to two, and yet more preferably one, nitrogen atom. The heterocyclic ring may comprise other hetero
atoms, such as oxygen or sulfur atoms. The heterocyclic ring preferably comprises solely carbon atoms and one or more nitrogen atoms.
When the substrate has a structure that allows for determining regioselectivity of the substitution, the substitution may be regioselective. Regioselectivity may be determined when, for example, at least one heterocyclic ring has at least one nonreactive electronegative substituent, such as a halogen atom or an aromatic ring, and/or at least one heterocyclic ring is part of a fused ring system. The
regioselectivity is preferably at least greater than 95: 1, more preferably at least greater than 99: 1, based on GC-analysis of iodolyzed reaction aliquots relative to the total yield of metalated organic compound.
Compounds 5a to 5w in Tables 2A to 2D of Example 4 below are illustrative examples of metalated organic compounds prepared according to this invention.
Preparation of functionalized compounds using the metalated organic compounds
Various types of reactions, such as Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings, copper- catalyzed acylation and allylation reactions, may be conducted using the metalated organic compounds described above. Regioselectivity achieved in preparing the metalated organic compounds is generally reflected in the functionalized compounds made with the metalated organic compounds.
To functionalize the metalated organoborate compound, the metalated organoborate compound is reacted with an electrophile, E+, which is a compound comprising an electrophilic atom or group with respect to the nucleophilic organoborate. Electrophilic atom such as CI, Br, and I, are preferred. The compound may, for example, be X2, wherein X represents CI, Br, or I.
In a preferred embodiment, the electrophile, E, is an organic compound having a halogen or a nucleophilic leaving group substituent. Each nucleophilic leaving group is preferably selected from the group consisting
of -OS(0)2-RA, -N=N-RB, -OP(0)(ORc)2, -OC(0)RD, -SRE, and -N(RF)3 RG, wherein RA, Rc, RD, RE, and RF each independently represents an hydrocarbyl group or a fluorocarbyl group, wherein the hydrocarbyl or fluorocarbyl group preferably has
B G
from 1 up to 10, preferably up to 7, carbon atoms, and R and R each represent BF4. Preferred hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, branched-chain and straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons such as ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, w-butyl, sec -butyl and /-butyl,
and aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenyl and benzyl. Preferred fluorocarbyl groups include -(CF2)mCF 3, wherein "m" represents an integer in the range from zero to 4 and fluorinated aryl groups, such as fluorinated benzyl groups.
Preferred nucleophilic leaving groups include triflates (-OS(0)2CF3); mesylates (-OS(0)2CH3); nonaflates (-OS(0)2(CF2)3CF3); tosylates (-OS(0)2C6H5CH3);
diazonium salts such as ArN2BF4, wherein Ar represents an aryl group such as phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, xylyl, or naphthyl; acetate; pivalate; thiomethyl; and thioaryl, such as thiobenzyl.
Preferred organic compounds may be represented by formula (V):
R5Lj (V)
wherein
R5 represents an organic residue comprising one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms;
L represents CI, Br, I, or a nucleophilic leaving group; and
"j" represents an integer in the range from 1 up to 10, preferably up to 4, more preferably up to 2, and even more preferably up to 1.
The organic residue, R5, preferably does not comprise protonated hetero atoms such as, for example, OH, NH, or SH and preferably comprises one or more cyclic groups and/or one or more aliphatic groups.
The cyclic groups may comprise carbocyclic groups, such as cycloalkyl groups and aryl groups, and heterocyclic groups, such as heteroaryl groups and partially or fully saturated heterocyclic compounds. Preferred cyclic groups have at least 4, more preferably at least 5, and even more preferably at least 6, up to 20, more preferably up to 15, and even more preferably up to 10, carbon atoms and optionally from 1 preferably up to a number of hetero atoms equal to the number of carbon atoms in the cyclic group. The heteroatoms are preferably selected from B, O, N, S, Se, P and Si, and more preferably selected from O, N and S. The cyclic group may comprise a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system. The polycyclic ring system may comprise fused ring systems, bridged ring systems and rings having one atom in common.
Preferred carbocyclic groups are aryl cycloalkyl groups,and cycloalkenyl groups, such as phenyl groups, napththalene rings, cyclohexyl groups, cyclohexenyl groups, cyclopentyl groups, cyclopentenyl groups, etc.
Preferred heterocyclic groups include heteroaryl groups having 5, 6, or 7 ring members and 1, 2, or 3 hetero atoms. Examples of heterocyclic groups containing one or more nitrogen atoms as ring members include pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, pyridinyl, piperidyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl or mo holino, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalizinyl, naphthyridinyl, carbazolyl, phenazinyl, phenanthradinyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, and phenoxazinyl. Examples of oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups other than those previously mentioned among nitrogen atom-containing heterocyclic groups include furyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, iaochromanyl, and xanthenyl.
The aliphatic group preferably comprises at least 2, more preferably at least 3, and even more preferably at least 4, up to 20, more preferably up to 12, and even more preferably up to 8, and even more preferably up to 6, carbon atoms. The aliphatic group may be straight-chained or branched, may comprise one or more heteroatoms representing up to half, more preferably up to one-fourth, the total number of atoms in the aliphatic group, and may comprise one or more unsaturated bonds. The heteroatoms are preferably selected from B, O, N, S, Se, P and Si, and more preferably selected from O, N and S. The unsaturated bonds are preferably double bonds and triple bonds. Preferred aliphatic groups include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups. The aliphatic groups are preferably saturated (i.e., do not contain unsaturated bonds).
In a preferred embodiment, the electrophile may be represented by the formula:
R5-C(Y)-Lj (VI)
wherein R5, L and "j" have the same meaning, including preferred meanings, as defined above in Formula (V) and Y represents O or S.
Preferred substituents also include fluorine atoms and nonprotic functional groups. The substituents may include halogen atoms that are less electrophilic than the
L group(s), nitro groups, sulfoxy groups, ether groups, thioether groups, acyl groups, and ester groups.
Preferred functional group substituents are nitrile, nitro, ester, amide, protected alcohol, protected amine and protected amide. The ester group is preferably represented by the formula -C(0)OR6 , wherein R6 is an organic moiety, which may be selected from a wide range of moieties having at least 1, preferably at least 2, more preferably at least 3, and even more preferably at least 4 up to 15, more preferably up to 10, and even more preferably up to 8, carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms. R6 is preferably selected from a methyl group, an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, such as a C5-i0 cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, such as a Cs-io aryl group, an aralkyl group, such as a Ce-is aralkyl group, or a silyl group tri-substituted with a methyl group or an alkyl group, such as a C2-8 alkyl group.
Protected alcohol, protected amine and protected amide are alcohol, amine and amide groups in which each proton bonded to an oxygen atom or nitrogen atom has been replaced with a group that is less reactive than the proton and yet capable of being removed to permit reactions to take place on the respective groups. Suitable protecting groups for those functionalities are well known in the state of the art. A description of suitable protective groups is provided, for example, in "Protective groups in organic synthesis" T. W. Greene, P. G. M: Wuts, Wiley. An example is TIPS to protect alcoholic and phenolic OH groups.
When the electrophile is X2, the reaction is generally sufficiently
thermodynamically favored to proceed quickly (e.g., at least 70 percent yield within 1 hour) under mild conditions (e.g., at 25°C) without the aid of a catalyst.
When the electrophile, E+, is not a halogen molecule, but rather an organic compound having a halogen substituent, such as a compound represented by formula (V), it is often desirable to promote the reaction using a catalyst. Catalysts appropriate for conducting nucleophilic-electrophilic cross-coupling, acylation, or allylation are well-known in the organic chemistry literature. Examples include Pd- catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling and Cu-catalyzed acylation.
In the case of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, the Pd is preferably complexed with dba.
> 95 % 6a-h: 73-82%
As can be seen from this example, a N-heterocyclic compound is metalated with a metallic amidoborate base described herein to form a metallic organoborate base having a -BR2 3 »Met group derived from the metallic amidoborate base. When the electrophile E is reacted with the metallic organoborate base, the -BR2 3 »Met group on the metallic organoborate base is replaced by the electrophile E+.
Examples of electrophile residues, E, s after attachment to a substrate include:
cross-coupling acylation allylation cross-coupling acylation iodolysis electrophile reaction reaction electrophile reaction Wjth
(Pd-catalyzed) (Cu-catalyzed) (Cu-catalyzed) (Pd-catalyzed) (Cu-catalyzed) iodine In contrast to prior known processes, the method described herein may be used to acylate an organic compound, serving as the substrate, with an aldehyde group in the absence of a transition metal catalyst.
The invention described herein is further described with reference to the following examples. The examples are for illustration only. They are not to be interpreted as restricting the scope of the invention as described herein.
EXAMPLES
In the following examples, the chemical reactions were carried out under argon atmosphere in flame-dried glassware. Syringes which were used to transfer anhydrous solvents or reagents were purged with argon prior to use. THF were continuously refluxed and freshly distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl under nitrogen.
Diethyl ether was predried over calcium hydride and dried with the solvent
purification system SPS-400-2 from INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Al203,l-3 mm, ICN, Eschwege, Germany). TMPH, liquid acid chlorides and
BF3 OEt2 were distilled prior to use under argon.
Example 1: Procedure for the preparation of (iPr2N)BEt3 MgCl LiCl (2k)
At -20 °C, BEt3 (50.0 mmol, 4.89 g) was added dropwise to a solution of zPr2NMgCl LiCl (50.0 mmol, 0.94 M in THF, 50.3 mL). After addition, the mixture was allowed to slowly warm to 25°C while continuously stirring the reaction mixture for 30 minutes. Subsequently, zPr2NBEt3 MgCl LiCl was titrated at 0°C with benzoic acid and 4-(phenylazo)-diphenylamine affording a concentration of 0.70 M (zPr2N)BEt3 MgCl LiCl (2k) in THF.
Example 2: Procedure for the preparation of tmpBEt3*MgCl-LiCl (2b)
At -20 °C, BEt3 (50 mmol, 4.89 g) was added dropwise to a solution of tmpMgCl LiCl (50 mmol, 1.1 M in THF, 50 mL). After addition, the mixture was allowed to slowly warm to 25 °C and continuously stirred for 30 min. Subsequently, tmpBEtrMgCl LiCl was efficiently titrated at 0 °C with benzoic acid and 4- (phenylazo)-diphenylamine affording a concentration of 1.0 M tmpBEt3 MgCl LiCl (2b) in THF. Example 3: Preparation of additional metal amide derived borate bases
Analogous to Examples 1 and 2, additional metal amide derived borate bases 2a, 2c to 2j, and 21 to 2w were prepared in accordance with Scheme 1.
Scheme 1. Preparation of metal amide derived borate bases:
BR3R42
1a-k
(R2)(R1)N— et (R2)(R )N— BR3R4 2-Met
-20 °C to 25 °C
3a-g 2a -w
R1 , R2 = CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2i Si(Me3), /'Pr
R3, R4 = Me, Et, /'Pr, nBu, sBu, fBu, cHex, Ph, N/'Pr2 N(SiMe3)2 F Met = Li, MgX, Na, ZnX The designation of variables in Scheme 1 for the metal amide derived borate bases 2a to 2w are independent of the designations for the corresponding variables in the generic description of the invention. The R group and Met designations provided below in Tables 1A and IB correspond to those in Scheme 1.
Table 1A: Preparation of metal amide derived borate bases 2a to 2i
Designation R1 R2 R3 R4 Met
2a -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- Me Me MgCl-LiCl
2b -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- Et Et MgCl-LiCl
2c -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- zPr zPr MgCl-LiCl
2d -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- «Bu «Bu MgCl-LiCl
2e -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- 5Bu sBu MgCl-LiCl
2f -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- /Bu /Bu MgCl-LiCl
2g -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- c-hexyl c-hexyl MgCl-LiCl
2h -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- Ph Ph MgCl-LiCl
2i -SiMe3 -SiMe3 Et Et Na
Table IB: Preparation of metal amide derived borate bases 2j to 2w
Designation R1 R2 R3 R4 Met
2j zPr zPr Et Et Li
2k zPr zPr Et Et MgCl-LiCl
21 -SiMe3 -SiMe3 Et Et Li
2m zPr zPr Et Et MgCl2 «LiCl
2n zPr zPr sBu sBu MgCl-LiCl
2o zPr zPr sBu sBu MgCl
2p -SiMe3 -SiMe3 Et Et MgCl-LiCl
2q -SiMe3 -SiMe3 F HMDS MgCl-LiCl
2r -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- -NiPr2 -NiPr2 MgCl-LiCl
2s -CMe2-(CH2)3-CMe2- MgCl-LiCl
2t -SiMe3 -SiMe3 F HMDS Li
2u -SiMe3 -SiMe3 F HMDS MgCl-LiCl
2v zPr zPr -NiPr2 -NiPr2 Li
2w zPr zPr -NiPr2 -NiPr2 MgCl-LiCl
In contrast to the frustrated Lewis pair adducts derived from metal amides and BF3 OEt2 which are only stable at low temperature (below -20 °C), the borate bases described herein display high stability towards decomposition at room temperature for at least several weeks without loss of reactivity or significant decrease in
concentration.
Example 4: Reactivity of borate bases 2a to 2w
In order to investigate the reactivity of the generated borate bases (2a-w),
3-halopyridines (4) were used as test-substrates for regioselective metalation reactions with tmp-derived borate bases affording organoboron compounds of type 5 (Scheme 2).
Scheme 2: Reaction for the determination of the rate of metalation
The results are shown in Tables 2A to 2D. Bases 2a to 2w correspond to the bases 2a to 2w according to Table 1. The variable "X" of Scheme 2 is CI in entries 1- 9 and 13-18. For the remainder of the entries, "X" of Scheme 2 is I. The products in the last column of Tables 2A to 2D were detected using gas chromatography analysis of quenched reaction aliquots.
Table 2 A: Reactivit of the borate bases 2a to 2d
5a tmpBEt
5b
B/PryMgCI LiCI tmpB/'Pr3 MgCI LiCI
0.47 25 0.16
2c
5d
Table 2B. Reactivit of the borate bases 2e to 21
5e tmpBfBu
5f
BcHex3MgCILiCI CI
tmpBcHex3MgCILiCI
0.45 25
2g
5g tmpBPh
5h
HMD
5j
BEt3MgCILiCI .Br
/Pr2NBEt3MgCI
11 0.70 25 0.25
2k
5I
Table 2C. Reactivity of the borate bases 2m to 2t
tmpB(F)(HMDS)2MgCILiCI
BF(HMDS)2MgCILiCI 2q 5q ci
tmpB(N/Pr2)3MgCILiCI
1.07 25 0.25 N B(N/Pr2)3MgCILiCI
2r
5r
OMe
CI
tmpB-^N I ) MgCI LiCI 0.84 25 0.25 "N B(S-Prol)3MgCILiCI
5s
2s
Table 2D. Reactivity of the borate bases 2u to 2w
Br
(/Pr2N)4BMgCILiCI
20 0.78 25 "N B(N/"Pr2)3MgCILiCI
2w
5w
As one can see from Tables 2A to 2D, the 3-halopyridines were metalated in position 4, which indicates the existence of a borate as the reactive metalating species (Tables 2A to 2C, entries 1-15) due to the fact that the magnesiation of 3- halopyridines with tmpMgCl LiCl produces the metallic organoborate species in position 2.
However, 3-halopyridines are metalated by tmp-amidoborate magnesium chlorides in position 2 as well (Tables 2C to 2D, entries 16-20).
Example 5: Reactivity of metallic amidoborate adducts with and without LiCl
In addition, the influence of lithium chloride in solution was examined which is generally considered to be an important contributor to the good solubility properties of state of the art metal amide bases. Thus, the borate bases 2n and 2o derived from tri-(sec-butyl)-borane (le) were generated and reacted with 3-chloropyridine (4a) affording metalation in position 4 in both cases with the same reaction rates (Scheme
3).
Scheme 3. Functionalization of N-heterocycles via direct C-H activation using tmp- derived boron bases with and without LiCl.
5o: conv. >90%
These results indicate that lithium chloride additive is dispensable, which is contrary to the expectations of those skilled in this field of chemistry. Example 6: Procedure for the preparation of 4-isoquinolin-l-ylbenzonitrile (6k)
To a solution of isoquinoline (258 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) in a flame- dried and argon-flushed 25 mL-Schlenk-tube equipped with septum and magnetic stirring bar, zPr2NBEt3 MgCl LiCl (2.2 mL, 1.01 M in THF, 2.2 mmol 2k) was added dropwise at 25°C. After stirring for 15 minutes and addition of ZnCl2 (0.2 mL, 1 M in THF, 10 mol%), the solution containing the organoborate product was added dropwise at 25°C to a solution of Pd(dba)2 (22 mg, 2 mol%), P(2-furyl)3 (9 mg, 4 mol%) and 4-bromobenzonitrile (291 mg, 1.6 mmol) in THF (2 mL).
The reaction solution was stirred for 12 h at 50°C and subsequently diluted with diethyl ether (5 mL). Thereafter, the reaction mixture was quenched with brine (5 mL) and 2 M aqueous NH3 (2 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3x 10
mL). Subsequently, the combined organic phases were dried over Na2SC>4, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (pentane/EtOAc = 9: 1 with 0.5% NEt3) affording 6k (291 mg, 79%) as a pale yellow solid. Example 7: Functionalization of N-heterocycles using tmp-derived borate bases
In order to demonstrate the synthetic potential of the borate reagents, tmp- derived bases of the type tmpBR2 3 · MgCl (type 3) were utilized for the preparation of organoborates via C-H activations and subsequent functionalizations (Scheme 4).
> 95 % 6a-g: 73-82%
The abbreviation E represents the positively charged synthon reacting with the nucleophilic organoborate affording a neutral product. In other words, E+ defines the carbon- or halogen-based electrophile for C-C- or C-Hal-bond forming reactions.
The metallic organoborate bases were reacted with substituted or unsubstituted N-heterocycles generating the corresponding heteroarylborates which subsequently were trapped with various electrophiles (Table 3).
Table 3: Functionalization of N-heterocycles using tmp-derived borate bases
T t Electrophile
Entry Substrate Base Product : Yield (%)
CC) (h) E+
6a" : 77
6c" : 78
3b 25 0.05 I2 6ga : 81
In each of the examples in Table 3, the substrate is reacted with the base in THF to form a metallic organoborate intermediate under the temperature and time conditions specified in Table 3. The metallic organoborate intermediate is then reacted with the electrophile, E, in THF to form the functionalized products 6a to 6g under the following conditions:
[a] Product 6g is obtained via iodolysis of the metallic organoborate intermediate.
[b] Products 6a and 6d are obtained by cross-coupling the metallic organoborate intermediate with ZnC^ (10 mol%) ) at a temperature of 25°C for 10 minutes followed by reacting the product of the cross-coupling reaction with Ar-I (0.8 equiv) in the presence of Pd(dba)2 (2 mol%), P(2-furyl)3 (4 mol%) at 25°C for 12 hours.
[c] Products 6b and 6f are obtained by acylating the metallic organoborate
intermediate by reacting the metallic organoborate intermediate with ZnC (1 equiv) at a temperature of 25°C for 10 minutes followed by reacting the product of that reaction with CuCN 2LiCl (10 mol%, -40°C, 10 min) and addition of 2-bromobenzoyl chloride (0.8 equiv) at -40°C and slowly warming to 25°C with continuous stirring for 4 hours.
[d] Products 6c and 6e are obtained by allylating the metallic organoborate
intermediate with CuCN 2LiCl (10 mol%) and 3-bromocyclohexene (0.8 equiv) at 25°C for 12 hours.
In comparison to tmp-magnesium bases, the use of trialkylborane and aminoborane derived bases is highly beneficial due to the high reaction rates obtained.
Similarly to isoquinoline, 3-chloropyridine was metalated with various tmp- derived borate bases affording the corresponding substituted pyridylborate derivatives which were further reacted in Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling, acylation or allylation reactions (Table 3, entries 3-7).
Example 8: Functionalization of carbocycles using tmp-derived borate bases
Tmp-derived bases of type 3 were utilized for the preparation of organoborates via C-H activations of carbocyclic compounds and subsequent functionalizations (Scheme 5).
Scheme 5
10a- g 11a-g: 75-96%
FG = CN, OMe, CI, F, CF3 The metallic organoborate bases were reacted with carbocycles generating the corresponding arylborates which subsequently were trapped with various electrophiles Ar-X (Table 3A).
Table 3A: Functionalization of substituted carbocycles using tmp- BEt3 MgCl LiCl
10g ga
In each of the examples in Table 3A, the substrate is reacted with the base in THF to form a metallic organoborate intermediate under the temperature and time conditions specified in Table 3A. The metallic organoborate intermediate is then reacted with the electrophile, E, in THF to form the functionalized products lib to llg under the following conditions:
[a] Products 11a to lid and llf to llg were obtained after cross-coupling with ZnCl2 (10 mol%), Ar-I (0.8 equiv), Pd(OAc)2 (3 mol%), S-Phos (6 mol%), 1 h, 65 °C.
[b] Product lie was obtained after cross-coupling with ZnCl2 (10 mol%), Ar-I
(0.8 equiv), Pd(dba)2 (3 mol%), P(2-furyl)3 (6 mol%), 2 h, 65 °C. S-Phos =
2-Dicyclohexyl-phosphino-2',6'-dimethoxybiphenyl.
Thus, 3-fluorobenzonitrile (10a) was metalated using tmpBEt3 MgCl LiCl (2b; 25 °C, 30 min) furnishing after a Suzuki -type cross-coupling (ZnCl2 (10 mol%), Pd(OAc)2 (3 mol%), S-Phos (6 mol%), 65 °C, 1 h) with ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (12; 0.8 equiv) the functionalized biphenyl 11a in 83% yield (Table 3 A, entry 1). In particular, tmpBEtyMgCl LiCl (2.2 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise at 25 °C to a solution of 3-fluorobenzonitrile (10a; 242 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) in a flame-dried and Argon-flushed Schlenk-tube equipped with septum and magnetic
stirring bar. After stirring for 30 min at 25 °C, ZnCl2 (0.2 mL, 1 M in THF, 10 mol%), Pd(OAc)2 (14 mg, 3 mol%), S-Phos (25 mg, 6 mol%) and ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (12; 441 mg, 1.6 mmol) were added followed by continuously stirring for 1 h at 65 °C. After cooling to 25 °C, the reaction mixture was diluted with Et^O (5 mL) and quenched with sat. NH4C1 (aq.) (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2CI2 (3x 15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na2SC>4 and the solvent was removed under vacuum. Flash column chromatography (pentane-Et20, 95:5) afforded 11a (357 mg, 83%) as a pale yellow solid.
Similarly, the substituted arenes lOb-d reacted with 2b (25 °C, 0.5-12 h) affording the corresponding borate which lead after subsequent cross-coupling (ZnCl2 (10 mol%), Pd(OAc)2 (3 mol%), S-Phos (6 mol%), 65 °C, 1 h) with 12 (0.8 equiv) to the biphenyl derivatives llb-d in 75-95% yield (Table 3A, entries 2-4). For example, tmpBEtyMgCl LiCl (2.2 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise at 25 °C to a solution of 3,5-(trifluoromethyl)anisole (10b; 352 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) in a flame-dried and Argon-flushed Schlenk-tube equipped with septum and magnetic stirring bar. After stirring for 1 h at 25 °C, ZnCl2 (0.2 mL, 1 M in THF, 10 mol%), Pd(OAc)2 (14 mg, 3 mol%), S-Phos (25 mg, 6 mol%) and ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (12; 441 mg, 1.6 mmol) were added followed by continuously stirring for 1 h at 65 °C. After cooling to 25 °C, the reaction mixture was diluted with ΕΪ2Ο (5 mL) and quenched with sat. NH4C1 (aq.) (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2CI2 (3x 15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na2SC>4 and the solvent was removed under vacuum. Flash column chromatography (pentane-Et20, 9: 1) afforded lib (492 mg, 95%) as a pale yellow solid.
Using the same amidoborate base 2b, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (lOe) was metalated at elevated temperature (50 °C, 1 h) providing after cross-coupling (ZnC (10 mol%), Pd(dba)2 (2 mol%), P(2-furyl)3 (4 mol%), 65 °C, 2 h) with 12 (0.8 equiv) the benzoate lie in 79% yield (Table 3A, entry 5).
Furthermore, disubsituted anisole derivative such as lOf lead after metalation using 2b (25 °C, 0.5 h) followed by cross-coupling (ZnCl2 (10 mol%), Pd(OAc)2 (3 mol%), S-Phos (6 mol%), 65 °C, 1 h) with 12 (0.8 equiv) to the functionalized anisole llf in 96% yield (Table 3A, entry 6). In particular, tmpBEtyMgCl LiCl (2.2 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.2 mmol) was added dropwise at 25 °C to a solution of 3- bis(trifluoromethyl)anisole (lOf; 488 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) in a flame-dried
and Argon-flushed Schlenk-tube equipped with septum and magnetic stirring bar. After stirring for 30 min at 25 °C, ZnCl2 (0.2 mL, 1 M in THF, 10 mol%), Pd(OAc)2 (14 mg, 3 mol%), S-Phos (25 mg, 6 mol%) and ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (12; 441 mg, 1.6 mmol) were added followed by continuously stirring for 1 h at 65 °C. After cooling to 25 °C, the reaction mixture was diluted with Et^O (5 mL) and quenched with sat. NH4C1 (aq.) (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2CI2 (3x 15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na2SC>4 and the solvent was removed under vacuum. Flash column chromatography (pentane-Et^O, 95:5) afforded llf (602 mg, 96%) as a white solid.
Similarly, l-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (lOg) reacted with 2b (25 °C, 12 h) producing the corresponding borate which provided after subsequent cross- coupling with ethyl 4-iodobenzoate (12; 0.8 equiv) the polysubstituted biphenyl llg in 81% yield (Table 3 A, entry 7).
Example 9: Metalation of pyridine with fluorinated borate base
A high reactivity was observed in the metalation of pyridine with the amidoborate base tmpB(C6F5)3»MgCl»LiCl according to scheme 5, which led to a substantially complete conversion to the metalated pyridine within 10 minutes at - 40°C. Iodolysis of the metalated pyridine provided 2-iodopyridine (7) in 75 % yield (Scheme 6). Scheme 6. Accelerated metalation of pyridine with
Example 10: Stability of pyridyltrialkylborate towards water
A reaction mixture obtained after reacting 3-chloropyridine with
tmpBEt3»MgCl»LiCl in dry THF at 25°C for 15 minutes was observed using mass spectroscopy. The result is shown in Figure 1.
The metalated 3-chloropyridine was stirred in water at 25 °C for 1 h. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was again subjected to mass spectroscopic analysis. The result is shown in Figure 2. Since Figure 2 shows that the organoborate was still present, the
organoborate was not hydrolyzed by water. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, this result suggests the existence of an intermediate organoborate of type 8a instead of type 8b as shown in Scheme 7.
Scheme 7: Stability of pyridyltrialkylborate towards water
Example 11: Functionalization of iV-heterocycles using iPr2NBEt3-derived bases
In this example, N-heterocycles such as thiomethylpyrazine and isoquinoline were reacted with iPr2NBEt3 · Met bases generating the organoborate intermediates which were subsequently reacted in Suzuki type cross-coupling reactions furnishing the corresponding substituted N-heterocycles 6h-j as shown in Scheme 8a and Table 4.
Scheme 8a
As shown in Scheme 8a, the substrate is reacted with the base to form a metallic organoborate intermediate. The metallic organoborate intermediate is reacted with the electrophile identified in Table 4 to form the respective products by cross-coupling the metallic organoborate intermediate with the Ar-Br electrophile (0.8 equiv) and ZnCl2 (10 mol%) in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 (3 mol%) and S-Phos (6 mol%) at 50°C for 12 hours. All reactions were conducted in THF. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
Table 4: Functionalization of N-heterocycles using iPr2NBEt3-derived bases
6j : 79
Example 12: Extension to providing aldehyde functionality
The scope of reactions with organoborates can be extended to 1,2-addition to aldehyde functions as shown in Scheme 8b without the use of expensive Rh-based or other transition metal catalysts.
Scheme 8b: 1,2-Addition of heteroarylborates to aldehydes
As can be seen from the above examples, structurally diverse amidoborates (2a- w) can be prepared which react rapidly with a wide range of heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds to produce metalated borate compounds in high yield and selectivity. The metalated borate compounds can be further functionalized, such as by means of Suzuki -type cross-couplings.
Thus, the metallic amidoborate bases described herein allow for the
regioselective preparation of custom-made bases which are thermally stable, and highly reactive, which may be easily manufactured from inexpensive commercially available starting materials producing hydrolytically stable organoborate
intermediates that react in a wide range of chemical reactions.
Claims
An anion comprising a moiety (I):
(R1)2N - B(R2)3
wherein
1A each R1 independently represents Z1(Z1A)P- , wherein each Z1 and Z
independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom and each p independently represents the integer 2 or 3 and
each R2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z2(Z2K - , wherein each Z2 independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z2A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, k is a positive integer equal to the valence of Z2 minus 1, and at least one of the R2 substituents is Z2(Z2A)k-.
The anion of claim 1, wherein each R1 is R3-Z1(CH3)2-, wherein each R3 is independently selected from H, a methyl group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a trimethylsilyl group or the two R3 groups together form a multivalent group covalently bonded to each Z1 group to form a ring structure comprising the nitrogen atom displayed in moiety (I) above, wherein the multivalent group comprises two or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms.
The anion of claim 1 or 2, wherein each Z2(Z2A - independently represents a methyl group; a C2-8 alkyl group; a Cs-io cycloalkyl group; a Cs-io aryl group; a Ce-15 aralkyl group; a silyl group; -N(R4)2 wherein each R4 independently represents -C(Z3A)3, wherein Z3A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom or the two R4 groups are j oined to each other to form a divalent group attached to the nitrogen atom of -N(R4)2 to form a nitrogen-containing ring structure, wherein the divalent group comprises two or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, or silicon atoms, wherein the R2 and R4 groups may optionally be substituted with one or more methyl groups, C2-8 alkyl groups; Cs. 6 cycloalkyl groups; Cs-io aryl groups; Ce-15 aralkyl groups; silyl groups and/or fluorine atoms.
A metallic amidoborate adduct comprising at least one anion of any one of the preceding claims and at least one metallic cation or cationic complex.
The metallic amidoborate adduct of claim 4, wherein the metallic cation or cationic complex is selected from the group consisting of Li, MgX, Na, ZnX, CaX, A1X2, MnXq, FeXr, CuXs, LaX2 or ZrX3, or a mixture thereof, wherein X represents CI, Br or I and values of "q", "r", and "s" are each an integer that is equal to the valence of the corresponding metal atom Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively, minus 1.
A process for making a metallic amidoborate adduct comprising reacting:
(A) at least one metal amide base comprising a moiety having the formula:
(RX)2N - Met (II)
with
(B) at least one borane compound comprising a moiety having the formula:
B(R2)3 (III),
wherein
each R1 independently represents Zx(Z1A)p- , wherein each Z1 and Z1A independently represents a carbon atom or a silicon atom and each p independently represents the integer 2 or 3;
each R2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z2(Z2K - , wherein each Z independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z2A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and "k" is a positive integer equal to the valence of Z2 minus 1, and wherein at least one of the R2 substituents is Z2(Z2A -; and
Met represents at least one metallic cation or cationic complex.
A method for making a metalated organic compound comprising reacting
(A) at least one organic compound having a C-H bond with
(B) at least one metallic amidoborate adduct according to claim 4 or 5 or obtainable by the process according to claim 6.
A metalated organic compound represented by the formula:
Q(B(R2)3 · Met)w (IV)
wherein
Q represents an organic compound covalently bonded to the each boron atom of formula (IV) via a C-B bond;
each R2 independently represents a fluorine atom or Z2(Z2A - , wherein each Z2 independently represents a carbon atom, nitrogen atom or a silicon atom, each Z2A represents a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom or a silicon atom, and "k" is a positive integer equal to the valence of Z2 minus 1, and wherein at least one of the R2 substituents is Z2(Z2A)k-;
Met represents at least one metallic cation or cationic complex; and
w represents an integer having a value of at least 1.
A method for functionalizing an organic compound comprising reacting at least one metalated organic compound according to claim 8 with at least one compound comprising at least one atom, or group of atoms, that is electrophilic relative to the metalated position(s) on the organic compound.
The method according to claim 9, wherein the electrophilic atom, or group of atoms, is a halogen or a compound comprising a substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated ring structure, wherein the ring members comprise one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more hetero atoms selected from oxygen or sulfur atoms.
The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the electrophilic atom or group of atoms comprises at least one aldehyde group in the absence of a transition metal catalyst.
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