WO2012084707A1 - Micropump for generating a fluid flow, pump system, and microchannel system - Google Patents
Micropump for generating a fluid flow, pump system, and microchannel system Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012084707A1 WO2012084707A1 PCT/EP2011/073029 EP2011073029W WO2012084707A1 WO 2012084707 A1 WO2012084707 A1 WO 2012084707A1 EP 2011073029 W EP2011073029 W EP 2011073029W WO 2012084707 A1 WO2012084707 A1 WO 2012084707A1
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- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- micropump
- wetting
- electrode
- micropump according
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B19/00—Machines or pumps having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B17/00
- F04B19/006—Micropumps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B43/00—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members
- F04B43/02—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members having plate-like flexible members, e.g. diaphragms
- F04B43/04—Pumps having electric drive
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a micropump, in particular a membrane-less micropump, for generating a (quasi) continuous flow of a fluid located in a micro- or nano-channel system.
- the invention further relates to a pump system and a microchannel system with such micropumps.
- the invention aims at applications of microbiology and microreaction technology, in which the analysis systems used are preferably cost- effective disposable products from mass production.
- Fluids are to be understood throughout the specification, liquids or mixtures of gases and liquids and Mehrphasensys ⁇ systems of more than one liquid.
- the mixtures are those whose molecular weight is so small that the interface of the liquid to the surrounding gas is completely intact.
- Microsystem pumps are still a challenge for microfluidics.
- Rotary pumps that dominate macroscopic solutions are largely unsuitable for use in microsystems engineering due to a variety of difficulties (abrasion, sealing, drive, surface tension of liquids).
- Micropumps are therefore usually realized as a complex structure with moving solid ⁇ body membranes, which must be moved over comparatively high-performance drives.
- Some of the solutions proposed in the prior art for microfluidic applications are systems which can be used without additional effort (eg assembly steps or special assembly and connection methods). techniques) can not be integrated into the process flow for manufacturing microfluidic systems using standard technology steps.
- the complex structures required for the most commonly used actuator principles are a disadvantage of existing solutions, which hitherto prevented the use in disposable solutions due to the associated costs.
- micropumps has been intensively studied for a long time. Numerous works have already been carried out in the 1990s due to the importance of pumps. From DE 42 23 019 Cl z. B. a "valveless" micropump, which follows the "classical” structure, known in which in the gap ⁇ like region, which impresses the pump actuator an oscillatory motion, fluidically anisotropic structures are introduced, which give the fluid movement in a preferred direction.
- FIG. 1 shows the schematic diagram of a "classic" micropump assembly according to the prior art: the deflection of a membrane 1, the volume of a pumping chamber 2 is cyclically increased or decreased, wherein the pumping chamber 2 connected to an inlet 3 and an outlet 4 In combination with passive or active valve structures in inflow and outflow 3, 4, a preferred direction is impressed on the fluid 6 to be delivered, resulting in a pumping action.
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a "Classical" micropump according to the prior art, a structure with a piezoelectric element 7 as an actuator, which deflects the membrane 1 on the pumping chamber 2.
- Such a "classical" micropump is described, for example, in WO 2009/059664 A1, which is based on a pump chamber with a diaphragm which is deflected by a piezoelectric element Row of connected pumping chambers, which are operated by means of a phase shift in the drive signal.
- a micropump best ⁇ starting from pumping chamber and the actuator are known.
- the valve action or the fluid movement of a preferred direction impressing structures are designed as channels with non-linear flow resistance. Depending on the driving regime, a laminar or turbulent flow is generated in these channels, which is associated with different flow resistances in the individual channels.
- micromembrane pumps are described in DE 197 19 862 AI and US 2004/0033146 AI
- US 2006/0292013 A1 describes a pump for ferrofluids (ie, fluids containing nanoparticles that are ferromagnetic and that can therefore be attracted by magnetic poles).
- Electrostatic actuators for membranes which have hitherto been known especially in microsystem technology, are rather unsuitable for pumping applications, since the force effect on the membranes is too low here. Occasionally, methods using vapor bubbles (thermal actuators) or ultrasound are also investigated.
- micropumps use moving solid-state elements (usually membranes), whose deflection through various actuators periodically increases or decreases the volume of a pumping chamber. In combination with valves which impress a preferred direction on the generated periodic flow, this results in a directed transport of the fluid.
- moving solid-state elements usually membranes
- moving solid-state elements is always associated with phenomena such as wear or material fatigue. The use of moving solid elements leads to an additional parasitic energy consumption, which deteriorates the efficiency of a pump or its energy efficiency.
- No. 6,551,849 B1 describes a method for producing a field of microneedles.
- WO 2008/124046 A1 discloses a microfluidic valve in which the behavior of the fluid flow can be controlled by means of the electrowetting effect.
- the wetting behavior of the liquid on a hydrophobic surface in the channel is changed with a first pair of electrodes in order to open the valve, and a second pair of electrodes is used to electrolytically generate a bubble in order to stop the flow of fluid.
- US 2008/135411 A1 describes the movement of fluids across a surface due to electrostatic forces generated by electrodes placed in the surface.
- CN 101256132 A design a method is described that allows, based on the theories by Wenzel, Cassie and BAXTER, advance zube feed the apparent contact angle of a liquid ⁇ keitstropfens on a microstructured surface ⁇ .
- the object of the present invention is to provide a micropump and a microchannel system which overcome the above-described disadvantages of the prior art and with which a further miniaturization of microfluidic systems for various applications, such as microbiology and microreaction technology, can be realized.
- this object is achieved by a micropump having the features of the first claim, by a pump system having the features of claim 12 and by a microchannel system having the features of claim 13.
- the invention first makes use of the fact that for the pumping effect only the change in the deficiency Neten fluid volume is necessary, which was regularly generated in the prior Tech ⁇ nik by an actuator movement.
- a membraneless micro-pump according to the invention is used for the generation ⁇ supply a flow of a fluid in a microchannel system. It comprises a pumping chamber delimited by an inlet and an outlet. Preferably, inlet and / or outlet are formed by a valve structure. According to the invention, the inner wall of the pump chamber a lyophobic (in the sense of a liquid repellent) volume change ⁇ portion.
- the micropump further comprises electrical means for cyclically changing the wetting behavior of the fluid in the volume changing section.
- the wetting behavior of the fluid between a first entenden state and a second wetting state is cyclically changed by the electrical means, whereby the interface of the fluid to the volume change section forms a kind of virtual membrane, which causes the desired Volumenände ⁇ tion.
- Suitable materials for the production of the pumping chamber, the volume change section and possibly the valve structures are, for example, silicon, glass, plastics and ceramics.
- the preparation is preferably carried out using standard microelectronic processes known to the person skilled in the art.
- a pump system In a pump system according to the invention several micro-pumps are arranged in series or in parallel. Through a series ⁇ circuit, an increase in pressure, by a parallel Lele circuit an increase in the delivery rate can be achieved.
- the valve structures of the micropump are not required or can be simplified form, when the means for cyclically changing the wetting behavior of the individual micropumps phasenverscho ⁇ ben be controlled in a series circuit of the micro pump. In this case a kind of "Peris ⁇ taltik" of the pump system is created.
- a micro channel system according to the invention comprises a plurality of channel sections, wherein at least one micropump according to the invention is arranged between each two of the channel sections.
- a channel cross-sectional area of the channel sections of such a microchannel system is usually less than 1 mm 2 and usually greater than 1 ⁇ second In one embodiment, the channel cross-sectional area is different in size from a pump chamber cross-sectional area.
- the electrical means become reversible
- electrode materials all metals and semiconductors come into consideration as platinum, titanium, chromium, indium tin oxide and gold are particularly suitable angese ⁇ hen.
- the volume change section forms the first electrode, while the second electrode is provided inside or outside the pumping chamber in order to contact the fluid.
- a dielectric is then formed between the electrodes or on one of the electrodes.
- insulating materials As a dielectric all electrically good insulating materials come into question. Particularly suitable are silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, glass, diamond-like carbon, titanium nitride,
- Titanium oxide and hydrophobing materials such as e.g. Teflon® AF or Cytop.
- the hydrophobizing materials can be used particularly advantageously as a dielectric on the lyophobic volume change section.
- the electrodes can also be arranged completely outside the pumping chamber, as a result of which the pumping chamber itself forms the dielectric due to its material properties or the fluid to be delivered through the pumping chamber.
- the lyophobic volume change section is preferably formed by microstructures or nanostructures which are in the form of needle-shaped, columnar or line-like elevations or depressions and are distributed randomly or regularly.
- Microstructures and nanostructures may be electrically conductive or insulating and designed to be lyophobic (i.e., repellant to the fluid), i. H. that, for example, aqueous media flow in a microfluidic channel "above" the structuring, without entering the fluid
- Microstructures can be prepared, for example by means of UV lithography and sizes can ⁇ orders ⁇ between about 0.7 and have ⁇ 500th nano-
- the microstructures or nanostructures and, if appropriate, their dielectric coating must have regard to the dimensions, material and wetting properties of the fluid to be conveyed and of the latter Surface tensions are tuned to achieve the desired volume change effect.
- Necessary for the "dewetting" means the switching off ⁇ th of the electrical means, and a low contact angle ⁇ hysteresis.
- the drive voltages DC voltage and AC voltage are equally suitable.
- the frequency of the Aktu istsschreib is to be separated from the frequency of the pumping stroke, wherein usefully the Frequency of the actuation voltage is significantly greater than the frequency of the pump stroke, depending on the dimensions of the system and the inertia of the moving volume to select the control frequencies and voltages of the electrical means.
- a valve is understood to be a “component” "which controls or regulates the direction, the pressure or the volume flow of a fluid".
- the valve can also consist of reduced, recurring valve structures in a cascaded arrangement. The preferential movement direction is impressed in the present invention by the course of the channel or of the valve structures contained in the channel.
- the present invention is distinguished from the known art by a number of advantages.
- the micropump invention comes completely without moving (moving) parts, such. B. membranes.
- a dead volume can be completely or largely avoided, since the pump uses only the channel itself as the pumping chamber.
- the fluid to be pumped itself is used as a working or Aktormedium. With the need for additional moving masses a more energy- ⁇ ciency of the system special is associated.
- an increase in the dynamics of the system is to be expected.
- failure causes such as wear and fatigue are excluded from the outset. Since the pump described in significantly small ⁇ ren structures based than allow current pump technology, lower volumes of fluid can still be reproducibly dosed.
- the Aktu istskin described bears no heat into the medium to be conveyed, which is a more ⁇ term criterion for use, for example.
- the manufacturing process of the The system described simplified enormously compared to conventional ⁇ len solutions, which is accompanied by a reduction in manufacturing costs.
- the preparation of the micropump according to the invention is possible by resorting to a single chain of standard processes of micromechanics or electronics, which makes it possible to produce low-cost disposable solutions in the first place.
- the microstructure or nanostructure the silicon grass produced in plasma etching process (standard process of electronic or microsystem technology) can be used, which is easy to produce. But other nanostructures (eg.
- nanowires or litho- graphically made structures are flat ⁇ rate conceivable as an alternative.
- Another aspect of the invention is that, in addition to the pumping action, not only the wetting behavior of the fluid but also its viscosity can be locally influenced in the region of the microstructured or nanostructured channel inner wall.
- the microstructures or nanostructures according to the invention can additionally or alternatively function as heating elements and introduce heat into the fluid flowing past.
- the flow rate of the fluid in the channel can be varied. Due to the large effective surface of the micro- and nanostructures, a particularly high energy efficiency compared to planar or smooth structures can be achieved, while the thermal time constant is greatly reduced.
- Viscosity of the liquid can be influenced so that forms a plug in the channel by the increase in viscosity at heat input, which slows down or blocks the flow. On This way can - also without moving mechanical parts - a valve action can be generated.
- the advantage of this method over arrangements such as nozzle diffuser micro valves lies in the ability to slow down the volume flow not only by fluidization or fluid flow dependent fluidic resistances or impart a preferred direction of the fluid, but to bring the flow completely to a halt.
- Fig. 1 - a schematic diagram of a micropump after the
- Fig. 2 - a schematic diagram of a micropump after
- FIG. 6 Schematic representation of electrowetting (on dielectrics) - EW (OD);
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic illustration of a "virtual membrane" on a nanostructured surface
- FIG. 8 Perspective view of the embodiment of the micropump according to the invention according to FIG. 8.
- YOUNG equation describes the direct relationship between the contact angle ⁇ ⁇ and the interfacial tensions that form between the three phases involved:
- the YOUNG equation is based on the finding that the sum of all interfacial tensions in the three-phase contact line must be zero when the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium. For this, o ⁇ i v must be projected into the plane of the solid surface 8.
- the YOUNG equation is:
- the self-adjusting contact angle can be determined using this equation.
- the microstructures or nanostructures 10 on the solid surface 8 increase the surface area of the fluid 6 and thus enhance the wetting properties in the respective direction.
- the fluid 6 rests on the raised solid state or nanostructures 10.
- an (imaginary) contact angle of 180 ° arises.
- the effective (macroscopically observable) contact angle 9 mak is dependent on the ratio of the contact surfaces in each case to the solid or to the gas / vapor 12.
- the phenomena are superimposed by the so-called contact angle hysteresis, which is the difference between Advancing and receding contact angle (Fortschreite- contact angle adjusts itself during a dynamic increase in volume at the three phase contact line, the withdrawal ⁇ contact angle arises during a dynamic volume would decrease a) describes and at the same time is an indicator of which of the two states said one fluid 6 on the solid surface 9 just occupies. It is the cause of the adhesion of even de-icing drops on solid surfaces.
- the contact angle hysteresis is particularly large.
- CASS IE-Baxter state the contact ⁇ angular hysteresis assumes particularly low values, since the fluid 6 has only a comparatively small contact area to the solid state.
- electrowetting An example of the effect of electric fields on the wetting behavior of fluids on solid surfaces 8 used in the invention is the electrowetting effect.
- electrowetting was introduced in the 1980s and, as shown in FIG. 6, designates a capacitor-like structure in which the solid-state surface 8 forms a first electrode 13 on which the
- Fluid 6 (usually in the form of a drop) is located.
- the first electrode 13 may be coated with a dielectric 14 (ElectroWetting On Dielectrics - EWOD) or not (electrowetting).
- the fluid 6 is electrically contacted by a second electrode 15 (eg in the form of a wire). If an electrical voltage Ui is now applied between the two electrodes 13, 15, then the contact angle ⁇ ⁇ of the fluid 6 on the solid surface 8 changes in the direction of lower contact angles 9 E w ( Figure 6, Figure b).
- E w is the contact angle during the Electrowetting- actuation
- ⁇ ⁇ is the Young's contact angle
- EQ the electric field constant (permittivity of vacuum)
- ⁇ ⁇ d is the relative permittivity or dielectric constant of the dielectric
- the dielectric thickness o ⁇ i v the interfacial tension liquid-gaseous
- U the electrical voltage
- thermowetting effect and the influence of electric fields on wettability are used herein according to the invention to determine the behavior of liquids on lyophobic and super-lyophobic, d. H. to set naturally non-wettable surfaces dynamically.
- the microstructure or nanostructuring can be effected, for example, by additive (eg growth of nanowires) or by subtractive (eg etching of silicon grass) techniques.
- the following approach can be used: By etching nanoscale columns on a substrate, a hydrophobic surface is produced; the column diameter is 350 nm, its height 7 ⁇ . The grid spacing of the columns is varied between 1 and 4 ⁇ .
- the structures can be thermally oxidized and in this way with an electrically insulating layer be provided. The entangling properties of the structures can be enhanced by a deposited polymer layer.
- the fluid 6 is now z. B. contacted via a platinum wire as a second electrode (not shown in Fig. 8), the substrate forms the first electrode.
- Applying a elekt ⁇ step voltage U now leads according to the Electrowetting- the effect described, fundamental YOUNG Lippmann's equation to a change in contact angle, which is proportional to the square of the electric voltage.
- the system response time In order to achieve a switchable wetting, the system response time must be designed very small - the change in the wetting behavior should be adjusted immediately. It is not necessary that the fluid 6 entering the microstructure or nanostructure 10 reaches its bottom.
- the effect that the fluid can be reversibly transferred from the CASSIE Baxter in the Wenzel state, or that the entste ⁇ immediate change in contact angle (within the Contact angle hysteresis) is reversible is reversible.
- the transition between the two states is realized for example by electrowetting or by the action of an electrostatic field. It can be complete or partial.
- the described change in the penetration depth is used as an actuation movement - ie as a source element - which serves to generate the flow.
- This presupposes that the actuation movement takes place reversibly and repeatably. This can be achieved by suitable design of the structuring. These are chemical and Consider physical aspects of the materials, structures, surfaces and the fluid to be delivered.
- the complete transition from the CASSIE-BAXTER to the WENZEL state and vice versa although suitable as Aktuleitersphi, but not absolutely necessary: it is sufficient if the fluid is cyclically, but only partially drawn into the micro- or nanostructures 10. In this way, the volume of the virtual pumping chamber is periodically increased or decreased, so that in conjunction with valve structures
- FIG. 8 is a longitudinal sectional view of a preferred imple mentation of the invention is shown.
- Figure a) shows the CASS IE-BAXTER state
- Figure b) the at least partially achieved WENZEL state.
- the pumping chamber 2 is delimited by valve ⁇ structures 16, forming an inlet 3 and a drain 4.
- a lyophobic volume change section is in the form of microstructures or nanostructures 10.
- microstructures or nanostructures 10 on the solid-body surface 8 of the inner wall 17 of the pumping chamber 2 can be produced by lithography processes, in particular UV lithography, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) or electron beam lithography, self-masking etching processes (eg silicon grass or black
- Silicone or by self-organizing growth processes (eg carbon nanotubes).
- Fig. 9 shows the invention shown in Fig. 8
- Micropump (without electrode arrangement) in a spatial representation.
- virtual membrane 18 on the solid surface 8 with micro and nanostructures 10 as an actuator on the basis of electrowetting without moving elements as a device for transporting fluids.
- valve structures 18, which are here designed as two passive nozzle diffuser microvalves, which impart a preferential direction to the periodically actuated fluid, thereby achieving a pumping action.
- the fluid 6 at the same time (deformable and movable) electrode and dielectric is (English, leaky dielectric).
- both the channel (bottom and side walls of the micropump, as well as the valve structures 16 and the microstructure or nanostructuring 10 are dry-etching (eg reactive ion etching (RIE) or deep reactive ion etching (DRIE - deep reactive ion etching, ASE - advanced Silicon etch) made.
- dry-etching eg reactive ion etching (RIE) or deep reactive ion etching (DRIE - deep reactive ion etching, ASE - advanced Silicon etch
- Metallic coating is carried out by PVD techniques (e.g., sputtering, vapor deposition), dielectric coating by CVD (PECVD, LPCVD).
- PECVD vapor deposition
- CVD CVD
- the structuring is carried out in each case by lithography in combination with etching or with lift-off process.
- the channel is capped, e.g. by anodic bonding with glass.
- the person skilled in the art is familiar with such microelectronic or microsystem technology production methods. It is still within the scope of the invention, instead of the
- Pump chamber 2 in combination with valve structures 16 and several pump chambers 2 are serially flowed through by the fluid 6, wherein the preferred direction is impressed by peristaltic (i.e., phase-shifted) actuation in the fluid 6.
- the micropump according to the invention can also be used as a flow sensor according to the principle of a hot wire anemometer or a capacitive sensor.
- the micropump can be used as a switchable valve. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE112011104467.4T DE112011104467B4 (en) | 2010-12-20 | 2011-12-16 | Micropump for generating a fluid flow, pump system and microchannel system |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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DE102010056076 | 2010-12-20 | ||
DE102010056076.6 | 2010-12-20 | ||
DE102011115622A DE102011115622A1 (en) | 2010-12-20 | 2011-09-23 | Micropump and apparatus and method for generating a fluid flow |
DE102011115622.8 | 2011-09-23 |
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WO2012084707A1 true WO2012084707A1 (en) | 2012-06-28 |
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PCT/EP2011/073029 WO2012084707A1 (en) | 2010-12-20 | 2011-12-16 | Micropump for generating a fluid flow, pump system, and microchannel system |
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WO (1) | WO2012084707A1 (en) |
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JP2014136205A (en) * | 2013-01-18 | 2014-07-28 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | Micro flow passage device |
JP2017024170A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2017-02-02 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Micro flow passage device |
CN109798239A (en) * | 2019-04-11 | 2019-05-24 | 长春工业大学 | A kind of Valveless piezoelectric pump of intracavitary a variety of bluff bodys |
CN111056525A (en) * | 2019-11-12 | 2020-04-24 | 重庆大学 | Method for strengthening boiling heat exchange of micro-channel and inhibiting flow instability caused by alternating current infiltration effect |
US11092977B1 (en) | 2017-10-30 | 2021-08-17 | Zane Coleman | Fluid transfer component comprising a film with fluid channels |
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DE112011104467A5 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
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