WO2011110782A1 - Heat exchanger - Google Patents

Heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011110782A1
WO2011110782A1 PCT/FR2011/050471 FR2011050471W WO2011110782A1 WO 2011110782 A1 WO2011110782 A1 WO 2011110782A1 FR 2011050471 W FR2011050471 W FR 2011050471W WO 2011110782 A1 WO2011110782 A1 WO 2011110782A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
passages
liquid
fluid
elements
zones
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR2011/050471
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Frédéric Crayssac
Marc Wagner
Original Assignee
L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude filed Critical L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude
Priority to CN201180012905.5A priority Critical patent/CN102792116B/en
Publication of WO2011110782A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011110782A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0062—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by spaced plates with inserted elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04406—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system
    • F25J3/04412—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system in a classical double column flowsheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F25J5/002—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
    • F25J5/005—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger in a reboiler-condenser, e.g. within a column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
    • F28F9/027—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes
    • F28F9/0273—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes with multiple holes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/22—Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2250/00—Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers
    • F25J2250/04—Down-flowing type boiler-condenser, i.e. with evaporation of a falling liquid film
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/32—Details on header or distribution passages of heat exchangers, e.g. of reboiler-condenser or plate heat exchangers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the vaporization of a liquid by heat exchange with a second fluid by means of a heat exchanger of the vertical plate type. It applies in particular to air distillation plants.
  • the liquid oxygen which is in the bottom of the low pressure column is vaporized by heat exchange with the nitrogen gas taken at the top of the medium pressure column.
  • the temperature difference between the oxygen and the nitrogen made necessary by the structure of the heat exchanger imposes the operating pressure of the medium pressure column so it is desirable that this difference in temperature is as small as possible, in order to minimize the expenses related to the compression of the air to be treated injected into the medium-pressure column.
  • phase-change exchangers consist of aluminum exchangers with brazed plates and fins, which make it possible to obtain very compact members with a large exchange surface.
  • These exchangers consist of plates between which are inserted waves or fins, thus forming a stack of "passages” vaporization and "passages” condensation.
  • waves such as straight waves, perforated or “serrated” waves.
  • each vaporizer is conventionally carried out according to the principle described in the document FR-A-2547898: the supply of vaporization passages is by the top of the condensation passages.
  • the oxygen then passes through a row of holes that ensure its primary distribution in the vaporization passages. It then flows through a waveband with a horizontal generatrix which ensures a finer distribution called secondary (distribution of the liquid within a passage, between the channels formed by a wave).
  • Nitrogen gas flows through the "condensation" passages, which are parallel to the "vaporization" passages. The flow of the two fluids is along the entire length of the passages so as to maximize the thermal contact.
  • the liquid oxygen that is vaporized contains impurities in dissolved form.
  • the main impurities are nitrous oxide (N 2 0), carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), hydrocarbons (C2, C3, ).
  • these impurities may be deposited in the vaporization passages, either in solid form or in liquid form. It is important to control industrially the formation of these solid or liquid deposits to avoid any risk of explosion.
  • the flow of liquid per channel, or per meter of perimeter to be wetted, is one of the important parameters for the formation of deposits. Indeed, when the liquid flow per channel is insufficient to wet the wall, there is formation of dry spray deposits.
  • a primary distribution of the liquid is obtained by passing it through holes located at the bottom of a pool of liquid located above the channels.
  • a so-called secondary distribution (distribution within each passage) is generally obtained by a horizontal generator and partial shift waveband.
  • the liquid is not always distributed sufficiently homogeneously within the channels, and a risk of dry evaporation remains. The problem to be solved is therefore to ensure a better distribution of the liquid between the channels of the same passage and to reduce this risk.
  • the solution of the invention relates to a heat exchanger for vaporizing a liquid by heat exchange with a fluid, comprising:
  • a body comprising an assembly of plates parallel to a determined direction defining between them a multitude of passages, comprising a first set of passages intended for the flow of said liquid and a second set of passages intended for the flow of said fluid;
  • the passages of said second set comprising means able to prevent the flow of said fluid in areas of said passages of said second set, said areas extending from one said plates to another one of said plates and being between said means and said closure elements, each of said zones being at least partially opposite two of said secondary distribution elements belonging to the two passages of said first set closest to each other; said zone considered characterized in that it comprises openings adapted to and designed to establish fluid connections between said zones and a gas reservoir situated outside said exchanger, so as to allow a pressure equalization between said reservoir and said zones. This avoids damage due to possible pressure differences between the "dead" zones and the parts of the passages reserved for the liquid located opposite.
  • the tank used for equilibration is a reservoir of gaseous oxygen.
  • the liquid in question can be of any kind. In a particular embodiment, it is liquid oxygen resulting from a distillation. This oxygen is usually very pure.
  • the fluid can be of any kind. According to a particular mode, it is nitrogen derived from a distillation. It is usually gaseous before the heat exchange operation. The liquid is heated and vaporizes partially or totally. The fluid cools and condenses partially or totally.
  • the separating plates are generally parallel and form the armature of the body of the exchanger. They define between them many flat passages, in that they are elongate in a given direction, or longitudinal direction, and in a direction orthogonal thereto. This determined direction is that taken on average by the fluids in the passages when the exchanger is in operation. In normal operation, it is the vertical. The fluids circulate on average vertically in the passages. It is only if one imagines the exchanger oriented differently, for example to transport or store it, that this determined direction is no longer the vertical, but becomes an arbitrary direction. It will be roughly horizontal if the heat exchanger is lying on its side.
  • the liquid normally flows from top to bottom in some of the flat passages, which form a subset reserved for the liquid to be vaporized.
  • the fluid flows in other passages, normally from top to bottom as well, which form another subset.
  • the passages for the liquid or the fluid alternate, so as to maximize the heat exchange.
  • fluids circulate in all the passages.
  • the liquid is first admitted into a retention tank located above the body of the exchanger (in normal operation).
  • the bottom of this tray is approximately orthogonal to the determined direction, preferably perfectly orthogonal.
  • the bottom is obtained in general by the joining of different elements, in the manner of a pavement: elements of primary distribution of the liquid towards the flat passages, whose role is to let a certain quantity of liquid pass through each passage, a priori the same (distribution homogeneous); closure elements, such as the bars that close the passages reserved for the fluid.
  • Separation plates are also generally part of these closure elements; their upper part may constitute a part of the bottom of the holding tank.
  • the secondary distribution elements of the liquid have the function of distributing the quantity of liquid admitted in a passage of the first set over all this passage.
  • the sections of these passages orthogonal to the determined direction are generally very flattened rectangles. It is therefore necessary to distribute the flow of liquid over this entire section. This is achieved by using a wave or fins.
  • a wave with generators orthogonal to the direction of the flow and partial offset depending on the flow is used to obtain a "champagne fountain" effect.
  • the "dead" zone is at a particular position. It is at least partially vis-à-vis the two secondary liquid distribution elements located in the two passages of the first set closest to the "dead” zone considered. If the passages of the first and second sets alternate, a priori most thermally favorable case, these are the two passages adjacent to the passage in which the "dead" zone is located.
  • At least partial vis-à-vis we mean, on the one hand, that at least part of the "dead” zone is at the same level, related to the determined direction, that a part of one of the secondary distribution elements considered and, on the other hand, that at least a part, not necessarily the same, of the "dead” zone is at the same level, always related to the determined direction, that a part of the other secondary distribution element considered.
  • the intersection between the projection on the determined direction of the dead zone and the projection on the determined direction of one of the secondary distribution elements considered is non-zero. The same applies to the other secondary distribution element considered.
  • a complete opposite would consist of placing the "dead” zone and the secondary distribution elements of the liquid at the same level in the determined direction (normally the vertical).
  • the "dead” zone may also have an extension in the determined direction that goes a little beyond that of the secondary liquid distribution elements, in one direction and / or in the other in the determined direction.
  • An advantage provided by the "dead" zones is to limit heat exchange at the level of the secondary distribution elements of the liquid and to prevent or limit the vaporization of the liquid in these elements. This has the effect of improving the secondary distribution of the liquid, all things being equal. Insufficient distribution is improved and the risk of dry evaporation is reduced. If the distribution is deemed satisfactory, the length of the secondary distribution elements can be reduced, or one can use a less powerful material and a priori cheaper. Furthermore, according to particular embodiments, the invention may include one or more of the following features:
  • said zone extends in said determined direction over a length greater than or equal to, preferably substantially equal to, the largest of said given dimensions.
  • said means for preventing the flow of said fluid in said areas are structurally identical to said closure elements. It is indeed advantageous to use the same means to plug the passage reserved for the fluid on the one hand on the side of the liquid retention tank and on the other hand on the side of the fluid;
  • said zones comprise at least one mechanical wave in contact with two of said plates, preferably generatrices in said determined direction. This makes it possible to ensure better mechanical resistance in the "dead" zones.
  • the exchanger comprises secondary distribution elements of said fluid located in said second set of passages, adapted to and designed to achieve a distribution of said fluid within each passage of said second set;
  • the exchanger comprises external walls and the means adapted to and designed to establish fluid connections are constituted by openings in at least one of the closure elements.
  • the openings are located at a lower level of the zones.
  • said secondary distribution elements comprise at least one generator wave orthogonal to said determined direction, preferably partially offset in said determined direction;
  • said primary distribution elements of said liquid are bars pierced with holes. They are generally located between the many separation plates and partially obstruct the passage of the liquid from the retention tank to the passages of the first set.
  • the holes allow to let the liquid pass and to obtain a certain distribution of the liquid. In a particular case, the distribution is homogeneous on the passages (substantially the same amount of liquid in each passage).
  • the exchanger further comprises exchange waves, preferably generators in said determined direction, said exchange waves being located:
  • the "dead" zones have a length, in the determined direction, greater than or equal to, preferably substantially equal to, that of the secondary liquid distribution elements located in the vicinity.
  • all secondary liquid distribution elements are similar and all "dead" zones have the same length.
  • the invention also relates to an installation for separating air by distillation, comprising at least:
  • a heat exchanger adapted to and adapted to vaporize at least partially the vessel liquid of said second column by heat exchange with the overhead gas of said first column or air;
  • the exchanger 1 is composed of an assembly of parallel vertical plates 3. They are parallel to the determined direction 11 which is here to be vertical.
  • the plates 3 define between them a multitude of flat passages 4 reserved for liquid oxygen and passages 5 reserved for nitrogen gas. Bars 6 partially block the top of the passages 4. Closures 9b, in the shape of a bar, close the top of passages 5.
  • the passages of each of types 4 and 5 alternate. The whole is limited by external walls 10.
  • the elements 3, 6 and 9b form the bottom 2a of a retention tank 2 for containing the liquid.
  • the bars 6 are elements designed to achieve the primary distribution of the liquid in the passages 4. They have regularly spaced holes 6a allowing the passage of the liquid. This liquid can be oxygen.
  • the liquid then flows into secondary distribution elements 7a. Their function is to evenly distribute the liquid throughout the passage 4 concerned.
  • the liquid then flows in continuous film down on a wave 8a. It is heated by heat exchange with the walls and gradually evaporates.
  • Element 7a is a wave with horizontal generatrices and vertical partial offset (in English: serrated hardway).
  • the element 8a is a vertical generator wave, possibly perforated.
  • the fluid which may be nitrogen gas
  • the exchanger through distribution waves (not shown), then flows down the passages 5.
  • the nitrogen also passes through elements 7b and 8b similar to the elements 7a and 8a of the passages 4.
  • elements 9a identical to the elements 9b, preventing the fluid from circulating in a zone 14 of the passage 5 concerned. This zone is called "dead”.
  • the fluid extends from one plate 3 to the other and from the means 9a to the element 9b. It is in vis-à-vis the two elements 7a located on both sides. Its length L in the direction 11 (vertical) is slightly greater than the length of the elements 7a.
  • the fluid is introduced just below this zone 14. In the absence of a dead zone, it can be introduced below the closure elements 9b.
  • the zones 14 contain a wave 12 of the same type as the waves 8a or 8b. Their atmosphere is also brought into contact with a gaseous oxygen tank of an air distillation unit, from which the liquid to be evaporated also comes from openings 15 located on either side of the exchanger. . This makes it possible to avoid mechanical stresses due to the pressure differences at the zones 14.
  • FIG 2 we see a section on a passage reserved for a gas to be condensed, for example nitrogen gas.
  • a closure member 9b bar-shaped, close the top of the passages.
  • the passages of each of types 4 and 5 alternate. The whole is limited by external walls 17.
  • the fluid which may be nitrogen gas
  • passages 5 In a maximum of passages 5, at least 80%, preferably 100% of those which are not peripheral, i. e. which are located between two passages 4, are means 9a, identical to the elements 9b, preventing the fluid from circulating in a zone 14 of the passage 5 concerned. This zone is called “dead”. It extends from one plate 3 to the other and from the means 9a to the element 9b. It is opposite the two elements 7a located on either side illustrated in Figure 1 and vis-à-vis the two closure elements 9c, 9d illustrated in Figure 2. Its length L in the direction 11 (vertical) is slightly greater than the length of the elements 7a.
  • the fluid In the passages concerned by the "dead" zone 14, the fluid is introduced just below this zone 14. In the absence of a dead zone, it can be introduced below the closure elements 9b. To ensure their solidity, the zones 14 contain a wave 12 of the same type as the waves 8a or 8b. Their atmosphere is also brought into contact with a gaseous oxygen tank of an air distillation unit, generally the lower part of the low pressure column, from which also the liquid to be evaporated by means of openings 15 located on either side of the exchanger below the elements 9c, 9d which are bar-shaped elements having a height less than L in the vertical direction. The height of the elements 9c, 9d is in the range of 60% to 90%> L for passing the gaseous oxygen in the zone 14. This makes it possible to avoid mechanical stresses due to the differences in pressure at the zones 14 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a heat exchanger (1) for vaporising a liquid by exchanging heat with a fluid, comprising: a body including an assembly of plates (3) disposed parallel to a pre-determined direction (11) defining therebetween a plurality of passages (4, 5), comprising a first group of passages (4) intended for the flow of the liquid and a second set of passages (5) intended for the flow of the fluid; a retention tank (2) for receiving the liquid; elements (6) for the primary distribution of the liquid, designed to distribute the liquid from the retention tank (2) to the first group of passages (4); elements (7a) for the secondary distribution of the liquid, located in the first group of passages (4); and means for establishing fluid connections between particular zones (14) and a gas tank located outside the exchanger (1), such as to allow pressure balancing between the tank and the zones (14).

Description

Echangeur de chaleur.  Heat exchanger.
La présente invention est relative à la vaporisation d'un liquide par échange de chaleur avec un deuxième fluide au moyen d'un échangeur de chaleur du type à plaques verticales. Elle s'applique en particulier aux installations de distillation de l'air. The present invention relates to the vaporization of a liquid by heat exchange with a second fluid by means of a heat exchanger of the vertical plate type. It applies in particular to air distillation plants.
Dans les installations de distillation de l'air du type à double colonne, l'oxygène liquide qui se trouve en cuve de la colonne basse pression est vaporisé par échange de chaleur avec l'azote gazeux prélevé en tête de la colonne moyenne pression. Pour une pression de fonctionnement donnée de la colonne basse pression, l'écart de température entre l'oxygène et l'azote rendu nécessaire par la structure de l'échangeur de chaleur impose la pression de fonctionnement de la colonne moyenne pression il est donc souhaitable que cet écart de température soit le plus faible possible, afin de minimiser les dépenses liées à la compression de l'air à traiter injecté dans la colonne moyenne pression. In double column type air distillation plants, the liquid oxygen which is in the bottom of the low pressure column is vaporized by heat exchange with the nitrogen gas taken at the top of the medium pressure column. For a given operating pressure of the low pressure column, the temperature difference between the oxygen and the nitrogen made necessary by the structure of the heat exchanger imposes the operating pressure of the medium pressure column so it is desirable that this difference in temperature is as small as possible, in order to minimize the expenses related to the compression of the air to be treated injected into the medium-pressure column.
La technologie couramment utilisée pour ces échangeurs à changement de phase est celle des échangeurs en aluminium à plaques et ailettes brasés, qui permettent d'obtenir des organes très compacts offrant une grande surface d'échange. Ces échangeurs sont constitués de plaques entre lesquelles sont insérées des ondes ou ailettes, formant ainsi un empilage de « passages » vaporisation et de « passages » condensation. Il existe différents types d'ondes comme les ondes droites, perforées ou à décalage partiel (« serrated »). The technology commonly used for these phase-change exchangers is that of aluminum exchangers with brazed plates and fins, which make it possible to obtain very compact members with a large exchange surface. These exchangers consist of plates between which are inserted waves or fins, thus forming a stack of "passages" vaporization and "passages" condensation. There are different types of waves, such as straight waves, perforated or "serrated" waves.
Dans le cas des vaporiseurs fonctionnant en mode vaporisation en film descendant, une partie de l'appareil est consacrée à la distribution du liquide dans les passages vaporisation et entre les canaux de l'onde d'échange. In the case of vaporizers operating in vaporizing film down mode, a part of the apparatus is devoted to the distribution of the liquid in the vaporization passages and between the channels of the exchange wave.
Cette distribution propre à chaque vaporiseur s'effectue classiquement selon le principe décrit dans le document FR-A-2547898 : l'alimentation des passages vaporisation se fait par le haut des passages condensation. L'oxygène passe ensuite à travers une rangée de trous qui assurent sa distribution primaire dans les passages vaporisation. Il s'écoule ensuite à travers une bande d'ondes à génératrice horizontale qui assure une distribution plus fine dite secondaire (répartition du liquide au sein d'un passage, entre les canaux formés par une onde). L'azote gazeux circule dans les passages « condensation », qui sont parallèles aux passages « vaporisation ». La circulation des deux fluides se fait sur toute la longueur des passages de façon à maximiser le contact thermique. This distribution proper to each vaporizer is conventionally carried out according to the principle described in the document FR-A-2547898: the supply of vaporization passages is by the top of the condensation passages. The oxygen then passes through a row of holes that ensure its primary distribution in the vaporization passages. It then flows through a waveband with a horizontal generatrix which ensures a finer distribution called secondary (distribution of the liquid within a passage, between the channels formed by a wave). Nitrogen gas flows through the "condensation" passages, which are parallel to the "vaporization" passages. The flow of the two fluids is along the entire length of the passages so as to maximize the thermal contact.
L'oxygène liquide qui est vaporisé contient des impuretés sous forme dissoutes. Les principales impuretés sont le protoxyde d'azote (N20), le dioxyde de carbone (C02), des hydrocarbures (C2, C3, ...). Suivant les conditions opératoires, ces impuretés peuvent se déposer dans les passages de vaporisation, soit sous forme solide, soit sous forme liquide. Il est important de maîtriser industriellement la formation de ces dépôts solides ou liquides pour éviter tout risque d'explosion. The liquid oxygen that is vaporized contains impurities in dissolved form. The main impurities are nitrous oxide (N 2 0), carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), hydrocarbons (C2, C3, ...). Depending on the operating conditions, these impurities may be deposited in the vaporization passages, either in solid form or in liquid form. It is important to control industrially the formation of these solid or liquid deposits to avoid any risk of explosion.
Le débit de liquide par canal, ou par mètre de périmètre à mouiller, est un des paramètres importants pour la formation de dépôts. En effet, lorsque le débit de liquide par canal est insuffisant pour mouiller la paroi, il y a formation de dépôts par vaporisation à sec. The flow of liquid per channel, or per meter of perimeter to be wetted, is one of the important parameters for the formation of deposits. Indeed, when the liquid flow per channel is insufficient to wet the wall, there is formation of dry spray deposits.
Dans ce type de vaporiseur (à film), la distribution de l'oxygène liquide joue un rôle essentiel sur son fonctionnement (performance et sécurité). Il est donc nécessaire d'assurer en toutes circonstances, une bonne distribution liquide à l'intérieur de chaque canal. Pour cela la distribution liquide doit être suffisamment uniforme entre canaux. Une distribution de liquide non uniforme peut entraîner un mauvais mouillage des ondes notamment dans la partie basse de l'échangeur et par conséquent, la formation de dépôts par vaporisation à sec. La difficulté est d'assurer un débit de liquide équivalent dans tous les canaux vu le nombre de canaux par passage et par corps (550 canaux/passage, 55 000 canaux/corps). In this type of vaporizer (film), the distribution of liquid oxygen plays a vital role in its operation (performance and safety). It is therefore necessary to ensure in all circumstances, a good liquid distribution within each channel. For this, the liquid distribution must be sufficiently uniform between channels. A non-uniform liquid distribution may lead to poor wetting of the waves especially in the lower part of the exchanger and consequently the formation of dry spray deposits. The difficulty is to ensure an equivalent flow of liquid in all channels given the number of channels per passage and body (550 channels / passage, 55 000 channels / body).
La qualité de cette distribution liquide dépend d'une bonne conception et dimensionnement du distributeur. The quality of this liquid distribution depends on a good design and dimensioning of the dispenser.
Une distribution primaire du liquide (répartition entre passages) est obtenue en le faisant passer par des trous localisés au fond d'une piscine de liquide située au dessus des canaux. Une distribution dite secondaire (répartition au sein de chaque passage) est en général obtenue par une bande d'onde à génératrice horizontale et à décalage partiel. Cependant, in fine, le liquide n'est pas toujours réparti de façon suffisamment homogène au sein des canaux, et un risque d'évaporation à sec subsiste. Le problème à résoudre est dès lors d'assurer une meilleure distribution du liquide entre les canaux d'un même passage et de réduire ce risque. A primary distribution of the liquid (distribution between passages) is obtained by passing it through holes located at the bottom of a pool of liquid located above the channels. A so-called secondary distribution (distribution within each passage) is generally obtained by a horizontal generator and partial shift waveband. However, in fine, the liquid is not always distributed sufficiently homogeneously within the channels, and a risk of dry evaporation remains. The problem to be solved is therefore to ensure a better distribution of the liquid between the channels of the same passage and to reduce this risk.
A cette fin, la solution de l'invention porte sur un échangeur de chaleur pour vaporiser un liquide par échange de chaleur avec un fluide, comprenant : To this end, the solution of the invention relates to a heat exchanger for vaporizing a liquid by heat exchange with a fluid, comprising:
- un corps comprenant un assemblage de plaques parallèles à une direction déterminée définissant entre elles une multitude de passages, comprenant un premier ensemble de passages destinés à l'écoulement dudit liquide et un second ensemble de passages destinés à l'écoulement dudit fluide ;  a body comprising an assembly of plates parallel to a determined direction defining between them a multitude of passages, comprising a first set of passages intended for the flow of said liquid and a second set of passages intended for the flow of said fluid;
- un bac de rétention destiné à recevoir ledit liquide ;  - a retention tank for receiving said liquid;
- des éléments de distribution primaire dudit liquide, aptes à et conçus pour réaliser une distribution dudit liquide depuis ledit bac de rétention vers ledit premier ensemble de passages ; et  primary distribution elements of said liquid, adapted to and designed to distribute said liquid from said retention tank to said first set of passages; and
des éléments de fermeture de chaque passage dudit second ensemble situés du côté dudit bac de rétention et des éléments de distribution secondaire dudit liquide situés dans ledit premier ensemble de passages, aptes à et conçus pour réaliser une distribution dudit liquide au sein de chaque passage dudit premier ensemble ;  closing members of each passage of said second set located on the side of said holding tank and the secondary distribution elements of said liquid located in said first set of passages, adapted to and designed for dispensing said liquid within each passage of said first together ;
au moins 80% des passages dudit second ensemble, de préférence 100% des passages non périphériques dudit second ensemble, comprenant des moyens aptes à empêcher l'écoulement dudit fluide dans des zones desdits passages dudit second ensemble, lesdites zones s'étendant d'une desdites plaques vers une autre desdites plaques et étant comprises entre lesdits moyens et lesdits éléments de fermeture, chacune desdites zones étant au moins partiellement en vis-à-vis de deux desdits éléments de distribution secondaire appartenant aux deux passages dudit premier ensemble les plus proches de ladite zone considérée caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des ouvertures aptes à et conçues pour établir des connexions fluidiques entre lesdites zones et un réservoir de gaz situé hors dudit échangeur, de manière à permettre un équilibrage en pression entre ledit réservoir et lesdites zones. Ceci permet d'éviter des dommages dus à d'éventuelles différences de pression entre les zones « mortes » et les parties des passages réservés au liquide situés en vis-à- vis. at least 80% of the passages of said second set, preferably 100% of the non-peripheral passages of said second set, comprising means able to prevent the flow of said fluid in areas of said passages of said second set, said areas extending from one said plates to another one of said plates and being between said means and said closure elements, each of said zones being at least partially opposite two of said secondary distribution elements belonging to the two passages of said first set closest to each other; said zone considered characterized in that it comprises openings adapted to and designed to establish fluid connections between said zones and a gas reservoir situated outside said exchanger, so as to allow a pressure equalization between said reservoir and said zones. This avoids damage due to possible pressure differences between the "dead" zones and the parts of the passages reserved for the liquid located opposite.
Dans le cas de la distillation, le réservoir servant à l'équilibrage est un réservoir d'oxygène gazeux.  In the case of distillation, the tank used for equilibration is a reservoir of gaseous oxygen.
Le liquide dont il est question peut être de toute nature. Selon un mode particulier, il s'agit d'oxygène liquide résultant d'une distillation. Cet oxygène est en général très pur. Le fluide peut être de toute nature. Selon un mode particulier, il s'agit d'azote issu d'une distillation. Il est en général gazeux avant l'opération d'échange de chaleur. Le liquide est chauffé et se vaporise partiellement ou totalement. Le fluide se refroidit et se condense partiellement ou totalement. The liquid in question can be of any kind. In a particular embodiment, it is liquid oxygen resulting from a distillation. This oxygen is usually very pure. The fluid can be of any kind. According to a particular mode, it is nitrogen derived from a distillation. It is usually gaseous before the heat exchange operation. The liquid is heated and vaporizes partially or totally. The fluid cools and condenses partially or totally.
Les plaques de séparation sont en général parallèles et forment l'armature du corps de l'échangeur. Elles définissent entre elles de nombreux passages plats, en ce sens qu'ils sont allongés selon une direction déterminée, ou direction longitudinale, et dans une direction orthogonale à celle-ci. Cette direction déterminée est celle prise en moyenne par les fluides dans les passages lorsque que l'échangeur est en fonctionnement. En fonctionnement normal, il s'agit de la verticale. Les fluides circulent en moyenne verticalement dans les passages. C'est seulement si on imagine l'échangeur orienté différemment, par exemple pour le transporter ou l'entreposer, que cette direction déterminée n'est plus la verticale, mais devient une direction arbitraire. Elle sera à peu près horizontale si l'échangeur est couché sur le côté. The separating plates are generally parallel and form the armature of the body of the exchanger. They define between them many flat passages, in that they are elongate in a given direction, or longitudinal direction, and in a direction orthogonal thereto. This determined direction is that taken on average by the fluids in the passages when the exchanger is in operation. In normal operation, it is the vertical. The fluids circulate on average vertically in the passages. It is only if one imagines the exchanger oriented differently, for example to transport or store it, that this determined direction is no longer the vertical, but becomes an arbitrary direction. It will be roughly horizontal if the heat exchanger is lying on its side.
Le liquide circule normalement du haut vers le bas dans certains des passages plats, qui forment un sous-ensemble réservé au liquide destiné à être vaporisé. Le fluide circule dans d'autres passages, normalement du haut vers le bas également, qui forment un autre sous-ensemble. En général, les passages pour le liquide ou le fluide alternent, de façon à maximiser l'échange thermique. En principe, des fluides circulent dans la totalité des passages. The liquid normally flows from top to bottom in some of the flat passages, which form a subset reserved for the liquid to be vaporized. The fluid flows in other passages, normally from top to bottom as well, which form another subset. In general, the passages for the liquid or the fluid alternate, so as to maximize the heat exchange. In principle, fluids circulate in all the passages.
Le liquide est d'abord admis dans un bac de rétention situé au dessus du corps de l'échangeur (en fonctionnement normal). Le fond de ce bac est à peu près orthogonal à la direction déterminée, de préférence parfaitement orthogonal. Le fond est obtenu en général par la réunion de différents éléments, à la manière d'un pavage : des éléments de distribution primaire du liquide vers les passages plats, dont le rôle est de laisser passer une certaine quantité de liquide dans chaque passage, a priori la même (distribution homogène) ; des éléments de fermeture, tels que les barres qui ferment les passages réservés au fluide. Les plaques de séparation font aussi, en général, partie de ces éléments de fermeture ; leur partie supérieure peut constituer une partie du fond du bac de rétention. The liquid is first admitted into a retention tank located above the body of the exchanger (in normal operation). The bottom of this tray is approximately orthogonal to the determined direction, preferably perfectly orthogonal. The bottom is obtained in general by the joining of different elements, in the manner of a pavement: elements of primary distribution of the liquid towards the flat passages, whose role is to let a certain quantity of liquid pass through each passage, a priori the same (distribution homogeneous); closure elements, such as the bars that close the passages reserved for the fluid. Separation plates are also generally part of these closure elements; their upper part may constitute a part of the bottom of the holding tank.
Les éléments de distribution secondaire du liquide ont pour fonction de répartir la quantité de liquide admise dans un passage du premier ensemble sur tout ce passage. Les sections de ces passages orthogonalement à la direction déterminée sont en général des rectangles très aplatis. Il faut donc répartir le flux de liquide sur toute cette section. Ceci est obtenu en utilisant une onde ou des ailettes. Selon un mode particulier, on utilise une onde à génératrices orthogonales à la direction de l'écoulement et à décalage partiel selon l'écoulement, pour obtenir un effet de « fontaine de Champagne ». The secondary distribution elements of the liquid have the function of distributing the quantity of liquid admitted in a passage of the first set over all this passage. The sections of these passages orthogonal to the determined direction are generally very flattened rectangles. It is therefore necessary to distribute the flow of liquid over this entire section. This is achieved by using a wave or fins. In a particular embodiment, a wave with generators orthogonal to the direction of the flow and partial offset depending on the flow is used to obtain a "champagne fountain" effect.
Dans au moins 80% des passages réservés au fluide, mais de préférence 100% de ces passages qui ne sont pas périphériques (c'est-à-dire 100% des passages réservés au fluide et situés entre deux passages réservés au liquide), on a placé des moyens aptes à empêcher le fluide de circuler dans une certaine zone du passage en question. Cela crée une zone dite « morte » entre les éléments de fermeture du passage, situés du côté du bac de rétention et les moyens en question. Ces moyens obstruent le passage du fluide dans la direction déterminée. On peut aussi voir ces moyens comme un second bouchon, les moyens de fermeture étant le premier. La zone « morte » s'étend dans le passage considéré entre ces deux bouchons. In at least 80% of the passages reserved for the fluid, but preferably 100% of these passages which are not peripheral (that is to say 100% of the passages reserved for the fluid and located between two passages reserved for the liquid), one has placed means able to prevent the fluid from circulating in a certain area of the passage in question. This creates a zone called "dead" between the closing elements of the passage, located on the side of the holding tank and the means in question. These means obstruct the passage of the fluid in the determined direction. These means can also be seen as a second plug, the closing means being the first. The "dead" zone extends in the passage considered between these two plugs.
La zone « morte » est à une position particulière. Elle est au moins partiellement en vis-à-vis des deux éléments de distribution secondaire du liquide situés dans les deux passages du premier ensemble les plus proches de la zone « morte » considérée. Si les passages des premier et second ensembles alternent, cas a priori le plus favorable thermiquement, ce sont les deux passages adjacents au passage dans lequel la zone « morte » se trouve. Par « vis-à-vis au moins partiel », on veut dire, d'une part, qu'au moins une partie de la zone « morte » se situe au même niveau, rapporté à la direction déterminée, qu'une partie d'un des éléments de distribution secondaire considérés et, d'autre part, qu'au moins une partie, pas nécessairement la même, de la zone « morte » se situe au même niveau, toujours rapporté à la direction déterminée, qu'une partie de l'autre élément de distribution secondaire considéré. Mathématiquement, l'intersection entre la projection sur la direction déterminée de la zone morte et la projection sur la direction déterminée de l'un des éléments de distribution secondaire considéré est non nulle. Il en va de même avec l'autre élément de distribution secondaire considéré. The "dead" zone is at a particular position. It is at least partially vis-à-vis the two secondary liquid distribution elements located in the two passages of the first set closest to the "dead" zone considered. If the passages of the first and second sets alternate, a priori most thermally favorable case, these are the two passages adjacent to the passage in which the "dead" zone is located. By "at least partial vis-à-vis", we mean, on the one hand, that at least part of the "dead" zone is at the same level, related to the determined direction, that a part of one of the secondary distribution elements considered and, on the other hand, that at least a part, not necessarily the same, of the "dead" zone is at the same level, always related to the determined direction, that a part of the other secondary distribution element considered. Mathematically, the intersection between the projection on the determined direction of the dead zone and the projection on the determined direction of one of the secondary distribution elements considered is non-zero. The same applies to the other secondary distribution element considered.
Un vis-à-vis complet consisterait à placer la zone « morte » et les éléments de distribution secondaire du liquide au même niveau selon la direction déterminée (normalement la verticale). La zone « morte » peut aussi avoir une extension selon la direction déterminée qui aille un peu au-delà de celle des éléments de distribution secondaire du liquide, dans un sens et/ou dans l'autre selon la direction déterminée. A complete opposite would consist of placing the "dead" zone and the secondary distribution elements of the liquid at the same level in the determined direction (normally the vertical). The "dead" zone may also have an extension in the determined direction that goes a little beyond that of the secondary liquid distribution elements, in one direction and / or in the other in the determined direction.
Un avantage procuré par les zones « mortes » est de limiter l'échange thermique au niveau des éléments de distribution secondaire du liquide et d'empêcher ou de limiter la vaporisation du liquide dans ces éléments. Ceci a pour effet d'améliorer la distribution secondaire du liquide, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Une distribution insuffisante est améliorée et le risque d'évaporation à sec est réduit. Si la distribution est jugée satisfaisante, la longueur des éléments de distribution secondaire peut être réduite, ou on peut utiliser un matériau moins performant et a priori moins cher. Par ailleurs, selon des modes de réalisation particuliers, l'invention peut comporter l'une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes : An advantage provided by the "dead" zones is to limit heat exchange at the level of the secondary distribution elements of the liquid and to prevent or limit the vaporization of the liquid in these elements. This has the effect of improving the secondary distribution of the liquid, all things being equal. Insufficient distribution is improved and the risk of dry evaporation is reduced. If the distribution is deemed satisfactory, the length of the secondary distribution elements can be reduced, or one can use a less powerful material and a priori cheaper. Furthermore, according to particular embodiments, the invention may include one or more of the following features:
lesdits deux éléments de distribution secondaire ayant des dimensions données dans ladite direction déterminée, ladite zone s'étend dans ladite direction déterminée sur une longueur supérieure ou égale, de préférence sensiblement égale, à la plus grande desdites dimensions données. Ceci permet, en fonctionnement, d'obtenir tout l'effet de meilleure distribution sans trop retarder l'échange thermique entre le liquide et le fluide ; lesdits moyens destinés à empêcher l'écoulement dudit fluide dans ladite zone ont la forme d'une barre métallique orthogonale à ladite direction donnée. La barre métallique est le moyen a priori le plus simple ; said two secondary distribution elements having given dimensions in said determined direction, said zone extends in said determined direction over a length greater than or equal to, preferably substantially equal to, the largest of said given dimensions. This allows, in operation, to obtain all the effect of better distribution without unduly delaying the heat exchange between the liquid and the fluid; said means for preventing the flow of said fluid in said area is in the form of a metal bar orthogonal to said given direction. The metal bar is the easiest way;
lesdits moyens destinés à empêcher l'écoulement dudit fluide dans lesdites zones sont structurellement identiques aux dits éléments de fermeture. Il est en effet avantageux d'utiliser les mêmes moyens pour boucher le passage réservé au fluide d'une part du côté du bac de rétention du liquide et d'autre part du côté du fluide ;  said means for preventing the flow of said fluid in said areas are structurally identical to said closure elements. It is indeed advantageous to use the same means to plug the passage reserved for the fluid on the one hand on the side of the liquid retention tank and on the other hand on the side of the fluid;
lesdites zones comprennent au moins une onde mécanique en contact avec deux desdites plaques, de préférence à génératrices selon ladite direction déterminée. Ceci permet d'assurer une meilleure résistance mécanique au niveau des zones « mortes ».  said zones comprise at least one mechanical wave in contact with two of said plates, preferably generatrices in said determined direction. This makes it possible to ensure better mechanical resistance in the "dead" zones.
l'échangeur comprend des éléments de distribution secondaire dudit fluide situés dans ledit second ensemble de passages, aptes à et conçus pour réaliser une distribution dudit fluide au sein de chaque passage dudit second ensemble ;  the exchanger comprises secondary distribution elements of said fluid located in said second set of passages, adapted to and designed to achieve a distribution of said fluid within each passage of said second set;
- l'échangeur comprend des parois externes et les moyens aptes à et conçus pour établir des connexions fluidiques sont constitués par des ouvertures dans au moins un des éléments de fermeture.  the exchanger comprises external walls and the means adapted to and designed to establish fluid connections are constituted by openings in at least one of the closure elements.
les ouvertures sont situées à un niveau inférieur des zones.  the openings are located at a lower level of the zones.
lesdits éléments de distribution secondaire comprennent au moins une onde à génératrices orthogonales à ladite direction déterminée, de préférence à décalage partiel selon ladite direction déterminée ;  said secondary distribution elements comprise at least one generator wave orthogonal to said determined direction, preferably partially offset in said determined direction;
lesdits éléments de distribution primaire dudit liquide sont des barres percées de trous. Ils sont en général situés entre les nombreuses plaques de séparation et obstruent partiellement le passage du liquide du bac de rétention vers les passages du premier ensemble. Les trous permettent de laisser passer le liquide et d'obtenir une certaine répartition du liquide. Selon un cas particulier, la répartition est homogène sur les passages (sensiblement la même quantité de liquide dans chaque passage).  said primary distribution elements of said liquid are bars pierced with holes. They are generally located between the many separation plates and partially obstruct the passage of the liquid from the retention tank to the passages of the first set. The holes allow to let the liquid pass and to obtain a certain distribution of the liquid. In a particular case, the distribution is homogeneous on the passages (substantially the same amount of liquid in each passage).
L'échangeur comprend en outre des ondes d'échange, de préférence à génératrices selon ladite direction déterminée, lesdites ondes d'échange étant situées :  The exchanger further comprises exchange waves, preferably generators in said determined direction, said exchange waves being located:
. d'une part, dans chacun desdits passages dudit premier ensemble, lesdits éléments de distribution secondaire desdits passages dudit premier ensemble se situant selon ladite direction déterminée entre lesdites ondes d'échange et ledit bac de rétention ; et . d'autre part, dans chacun desdits passages dudit second ensemble, lesdits éléments de distribution secondaire desdits passages dudit second ensemble se situant selon ladite direction déterminée entre lesdites ondes d'échange et lesdits éléments de fermeture. . on the one hand, in each of said passages of said first set, said secondary distribution elements of said passages of said first set being in said determined direction between said exchange waves and said holding tank; and . on the other hand, in each of said passages of said second set, said secondary distribution elements of said passages of said second set being in said determined direction between said exchange waves and said closure elements.
Selon un mode particulier, les zones « morte » ont une longueur, selon la direction déterminée, supérieure ou égale, de préférence sensiblement égale, à celle des éléments de distribution secondaire du liquide situés à proximité. En général, tous les éléments de distribution secondaire du liquide sont semblables et toutes les zones « mortes » ont la même longueur. According to one particular embodiment, the "dead" zones have a length, in the determined direction, greater than or equal to, preferably substantially equal to, that of the secondary liquid distribution elements located in the vicinity. In general, all secondary liquid distribution elements are similar and all "dead" zones have the same length.
L'invention concerne également une installation de séparation d'air par distillation, comprenant au moins : The invention also relates to an installation for separating air by distillation, comprising at least:
une première colonne de distillation destinée à fonctionner sous une pression déterminée ;  a first distillation column intended to operate under a predetermined pressure;
une deuxième colonne de distillation destinée à fonctionner sous une pression plus faible que ladite pression déterminée ; et  a second distillation column intended to operate at a pressure lower than said determined pressure; and
un échangeur de chaleur apte à et conçu pour vaporiser au moins partiellement le liquide de cuve de ladite deuxième colonne par échange thermique avec le gaz de tête de ladite première colonne ou de l'air ;  a heat exchanger adapted to and adapted to vaporize at least partially the vessel liquid of said second column by heat exchange with the overhead gas of said first column or air;
caractérisée en ce que ledit échangeur de chaleur est tel que décrit ci-dessus.  characterized in that said heat exchanger is as described above.
D'autres particularités et avantages apparaîtront à la lecture de la description ci- après, faite en référence à la figure 1 , qui représente une vue partielle, de face, en coupe d'un échangeur conforme à l'invention et à la figure 2, qui représente qui représente une vue partielle, de côté, en coupe de l'échangeur sur les passages de gaz à condenser. Les traits en pointillés signifient que l'échangeur se poursuit au-delà des ces traits. Other features and advantages will appear on reading the following description, made with reference to Figure 1, which shows a partial front view, in section of an exchanger according to the invention and in Figure 2 which represents a partial view, from the side, in section of the exchanger on the gas passages to be condensed. The dashed lines mean that the exchanger continues beyond these features.
L'échangeur 1 est composé d'un assemblage de plaques verticales parallèles 3. Elles sont parallèles à la direction déterminée 11 qui se trouve ici être la verticale. Les plaques 3 définissent entre elles une multitude de passages plats 4 réservés à de l'oxygène liquide et de passages 5 réservés à de l'azote gazeux. Des barres 6 bouchent partiellement le haut des passages 4. Des éléments de fermeture 9b, en forme de barre, bouchent le haut des passages 5. Les passages de chacun des types 4 et 5 alternent. Le tout est limité par des parois externes 10. The exchanger 1 is composed of an assembly of parallel vertical plates 3. They are parallel to the determined direction 11 which is here to be vertical. The plates 3 define between them a multitude of flat passages 4 reserved for liquid oxygen and passages 5 reserved for nitrogen gas. Bars 6 partially block the top of the passages 4. Closures 9b, in the shape of a bar, close the top of passages 5. The passages of each of types 4 and 5 alternate. The whole is limited by external walls 10.
Les éléments 3, 6 et 9b forment le fond 2a d'un bac de rétention 2 destiné à contenir le liquide. Les barres 6 sont des éléments conçus pour réaliser la distribution primaire du liquide dans les passages 4. Elles présentent des trous 6a régulièrement espacés permettant le passage du liquide. Ce liquide peut être de l'oxygène. The elements 3, 6 and 9b form the bottom 2a of a retention tank 2 for containing the liquid. The bars 6 are elements designed to achieve the primary distribution of the liquid in the passages 4. They have regularly spaced holes 6a allowing the passage of the liquid. This liquid can be oxygen.
Le liquide coule ensuite dans des éléments 7a de distribution secondaire. Leur fonction est de répartir de façon homogène le liquide dans tout le passage 4 concerné. Le liquide coule ensuite en film continu descendant sur une onde 8a. Il se réchauffe par échange thermique avec les parois et s'évapore progressivement. The liquid then flows into secondary distribution elements 7a. Their function is to evenly distribute the liquid throughout the passage 4 concerned. The liquid then flows in continuous film down on a wave 8a. It is heated by heat exchange with the walls and gradually evaporates.
L'élément 7a est une onde à génératrices horizontales et à décalage partiel vertical (en anglais : serrated hardway). L'élément 8a est une onde à génératrice verticales, éventuellement perforée. Element 7a is a wave with horizontal generatrices and vertical partial offset (in English: serrated hardway). The element 8a is a vertical generator wave, possibly perforated.
En même temps, le fluide, qui peut être de l'azote gazeux, parvient dans l'échangeur par des ondes de distribution (non représentées), puis s'écoule vers le bas le long des passages 5. Ce faisant, il cède progressivement de la chaleur à l'oxygène liquide qui se trouve dans les passages adjacents 4, de sorte que l'oxygène se vaporise et que, simultanément, l'azote se condense. L'azote passe aussi par des éléments 7b et 8b analogues aux éléments 7a et 8a des passages 4. Dans un maximum de passages 5, au moins 80%, de préférence 100% de ceux qui ne sont pas périphériques, i. e. qui sont situés entre deux passages 4, se trouvent des moyens 9a, identiques aux éléments 9b, empêchant le fluide de circuler dans une zone 14 du passage 5 concerné. Cette zone est dite « morte ». Elle s'étend d'une plaque 3 à l'autre et du moyen 9a à l'élément 9b. Elle se trouve en vis-à-vis des deux éléments 7a situés de part et d'autre. Sa longueur L dans la direction 11 (verticale) est très légèrement supérieure à la longueur des éléments 7a. Dans les passages 5 concernés par la zone « morte » 14, le fluide est introduit juste en dessous de cette zone 14. En l'absence de zone morte, il peut être introduit en dessous des éléments de fermeture 9b. Pour assurer leur solidité, les zones 14 contiennent une onde 12 du même type que les ondes 8a ou 8b. Leur atmosphère est par ailleurs mise en contact avec un réservoir d'oxygène gazeux d'une unité de distillation de l'air, dont provient aussi le liquide à évaporer au moyen d'ouvertures 15 situées de part et d'autre de l'échangeur. Ceci permet d'éviter des contraintes mécaniques dues aux différences de pression au niveau des zones 14. At the same time, the fluid, which may be nitrogen gas, reaches the exchanger through distribution waves (not shown), then flows down the passages 5. In doing so, it yields progressively from the heat to the liquid oxygen which is in the adjacent passages 4, so that the oxygen vaporizes and that, simultaneously, the nitrogen condenses. The nitrogen also passes through elements 7b and 8b similar to the elements 7a and 8a of the passages 4. In a maximum of passages 5, at least 80%, preferably 100% of those which are not peripheral, ie which are located between two passages 4, there are means 9a, identical to the elements 9b, preventing the fluid from circulating in a zone 14 of the passage 5 concerned. This zone is called "dead". It extends from one plate 3 to the other and from the means 9a to the element 9b. It is in vis-à-vis the two elements 7a located on both sides. Its length L in the direction 11 (vertical) is slightly greater than the length of the elements 7a. In the passages 5 concerned with the "dead" zone 14, the fluid is introduced just below this zone 14. In the absence of a dead zone, it can be introduced below the closure elements 9b. To ensure their solidity, the zones 14 contain a wave 12 of the same type as the waves 8a or 8b. Their atmosphere is also brought into contact with a gaseous oxygen tank of an air distillation unit, from which the liquid to be evaporated also comes from openings 15 located on either side of the exchanger. . This makes it possible to avoid mechanical stresses due to the pressure differences at the zones 14.
Dans la figure 2, on voit une coupe sur un passage réservé à un gaz à condenser, par exemple de l'azote gazeux. Un élément de fermeture 9b, en forme de barre, bouchent le haut des passages. Les passages de chacun des types 4 et 5 alternent. Le tout est limité par des parois externes 17.  In Figure 2, we see a section on a passage reserved for a gas to be condensed, for example nitrogen gas. A closure member 9b, bar-shaped, close the top of the passages. The passages of each of types 4 and 5 alternate. The whole is limited by external walls 17.
En même temps, le fluide, qui peut être de l'azote gazeux, parvient dans l'échangeur par des ondes de distribution (non représentées), puis s'écoule vers le bas le long des passages. Ce faisant, il cède progressivement de la chaleur à l'oxygène liquide qui se trouve dans les passages adjacents 4, de sorte que l'oxygène se vaporise et que, simultanément, l'azote se condense. L'azote passe aussi par des éléments 7b et 8b analogues aux éléments 7a et 8a des passages 4. At the same time, the fluid, which may be nitrogen gas, enters the exchanger through distribution waves (not shown) and then flows down the passages. In doing so, it progressively gives up heat to the liquid oxygen which is in the adjacent passages 4, so that the oxygen vaporizes and that, simultaneously, the nitrogen condenses. Nitrogen also passes through elements 7b and 8b similar to elements 7a and 8a of passages 4.
Dans un maximum de passages 5, au moins 80%, de préférence 100% de ceux qui ne sont pas périphériques, i. e. qui sont situés entre deux passages 4, se trouvent des moyens 9a, identiques aux éléments 9b, empêchant le fluide de circuler dans une zone 14 du passage 5 concerné. Cette zone est dite « morte ». Elle s'étend d'une plaque 3 à l'autre et du moyen 9a à l'élément 9b. Elle se trouve en vis-à-vis des deux éléments 7a situés de part et d'autre illustrés sur la Figure 1 et en vis-à-vis des deux éléments de fermeture 9c, 9d illustrés sur la Figure 2. Sa longueur L dans la direction 11 (verticale) est très légèrement supérieure à la longueur des éléments 7a. In a maximum of passages 5, at least 80%, preferably 100% of those which are not peripheral, i. e. which are located between two passages 4, are means 9a, identical to the elements 9b, preventing the fluid from circulating in a zone 14 of the passage 5 concerned. This zone is called "dead". It extends from one plate 3 to the other and from the means 9a to the element 9b. It is opposite the two elements 7a located on either side illustrated in Figure 1 and vis-à-vis the two closure elements 9c, 9d illustrated in Figure 2. Its length L in the direction 11 (vertical) is slightly greater than the length of the elements 7a.
Dans les passages concernés par la zone « morte » 14, le fluide est introduit juste en dessous de cette zone 14. En l'absence de zone morte, il peut être introduit en dessous des éléments de fermeture 9b. Pour assurer leur solidité, les zones 14 contiennent une onde 12 du même type que les ondes 8a ou 8b. Leur atmosphère est par ailleurs mise en contact avec un réservoir d'oxygène gazeux d'une unité de distillation de l'air, généralement la partie inférieure de la colonne basse pression, dont provient aussi le liquide à évaporer au moyen d'ouvertures 15 situées de part et d'autre de l'échangeur en dessous des éléments 9c, 9d qui sont des éléments en forme de barre ayant une hauteur inférieure à L dans la direction verticale. La hauteur des éléments 9c, 9d est dans la gamme de 60% à 90%> de L pour laisser passer l'oxygène gazeux dans la zone 14. Ceci permet d'éviter des contraintes mécaniques dues aux différences de pression au niveau des zones 14. In the passages concerned by the "dead" zone 14, the fluid is introduced just below this zone 14. In the absence of a dead zone, it can be introduced below the closure elements 9b. To ensure their solidity, the zones 14 contain a wave 12 of the same type as the waves 8a or 8b. Their atmosphere is also brought into contact with a gaseous oxygen tank of an air distillation unit, generally the lower part of the low pressure column, from which also the liquid to be evaporated by means of openings 15 located on either side of the exchanger below the elements 9c, 9d which are bar-shaped elements having a height less than L in the vertical direction. The height of the elements 9c, 9d is in the range of 60% to 90%> L for passing the gaseous oxygen in the zone 14. This makes it possible to avoid mechanical stresses due to the differences in pressure at the zones 14 .

Claims

Revendications claims
1. Echangeur de chaleur (1) pour vaporiser un liquide par échange de chaleur avec un fluide, comprenant : A heat exchanger (1) for vaporizing a liquid by heat exchange with a fluid, comprising:
- un corps comprenant un assemblage de plaques (3) parallèles à une direction déterminée (11) définissant entre elles une multitude de passages (4, 5), comprenant un premier ensemble de passages (4) destinés à l'écoulement dudit liquide et un second ensemble de passages (5) destinés à l'écoulement dudit fluide ;  - a body comprising an assembly of plates (3) parallel to a given direction (11) defining between them a multitude of passages (4, 5), comprising a first set of passages (4) for the flow of said liquid and a second set of passages (5) for the flow of said fluid;
- un bac de rétention (2) destiné à recevoir ledit liquide ;  - a holding tank (2) for receiving said liquid;
- des éléments de distribution primaire (6) dudit liquide, aptes à et conçus pour réaliser une distribution dudit liquide depuis ledit bac de rétention (2) vers ledit premier ensemble de passages (4) ; et  primary distribution elements (6) of said liquid, adapted to and designed to distribute said liquid from said holding tank (2) to said first set of passages (4); and
des éléments de fermeture (9b) de chaque passage (5) dudit second ensemble situés du côté dudit bac de rétention (2) et des éléments de distribution secondaire (7a) dudit liquide situés dans ledit premier ensemble de passages (4), aptes à et conçus pour réaliser une distribution dudit liquide au sein de chaque passage (4) dudit premier ensemble ; au moins 80% des passages (5) dudit second ensemble, de préférence 100% des passages (5) non périphériques dudit second ensemble, comprenant des moyens (9a) aptes à empêcher l'écoulement dudit fluide dans des zones (14) desdits passages (5) dudit second ensemble, lesdites zones (14) s 'étendant d'une desdites plaques (3) vers une autre desdites plaques (3) et étant comprises entre lesdits moyens (9a) et lesdits éléments de fermeture (9b), chacune desdites zones (14) étant au moins partiellement en vis-à-vis de deux desdits éléments de distribution secondaire (7a) appartenant aux deux passages (4) dudit premier ensemble les plus proches de ladite zone (14) considérée caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des moyens (15) aptes à et conçus pour établir des connexions fluidiques entre lesdites zones (14) et un réservoir de gaz situé hors dudit échangeur (1), de manière à permettre un équilibrage en pression entre ledit réservoir et lesdites zones (14).  closing elements (9b) of each passage (5) of said second set located on the side of said retention tank (2) and secondary distribution elements (7a) of said liquid located in said first set of passages (4), adapted to and adapted to provide dispensing of said liquid within each passage (4) of said first set; at least 80% of the passages (5) of said second set, preferably 100% of the non-peripheral passages (5) of said second set, comprising means (9a) able to prevent the flow of said fluid in zones (14) of said passages; (5) of said second set, said areas (14) extending from one of said plates (3) to another of said plates (3) and being between said means (9a) and said closure members (9b), each said zones (14) being at least partially opposite two of said secondary distribution elements (7a) belonging to the two passages (4) of said first set closest to said zone (14), characterized in that it comprises means (15) adapted and adapted to establish fluid connections between said zones (14) and a gas reservoir situated outside said exchanger (1), so as to allow a pressure equalization between said reservoir and said zones ( 14).
2. Echangeur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, lesdits deux éléments de distribution secondaire (7a) ayant des dimensions données dans ladite direction déterminée (11), ladite zone (14) s'étend dans ladite direction déterminée (11) sur une longueur (L) supérieure ou égale, de préférence sensiblement égale, à la plus grande desdites dimensions données. 2. Exchanger according to claim 1, characterized in that, said two secondary distribution elements (7a) having given dimensions in said determined direction (11), said zone (14) extends in said determined direction (11) on a length (L) greater than or equal to, preferably substantially equal to, the largest of said given dimensions.
3. Echangeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens (9a) destinés à empêcher l'écoulement dudit fluide dans ladite zone (14) ont la forme d'une barre métallique orthogonale à ladite direction donnée (11). 3. Exchanger according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said means (9a) for preventing the flow of said fluid in said zone (14) have the shape of a metal bar orthogonal to said given direction (11).
4. Echangeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens (9a) destinés à empêcher l'écoulement dudit fluide dans lesdites zones (14) sont structurellement identiques aux dits éléments de fermeture (9b). 4. Exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said means (9a) for preventing the flow of said fluid in said zones (14) are structurally identical to said closure elements (9b).
5. Echangeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdites zones (14) comprennent au moins une onde mécanique (12) en contact avec deux desdites plaques (3), de préférence à génératrices selon ladite direction déterminée (11). 5. Exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that said zones (14) comprise at least one mechanical wave (12) in contact with two of said plates (3), preferably generatrices in said determined direction (11).
6. Echangeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des parois externes (10, 17) et en ce que les moyens aptes à et conçus pour établir des connexions fluidiques sont constitués par des ouvertures (15) dans au moins un des éléments de fermeture (9c,9d). 6. Exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises outer walls (10, 17) and in that the means adapted to and designed to establish fluid connections are constituted by openings ( 15) in at least one of the closure elements (9c, 9d).
7. Echangeur selon la revendication 6 dans lequel les ouvertures (15) sont situées à un niveau inférieur des zones (14). 7. Exchanger according to claim 6 wherein the openings (15) are located at a lower level of the zones (14).
8. Echangeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que :  8. Exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that:
il comprend des éléments de distribution secondaire (7b) dudit fluide situés dans ledit second ensemble de passages (5), aptes à et conçus pour réaliser une distribution dudit fluide au sein de chaque passage (5) dudit second ensemble ; et  it comprises secondary distribution elements (7b) of said fluid located in said second set of passages (5), adapted to and designed to distribute said fluid within each passage (5) of said second set; and
lesdits éléments de distribution secondaire (7a, 7b) comprennent au moins une onde à génératrices orthogonales à ladite direction déterminée (11), de préférence à décalage partiel selon ladite direction déterminée (11).  said secondary distribution elements (7a, 7b) comprise at least one generator wave orthogonal to said determined direction (11), preferably partially offset in said determined direction (11).
9. Echangeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que lesdits éléments de distribution primaire (6) dudit liquide sont des barres percées de trous (6a). 9. Exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that said primary distribution elements (6) of said liquid are drilled bars of holes (6a).
10. Echangeur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre des ondes d'échange (8a, 8b), de préférence à génératrices selon ladite direction déterminée (11), lesdites ondes d'échange (8a, 8b) étant situées : 10. Exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it further comprises exchange waves (8a, 8b), preferably generatrices in said determined direction (11), said waves of exchange (8a, 8b) being located:
d'une part, dans chacun desdits passages (4) dudit premier ensemble, lesdits éléments de distribution secondaire (7a) desdits passages (4) dudit premier ensemble se situant selon ladite direction déterminée (11) entre lesdites ondes d'échange (8a) et ledit bac de rétention (2) ; et  on the one hand, in each of said passages (4) of said first set, said secondary distribution elements (7a) of said passages (4) of said first set being in said determined direction (11) between said exchange waves (8a) and said retention tank (2); and
d'autre part, dans chacun desdits passages (5) dudit second ensemble, lesdits éléments de distribution secondaire (7b) desdits passages (5) dudit second ensemble se situant selon ladite direction déterminée (11) entre lesdites ondes d'échange (8b) et lesdits éléments de fermeture (9b).  on the other hand, in each of said passages (5) of said second set, said secondary distribution elements (7b) of said passages (5) of said second set being in said determined direction (11) between said exchange waves (8b) and said closure members (9b).
11. Installation de séparation d'air par distillation, comprenant au moins : 11. Distillation air separation plant, comprising at least:
- une première colonne de distillation destinée à fonctionner sous une pression déterminée ;  a first distillation column intended to operate under a predetermined pressure;
- une deuxième colonne de distillation destinée à fonctionner sous une pression plus faible que ladite pression déterminée, comprenant ou constituant un réservoir d'oxygène gazeux ; et  a second distillation column intended to operate at a pressure lower than said determined pressure, comprising or constituting a reservoir of gaseous oxygen; and
- un échangeur de chaleur apte à et conçu pour vaporiser au moins partiellement le liquide de cuve de ladite deuxième colonne par échange thermique avec le gaz de tête de ladite première colonne ou de l'air ;  a heat exchanger adapted to and designed to at least partially vaporize the bottom liquid of said second column by heat exchange with the overhead gas of said first column or air;
caractérisée en ce que ledit échangeur de chaleur est tel que défini dans l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10.  characterized in that said heat exchanger is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10.
PCT/FR2011/050471 2010-03-08 2011-03-07 Heat exchanger WO2011110782A1 (en)

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