WO2011074562A1 - Triangular panel for dome-shaped building, dome-shaped building using the panel, and method for constructing the dome-shaped building - Google Patents
Triangular panel for dome-shaped building, dome-shaped building using the panel, and method for constructing the dome-shaped building Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011074562A1 WO2011074562A1 PCT/JP2010/072447 JP2010072447W WO2011074562A1 WO 2011074562 A1 WO2011074562 A1 WO 2011074562A1 JP 2010072447 W JP2010072447 W JP 2010072447W WO 2011074562 A1 WO2011074562 A1 WO 2011074562A1
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- frame
- triangular
- triangular panel
- dome
- plate
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B1/3205—Structures with a longitudinal horizontal axis, e.g. cylindrical or prismatic structures
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
- E04B2001/3276—Panel connection details
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
- E04B2001/3288—Panel frame details, e.g. flanges of steel sheet panels
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B2001/3294—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures with a faceted surface
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal triangular panel which is a member constituting a dome-shaped building, a dome-shaped building constructed using the same, and a method for constructing the dome.
- dome-shaped buildings have been built as temporary houses in emergency or remote areas, and have been used as small-scale houses.
- a large number of dome-type structures such as multi-purpose halls are infiltrated.
- the dome-type building is generally called a fuller dome or a geodesic dome.
- a structure there is a structure in which a steel frame is arranged radially from the top of the dome to construct a circular dome frame.
- problems such as the use of many components of the dome and a long construction period due to the complexity of the building process. Therefore, a technique for constructing a dome-shaped building using a wooden panel has been disclosed as a solution to the problem of the steel structure.
- a wooden triangular panel is used as a constituent member, a wooden polygon panel is formed, and the dome-shaped building is constructed by combining the polygon panels.
- the construction process can be omitted and the construction period can be shortened compared to the case where a framework is constructed. Further, the number of components can be reduced, and the construction cost can be reduced and the construction can be facilitated.
- the prior art of the following patent document 2 and the patent document 3 is disclosed as a prior application by the same applicant as this application.
- the prior art is a triangular panel using an inner frame material, and is characterized by the location and shape of the inner frame material.
- the material constituting the panel is generally wood. Since it was a wooden panel, it had problems in terms of durability, such as erosion, corrosion, waterproofness, and fire resistance.
- the description of each of the above prior art documents suggests that the material of the constituent member is not limited to wood but may be a metal material. However, it is only a suggestion that the configuration of wood can be changed to a metal component, and the shape and configuration using the characteristics of the metal component are not specifically disclosed.
- the present invention provides a triangular panel that is a constituent member of a dome-shaped building, and includes a triangular frame.
- a triangular panel that is a constituent member of a dome-shaped building, and includes a triangular frame.
- a triangular panel having a structure in which the side surface of the frame is inclined inward is provided as the structure of the frame formed of a metal frame material.
- the frame which comprises the side surface of a triangular panel forms the slope which inclines inside, and forms the joint surface in the matching of triangular panels.
- the triangular panel according to the present invention is a triangular panel as a constituent member that forms a dome by abutting side surfaces, and is a metal frame member formed in a substantially U shape, and a frame body that is a base of the triangular panel.
- a triangular frame formed by three frame members, each frame member being inclined so that the side surface of the frame member is inclined, and each end portion being fixed, and the frame It is a plate member fixed to the body, and has a plate member which is formed into a bent plate shape and constitutes a wing portion extending in the triangle inner side direction of the frame body.
- the triangular panel according to the present invention is characterized in that the wing portion related to the plate member is formed in a horizontal plane.
- the triangular panel according to the present invention is a gusset plate that is fixed to a frame material that constitutes the frame body, and one end peripheral portion is fixed to a portion surrounded by a substantially U-shape of the frame material,
- the gusset plate further includes a gusset plate having a hole formed in a wing portion extending inward in a triangular shape of the body, and a purlin fastened to the wing portion of the gusset plate.
- the triangular panel according to the present invention is characterized in that the frame body constituted by the three frame members has an isosceles triangular shape.
- a plurality of the plate members are fixed to the two frame members constituting the isosceles sides of the isosceles triangular frame body, and constitutes one side different from the isosceles side of the frame body.
- One or a plurality of the frame members are fixed to the frame member.
- the gusset plate is fixed to a pair of frame members constituting the isosceles sides of the frame body, and the purlin is fastened to the pair of gusset plates.
- the triangular panel according to the present invention further includes a wing portion related to the plate member and a roof member supported by the purlin.
- the dome-shaped building according to the present invention is formed by using the above-described triangular panel, the apexes of the triangular panel are located on the same spherical surface, and connecting the side surfaces of the frames of the adjacent triangular panels with fastening means. It is characterized by that.
- a method for constructing a dome-shaped building according to the present invention is a method for constructing a dome-shaped building on a foundation using the above-mentioned triangular panel, wherein the sides of the triangular panel are joined and connected to each other, A polyhedron that forms a pentahedron or hexagon that forms the icosahedron is grounded, five of the pentagons are connected to the foundation, and the hexagon is connected to a position in contact with the pentagon, A pentagon is connected to the apex.
- the triangular panel has a metal frame, it is possible to construct a dome-shaped building with increased durability and fire resistance compared to the case where a wooden panel is used. Further, when the metal frame is made of an inexpensive metal such as aluminum, the cost can be reduced.
- one frame is arranged radially from the top of the dome, whereas in the present invention, the function of the framework in which the joining portion is composed of two metal frame members by joining the frames of the triangular panel.
- the frame is made of metal, the rigidity of the triangular panel is increased, and it is possible to construct a small dome type building to a large dome type building. Furthermore, even if the panel dimensions are increased, the effect of not significantly increasing the weight is also achieved.
- Sectional view of the joint between triangular panels (A) The shape of the frame forming the triangular panel, and the layout of the frame material. (B) A diagram showing the predetermined location or range of the frame.
- A) Diagram showing frame material in cross section of frame body (b) Diagram showing gusset plate (c) Diagram showing frame material and gusset plate in cross section of frame body (A) Diagram showing frame and purlin layout (b) Diagram showing frame material, gusset plate, and purlin joined portion (c) Diagram showing frame material, gusset plate, and purlin joined portion (A) Diagram showing the arrangement of plates fixed to the frame material (b) Diagram showing the cross section of the frame and plate (A) Figure with field plate connected to main building and plate.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a joint portion between triangular panels 1 when a dome-shaped building is constructed.
- the frame material 2 related to the frame body is fixed with bolts and nuts 7
- the field plate 8 is fixed to the plate 6 fixed to the frame material 2 related to the frame body
- the finishing material 10 is attached to the outer surface side of the field plate 8.
- the gap generated by the thickness of the base plate 8 and the finishing material 10 is sealed by the sealing material 11.
- the downward direction is illustrated as the internal direction of the dome-shaped building and the upward direction is illustrated as the external direction of the dome-shaped building.
- the triangular panel 1 is a triangular structure that constitutes a dome-shaped building.
- a polygonal body is formed by joining the triangular panels 1, and a dome-shaped building is constructed by joining the polygonal bodies.
- the triangular panel 1 includes a frame member 2, a gusset plate 3, a purlin 5, a plate 6, a field plate 8, and a steel plate 10.
- a frame body is formed using the frame member 2 as a constituent member, and this frame body serves as a base of the triangular panel 1.
- the frame material 2 is a structural member that constitutes a frame body that is a base of the triangular panel 1 and forms a triangular shape of the frame body.
- the frame member 2 is formed so that the cross section is substantially U-shaped. It consists of three surfaces such as a cross section, and is formed into a substantially U-shaped cross section by a surface constituting the side surface of the frame and two surfaces facing each other. Note that the two faces of the frame member 2 other than the faces constituting the frame side faces may be parallel or non-parallel.
- both end portions of the frame material 2 constitute apex portions related to the triangular frame body, and are formed in a shape in which the frame materials 2 can be fixed to each other.
- the fixing parts at both ends of the frame member 2 are as illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view illustrating the peripheral portion of the apex of the frame. It represents the C range in FIG.
- the frame member 2 is made of metal and is made of a material such as iron, steel, or aluminum.
- the material of the frame material 2 is not limited to these metals, What is necessary is just a metal which has the intensity
- the frame member 2 may be formed into a substantially U-shaped cross section by bending a substantially right angle using a single metal plate.
- the cross section may be formed into a substantially U shape by metal injection molding.
- molding method is not limited also about another triangular panel structural member.
- the frame is constituted by the frame member 2 and serves as a base of a triangular panel.
- the frame body is arranged so that the three frame members 2 form a triangular shape, and the end portions of the respective frame members 2 are fixed by welding.
- the frame is a three-dimensional structure formed in a triangular shape by the frame member 2.
- the triangle represents the shape of the cross section in the horizontal plane of the frame. The details of the frame will be described later.
- the gusset plate 3 is a steel plate used for joining components.
- the gusset plate 3 is a structural member that is a planar steel plate, and is formed into a substantially V shape to form a hole 4. It is a member used to join the frame member 2 and the purlin 5.
- the gusset plate 3 and the frame member 2 are fixed by welding, and the main building 5 is fastened with a nut by inserting a bolt into the hole 4.
- the bolt nut 7 is a bolt and a nut, and should just be able to be inserted in a hole and to fasten members. Moreover, it uses for description by separate description like a volt
- the main building 5 is a structural member that supports the base plate 8.
- the purlin 5 propagates the load of the base plate 8 to the frame material 2.
- the purlin 5 has holes formed at the periphery of both ends. Bolts are inserted into holes formed in the peripheral portions at both ends, fastened with nuts, and connected to the gusset plate 3.
- the main building 5 should just be a member which can support the base plate 8 and can be connected with the gusset plate 3, and the shape of the main building 5 is not limited. For example, what is necessary is just to be shape
- the plate 6 is a steel plate used for joining components.
- the plate 6 is fixed to the frame by welding. It is a member used to join the frame member 2 and the base plate 8 relating to the frame. It is a plate-like member having a shape that allows the frame body constituted by the inclined frame member 2 and the field plate 8 having a planar shape to be joined.
- the field board 8 is a part of the roof member, and is a member that supports the finishing material of the roof.
- the field board 8 may be a structural plywood that is a plywood used as a structure that supports a structure of a building.
- a fire-resistant field board 8 such as a fire-resistant wood wool cement board may be used.
- the field plate 8 may be a single triangle.
- the field board 8 is supported and fixed by the main building 5 and the plate 6. For example, holes may be formed at predetermined locations on the purlin 5, the plate 6, and the base plate 8 and fastened with screws or the like.
- the finishing material 10 is a part of the roof member, and is a surface member that constitutes the exterior of the triangular panel 1 and the dome-type building.
- the finishing material 10 is plate-shaped, and is fixed to be coated on the outer surface of the field board 8.
- the outer front portion of the base plate 8 is covered with the finishing material 10, a hole is formed with a drill or the like, and they are fixed to each other with the screws 9.
- the screw 9 is tightened in the hole with a tapping screw or the like.
- the finishing material 10 may be a thin plate steel plate made of metal or a slate obtained by processing slate into a thin plate shape.
- the finishing material 10 is a steel plate, it is a thin steel plate having a thickness of about 0.4 mm and may be a galvalume steel plate.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing the shape of the frame body of the triangular panel 1 constituted by the frame material 2 and the arrangement of the frame material 2 constituting the frame body.
- Fig.2 (a) is the figure which showed arrangement
- a gusset plate 3 is fixed to the frame member 2 constituting the two sides of the triangular frame. The gusset plate 3 may be either fixed to the frame member 2 after the frame is formed, or formed to be fixed to the frame member 2 in advance.
- FIG. 1 is a view showing the shape of the frame body of the triangular panel 1 constituted by the frame material 2 and the arrangement of the frame material 2 constituting the frame body.
- Fig.2 (a) is the figure which showed arrangement
- a gusset plate 3 is fixed to the frame member 2 constituting the two sides of the triangular frame. The gusset plate 3 may be either fixed to the frame member 2 after the frame is formed
- the 2B is a view showing a predetermined portion or a cross section of the frame.
- the AA ′ cross section is a cross section of the frame member 2 constituting the two sides of the frame.
- the BB ′ cross section is a cross section of the frame member 2 to which the gusset plate 3 is fixed.
- the C range is a range around the apex of the triangular frame. Further, when forming the triangular frame body, the frame member 2 is configured such that two opposing faces of a substantially U-shaped shape are positioned in the inner direction of the triangle.
- FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of the frame member 2 constituting the frame, and is a view showing a cross section taken along the line AA ′ in FIG.
- the frame member 2 is arranged with the frame member 2 inclined so that the surface constituting the frame body side surface forms a slope in the frame member. Moreover, all the three side surfaces which concern on a triangular frame are formed in the slope. That is, the three frame members 2 forming the triangular frame body are all inclined.
- the side surface of the frame body forms a slope inclined at an angle ⁇ from the vertical direction.
- the frame body 2 is formed by inclining the frame material 2 so that the surface of the frame material 2 constituting the side surface of the frame body has an inclination angle ⁇ .
- the frame material 2 is substantially U-shaped, two opposing surfaces other than the surfaces constituting the frame body side surface related to the frame material 2 extend in a direction having an angle from the horizontal direction. If the frame member 2 has a substantially U-shaped shape at a right angle, in the horizontal direction, the two opposite surfaces other than the surfaces constituting the side surfaces of the frame body are inclined at the elevation angle ⁇ .
- FIG. 3B is a diagram showing the shape of the gusset plate 3.
- FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional view taken along the line BB ′ in FIG. 2B and shows a portion where the gusset plate 3 is fixed to the frame member 2.
- the peripheral portion of one end of the gusset plate 3 is fixed to the portion surrounded by the substantially U shape of the frame member 2 by welding. Since the gusset plate 3 is a substantially V-shaped planar plate member, a part of the gusset plate 3 protruding from the frame member 2 can protrude in the horizontal direction.
- the frame member 2 constituting the frame body depends on the inclination angle and the substantially V-shaped angle of the gusset plate 3. Note that the angle at which the frame member 2 is inclined and the angle at which the gusset plate 3 is formed into a substantially V shape need not be specified. In the triangular panel 1 according to the present invention, it is only necessary that the side surface of the frame body is an inclined slope, and a part of the gusset plate 3 protruding from the frame material 2 due to fixation extends in the horizontal direction.
- FIG. 4A is a diagram showing the arrangement of the purlin 5.
- the gusset plate 3 fixed to the frame member 2 by welding and the purlin 5 are fastened and fixed by bolts and nuts.
- FIG. 4 (b) is a diagram showing fastening portions of the frame member 2, the gusset plate 3, and the purlin 5.
- FIG.4 (c) is drawing which expanded D range in Fig.4 (a).
- the gusset plate 3 fixed to the frame member 2 is arranged to be a pair of opposed positions.
- the purlin 5 is fastened to the pair of gusset plates 3. Holes for inserting bolts are formed in the peripheral portions of both ends of the purlin 5.
- the purlin 5 fastened to the gusset plate 3 is disposed at a position where the purlins 5 are parallel to each other. Further, when the lower side in FIG. 4 is referred to as a bottom side and described, the triangle-shaped bottom side and the purlin 5 are arranged in parallel positions. That is, the gusset plate 3 is paired at a position parallel to the bottom and is fixed to the frame member 2.
- FIG. 5A is a diagram in which the plate 6 is arranged on the frame member 2.
- the plate 6 is arrange
- the frame material 2 and the plate 6 may be either fixed by welding, or may be formed by forming holes and fastening by bolts and nuts.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line EE ′ in FIG. 5A, showing a cross section of a portion where the frame member 2 and the plate 6 are fixed.
- the plate 6 is a biplanar plate-like member, and is formed by bending so that the opposite angles of the two planes have an obtuse angle. Further, the surface of the plate 6 that protrudes from the frame member 2 toward the inner side of the triangle protrudes so as to form a horizontal plane. In the plurality of plates 6 fixed to the frame, any protruding surfaces are on the same plane. Further, a part of the plate 6 that projects from the frame member 2 toward the inside of the triangle is a wing member that receives the path plate 8.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram in which the field plate 8 is arranged on the frame.
- the screw 9 is illustrated for illustration and is not limited to the arrangement according to FIG. Moreover, although the example using the four field boards 8 was shown, this invention is not limited to this.
- the field board 8 is supported by the main building 5 and the plate 6.
- FIG. 6B is a diagram showing the arrangement of the finishing material 10 constituting the outer surface portion of the triangular panel 1.
- a plate-like finishing material 10 is arranged and fixed parallel to the bottom side of the triangular panel 1.
- the finishing materials 10 a partially overlapping portion is formed.
- the overlapping part is formed concentrically from the center of each polygon formed by the triangular panel 1.
- the present invention is not limited thereto, and a portion where the finishing material 10 overlaps may be formed on a line parallel to the oblique side of the triangular panel 1. At this time, all the overlapping portions are formed concentrically around the top of the dome-shaped building.
- the finishing material 10 disposed and fixed on the top side of the dome-shaped building forms the outer surface of the overlapping portion. Thereby, water flows smoothly from the water surface to the water surface, and water does not enter.
- the triangular panel 1 according to the present embodiment is formed by having the configuration described above.
- the frame constituting the triangular panel 1 is formed in an isosceles triangular shape by two types of frame members 2 having different lengths. Moreover, the frame material 2 which comprises two equal sides of an isosceles triangle shape is arrange
- the polygonal body formed by the triangular panel 1 is of two types, a pentagonal body and a hexagonal body. For this reason, the triangular panel 1 requires different combinations of side lengths and inclination angles related to the isosceles triangular frame.
- the description will be made by defining the frame material 2 as a meaningful frame material including the length of the frame material 2 and the inclination angle when forming the frame body.
- the first frame member 2a, the second frame member 2b, the third frame member 2c, the fourth frame member 2d, and the fifth frame member 2e are defined depending on the length and the inclination angle at the time of arrangement. The formation of a triangular frame by combining these will be described.
- a frame material forming a joining surface for five lines connecting five vertices from the center point of the pentagon and six line segments connecting six vertices from the center point of the hexagon
- a frame material that forms a joint surface.
- the hexagonal body includes a frame material that forms a side that joins the hexagonal body among the six sides of the hexagonal shape, and a frame material that forms a side that joins the pentagonal body among the sides of the hexagonal body.
- the joining of the frame members 2 is fastened by bolts and nuts.
- holes for inserting bolts are formed in the frame material 2 at predetermined locations on the surface constituting the frame side surface of the triangular panel 1. Since a hole is formed in any frame material at the joint portion where the side surfaces of the frame body are abutted, fastening with bolts and nuts is possible.
- a frame constituted by a combination of five types of frame materials there is an isosceles triangular frame composed of one first frame member 2a constituting a base that is a different side and two second frame members 2b constituting two equal sides.
- first frame member 2a constituting a base that is a different side and two second frame members 2b constituting two equal sides.
- the second frame members 2b are joined together, and the first frame member 2a constitutes a side of the polygonal body.
- there is an isosceles triangular frame composed of one fourth frame member 2d constituting a base which is a different side and two third frame members 2c constituting two equal sides.
- the sides of the polygonal body become the fourth frame member 2d that forms a base of a different side in the isosceles triangle shape. Furthermore, there is an isosceles triangular frame body composed of one fifth frame member 2e forming a base that is a different side and two third frame members 2c forming two equal sides.
- the side of the polygonal body becomes the fifth frame member 2e that forms the base of one side different in the isosceles triangular shape.
- the polygonal body will be described with reference to the description that the plural types of triangular panels 1 are formed based on the difference in the length of the frame member 2 and the difference in the inclined angle.
- the first triangular panel has an isosceles triangular shape, and the bases of different one sides are constituted by the first frame member 2a and the two equal sides are constituted by the second frame member 2b.
- the bottoms of different sides are constituted by the fourth frame member 2d, and the two equal sides are constituted by the third frame member 2c.
- the bottoms of different sides are constituted by the fifth frame member e, and the two equal sides are constituted by the third frame member 2c.
- the pentagon is formed using only the first triangular panel. That is, a pentagon having the first frame member 2a as a side is formed.
- the pentagonal body has a structure that always contacts only the hexagonal body.
- the hexagonal body has a configuration in which the second triangular panel and the third triangular panel are alternately arranged. That is, the hexagonal side has a shape in which the fourth frame member 2d and the fifth frame member 2e appear alternately. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the hexagonal body has a structure in contact with the pentagonal body and both polygonal bodies of the hexagonal bodies.
- the foundation work and the waist wall are placed by the conventional method, the foundation is installed and fixed, and the wall of the building is made.
- the dome structure is structured so that no additional external force is exerted.
- the triangular panel 1 is grounded by a pentagonal body that forms a pentagonal shape that is connected to a bolt that is a fastening means by a dowel joint. Five sets of these pentagons are supported from the back on an assembly base. And as shown in FIG.7 (b), five sets of hexagons which form a hexagon are assembled
- the triangular panel 1 having the structure according to the present invention makes it easy to construct a dome-shaped building.
- the structural member of the triangular panel 1 is a metal member, and by using a fire-resistant member, it becomes a structure excellent in fire resistance and corrosion resistance compared with the conventional wooden triangular panel.
- the frame material 2 which comprises the frame of the triangular panel 1 may be aluminum, and there exists an effect which can reduce building material cost.
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Abstract
Description
そこで、鉄骨構造の問題を解消するものとして、木造パネルを使用してドーム型建築物を構築する技術が開示されている。例えば、特許文献1のように、木造三角パネルを構成部材として使用し、木造の多角形パネルを形成し、当該多角形パネルを組み合わせていくことでドーム型建築物を構築する技術である。 The dome-type building is generally called a fuller dome or a geodesic dome. As a structure, there is a structure in which a steel frame is arranged radially from the top of the dome to construct a circular dome frame. However, there are problems such as the use of many components of the dome and a long construction period due to the complexity of the building process.
Therefore, a technique for constructing a dome-shaped building using a wooden panel has been disclosed as a solution to the problem of the steel structure. For example, as in
また、本件出願と同一出願人による先行出願として、下記の特許文献2、及び特許文献3の先行技術が開示されている。当該先行技術は、内枠材を用いた三角パネルであり、内枠材の配置箇所、形状に特徴を有するものである。 According to such a known technique, since a dome-shaped building is constructed by combining panels, the construction process can be omitted and the construction period can be shortened compared to the case where a framework is constructed. Further, the number of components can be reduced, and the construction cost can be reduced and the construction can be facilitated.
Moreover, the prior art of the following
図1は、ドーム型建築物を構築した際の三角パネル1同士の接合部分を示す断面図である。概要として、枠体に係る枠材2をボルトナット7で固定し、枠体に係る枠材2に固着されたプレート6に野地板8を固定し、野地板8の外表面側に仕上げ材10を固着させ、シーリング材11により野地板8及び仕上げ材10の厚さにより生じた隙間が密閉されている。
なお、図1の上下方向は、下方向がドーム型建築物の内部方向とし、上方向がドーム型建築物の外部方向として、図示している。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a joint portion between
In addition, as for the up-down direction of FIG. 1, the downward direction is illustrated as the internal direction of the dome-shaped building and the upward direction is illustrated as the external direction of the dome-shaped building.
三角パネル1は、枠材2、ガセットプレート3、母屋5、プレート6、野地板8、鋼板10により構成される。枠材2を構成部材として枠体が形成され、この枠体が三角パネル1の基体となる。 The
The
枠材2とは、三角パネル1の基体である枠体を構成し、枠体の三角形状を形作る構成部材である。枠材2は、断面が略U字型形状になるように形成されている。断面のような3面から成り、枠体の側面を構成する面と、向かい合う2面により略U字型形状の断面に成形される。なお、枠材2のうち枠体側面を構成する面以外の向かい合う2面同士が、平行であっても平行でなくても構わない。
また、枠材2の両端部分は、三角形状枠体に係る頂点部分を構成し、枠材2同士が固着可能な形状に成形されている。この枠材2の両端部における固着部分は、図9に例示したようになる。図9は、枠体の頂点周辺部を表す斜視図である。図2(b)中のC範囲を表したものである。 Next, the structural member which concerns on the
The
Further, both end portions of the
また、枠材2の両端部についても、端部を切り出すことで成形してもよい。枠体を形成する際、枠材2の両端部が、枠材2同士を固着可能な形状に成形されていればよい。 Any method may be used for forming the
Moreover, you may shape | mold also about the both ends of the
枠体は、枠材2により三角形状に形成された立体構造である。三角形は、枠体の水平面における断面の形状を表したものである。なお、枠体の詳細については、後述にて説明を加える。 The frame is constituted by the
The frame is a three-dimensional structure formed in a triangular shape by the
また、野地板8は、母屋5とプレート6により支持されて固定されている。例えば、母屋5、プレート6、野地板8の所定の箇所に孔を形成し、ネジ等で締結させ固定さてもよい。 The
The
また、仕上げ材10は、金属製の薄い板状鋼板であっても、粘板岩を薄い板状に加工したものであるスレートであってもよい。仕上げ材10が鋼板である場合、厚さ0.4mmほどの薄い鋼板であり、ガルバリウム鋼板であってもよい。 The finishing
The finishing
まず、枠体を構成する枠材2の配置について説明する。
図2は、枠材2により構成された三角パネル1の枠体の形状、及び枠体を構成する枠材2の配置を示した図である。
図2(a)は、枠体を構成する枠材2の配置を示した図である。三角形状枠体に係る二辺を構成する枠材2には、ガセットプレート3が固着される。なお、このガセットプレート3は、枠体を形成した後に枠材2に固着するものであっても、枠材2に予め固着させた後に枠体を形成するものであっても、どちらでもよい。
図2(b)は、枠体の所定部分又は断面を示した図である。A-A´断面は、枠体の二辺を構成する枠材2の断面である。B-B´断面は、ガセットプレート3が固着された枠材2の断面である。C範囲は、三角形状枠体に係る頂点周辺の範囲である。また、三角形状枠体を形成する際、枠材2は、略U字型形状の向かい合う2面が三角形の内側方向に位置するよう構成される。 Next, the Example which forms the
First, arrangement | positioning of the
FIG. 2 is a view showing the shape of the frame body of the
Fig.2 (a) is the figure which showed arrangement | positioning of the
FIG. 2B is a view showing a predetermined portion or a cross section of the frame. The AA ′ cross section is a cross section of the
枠体は、枠材2を傾斜させ三角形状に配置し枠材2同士を溶接により固着させることで形成されるものである。なお、この傾斜は垂直方向からの傾斜であり、この垂直方向は上記水平方向に対する鉛直方向である。
図3(a)は、枠体を構成する枠材2の断面図であり、図2(b)中のA-A´断面を示した図である。枠材2のうち枠体側面を構成する面が、枠体では斜面を形成するように、枠材2を傾斜して配置されている。また、三角形状枠体に係る3側面は、いずれも斜面に形成されている。つまり、三角形状枠体を形成する3本の枠材2は、いずれも傾斜して配置されていることになる。 Next, the inclination of the
The frame body is formed by inclining the
FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of the
また、枠材2は略U字型形状であるので、枠材2に係る枠体側面を構成する面以外の向かい合う2面は、水平方向から角度を有する方向に延設している。仮に、枠材2が直角に略U字型形状を有している場合、水平方向では、枠体側面を構成する面以外の向かい合う2面が、それぞれ仰角θに傾斜していることになる。 For example, it is assumed that the side surface of the frame body forms a slope inclined at an angle θ from the vertical direction. This is a case where the
Moreover, since the
図3(b)は、ガセットプレート3の形状を表した図である。図3(c)は、図2(b)中のB-B´断面であり、枠材2にガセットプレート3を固着させた箇所を表した図である。
ガセットプレート3と枠材2では、枠材2の略U字型に囲まれる部分にガセットプレート3の一端周辺部分が溶接により固着されている。ガセットプレート3は略V字形をした平面状板部材であるため、枠材2から突出しているガセットプレート3の一部分は、水平方向に突出することができる。これは、枠体を構成する枠材2が傾斜角と、ガセットプレート3の略V字形の角度に因るためである。なお、枠材2を傾斜させる角度や、ガセットプレート3を略V字形に成形する角度が、特定である必要はない。本発明に係る三角パネル1において、枠体の側面が傾斜した斜面であって、固着により枠材2から突出したガセットプレート3の一部分が水平方向に延設するようになればよい。 Next, fixation by welding of the
FIG. 3B is a diagram showing the shape of the
In the
図4(a)は、母屋5の配置を示した図である。溶接により枠材2に固着されたガセットプレート3と、母屋5とがボルトナットにより締結され固定される。図4(b)は、枠材2、ガセットプレート3、母屋5の締結部分を表した図である。図4(c)は、図4(a)中のD範囲を拡大した図面である。
枠材2に固着されたガセットプレート3は、一対の向かい合う位置になるよう配置されている。母屋5は、一対のガセットプレート3に対して締結される。母屋5の両端周辺部にボルトを挿嵌する孔が形成されている。これにより、ガセットプレート3と母屋5に形成された孔にボルトを挿嵌し、ナットによる締結し固定される。ガセットプレート3と締結された母屋5は、母屋5同士が互いに平行な位置に配置されている。また、図4中の下方向の辺を底辺と呼び説明をすると、三角形状に係る底辺と、母屋5とは平行の位置に配置される。つまり、ガセットプレート3は、底辺と平行な位置に一対を成し、枠材2に固着されることになる。 Next, fastening of the
FIG. 4A is a diagram showing the arrangement of the
The
図5(a)は、枠材2にプレート6を配置した図である。プレート6は、枠体を構成する枠材2に係る屋根外表面側の面に配置される。また、三角形状枠体を構成する3本の枠材2全てに固着される。
枠材2とプレート6は、溶接により固着するか、孔を形成しボルトナットによる挿嵌により締結するか、どちらでもよい。 Next, fixation of the
FIG. 5A is a diagram in which the
The
プレート6は、2平面形状の板状部材であり、2平面の向かい合う角が鈍角を有するように屈曲して成形されている。また、プレート6のうち、枠材2から三角形の内側方向に突出している面は、水平面を形成するように突出している。枠体に固着された複数のプレート6において、いずれの突出した面も同一平面上にあることになる。さらに、プレート6のうち、枠材2から三角形の内側方向に突出した部分係る面が、野路板8を受ける羽部材となる。
これは、枠体に係る枠材2を傾斜させ配置することで、枠材2に係る向かい合う2面が水平方向から角度を有する方向に形成されるためである。後述する野路板8を固定する際に、枠材2により傾斜角、仰角を有する枠体においては、平面形状である野路板8を支持することは安定性を欠く。そのため、枠体が同一平面で野路板8を受ける構造の部材が必要である。 FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line EE ′ in FIG. 5A, showing a cross section of a portion where the
The
This is because the two opposing surfaces related to the
図6は、野地板8を枠体上に配置した図である。ネジ9は、例示のために図示したものであり、図6(a)に係る配置に限られるものではない。また、4枚の野地板8を用いた例を示したが、本発明はこれに限るものではない。また、野地板8は、母屋5、プレート6、により支持される。 Next, arrangement | positioning of a roof member is demonstrated.
FIG. 6 is a diagram in which the
三角パネル1の底辺と平行に板状の仕上げ材10が配置し固定される。仕上げ材10同士では、一部重なり合う部分が形成される。例えば、ハゼ結合やハゼ締め、と呼ばれる接合方法である。
この場合、三角形パネル1により構成された各多角形体の中心から同心円状に上記重なり合う部分が形成される。これに限らず、三角パネル1の斜辺と平行線上に仕上げ材10の重畳する部分が形成されるようにしてもよい。このとき、ドーム型建築物における頂上を中心として、同心円状に全部の上記重なり合う部分が形成することになる。
いずれの場合も、ドーム型建築物の頂上側に配置し固着された仕上げ材10が、上記重なり合う部分の外表面を形成している。これにより、水上から水下へスムーズに水が流れ、水が浸入することがなくなる。 FIG. 6B is a diagram showing the arrangement of the finishing
A plate-
In this case, the overlapping part is formed concentrically from the center of each polygon formed by the
In any case, the finishing
詳細には、二等辺三角形に係る等しい二辺を構成する枠材2は、同一の傾斜に配置に形成される。また、二等辺とは異なる一辺を構成する枠材2では、二等辺を形成する枠材2の傾斜とは異なる傾斜角に枠材2が傾斜して配置されている。 The frame constituting the
In detail, the
ここでは、枠材2の長さ及び枠体を形成する際の傾斜角を包含する意味合いの枠材と定義して説明を行う。例えば、長さと配置の際の傾斜角の相違により、第1枠材2a、第2枠材2b、第3枠材2c、第4枠材2d、第5枠材2eと定義する。
これらの組み合わせにより、三角形状の枠体を形成することについて説明する。 The polygonal body formed by the
Here, the description will be made by defining the
The formation of a triangular frame by combining these will be described.
三角形パネル1同士の接合により形成される多角形体において、五角形体の中心点から5頂点を結ぶ5線分の接合面を形成する枠材と、六角形体の中心点から6頂点を結ぶ6線分の接合面を形成する枠材がある。また、五角形体では、五角形状の5辺を形成する枠材がある。さらに、六角形体では、六角形状の6辺のうち、六角形体と接合する辺を形成する枠材と、六角形体の辺のうち五角形体と接合する辺を形成する枠材と、がある。 First, description will be made of five types depending on the difference in length and inclination.
In the polygon formed by joining the
例えば、異なる一辺である底辺を構成する第1枠材2aを1本と、等しい二辺を構成する第2枠材2bを2本と、から成る二等辺三角形状枠体がある。当該二等辺三角形により多角形体が形成された場合に、第2枠材2b同士が接合するものであり、第1枠材2aは多角形体の辺を構成することになる。
また、異なる一辺である底辺を構成する第4枠材2dを1本と、等しい二辺を構成する第3枠材2cを2本と、から成る二等辺三角形状枠体がある。当該二等辺三角形を含む多角形体が形成された場合に、多角形体の辺は、二等辺三角形状において異なる一辺の底辺を成した第4枠材2dとなる。
さらに、異なる一辺である底辺を形成する第5枠材2eを1本と、等しい二辺を構成する第3枠材2cを2本と、から成る二等辺三角形状枠体がある。当該二等辺三角形によりを一部に含む多角形体が形成された場合に、多角形体の辺は、二等辺三角形状において異なる一辺の底辺を成した第5枠材2eとなる。 Next, a description will be given of a frame constituted by a combination of five types of frame materials.
For example, there is an isosceles triangular frame composed of one first frame member 2a constituting a base that is a different side and two second frame members 2b constituting two equal sides. When a polygonal body is formed by the isosceles triangle, the second frame members 2b are joined together, and the first frame member 2a constitutes a side of the polygonal body.
In addition, there is an isosceles triangular frame composed of one fourth frame member 2d constituting a base which is a different side and two third frame members 2c constituting two equal sides. When a polygonal body including the isosceles triangle is formed, the sides of the polygonal body become the fourth frame member 2d that forms a base of a different side in the isosceles triangle shape.
Furthermore, there is an isosceles triangular frame body composed of one fifth frame member 2e forming a base that is a different side and two third frame members 2c forming two equal sides. When a polygonal body partially including the isosceles triangle is formed, the side of the polygonal body becomes the fifth frame member 2e that forms the base of one side different in the isosceles triangular shape.
なお、上述した枠材2の長さの相違、傾斜させた角度の相違に基づく、複数種類の三角パネル1が形成されることの説明を参照して、多角形体の説明を行うものである。 Next, the construction method of the dome-shaped building using the polygon formed by the
The polygonal body will be described with reference to the description that the plural types of
第1の三角パネルは、二等辺三角形状であって、異なる一辺の底辺が第1枠材2aにより、等しい二辺が第2枠材2bにより構成されている。第2の三角パネルは、異なる一辺の底辺が第4枠材2dにより、等しい二辺が第3枠材2cにより構成されている。第3の三角パネルは、異なる一辺の底辺が第5枠材eにより、等しい二辺が第3枠材2cにより構成されている。 First, the types of the
The first triangular panel has an isosceles triangular shape, and the bases of different one sides are constituted by the first frame member 2a and the two equal sides are constituted by the second frame member 2b. In the second triangular panel, the bottoms of different sides are constituted by the fourth frame member 2d, and the two equal sides are constituted by the third frame member 2c. In the third triangular panel, the bottoms of different sides are constituted by the fifth frame member e, and the two equal sides are constituted by the third frame member 2c.
五角形体は、第1の三角パネルのみを使用して形成される。つまり、第1枠材2aを辺とする五角形が形成されることになる。
ドーム型建築物の構築の際に、図7において後述するが、本発明に係るドーム構造において、当該五角形体は、必ず六角形体とのみ接する構造を有している。 Next, a polygon formed by several types of
The pentagon is formed using only the first triangular panel. That is, a pentagon having the first frame member 2a as a side is formed.
In the construction of the dome-shaped building, as will be described later with reference to FIG. 7, in the dome structure according to the present invention, the pentagonal body has a structure that always contacts only the hexagonal body.
また、図7に例示のように、当該六角形体は、上記五角形体と、六角形体同士の両多角形体と接する構造を有している。 The hexagonal body has a configuration in which the second triangular panel and the third triangular panel are alternately arranged. That is, the hexagonal side has a shape in which the fourth frame member 2d and the fifth frame member 2e appear alternately.
Further, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the hexagonal body has a structure in contact with the pentagonal body and both polygonal bodies of the hexagonal bodies.
ドームを組み立てる手順としては、まず従来工法により、基礎工事及び腰壁の打設を行い、土台の設置及び固定を行い、建物の壁を作る。この段階で、ドーム構造に付加外力を及ばない構造にする。
また、図7(a)に示すように、三角パネル1を締結手段であるボルトとジベル接合により連結された五角形を形成する五角形体により地組する。この五角形体を5組、組立て土台のうえに立て裏から支える。
そして、図7(b)に示すように、六角形を形成する六角形体を、5組を上記五角形体に組み付ける。最後に、図7(c)に示すように、ドーム頂点の五角形体を、上記六角形体に組み付けていき、完成させる。 Next, a method for constructing a dome-shaped building will be described.
As a procedure for assembling the dome, first, the foundation work and the waist wall are placed by the conventional method, the foundation is installed and fixed, and the wall of the building is made. At this stage, the dome structure is structured so that no additional external force is exerted.
Further, as shown in FIG. 7A, the
And as shown in FIG.7 (b), five sets of hexagons which form a hexagon are assembled | attached to the said pentagon. Finally, as shown in FIG. 7C, the pentagonal body at the top of the dome is assembled to the hexagonal body to complete.
また、三角パネル1の枠体を構成する枠材2が、アルミニウムであってもよく、建材費が削減できる効果を奏する。 Moreover, the structural member of the
Moreover, the
2 枠材
3 ガセットプレート
4 孔
5 母屋
6 プレート
7 ボルトナット
8 野地板
9 ネジ
10 仕上げ材
11 シーリング材
16 五角形体
17 六角形体
18 ドーム型建築物 DESCRIPTION OF
Claims (9)
- 側面を突き合わせていきドームを形成していく構成部材としての三角パネルにおいて、
略U型に成形された金属製の枠材と、
上記三角パネルの基体となる枠体であって、3つの上記枠材により構成され、当該枠体の側面が傾斜するように当該各枠材を傾斜させ、それぞれの端部を固着させ形成される三角形状の枠体と、
上記枠体に固着された板部材であり、屈曲した板状に成形され、上記枠体の三角形内側方向に延びた羽部分を構成する板部材と、
を有することを特徴とする三角パネル。 In the triangular panel as a component that forms a dome by abutting the sides,
A metal frame formed into a substantially U-shape;
A frame serving as a base of the triangular panel, which is composed of the three frame members, and is formed by inclining each frame member so that the side surface of the frame is inclined and fixing the respective end portions. A triangular frame,
A plate member fixed to the frame body, formed into a bent plate shape, and constituting a wing portion extending in a triangular inner direction of the frame body; and
A triangular panel characterized by comprising: - 上記板部材に係る羽部分が同一平面に形成されている、
ことを特徴とする上記請求項1に記載の三角パネル。 The wing portion related to the plate member is formed in the same plane,
The triangular panel according to claim 1, wherein: - 上記枠体を構成する枠材に対して固着されるガセットプレートであって、当該枠材の略U字型に囲まれる部分に一端周辺部が固着され、上記枠体の三角形状の内側方向に延びた羽部分に孔が形成されたガセットプレートと、
上記ガセットプレートに係る羽部分に対して締結される母屋と、を更に有する、
ことを特徴とする上記請求項1又は2に記載の三角パネル。 A gusset plate that is fixed to a frame material that constitutes the frame body, one end periphery of which is fixed to a portion surrounded by a substantially U-shape of the frame material, in a triangular inner direction of the frame body A gusset plate with holes formed in the extended wings;
A purlin fastened to the wing portion according to the gusset plate,
The triangular panel according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that - 上記3つの枠材により構成される枠体は二等辺三角形状である、
ことを特徴とする上記請求項1~3のいずれかの項に記載の三角パネル。 The frame constituted by the three frame members is an isosceles triangle,
The triangular panel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the triangular panel is characterized by the above. - 上記板部材は、上記二等辺三角形状の枠体に係る二等辺を構成する二つの上記枠材に複数固着され、当該枠体の二等辺とは異なる一辺を構成する上記枠材に一又は複数固着されている、
ことを特徴とする上記請求項1~4のいずれかの項に記載の三角パネル。 A plurality of the plate members are fixed to the two frame members constituting the isosceles sides of the isosceles triangular frame body, and one or more of the plate members constitute one side different from the isosceles sides of the frame body Fixed,
The triangular panel according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the triangular panel is characterized by the above. - 上記ガセットプレートは、上記枠体の二等辺を構成する各枠材に対して、一対に固着され、
上記母屋は、上記一対のガセットプレートに対して締結されている、
ことを特徴とする上記請求項1~5のいずれかの項に記載の三角パネル。 The gusset plate is fixed to a pair of frame members that form the isosceles sides of the frame,
The purlin is fastened to the pair of gusset plates,
The triangular panel according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the triangular panel is provided. - 上記板部材に係る羽部分と上記母屋により支持される屋根部材、を更に有する、
ことを特徴とする上記請求項1~6のいずれかの項に記載の三角パネル。 Further comprising a wing portion related to the plate member and a roof member supported by the purlin,
The triangular panel according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: - 上記請求項1~7のいずれかの項に記載の三角パネルを用いて、
上記三角パネルの頂点が同一球面上に位置し、各隣接する三角パネルの枠体の側面同士を締結手段で連結して形成されている、
ことを特徴とするドーム型建築物。 Using the triangular panel according to any one of claims 1 to 7,
The apex of the triangular panel is located on the same spherical surface, and is formed by connecting the side surfaces of the frames of the adjacent triangular panels with fastening means,
A dome-shaped building characterized by that. - 上記請求項1~7のいずれかの項に記載のある三角パネルを用いて、基礎上にドーム型建築物を構築する方法であって、
当該三角パネルの側面同士を接合して連結させ、切頭20面体を構成する五角形体または六角形体を形成する多面体を地組しておき、
上記五角形体の5つを基礎上に連結し、当該五角形体に接する位置に上記六角形体を連結していき、頂点に五角形体を連結させる、
ことを特徴とするドーム型建築物を構築する方法。 A method for constructing a dome-shaped building on a foundation using the triangular panel according to any one of claims 1 to 7,
Joining and connecting the side surfaces of the triangular panel, a polyhedron forming a pentagon or hexagon forming a truncated icosahedron is grounded,
Connect five of the pentagons on the foundation, connect the hexagons to the positions in contact with the pentagons, and connect the pentagons to the vertices.
A method of constructing a dome-shaped building characterized by that.
Priority Applications (2)
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BR112012014667A BR112012014667A2 (en) | 2009-12-15 | 2010-12-14 | triangular panel for construction in dome-shaped buildings, use of the same panel in dome-shaped buildings and their method of construction |
CN2010800572655A CN102667020A (en) | 2009-12-15 | 2010-12-14 | Triangular panel for dome-shaped building, dome-shaped building using the panel, and method for constructing the dome-shaped building |
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JP2009283552A JP4863231B2 (en) | 2009-12-15 | 2009-12-15 | Triangular panel for dome type building, dome type building using the panel, and method for constructing the dome type building |
JP2009-283552 | 2009-12-15 |
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WO2011074562A1 true WO2011074562A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
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PCT/JP2010/072447 WO2011074562A1 (en) | 2009-12-15 | 2010-12-14 | Triangular panel for dome-shaped building, dome-shaped building using the panel, and method for constructing the dome-shaped building |
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JP (1) | JP4863231B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102667020A (en) |
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CN107965159A (en) * | 2017-12-10 | 2018-04-27 | 柳州市雅泰活动板房厂 | The flashing member on movable plank house roof |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04285243A (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1992-10-09 | Natl House Ind Co Ltd | Ridge structure |
JPH07224464A (en) * | 1994-02-14 | 1995-08-22 | Iguchi Sekkei Kk | Triangle panel with small triangular assemblies, dome with panel, and dome constructing method |
JPH09158312A (en) * | 1995-12-07 | 1997-06-17 | Yamon Seki | Skeleton of building and assembling method for the same |
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US20080066393A1 (en) * | 2006-09-14 | 2008-03-20 | Bradford Tyler Sorensen | Instant, pre-tensioned, tool free, polyhedral, enclosure construction system |
CN1975059A (en) * | 2006-09-28 | 2007-06-06 | 中国水电顾问集团贵阳勘测设计研究院 | Oblique crossing inclined grid steel-concrete hollow sandwich mesh-like wagon shell and arched roof structure |
CN101255749B (en) * | 2008-03-21 | 2011-01-19 | 河南大学 | Rectangle plane net shell structure and rectangle plane string supporting dome |
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2010
- 2010-12-14 WO PCT/JP2010/072447 patent/WO2011074562A1/en active Application Filing
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04285243A (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1992-10-09 | Natl House Ind Co Ltd | Ridge structure |
JPH07224464A (en) * | 1994-02-14 | 1995-08-22 | Iguchi Sekkei Kk | Triangle panel with small triangular assemblies, dome with panel, and dome constructing method |
JPH09158312A (en) * | 1995-12-07 | 1997-06-17 | Yamon Seki | Skeleton of building and assembling method for the same |
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JP4863231B2 (en) | 2012-01-25 |
JP2011127271A (en) | 2011-06-30 |
CN102667020A (en) | 2012-09-12 |
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