WO2011071882A2 - Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011071882A2 WO2011071882A2 PCT/US2010/059233 US2010059233W WO2011071882A2 WO 2011071882 A2 WO2011071882 A2 WO 2011071882A2 US 2010059233 W US2010059233 W US 2010059233W WO 2011071882 A2 WO2011071882 A2 WO 2011071882A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- recovery device
- energy recovery
- fluid
- recited
- pump
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/008—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for characterised by the actuating element
- F03G7/015—Actuators using the difference in osmotic pressure between fluids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/005—Electro-chemical actuators; Actuators having a material for absorbing or desorbing gas, e.g. a metal hydride; Actuators using the difference in osmotic pressure between fluids; Actuators with elements stretchable when contacted with liquid rich in ions, with UV light, with a salt solution
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/06—Energy recovery
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B17/00—Other machines or engines
- F03B17/005—Installations wherein the liquid circulates in a closed loop ; Alleged perpetua mobilia of this or similar kind
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to osmosis power generation systems, and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for improving the efficiency of an osmotic power generation system.
- the present disclosure provides systems used to recover hydraulic energy of the osmotic flow with minimal equipment costs to maximize efficiency of the process.
- an osmotic power generation system includes a membrane chamber having a semi-permeable membrane therein defining a first portion and a second portion therein.
- the system also includes a first pump communicating a first fluid to the first portion and a second pump communicating a second fluid to the second portion.
- the second fluid has higher total dissolved solids than the first fluid.
- a second portion energy recovery device is in fluid communication with the second portion.
- a power generator is in communication with the second portion energy recovery device generating electrical power in response to the second portion energy recovery device and the pressure in the second portion.
- a method of generating osmotic power in a membrane chamber with a semi-permeable membrane therein defining a first portion and a second portion therein includes communicating a first fluid to the first portion and communicating a second fluid to the second portion.
- the second fluid has a higher total dissolved solids than the first fluid.
- the method also includes generating osmotic pressure in the second portion, communicating fluid from the second portion to a second portion energy recovery device in response to the osmotic pressure and generating power at a power generator in response to communicating fluid from the second portion to a second portion energy recovery device.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagrammatic view of a first system according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for operating the system of Fig. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagrammatic view of a second embodiment of a system according to the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method for operating the system illustrated in Fig. 3.
- a membrane chamber 12 includes a membrane 14 therein.
- the membrane 14 divides the membrane chamber 12 into a first portion 16 and a second portion 18.
- the first portion 16 is a fresh-water or low total dissolved solid portion.
- the second portion 18 is a sea water or higher total dissolved solid portion.
- the total dissolved solids in the second portion 18 are higher than the total dissolved solids in the first portion 16.
- the membrane 14 allows the low total dissolved solid fluid to pass through the membrane in the direction of arrows 20 and increase the pressure within the second portion 18.
- fresh water will be used interchangeably with low total dissolved solids fluid and sea water will be used interchangeably with higher total dissolved solids fluid.
- the first portion 16 of the membrane chamber 12 includes an input 22 and an output 24.
- the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12 includes an input 26 and an output 28.
- a fresh water reservoir 30 is used to provide fresh water to the input 22 of the first portion 16.
- a pump 32 is used to pump fresh water from the fresh water reservoir 30 through a pretreatment filter 34 and into the input 22 of the first portion 16.
- the pretreatment filter 34 may filter at least some dirt or other foulants from entering the first portion 16 of the chamber 12. It should be noted that not all dirt and foulants may be removed using the pretreatment filter 34 as will be described below.
- Sea water is provided to the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12 from a sea water reservoir 40.
- a pump 42 pumps the water from the sea water reservoir through a pretreatment filter 44 and into the input 26 of the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12.
- Excess fresh water from the first portion 16 of the membrane chamber 12 is removed through the output 24.
- the output 24 may be in communication with an energy recovery device such as a turbine 50.
- the turbine 50 may be used to convert some of the hydraulic energy in the fresh water fluid from the output 24 into mechanical energy.
- Output fluid from the turbine 50 may be communicated to a drain 52.
- a portion of the water from output 24 may be re-circulated by a recirculation pump 82 back to input 22 to enhance flow velocity in first portion 16 to reduce build-up of foulants on membrane 14.
- Flow to the pump 82 may be controlled by a valve 84.
- Flow may also be controlled by pipe sizing or other restriction device.
- the pump 82 may also be on the common shaft 80.
- the sea water may be removed from the second portion 18 of the chamber 12 through the output 28 which is in fluid communication with an energy recovery device such as a turbine 60. Hydraulic energy in the sea water may thus be converted to mechanical energy.
- the output of the turbine 60 may be communicated to a drain 62.
- a motor 70 that is in communication with a regenerative variable frequency drive (REG VFD) 72 may be used to drive the motor 70 which may also act as a generator. This may be referred to as a motor/generator.
- a controller 74 may control the operation of the motor 70 and control switching to a generator based on a speed of the motor.
- a speed signal may be generated at the motor or a sensor therein or on the shaft 80 to be used as a determination of when to switch the motor to a general mode.
- a common shaft 80 may extend between at least some of the various components 32, 42, 50, 60, 70.
- the shaft 80 may extend between all the components, including the pump 32, the pump 42, the turbine 50, the turbine 60 and the motor 70.
- the motor 70 may be energized to cause the shaft 80 and the pumps 32, 42 and turbines 50, 60 to rotate.
- Fresh water from the reservoir is provided into the first portion 16 of the membrane chamber 12 while simultaneously sea water from the sea water reservoir 40 is provided to the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12.
- Some of the fresh water in the first portion 16 permeates through the membrane 14 into the second portion 18.
- Excess fresh water drives the turbine 50.
- Flow from outlet 28 equals the flow through inlet 26 plus membrane flow 20. This combined flow drives the turbine 60.
- the turbines 50 and 60 rotate the shaft 80.
- the motor 70 operates the shaft 80 until a predetermined speed has been reached. After the predetermined speed has been reached, the hydraulic energy in the output sea water 28 exceeds the power requirements of the pumps 32 and 42. The motor 70 is thus converted to a generator to absorb the excess shaft power and convert the rotational energy to electrical energy using the regenerative variable frequency drive 72. Turbine 60 and pump 44 are adjusted to provide the pressure in second portion 18 as needed to obtain the desired membrane flow 20.
- aspects of using a common shaft include the ability to transfer power between all the hydraulic components to eliminate energy losses from converting to electricity and back to mechanical power for each pump or turbine.
- the regenerative variable frequency drive allows the motor to start the system but then convert to a generator as soon as the output from the turbines 50, 60 exceed the power absorption of the pumps 32, 42.
- step 210 fresh water is communicated with low total dissolved solids to the first side of the membrane in response to the shaft 80 rotating under the control of the motor acting as a motor.
- step 212 sea water with high total dissolved solids is communicated to the second side of the membrane in response to the shaft 80 rotating under the control of the motor acting as a motor. Permeate from the first portion of the chamber to the second portion of the chamber occurs through the membrane in step 214.
- step 216 excess fresh water (that which is above the amount passing through the membrane) is communicated to the fresh water turbine 32.
- sea water is communicated to the sea water turbine 60 illustrated in Fig. 1.
- step 220 the shaft speed of the shaft 80 of Fig. 1 may be monitored to determine whether the amount of power input at the turbines is greater than the amount of power required by the pumps. This may be done by monitoring the speed of the shaft 80.
- step 222 energy is recovered at the turbines by rotating the shaft 80.
- the motor 70 is converted to operate as a generator using the regenerative variable frequency drive when the shaft speed increases.
- FIG. 3 a second embodiment of an osmotic power generation system 10' is illustrated.
- the membrane chamber 12 has the same components illustrated with the same reference numerals.
- the system 10' is a batch-operated system.
- the system also includes the fresh water reservoir 30 and the salt water reservoir 40 illustrated in Fig. 1.
- the fresh water reservoir 30 is in communication with a pump 310.
- the pump 310 pumps fluid from the fresh water reservoir 30 through the pretreatment filter 34.
- the output of the first portion 16 of the membrane chamber 12 is communicated through an energy recovery device such as a turbine 312.
- the turbine 312 and the pump 310 may have a common shaft 314 extending therethrough.
- a motor 316 disposed on the shaft 314 may be used to start the pump process 310.
- the motor 316 may provide an amount of energy to increase the output of the pump 310. That is, the motor 316 supplies enough energy to make up the difference in power between the turbine 312 and the input to the pump 310. Water from the turbine may be drained through a drain 317.
- Some of the water from the output 24 of the first portion 24 may be recirculated using a recirculation pump 318.
- the output of the recirculation pump 318 is communicated to the input 22 of the first portion 16.
- the amount of flow to the pump may be regulated by a valve 319 or through pipe sizing.
- the pump 318 may be driven by shaft 314.
- the sea water reservoir 40 is in communication with a pump 320 that is driven by a motor 322.
- the pump 320 communicates sea water from the sea water reservoir 40 through the pretreatment filter 44 to a batch valve 330.
- the pump 320 flushes out brine from tank 340 and thus it provides low pressure to tank 340.
- the batch valve 330 is in communication with the input 26 of the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12 and a drain 370. Fluid from the second portion 18 and the batch tank 340 may be removed through the drain 370.
- the output 28 of the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12 is in fluid communication with a batch tank 340.
- the batch tank 340 is in fluid communication with a circulation pump 342 which may be driven by a motor 344.
- the batch valve 330 may be closed after a predetermined amount of sea water has been introduced into the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12.
- the circulation pump 342 Upon closing of the batch valve which isolates the batch process from the sea water reservoir 40, the circulation pump 342 circulates sea water from the batch tank 340 in the direction illustrated by the arrow 346.
- the output 28 of the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12 is also in communication with an energy recovery device such as a turbine 350.
- the turbine 350 converts the excess energy caused from the permeate flow through the membrane into mechanical (rotational) energy.
- the turbine 350 may drive the motor 352 which acts as a generator to generate electricity from the rotational energy.
- a regenerative variable frequency drive 354 may be in communication with the motor 352 to convert the motor 352 to a generator to generate electrical power.
- a flow meter 360 may generate a flow signal that is communicated to the regenerative variable frequency drive 354.
- the pressure in batch tank 340 and second membrane portion 18 will be initially high due to the high total dissolved solids (TDS) difference between first membrane portion 16 and second membrane portion 18.
- Fresh water crosses membrane 20 and an equal volume of water exits through outlet 28 and passes through turbine 350. Consequently, the TDS in batch tank 340 and second membrane portion 18 decrease resulting in a pressure reduction.
- the flow meter 360 When the pressure in the batch tank 340 decreases to the point that no more useful power is generated by the turbine 350, the flow meter 360 generates a signal that indicates low pressure and the process may be started again with fresh sea water.
- the regenerative variable frequency device 354 may reduce the rotational speed of the turbine 350 to maintain the flow from the second portion 28 in response to the flow meter signal. Fluid passing through the turbine 350 and flow meter 360 may pass through the drain 372.
- the system operates in the first two steps in a similar manner to Fig. 2 in which fresh water is communicated to the first portion of the membrane chamber and sea water is communicated to the second portion of the membrane chamber in step 212. Steps 210 and 212 are performed in response to operation of motors 316 and 322 and pumps 310 and 320, respectively.
- the valves 330 are positioned to allow sea water to flow from the pretreatment filter into the second portion 18.
- step 3 is filled using the motor 322 and pump 320 while purging water from the previous batch cycle through valve 330 to drain 370.
- the batch valve 330 is closed in step 412.
- permeate is provided through the membrane 14 into the second portion 18 of the membrane chamber 12.
- Fluid from the output 24 is communicated to the turbine 312 to provide some hydraulic power to power the pump 310 in step 416.
- the pressure in the fresh water feed from the fresh water pump 310 is increased using the energy from the turbine 312 in step 418.
- Brine fluid from the output 28 is communicated to the turbine 350 in step 420.
- Energy may be recovered at the second turbine 350 by using the motor 352 as a generator in step 422.
- energy is recovered at the second turbine 350.
- step 424 the flow of fluid through the turbine 350 is monitored. Pressure steadily decreases in batch tank 340 and when the flow is not less than a flow threshold in step 426, the system continues to process the system.
- step 426 when the flow is less than a threshold the batch tank is drained by opening the batch valve and communicating the diluted sea water through the drain 370 illustrated in Fig. 3. After draining the batch tank, the process may be repeated from step 210. It should be noted that the process described above may be made continuous by adding a second batch tank that is switched with the first batch tank to allow one tank to be purged and filled while the other tank is used in production.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020127016490A KR101684852B1 (en) | 2009-12-07 | 2010-12-07 | Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation |
EP10830934.5A EP2510232B1 (en) | 2009-12-07 | 2010-12-07 | Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation |
ES10830934.5T ES2685073T3 (en) | 2009-12-07 | 2010-12-07 | Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation |
SG2012040358A SG181159A1 (en) | 2009-12-07 | 2010-12-07 | Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation |
AU2010328358A AU2010328358B2 (en) | 2009-12-07 | 2010-12-07 | Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US26714609P | 2009-12-07 | 2009-12-07 | |
US61/267,146 | 2009-12-07 | ||
US12/961,776 US9023210B2 (en) | 2009-12-07 | 2010-12-07 | Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation |
US12/961,776 | 2010-12-07 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011071882A2 true WO2011071882A2 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
WO2011071882A3 WO2011071882A3 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
WO2011071882A4 WO2011071882A4 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
Family
ID=44081282
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2010/059233 WO2011071882A2 (en) | 2009-12-07 | 2010-12-07 | Method and apparatus for osmotic power generation |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9023210B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2510232B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101684852B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2010328358B2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2685073T3 (en) |
SG (1) | SG181159A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011071882A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101239440B1 (en) * | 2011-10-26 | 2013-03-06 | 홍익대학교부설과학기술연구소 | Power generation system using salinity gradient of salt water and fresh water |
CN104179628A (en) * | 2014-08-31 | 2014-12-03 | 张意立 | Welding head titanium alloy silicon nitride pressure exchanger |
CN110080960A (en) * | 2014-09-08 | 2019-08-02 | 应用仿生学有限公司 | Electricity-generating method |
Families Citing this family (15)
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US7396472B2 (en) * | 2004-03-09 | 2008-07-08 | Duby Sean R | Filter plate assembly for filter |
US8545701B2 (en) | 2009-08-18 | 2013-10-01 | Maher Isaac Kelada | Induced symbiotic osmosis [ISO] for salinity power generation |
IL212272A0 (en) * | 2011-04-12 | 2011-06-30 | Avi Efraty | Power generation of pressure retarded osmosis in closed circuit without need of energy recovery |
WO2013033082A1 (en) * | 2011-08-31 | 2013-03-07 | Oasys Water, Inc. | Osmotic heat engine |
JP2014101818A (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2014-06-05 | Toshiba Corp | Method and device for osmotic pressure power generation and osmotic pressure generation device used for the same |
BR112015014776B1 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2021-10-13 | Porifera, Inc | SEPARATION SYSTEM AND METHOD |
US8974668B2 (en) | 2013-02-15 | 2015-03-10 | Maher Isaac Kelada | Hollow fiber membrane element and methods of making same |
CN105188889B (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2018-01-19 | 波里费拉公司 | The development of osmotic drive membrane system comprising low voltage control |
KR101630601B1 (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2016-06-15 | 주식회사 기술과창조 | Training apparatus for osmotic pressure |
PL3313786T3 (en) | 2015-06-24 | 2020-11-02 | Porifera, Inc. | Methods of dewatering of alcoholic solutions via forward osmosis and related systems |
US10408186B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2019-09-10 | Adebukola Olatunde | Combined pump and turbine |
IL246233B (en) * | 2016-06-13 | 2020-03-31 | Desalitech Ltd | Pressure-exchange assisted closed circuit desalination systems for continuous desalination of low energy and high recovery under fixed flow and variable pressure conditions |
CA3048017A1 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2018-06-28 | Porifera, Inc. | Removing components of alcoholic solutions via forward osmosis and related systems |
CN109426290B (en) * | 2017-09-05 | 2021-12-07 | 韩国能量技术研究院 | Energy self-sufficient type intelligent farm system based on salt difference power generation |
US11092141B1 (en) | 2020-06-19 | 2021-08-17 | James Cheng-Shyong Lu | Method and system for generating large-scale renewable energy by pressure-enhanced osmosis and synergistic effects |
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US3587227A (en) * | 1969-06-03 | 1971-06-28 | Maxwell H Weingarten | Power generating means |
US3906250A (en) * | 1973-07-03 | 1975-09-16 | Univ Ben Gurion | Method and apparatus for generating power utilizing pressure-retarded-osmosis |
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IL51541A (en) * | 1977-02-25 | 1979-05-31 | Univ Ben Gurion | Method and apparatus for generating power utilizing pressuure retarded osmosis |
HU200563B (en) * | 1987-03-06 | 1990-07-28 | Laszlo Szuecs | Method and apparatus for treating liquids consist of foreign matter by diaphragm filter device |
US4966708A (en) * | 1989-02-24 | 1990-10-30 | Oklejas Robert A | Power recovery pump turbine |
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US6185940B1 (en) * | 1999-02-11 | 2001-02-13 | Melvin L. Prueitt | Evaporation driven system for power generation and water desalinization |
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US6468431B1 (en) * | 1999-11-02 | 2002-10-22 | Eli Oklelas, Jr. | Method and apparatus for boosting interstage pressure in a reverse osmosis system |
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JP4166464B2 (en) * | 2001-12-10 | 2008-10-15 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | Osmotic power generation system with seawater desalination equipment |
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AU2006294205B2 (en) * | 2005-09-20 | 2010-12-16 | Aquaporin A/S | Biomimetic water membrane comprising aquaporins used in the production of salinity power |
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-
2010
- 2010-12-07 AU AU2010328358A patent/AU2010328358B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-12-07 WO PCT/US2010/059233 patent/WO2011071882A2/en active Application Filing
- 2010-12-07 US US12/961,776 patent/US9023210B2/en active Active
- 2010-12-07 SG SG2012040358A patent/SG181159A1/en unknown
- 2010-12-07 ES ES10830934.5T patent/ES2685073T3/en active Active
- 2010-12-07 EP EP10830934.5A patent/EP2510232B1/en active Active
- 2010-12-07 KR KR1020127016490A patent/KR101684852B1/en active IP Right Grant
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101239440B1 (en) * | 2011-10-26 | 2013-03-06 | 홍익대학교부설과학기술연구소 | Power generation system using salinity gradient of salt water and fresh water |
CN104179628A (en) * | 2014-08-31 | 2014-12-03 | 张意立 | Welding head titanium alloy silicon nitride pressure exchanger |
CN110080960A (en) * | 2014-09-08 | 2019-08-02 | 应用仿生学有限公司 | Electricity-generating method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2510232B1 (en) | 2018-08-08 |
WO2011071882A4 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
KR20120102726A (en) | 2012-09-18 |
ES2685073T3 (en) | 2018-10-05 |
EP2510232A2 (en) | 2012-10-17 |
AU2010328358B2 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
US20110133487A1 (en) | 2011-06-09 |
SG181159A1 (en) | 2012-07-30 |
KR101684852B1 (en) | 2016-12-09 |
WO2011071882A3 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
AU2010328358A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
US9023210B2 (en) | 2015-05-05 |
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