WO2011056494A1 - Combinaisons d'antagonistes de la kinase-1 du type récepteur de l'activine et d'antagonistes vegfr3 - Google Patents

Combinaisons d'antagonistes de la kinase-1 du type récepteur de l'activine et d'antagonistes vegfr3 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011056494A1
WO2011056494A1 PCT/US2010/053914 US2010053914W WO2011056494A1 WO 2011056494 A1 WO2011056494 A1 WO 2011056494A1 US 2010053914 W US2010053914 W US 2010053914W WO 2011056494 A1 WO2011056494 A1 WO 2011056494A1
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antibody
alk
antagonist
cells
antibodies
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PCT/US2010/053914
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English (en)
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Minhong Yan
Gu ZHANG
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Genentech, Inc.
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag
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Publication of WO2011056494A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011056494A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2863—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for growth factors, growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns methods and compositions relating to the use of activin receptor- like kinase- 1 (ALK-1) antagonists in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor-3 (VEGFR3) antagonists for the treatment of disorders associated with lymphangiogenesis.
  • ALK-1 activin receptor-like kinase- 1
  • VEGFR3 vascular endothelial growth factor-3
  • vascular supply is a fundamental requirement for many physiological and pathological processes. Actively growing tissues such as embryos and tumors require adequate blood supply. They satisfy this need by producing pro-angiogenic factors, which promote new blood vessel formation via a process called angiogenesis.
  • Vascular tube formation is a complex but orderly biological event involving all or many of the following steps: a) Endothelial cells (ECs) proliferate from existing ECs or differentiate from progenitor cells; b) ECs migrate and coalesce to form cord-like structures; c) vascular cords then undergo tubulogenesis to form vessels with a central lumen; d) existing cords or vessels send out sprouts to form secondary vessels; e) primitive vascular plexus undergo further remodeling and reshaping; and f) peri-endothelial cells are recruited to encase the endothelial tubes, providing maintenance and modulatory functions to the vessels; such cells including pericytes for small capillaries, smooth muscle cells for larger vessels, and myocardial cells in the heart.
  • ECs Endothelial cells proliferate from existing ECs or differentiate from progenitor cells
  • b) ECs migrate and coalesce to form cord-like structures
  • ALD neovascular degeneration
  • neovascular glaucoma immune rejection of transplanted corneal tissue and other tissues
  • rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
  • Folkman et al. J. Biol. Chem., 267: 10931-10934 (1992); Klagsbrun et al, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53:217-239 (1991); and Garner A., "Vascular diseases", In: Pathobiology of Ocular Disease. A Dynamic Approach, Garner A., Klintworth GK, eds., 2nd Edition (Marcel Dekker, NY, 1994), pp 1625-1710.
  • lymphangiogenesis can be induced by solid tumors and can promote tumor spread. These and other recent studies suggest targeting lymphatics and lymphangiogenesis may be a useful therapeutic strategy to restrict the development of cancer metastasis, which would have a significant benefit for many patients.
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting lymphangiogenesis comprising administering to a subject in need of inhibition of lymphangiogenesis an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist, whereby the lymphangiogensis is inhibited.
  • the subject suffers from, e.g., a tumor, cancer, cell proliferative disorder, macular degeneration, inflammatory mediated disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy or psoriasis.
  • the tumor, cancer or cell proliferative disorder is carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, or leukemia.
  • the invention provides a method for treating a pathological condition associated with lymphangiogenesis in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist, whereby the pathological condition associated with lymphangiogenesis is treated.
  • the pathological condition associated with lymphangiogenesis may be, e.g., a tumor, cancer, cell proliferative disorder, macular degeneration, inflammatory mediated disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy or psoriasis.
  • the tumor, cancer or cell proliferative disorder is carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, or leukemia.
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting tumor growth in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist, whereby the tumor growth is inhibited.
  • the invention also provides a method of treating a tumor, cancer or cell proliferative disorder in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist, whereby the tumor, cancer or cell proliferative disorder is treated.
  • the tumor, cancer or cell proliferative disorder is, e.g., carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, or leukemia.
  • ALK-1 antagonist is an ALK-1 immunoadhesin.
  • the ALK-1 immunoadhesin comprises amino acid residues 22-352 of SEQ ID NO: 2, resiudes 22-349 of SEQ ID NO: 4, residues 22-347 of SEQ ID NO: 6, residues 22-350 of SEQ ID NO: 8 or residues 22-350 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the ALK-1 antagonist is an anti- ALK-1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
  • VEGFR3 antagonist is a VEGFR3 immunoadhesin.
  • the VEGFR3 antagonist is an anti-VEGFR3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
  • FIG. 1A Top panels show results from analysis of lymphatic
  • Figure IB shows results from analysis of lymphatic development in P8 pups following ALKlFc (10 mg/kg, P3 and P5), VEGFR3Fc (10 mg/kg, P6 or P7), or combined ALKlFc and VEGFR3Fc treatment. Lymphatic development was visualized by LYVEl staining. Sale bar represents 250 um.
  • ALK-1 (interchangeably termed "activin receptor- like kinase- 1 "), as used herein, refers, unless specifically or contextually indicated otherwise, to any native or variant (whether native or synthetic) ALK-1 polypeptide.
  • ALK-1 is a member of the transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF ) type I family of receptors. ALK-1 is primarily expressed in the developing vascular system and plays a critical role in arteriogenesis and arterial endothelial cell development (Urness, L.D. et al, Nat. Genet. (2000) 26:328-331; Seki, T. et al, Circ Res (2003) 93:682-689).
  • ALK-1 mutations in ALK-1 or its co- receptor endoglin are associated with the human vascular disorder Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT), a vascular disorder that leads to telangiectases and arteriovenous malformations in skin, mucosa and viscera (Berg, J.N. et al., Am J Hum Genet (1997) 61 :60- 67; McAllister, K.A. et al, Nat Genet (1994) 8:345-351).
  • HHT Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
  • ALK-1 signals through a heteromeric complex that includes ALK-1 and the TGF receptors BMPR2, ACVR2 or
  • ALK-1 ligands include bone morphogenic protein-9 (BMP-9) and BMP-10, which directly bind and activate ALK-1 (Mallet, D.L. et al, Blood (2007)
  • ALK-1 Activated ALK-1 in turn phosphorylates Smadl and Smad5, which subsequently translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression (Chen, Y.G and Massague, J., J Biol Chem (1999) 274:3672-3677).
  • the term "native sequence” specifically encompasses naturally occurring truncated or secreted forms (e.g., an
  • wild type ALK-1 generally refers to a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring ALK-1 protein.
  • wild type ALK-1 sequence generally refers to an amino acid sequence found in a naturally occurring ALK-1.
  • ALK-1 antagonist refers to a molecule capable of neutralizing, blocking, inhibiting, abrogating, reducing or interfering with the activities of a ALK-1 including, for example, reduction or blocking of ALK-1 receptor activation, reduction or blocking of ALK- 1 downstream molecular signaling, e.g., phosphorylation of Smadl, Smad5 and/or Smad8, disruption or blocking of ALK-1 ligand (e.g., BMP9 or BMP 10) binding to ALK-1.
  • ALK-1 ligand e.g., BMP9 or BMP 10.
  • ALK-1 antagonists include antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, glycolipids, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, nucleic acids, bioorganic molecules, peptidomimetics, pharmacological agents and their metabolites, transcriptional and translation control sequences, and the like.
  • Antagonists also include small molecule inhibitors of a protein, and fusions proteins (including immunoadhesins, e.g., ALK- lFc molecules), receptor molecules and derivatives which bind specifically to protein thereby sequestering its binding to its target, antagonist variants of the protein, siR A molecules directed to a protein, antisense molecules directed to a protein, R A aptamers, and ribozymes against a protein.
  • the ALK-1 antagonist is a molecule which binds to ALK-1 and neutralizes, blocks, inhibits, abrogates, reduces or interferes with a biological activity of ALK-1.
  • a "chimeric ALK-1" molecule is a polypeptide comprising full-length ALK-1 or one or more domains thereof fused or bonded to heterologous polypeptide.
  • the chimeric ALK-1 molecule will generally share at least one biological property in common with naturally occurring ALK-1.
  • An example of a chimeric ALK-1 molecule is one that is epitope tagged for purification purposes.
  • Another chimeric ALK-1 molecule is an ALK-1
  • VEGFR3 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3
  • Flt4 refers to the full-length polypeptide and/or fragments of the full-length VEGFR3 polypeptide.
  • VEGFR3 is endothelial specific receptor tyrosine kinase, regulated by members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family.
  • VEGF-C and VEGF-D are both ligands for VEGFR3.
  • a "VEGFR3 antagonist” refers to a molecule capable of neutralizing, blocking, inhibiting, abrogating, reducing or interfering with the activities of VEGFR3 including, for example, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 receptor activation, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 downstream molecular signaling, disruption or blocking of VEGFR3 ligand (e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D) binding to VEGFR3.
  • VEGFR3 antagonist refers to a molecule capable of neutralizing, blocking, inhibiting, abrogating, reducing or interfering with the activities of VEGFR3 including, for example, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 receptor activation, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 downstream molecular signaling, disruption or blocking of VEGFR3 ligand (e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D) binding to VEGFR3.
  • VEGFR3 ligand e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D
  • Antagonists also include small molecule inhibitors of a protein, and fusions proteins (including immunoadhesins, e.g., VEGFR3Fc molecules), receptor molecules and derivatives which bind specifically to protein thereby sequestering its binding to its target, antagonist variants of the protein, siRNA molecules directed to a protein, antisense molecules directed to a protein, RNA aptamers, and ribozymes against a protein.
  • the VEGFR3 antagonist is a molecule which binds to VEGFR3 and neutralizes, blocks, inhibits, abrogates, reduces or interferes with a biological activity of VEGFR3.
  • active fragments include any portions of the full-length amino acid sequence which have less than the full 419 amino acids of the full-length amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 of US Patent No.
  • Such active fragments contain VEGF-C biological activity and include, but not limited to, mature VEGF-C.
  • the full-length VEGF-C polypeptide is proteo lyrically processed produce a mature form of VEGF-C polypeptide, also referred to as mature VEGF- C.
  • processing includes cleavage of a signal peptide and cleavage of an amino-terminal peptide and cleavage of a carboxyl-terminal peptide to produce a fully-processed mature form.
  • VEGF-D refers to the full-length polypeptide and/or the active fragments of the full-length VEGF-D polypeptide.
  • VEGF-D vascular endothelial growth factor-D
  • VEGFR2 KDR receptor
  • VEGFR3 VEGFR3
  • VEGF-D is most closely related to VEGF-C in the VEGF-family.
  • VEGF-D is initially synthesized as a precursor protein containing N- and C-terminal propeptides.
  • the N- and C-terminal propeptides are proteo lyrically cleaved to generate a mature VEGF-D (Stacker et al. J Biol Chem 214, 32127- 32136 (1999)).
  • active fragments include any portions of the full-length amino acid sequence which have less than the full 354 amino acids of the full-length amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: l of US Patent No. 6,828,426, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference..
  • Such active fragments contain VEGF- D biological activity and include, but not limited to, mature VEGF-D.
  • the full-length VEGF-D polypeptide is proteolytically processed produce a mature form of VEGF-D polypeptide, also referred to as mature VEGF-D.
  • VEGF-D vascular endothelial growth factor-D
  • Additional disclosures relating to VEGF-D are described in, for example, Achen et al. PNAS 95, 548-553 (1998), US Publication No. 2005/0112665, US Patent No. 6,235,713, and US Patent No. 6,689,580, the entire disclosure of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • immunoadhesin designates antibody-like molecules which combine the binding specificity of a heterologous protein (an “adhesin”) with the effector functions of immunoglobulin constant domains.
  • the immunoadhesins comprise a fusion of an amino acid sequence with the desired binding specificity which is other than the antigen recognition and binding site of an antibody (i.e., is “heterologous"), and an immunoglobulin constant domain sequence.
  • the adhesin part of an immunoadhesin molecule typically is a contiguous amino acid sequence comprising at least the binding site of a receptor or a ligand.
  • ALK-1 immunoadhesin is used interchangeably with the term
  • ALK-1 -immunoglobulin chimera refers to a chimeric molecule that combines at least a portion of an ALK-1 molecule (native or variant) with an immunoglobulin sequence.
  • the ALK-1 immunoadhesin comprises the extracellular domain (ECD) of ALK-1 or a portion thereof sufficient to bind to ALK-1 ligand.
  • the N- terminus of the ALK-1 portion of the ALK-1 immunoadhesin may begin at any amino acid residue from Asp 22 to Ser 27 (inclusive) of SEQ I DNO:2 and the C-terminus of the ALK-1 portion of the ALK-1 immunoadhesin may end at any amino acid residue from Ser 110 to Glu 118 of SEQ DI NO: 2 (inclusive).
  • the ALK-1 immunoadhesin comprises amino acid residues 1-118 of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the ALK-1 immunoadhesin comprises amino acid residues 22-118 of SEQ ID NO:2, residues 23-118 of SEQ ID NO: 2, residues 24-118 of SEQ ID NO: 2, residues 25-118 of SEQ ID NO: 2, residues 26-118 of SEQ ID NO: 2, or residues 27-118 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the unprocessed ALK-1 immunoadhesin is ALKl .Fc (SEQ ID NO: 2), ALKl .Fc.2 (SEQ ID NO: 4), ALKl .Fc.3 (SEQ ID NO: 6), ALKl .Fc.4 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or ALKl .Fc.5 (SEQ ID NO: 10).
  • the ALK-1 immunoadhesin comprises amino acid residues 22-352 of SEQ ID NO: 2, resiudes 22-349 of SEQ ID NO: 4, residues 22-347 of SEQ ID NO: 6, residues 22-350 of SEQ ID NO: 8 or residues 22-350 of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the immunoglobulin sequence preferably, but not necessarily, is an
  • Immunoadhesins can possess many of the valuable chemical and biological properties of human antibodies. Since immunoadhesins can be constructed from a human protein sequence with a desired specificity linked to an appropriate human immunoglobulin hinge and constant domain (Fc) sequence, the binding specificity of interest can be achieved using entirely human components. Such
  • the immunoadhesins are minimally immunogenic to the patient, and are safe for chronic or repeated use.
  • the Fc region is a native sequence Fc region.
  • the Fc region is a variant Fc region.
  • the Fc region is a functional Fc region.
  • the ALK-1 portion and the immunoglobulin sequence portion of the ALK-1 immunoadhesin may be linked by a minimal linker.
  • Examples of homomultimeric immunoadhesins which have been described for therapeutic use include the CD4-IgG immunoadhesin for blocking the binding of HIV to cell- surface CD4.
  • An immunoadhesin which binds tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has also been developed.
  • ENBREL ® etanercept
  • an immunoadhesin comprising a TNF receptor sequence fused to an IgG Fc region was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), on November 2, 1998, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the immunoadhesin is called a "bispecific immunoadhesin" by analogy to bispecific antibodies. Dietsch et ah, J. Immunol. Methods 162: 123 (1993) describe such a bispecific immunoadhesin.
  • chimeric heteromultimer adhesin refers to a complex of chimeric molecules (amino acid sequences) in which each chimeric molecule combines a biologically active portion, such as the extracellular domain of each of the heteromultimeric receptor monomers, with a multimerization domain.
  • the "multimerization domain” promotes stable interaction of the chimeric molecules within the heteromultimer complex.
  • the multimerization domains may interact via an immunoglobulin sequence, leucine zipper, a hydrophobic region, a hydrophilic region, or a free thiol that forms an intermolecular disulfide bond between the chimeric molecules of the chimeric heteromultimer.
  • the multimerization domain may comprise an immunoglobulin constant region.
  • Fc region herein is used to define a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, including native sequence Fc regions and variant Fc regions.
  • the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue at position Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus thereof.
  • the C- terminal lysine (residue 447 according to the EU numbering system) of the Fc region may be removed, for example, during production or purification of the antibody, or by recombinantly engineering the nucleic acid encoding a heavy chain of the antibody. Accordingly, a composition of intact antibodies may comprise antibody populations with all K447 residues removed, antibody populations with no K447 residues removed, and antibody populations having a mixture of antibodies with and without the K447 residue.
  • the numbering of the residues in an immunoglobulin heavy chain is that of the EU index as in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991), expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • the "EU index as in Kabat” refers to the residue numbering of the human IgGi EU antibody.
  • antibody and “immunoglobulin” are used interchangeably in the broadest sense and include monoclonal antibodies (for e.g., full length or intact monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multivalent antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity) and may also include certain antibody fragments (as described in greater detail herein).
  • An antibody can be human, humanized and/or affinity matured.
  • Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called “Fab” fragments, each with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual "Fc” fragment, whose name reflects its ability to crystallize readily.
  • Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab')2 fragment that has two antigen-combining sites and is still capable of cross-linking antigen.
  • the "light chains" of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa ( ⁇ ) and lambda ( ⁇ ), based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.
  • Antibody fragments comprise only a portion of an intact antibody, wherein the portion preferably retains at least one, preferably most or all, of the functions normally associated with that portion when present in an intact antibody.
  • Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; single- chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
  • an antibody fragment comprises an antigen binding site of the intact antibody and thus retains the ability to bind antigen.
  • phage display technologies see, e.g., Clackson et al, Nature, 352:624-628 (1991); Marks et al, J. Mol. Biol, 222:581- 597 (1991); Sidhu et al, J. Mol. Biol. 338(2):299-310 (2004); Lee et al,
  • Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin.
  • humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by
  • “Chimeric" antibodies have a portion of the heavy and/or light chain identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 :6851-6855 (1984)).
  • Humanized antibody as used herein is a subset of chimeric antibodies.
  • Single-chain Fv or “scFv” antibody fragments comprise the VH and VL domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain.
  • Antibody effector functions refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody, and vary with the antibody isotype. Examples of antibody effector functions include: Clq binding and complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody- dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor); and B cell activation.
  • Activating receptor FcyRIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (IT AM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
  • Inhibiting receptor FcyRIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain, (see review M. in Daeron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997)).
  • FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9:457-92 (1991); Capel et al., Immunomethods 4:25-34 (1994); and de Haas et al, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 126:330-41 (1995).
  • Binding to human FcRn in vivo and serum half life of human FcRn high affinity binding polypeptides can be assayed, e.g., in transgenic mice or transfected human cell lines expressing human FcRn, or in primates administered with the Fc variant
  • a “blocking” antibody or an “antagonist” antibody is one which inhibits or reduces biological activity of the antigen it binds.
  • Preferred blocking antibodies or antagonist antibodies substantially or completely inhibit the biological activity of the antigen.
  • Chronic administration refers to administration of the agent(s) in a continuous mode as opposed to an acute mode, so as to maintain the initial therapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time.
  • Intermittent administration is treatment that is not consecutively done without interruption, but rather is cyclic in nature.
  • Tumor refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.
  • cancer cancer
  • cancer cancer
  • cancer cancer
  • cancer cancer
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  • cancer cancer
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  • cancer cancer
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  • cancer cancer
  • cancer and “cancerous” refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth/proliferation.
  • examples of cancer include but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia.
  • cancers include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, gastric cancer, melanoma, and various types of head and neck cancer.
  • Dysregulation of angiogenesis can lead to many disorders that can be treated by compositions and methods of the invention. These disorders include both nonneoplastic and neoplastic conditions. Neoplastic disorders include but are not limited those described above.
  • treatment refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual or cell being treated, and can be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing metastasis, decreasing the rate of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis.
  • antibodies are used to delay development of a disease or disorder.
  • a "subject” is a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.
  • Mammals include, but are not limited to, farm animals (such as cows and sheep), sport animals, pets (such as cats, dogs and horses), primates, mice and rats.
  • mammal for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc. Preferably, the mammal is human.
  • an “effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result.
  • the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the prophylactically effective amount
  • cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
  • the term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g., At 211 , 1 131 , 1 125 , Y 90 , Re 186 , Re 188 , Sm 153 , Bi 212 , P 32 and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents e.g.
  • a tumoricidal agent causes destruction of tumor cells.
  • a "chemotherapeutic agent” is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa;
  • acetogenins especially bullatacin and bullatacinone
  • dronabinol, MARINOL® beta-lapachone
  • lapachol colchicines
  • betulinic acid a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan (HYCAMTIN®), CPT-11
  • spongistatin nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.
  • calicheamicin especially calicheamicin gammall and calicheamicin omegall (see, e.g., Agnew, Chem Intl. Ed. Engl., 33: 183-186 (1994)); dynemicin, including dynemicin A; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic
  • etoglucid gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine;
  • TAXOL® paclitaxel Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.
  • ABRAXANETM Cremophor-free albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, Illinois)
  • TAXOTERE® doxetaxel Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France
  • chloranbucil gemcitabine
  • GEMZAR® 6-thioguanine
  • mercaptopurine methotrexate
  • platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine (VELBAN®); platinum; etoposide (VP- 16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine (ONCOVIN®);
  • oxaliplatin leucovovin; vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®); novantrone; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; ibandronate; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluorometlhylornithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine (XELODA®); pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above; as well as combinations of two or more of the above such as CHOP, an abbreviation for a combined therapy of
  • anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate, reduce, block, or inhibit the effects of hormones that can promote the growth of cancer, and are often in the form of systemic, or whole-body treatment. They may be hormones themselves. Examples include anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEX® tamoxifen),
  • ELIGARD® leuprolide acetate goserelin acetate, buserelin acetate and tripterelin; other anti- androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide and bicalutamide; and aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® megestrol acetate, AROMASIN® exemestane, formestanie, fadrozole, RIVISOR® vorozole, FEMARA® letrozole, and ARIMIDEX® anastrozole.
  • chemotherapeutic agents includes bisphosphonates such as clodronate (for example, BONEFOS® or
  • OSTAC® DIDROCAL® etidronate, NE-58095, ZOMETA® zoledronic acid/zoledronate, FOSAMAX® alendronate, AREDIA® pamidronate, SKELID® tiludronate, or ACTONEL® risedronate; as well as troxacitabine (a 1,3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog); antisense oligonucleotides, particularly those that inhibit expression of genes in signaling pathways implicated in abherant cell proliferation, such as, for example, PKC-alpha, Raf, H-Ras, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R); vaccines such as THERATOPE® vaccine and gene therapy vaccines, for example, ALLOVECTIN® vaccine, LEUVECTIN® vaccine, and VAXID® vaccine; LURTOTECAN® topoisomerase 1 inhibitor; ABARELIX® rmRH; lapatinib ditosylate (an
  • a “growth inhibitory agent” when used herein refers to a compound or composition which inhibits growth of a cell either in vitro or in vivo.
  • the growth inhibitory agent may be one which significantly reduces the percentage of cells (such as a cell expressing ALK-1) in S phase.
  • growth inhibitory agents include agents that block cell cycle progression (at a place other than S phase), such as agents that induce Gl arrest and M-phase arrest.
  • Classical M-phase blockers include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), taxanes, and topoisomerase II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, etoposide, and bleomycin.
  • Those agents that arrest Gl also spill over into S- phase arrest, for example, DNA alkylating agents such as tamoxifen, prednisone,
  • Docetaxel (TAXOTERE®, Rhone -Poulenc Rorer), derived from the European yew, is a semisynthetic analogue of paclitaxel (TAXOL®, Bristol-Myers Squibb). Paclitaxel and docetaxel promote the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilize microtubules by preventing depolymerization, which results in the inhibition of mitosis in cells.
  • the "pathology" of a disease includes all phenomena that compromise the well-being of the patient. For cancer, this includes, without limitation, abnormal or uncontrollable cell growth, metastasis, interference with the normal functioning of neighboring cells, release of cytokines or other secretory products at abnormal levels, suppression or aggravation of inflammatory or immunological response, etc.
  • Administration "in combination with” one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order.
  • Carriers as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers which are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution.
  • a “liposome” is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as a ALK-1 polypeptide or antibody thereto) to a mammal.
  • a drug such as a ALK-1 polypeptide or antibody thereto
  • the components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.
  • ALK-1 polypeptide refer to physical/chemical properties and biological functions associated with ALK-1.
  • ALK-1 "biological activity" includes one or more of: binding to an ALK-1 ligand, e.g., BMP9 and/or BMP 10 or activating ALK-1 downstream molecular signaling, e.g., phosphorylation of Smad 1, Smad5 and/or Smad8.
  • anti-neoplastic composition refers to a composition useful in treating cancer comprising at least one active therapeutic agent, e.g., "anti-cancer agent”.
  • therapeutic agents include, but are limited to, e.g., chemotherapeutic agents, growth inhibitory agents, cytotoxic agents, agents used in radiation therapy, anti-angiogenesis agents, apoptotic agents, anti-tubulin agents, toxins, and other-agents to treat cancer, e.g., anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody, VEGF antagonist, anti-HER-2, anti-CD20, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist (e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), HER1/EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, a COX-2 inhibitor (e.g., celecoxib), interferons, cytokines, antagonists (e.g., neutralizing a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) antagonist, TGF receptor (TFR) antagonist, TGF1/EGFR inhibitor
  • the prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited to, phosphate-containing prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing prodrugs, sulfate-containing prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs, beta-lactam-containing prodrugs, optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosine and other 5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more active cytotoxic free drug.
  • cytotoxic drugs that can be derivatized into a prodrug form for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, those
  • the present invention is based in part on the discovery that administration of agents that modulate the ALK-1 pathway (e.g., an ALK-1 immunoadhesin or anti-ALK-1 antibody) in combination with inhibitors of the VEGFR3 pathway surprisingly results in an almost complete loss of lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, inhibition of ALK-1 signaling renders the lymphatic endothelial cells more susceptible to apoptosis upon deleltion of VEGFR3 ligands. Accordingly administration of combinations of an ALK-1 antagonist and a VEGFR3 antagonist are useful for treating pathological conditions and disorders associated with lymphangiogenesis.
  • agents that modulate the ALK-1 pathway e.g., an ALK-1 immunoadhesin or anti-ALK-1 antibody
  • the invention encompasses a method of inhibiting lymphangiogenesis using an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist such as, without limitation, an ALK-1 immunoadhesin or anti-ALK-1 antibody, to inhibit activation of the ALK-1 receptor pathway and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist such as, without limitation, a VEGFR3 immunoadhesin or anti-VEGFR3 antibody to inhibit activation of the VEGFR3 pathway.
  • an ALK-1 antagonist such as, without limitation, an ALK-1 immunoadhesin or anti-ALK-1 antibody
  • a VEGFR3 antagonist such as, without limitation, a VEGFR3 immunoadhesin or anti-VEGFR3 antibody to inhibit activation of the VEGFR3 pathway.
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting lymphangiogenesis comprising administering an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist to a subject in need of such treatment.
  • Examples of pathological conditions or disorders associated with abnormal lymphangiogenesis include, without limitation, tumor, cancer, tumor or cancer metastasis, cell proliferative disorder, macular degeneration, inflammatory mediated disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy and psoriasis.
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing tumoral lymphangio genesis in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amountof an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a
  • VEGFR3 antagonist Also provided is a method of inhibiting or preventing tumor metastasis in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist.
  • the subject may have developed or be at risk for developing tumor metastasis.
  • metastasis may be in the lymphatic system or in a distant organ.
  • the invention contemplates a method of treating tumor, cancer, cell proliferative disorder and/or neoplastic disorder in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist.
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting tumor growth in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of an ALK-1 antagonist and an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist.
  • neoplastic disorders to be treated with an ALK-1 antagonist include, but are not limited to, those described herein under the terms "cancer" and "cancerous.”
  • the invention provides combined therapies in which an
  • ALK-1 antagonist such as an ALK-1 immunoadhesin or anti-ALK-1 antibody.
  • the combination therapy can comprise additional therapies.
  • therapy comprising an ALK-1 antagonist and a VEGFR3 antagonist is used in combinations with an anti-cancer agent or an anti- angiogenesis agent to treat various neoplastic or non-neoplastic conditions.
  • the methods of the invention comprise administration of additional anti- lymphangiogenic agents (e.g., a VEGFC antagonist such as an anti-VEGFC antibody).
  • the neoplastic or non-neoplastic condition is characterized by pathological disorder associated with aberrant or undesired angiogenesis or lymphangio genesis.
  • the ALK-1 antagonist can be administered serially or in combination with the VEGFR3 antagonist and/or other agent that is effective for those purposes, either in the same composition or as separate compositions. Alternatively, or additionally, multiple inhibitors of ALK-1 can be administered in combination with a VEGFR3 antagonist.
  • anti-cancer agent e.g., anti-cancer agent, anti-angiogenesis agent
  • the administration can be done sequentially, in any order.
  • the steps can be performed as a combination of both sequentially and simultaneously, in any order.
  • intervals ranging from minutes to days, to weeks to months, can be present between the administrations of the two or more compositions.
  • the VEGFR3 antagonist may be administered first, followed by the ALK-1 antagonist.
  • simultaneous administration or administration of the ALK-1 antagonist first is also contemplated.
  • the invention provides methods comprising administration of an ALK-1 antagonist(such as an ALK-1 immunoadhesin or anti-ALK-1 antibody), followed by administration of a VEGFR3 antagonist (such as a VEGFR3 immunoadhesin ot anti-VEGFR3 antibody).
  • the effective amounts of therapeutic agents administered in combination with an ALK-1 antagonist will be at the physician's or veterinarian's discretion. Dosage administration and adjustment is done to achieve maximal management of the conditions to be treated. The dose will additionally depend on such factors as the type of therapeutic agent to be used and the specific patient being treated. Suitable dosages for the anti-cancer agent, e.g., VEGFR3 antagonist, are those presently used and can be lowered due to the combined action (synergy) of the anti-cancer agent, e.g., VEGFR3 antagonist, and the ALK-1 antagonist. In certain embodiments, the combination of the inhibitors potentiates the efficacy of a single inhibitor. The term "potentiate" refers to an improvement in the efficacy of a therapeutic agent at its common or approved dose. See also the section entitled
  • the ALK-1 antagonists and anti-cancer agents are suitable for the same or similar diseases to block or reduce a pathological disorder such as a tumor, a cancer or a cell proliferative disorder.
  • the anti-cancer agent is an anti-angiogenesis agent.
  • Antiangiogenic therapy in relationship to cancer is a cancer treatment strategy aimed at inhibiting the development of tumor blood vessels required for providing nutrients to support tumor growth. Because angiogenesis is involved in both primary tumor growth and metastasis, the antiangiogenic treatment provided by the invention is capable of inhibiting the neoplastic growth of tumor at the primary site as well as preventing metastasis of tumors at the secondary sites, therefore allowing attack of the tumors by other therapeutics.
  • an ALK-1 antagonist is used in combination with an anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody (or fragment) and/or another VEGF antagonist or a VEGF receptor antagonist including, but not limited to, for example, soluble VEGF receptor (e.g., VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, neuropillins (e.g., NRP1, NRP2)) fragments, aptamers capable of blocking VEGF or VEGFR, neutralizing anti-VEGFR antibodies, low molecule weight inhibitors of VEGFR tyrosine kinases (RTK), antisense strategies for VEGF, ribozymes against VEGF or VEGF receptors, antagonist variants of VEGF; and any combinations thereof.
  • soluble VEGF receptor e.g., VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, neuropillins (e.g., NRP1, NRP2)
  • aptamers capable of blocking VEGF or VEGFR e.g., VEGFR-1,
  • two or more angiogenesis inhibitors may optionally be co-administered to the patient in addition to VEGF antagonist and other agent.
  • one or more additional therapeutic agents e.g., anti-cancer agents, can be administered in combination with ALK-1 antagonist, the VEGF antagonist, and an anti-angiogenesis agent.
  • other therapeutic agents useful for combination tumor therapy with the methods of the invention comprising use of an ALK-1 antagonist and a VGEFR3 antagonist
  • include other cancer therapies e.g., surgery, radiological treatments (e.g., involving irradiation or administration of radioactive substances), chemotherapy, treatment with anti-cancer agents listed herein and known in the art, or combinations thereof).
  • cancer therapies e.g., surgery, radiological treatments (e.g., involving irradiation or administration of radioactive substances), chemotherapy, treatment with anti-cancer agents listed herein and known in the art, or combinations thereof.
  • two or more antibodies binding the same or two or more different antigens disclosed herein can be co-administered to the patient.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a disorder (such as a tumor, a cancer, or a cell proliferative disorder) by administering effective amounts of an ALK-1 antagonist, an effective amount of a VEGFR3 antagonist and one or more
  • chemotherapeutic agents A variety of chemotherapeutic agents may be used in the combined treatment methods of the invention. An exemplary and non-limiting list of chemotherapeutic agents contemplated is provided herein under "Definitions.”
  • the administration of the ALK- 1 antagonist, VEGFR3 antagonist, and the chemotherapeutic agent can be done
  • the administration can be done sequentially, in any order.
  • the steps can be performed as a combination of both sequentially and simultaneously, in any order.
  • intervals ranging from minutes to days, to weeks to months, can be present between the administrations of the two or more compositions.
  • chemotherapeutic agents will be generally around those already employed in clinical therapies wherein the chemotherapeutics are administered alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics. Variation in dosage will likely occur depending on the condition being treated. The physician administering treatment will be able to determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject.
  • ALK-1 antagonists such as an anti-ALK-1
  • VEGFR3 fragments include any portions of the full-length amino acid sequence which have less than 1298 amino acids of the full-length amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:2 of US Patent No. 6,824,777, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Additional disclosures relating to VEGFR3 are described in, for example, US Patent No. 6,824,777, and US Patent No. 7,034,105, the entire disclosure of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • VEGFR3 antagonists are any molecule capable of neutralizing, blocking, inhibiting, abrogating, reducing or interfering with the activities of VEGFR3 including, for example, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 receptor activation, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 downstream molecular signaling, disruption or blocking of VEGFR3 ligand (e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D) binding to VEGFR3.
  • VEGFR3 ligand e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D
  • Antagonists also include small molecule inhibitors of a protein, and fusions proteins (including immunoadhesins, e.g., VEGFR3Fc molecules), receptor molecules and derivatives which bind specifically to protein thereby sequestering its binding to its target, antagonist variants of the protein, siRNA molecules directed to a protein, antisense molecules directed to a protein, R A aptamers, and ribozymes against a protein.
  • fusions proteins including immunoadhesins, e.g., VEGFR3Fc molecules
  • the ALK-1 or VEGFR3 receptor extracellular domain sequence is fused to the hinge region and CH2 and CH3 or CHI, hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains of an IgGi, IgG 2 , or IgG 3 heavy chain.
  • the precise site at which the fusion is made is not critical, and the optimal site can be determined by routine experimentation.
  • IgG immunoadhesins are bivalent homodimers, whereas Ig subtypes like IgA and IgM may give rise to dimeric or pentameric structures, respectively, of the basic Ig homodimer unit.
  • IgGi IgG 2 and IgG 4 all have in vivo half- lives of 21 days, their relative potencies at activating the complement system are different. IgG 4 does not activate complement, and IgG 2 is significantly weaker at complement activation than IgGi. Moreover, unlike IgGi, IgG 2 does not bind to Fc receptors on mononuclear cells or neutrophils. While IgG 3 is optimal for complement activation, its in vivo half-life in approximately one third of the other IgG isotypes.
  • plasmid vector that directs efficient expression in the chosen host cells.
  • pRK5-based vectors Scholler and Smith, Nucleic Acids Res.
  • a chimeric heteromultimer also may be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization (for example, hydro xymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively), in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules), or in macroemulsions.
  • colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules
  • the nucleic acid of the invention may integrate into the host cell genome, or may exist as an extrachromosomal element.
  • Methods of eukaryotic cell transfection and prokaryotic cell transformation are known to the ordinarily skilled artisan, for example, CaCl 2 , CaP0 4 , liposome-mediated and electroporation.
  • DNA into cells such as by nuclear microinjection, electroporation, bacterial protoplast fusion with intact cells, or polycations, e.g., polybrene, polyornithine, may also be used.
  • polycations e.g., polybrene, polyornithine.
  • Strain W3110 is a common host strain for recombinant DNA product fermentation.
  • the host cell secretes minimal amounts of proteolytic enzymes.
  • strain W3110 may be modified to effect a genetic mutation in the genes encoding proteins endogenous to the host, with examples of such hosts including E. coli W3110 strain 1 A2, which has the complete genotype tonA; E. coli W3110 strain 9E4, which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3; E. coli W3110 strain 27C7 (ATCC 55,244), which has the complete genotype tonA ptr3 phoA El 5 (argF-lac) 169 degP ompTkan ; E.
  • eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for immunoadhesin-encoding vectors.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a commonly used lower eukaryotic host microorganism. Others include Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Beach and Nurse, Nature, 290: 140 [1981]; EP 139,383 published 2 May 1985); Kluyveromyces hosts (U.S. Patent No. 4,943,529; Fleer et al, Bio/Technology, 9:968-975 (1991)) such as, e.g., K. lactis (MW98-8C, CBS683,
  • Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated immunoadhesin are derived from multicellular organisms.
  • invertebrate cells include insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9, as well as plant cells.
  • useful mammalian host cell lines include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and COS cells. More specific examples include monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al, J. Gen Virol, 36:59 (1977)); Chinese hamster ovary cells/- DHFR (CHO, Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad.
  • mice Sertoli cells TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod., 23:243-251 (1980)
  • human lung cells W138, ATCC CCL 75
  • human liver cells Hep G2, HB 8065
  • mouse mammary tumor MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51. The selection of the appropriate host cell is deemed to be within the skill in the art.
  • ALK-1 or VEGFR3 immunoadhesins depends mainly on the expression vector. Another consideration is the amount of protein that is required. Milligram quantities often can be produced by transient transfections.
  • the adenovirus EIA-transformed 293 human embryonic kidney cell line can be transfected transiently with pRK5 -based vectors by a modification of the calcium phosphate method to allow efficient immunoadhesin expression.
  • CDM8-based vectors can be used to transfect COS cells by the DEAE-dextran method (Aruffo et al, Cell 61, 1303-1313 (1990); Zettmeissl et al, DNA Cell Biol. (US) 9, 347-353 (1990)).
  • the immunoadhesin can be expressed after stable transfection of a host cell line.
  • a pRK5-based vector can be introduced into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the presence of an additional plasmid encoding dihydro folate reductase (DHFR) and conferring resistance to G418.
  • DHFR dihydro folate reductase
  • Clones resistant to G418 can be selected in culture; these clones are grown in the presence of increasing levels of DHFR inhibitor methotrexate; clones are selected, in which the number of gene copies encoding the DHFR and immunoadhesin sequences is co-amplified. If the immunoadhesin contains a hydrophobic leader sequence at its N-terminus, it is likely to be processed and secreted by the transfected cells.
  • the expression of immunoadhesins with more complex structures may require uniquely suited host cells; for example, components such as light chain or J chain may be provided by certain myeloma or hybridoma cell hosts (Gascoigne et al, 1987, supra; Martin et al, J. Virol. 67, 3561-3568 (1993)).
  • the nucleic acid encoding immunoadhesin may be inserted into a replicable vector for cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression.
  • a replicable vector for cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression.
  • the vector may, for example, be in the form of a plasmid, cosmid, viral particle, or phage.
  • the appropriate nucleic acid sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, DNA is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) using techniques known in the art.
  • Vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence. Construction of suitable vectors containing one or more of these components employs standard ligation techniques which are known to the skilled artisan.
  • the immunoadhesin may be produced recombinantly not only directly, but also as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide, which may be a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide.
  • a heterologous polypeptide which may be a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide.
  • the signal sequence may be a component of the vector, or it may be a part of the immunoadhesin-encoding DNA that is inserted into the vector.
  • the signal sequence may be a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group of the alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, lpp, or heat-stable enterotoxin II leaders.
  • Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells. Such sequences are well known for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses.
  • the origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most Gram-negative bacteria, the 2 ⁇ plasmid origin is suitable for yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus or BPV) are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian cells.
  • Selection genes will typically contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker.
  • Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli.
  • Suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take up the immunoadhesin-encoding nucleic acid, such as DHFR or thymidine kinase.
  • An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the CHO cell line deficient in DHFR activity, prepared and propagated as described by Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4216 (1980).
  • a suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trpl gene present in the yeast plasmid YRp7 (Stinchcomb et al, Nature, 282:39 (1979); Kingsman et al, Gene, 7: 141 (1979); Tschemper et al, Gene, 10: 157 (1980)).
  • the trpl gene provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example, ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1 (Jones, Genetics, 85: 12 (1977)).
  • Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter operably linked to the immunoadhesin-encoding nucleic acid sequence to direct mRNA synthesis. Promoters recognized by a variety of potential host cells are well known. Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the ⁇ -lactamase and lactose promoter systems (Chang et al., Nature. 275:615 (1978); Goeddel et al, Nature.
  • alkaline phosphatase alkaline phosphatase
  • trp tryptophan promoter system
  • hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter (deBoer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80:21-25 (1983)).
  • Promoters for use in bacterial systems also will contain a Shine-Dalgarno sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding immunoadhesin.
  • promoter sequences for use with yeast hosts include the promoters for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 255:2073 (1980)) or other glycolytic enzymees (Hess et al, J. Adv.
  • enolase such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isome
  • yeast promoters which are inducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein, glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization. Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657.
  • the transcription of immunoadhesin from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504 published 5 July 1989), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, retrovirus (such as avian sarcoma virus), cytomegalovirus, hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40); from heterologous mammalian promoters, e.g., the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter, or from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems.
  • viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504 published 5 July 1989), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, retrovirus (such as avian sarcoma virus), cyto
  • Enhancers are czs-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp, which act on a promoter to increase its transcription.
  • Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase, albumin, a-fetoprotein, and insulin). Typically, however, one will use an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus.
  • Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (by 100-270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
  • the enhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5' or 3' to the immunoadhesin coding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5' from the promoter.
  • Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells will also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription and for stabilizing the mRNA. Such sequences are commonly available from the 3 ' untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs. These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding immunoadhesin.
  • An immunoadhesin or a chimeric heteroadhesin preferably is recovered from the culture medium as a secreted polypeptide, although it also may be recovered from host cell lysates.
  • the particulate debris either host cells or lysed fragments, is removed, for example, by centrifugation or ultrafiltration; optionally, the protein may be concentrated with a commercially available protein concentration filter, followed by separating the chimeric heteroadhesin from other impurities by one or more purification procedures selected from: fractionation on an immunoaffmity column; fractionation on an ion-exchange column; ammonium sulphate or ethanol precipitation; reverse phase HPLC; chromatography on silica; chromatography on heparin Sepharose; chromatography on a cation exchange resin; chromatofocusing; SDS-PAGE; and gel filtration.
  • a particularly advantageous method of purifying immunoadhesins is affinity chromatography.
  • the choice of affinity ligand depends on the species and isotype of the immunoglobulin Fc domain that is used in the chimera.
  • Protein A can be used to purify immunoadhesins that are based on human IgGi, IgG 2 , or IgG 4 heavy chains (Lindmark et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 62, 1-13 (1983)). Protein G is recommended for all mouse isotypes and for human IgG3 (Guss et al, EMBO J. 5, 15671575 (1986)).
  • the matrix to which the affinity ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are also available.
  • Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose.
  • the conditions for binding an immunoadhesin to the protein A or G affinity column are dictated entirely by the characteristics of the Fc domain; that is, its species and isotype. Generally, when the proper ligand is chosen, efficient binding occurs directly from unconditioned culture fluid.
  • One distinguishing feature of immunoadhesins is that, for human IgGi molecules, the binding capacity for protein A is somewhat diminished relative to an antibody of the same Fc type.
  • Bound immunoadhesin can be efficiently eluted either at acidic pH (at or above 3.0), or in a neutral pH buffer containing a mildly chaotropic salt. This affinity chromatography step can result in an immunoadhesin preparation that is >95% pure.
  • Immunoadhesins behave similarly to antibodies in thiophilic gel chromatography (Hutchens and Porath, Anal. Biochem. 159, 217-226 (1986)) and immobilized metal chelate chromatography (Al- Mashikhi and Makai, J. Dairy Sci. 71, 1756-1763 (1988)). In contrast to antibodies, however, their behavior on ion exchange columns is dictated not only by their isoelectric points, but also by a charge dipole that may exist in the molecules due to their chimeric nature.
  • Preparation of epitope tagged immunoadhesin facilitates purification using an immunoaffinity column containing antibody to the epitope to adsorb the fusion polypeptide.
  • the ALK-1 or VEGFR3 immunoadhesins are assembled as monomers, or hetero- or homo-multimers, dimers or tetramers, essentially as illustrated in WO 91/08298.
  • these assembled immunoglobulins will have known unit structures.
  • a basic four chain structural unit is the form in which IgG, IgD, and IgE exist.
  • a four-unit structure is repeated in the higher molecular weight immunoglobulins; IgM generally exists as a pentamer of basic four units held together by disulfide bonds.
  • IgA globulin, and occasionally IgG globulin may also exist in multimeric form in serum. In the case of multimer, each four unit may be the same or different.
  • the ALK-1 or VEGFR3 immunoadhesins used in the methods of the invention will have any one or more of the following properties: capable of neutralizing, blocking, inhibiting, abrogating, reducing or interfering with the activities of ALK-1 or VEGFR3, respectively, including, for example, reduction or blocking of ALK-1 receptor or VEGFR3 activation, reduction or blocking of ALK-1 or VEGFR3 downstream molecular signaling, e.g., phosphorylation of Smadl, Smad5 and/or Smad8, disruption or blocking of ALK-1 ligand (e.g., BMP9 or BMP 10) binding to ALK-1 or discruption or blocking of VEGFR3 ligand (e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D) binding to VEGFR3.
  • ALK-1 ligand e.g., BMP9 or BMP 10
  • the anti-ALK-1 or anti-VEGFR3 antibodies are monoclonal. Also encompassed within the scope of the invention are Fab, Fab', Fab'-SH and F(ab') 2 fragments of the anti-ALK-1 or anti-VEGFR3 antibodies provided herein. These antibody fragments can be created by traditional means, such as enzymatic digestion, or may be generated by recombinant techniques. Such antibody fragments may be chimeric or humanized. These fragments are useful for the diagnostic and therapeutic purposes set forth below.
  • Monoclonal antibodies are obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Thus, the modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the antibody as not being a mixture of discrete antibodies.
  • the anti-ALK-1 or anti-VEGFR3 monoclonal antibodies can be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al, Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567).
  • a mouse or other appropriate host animal such as a hamster
  • Antibodies to ALK-1 or VEGFR3 generally are raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of ALK-1 or VEGFR3 and an adjuvant.
  • ALK-1 and VEGFR3 may be prepared using methods well-known in the art, some of which are further described herein. For example, recombinant production of ALK-1 is described below.
  • animals are immunized with a derivative of ALK-1 that contains the
  • animals are immunized with an ALK-1 -IgGi fusion protein.
  • Animals ordinarily are immunized against immunogenic conjugates or derivatives of ALK-1 with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)/trehalose dicrynomycolate (TDM) (Ribi Immunochem. Research, Inc., Hamilton, MT) and the solution is injected intradermally at multiple sites. Two weeks later the animals are boosted. 7 to 14 days later animals are bled and the serum is assayed for anti-ALK-1 titer. Animals are boosted until titer plateaus.
  • MPL monophosphoryl lipid A
  • TDM trehalose dicrynomycolate
  • lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)).
  • a suitable fusing agent such as polyethylene glycol
  • the hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
  • a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
  • the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
  • Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high- level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium.
  • preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California USA, and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland USA.
  • Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133:3001 (1984); Brodeur et al, Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and
  • Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against ALK-1 or VEGFR3 as the case may be.
  • the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay
  • the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium.
  • the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal.
  • the monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by conventional immunoglobulin
  • purification procedures such as, for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
  • anti-ALK-1 or anti-VEGFR3 antibodies can be made by using
  • synthetic antibody clones are selected by screening phage libraries containing phage that display various fragments of antibody variable region (Fv) fused to phage coat protein. Such phage libraries are panned by affinity chromatography against the desired antigen. Clones expressing Fv fragments capable of binding to the desired antigen are adsorbed to the antigen and thus separated from the non-binding clones in the library. The binding clones are then eluted from the antigen, and can be further enriched by additional cycles of antigen adsorption/elution.
  • Fv antibody variable region
  • any of the anti-ALK-1 or anti-VEGFR3 antibodies can be obtained by designing a suitable antigen screening procedure to select for the phage clone of interest followed by construction of a full length anti-ALK-1 or anti-VEGFR3, respectively, antibody clone using the Fv sequences from the phage clone of interest and suitable constant region (Fc) sequences described in Kabat et al, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, NIH Publication 91-3242, Bethesda MD (1991), vols. 1-3.
  • the antigen-binding domain of an antibody is formed from two variable (V) regions of about 110 amino acids, one each from the light (VL) and heavy (VH) chains, that both present three hypervariable loops or complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
  • V variable
  • VH variable
  • CDRs complementarity-determining regions
  • Variable domains can be displayed functionally on phage, either as single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments, in which VH and VL are covalently linked through a short, flexible peptide, or as Fab fragments, in which they are each fused to a constant domain and interact non- covalently, as described in Winter et al, Ann. Rev. Immunol, 12: 433-455 (1994).
  • scFv encoding phage clones and Fab encoding phage clones are collectively referred to as "Fv phage clones" or "Fv clones”.
  • Repertoires of VH and VL genes can be separately cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and recombined randomly in phage libraries, which can then be searched for antigen-binding clones as described in Winter et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol., 12: 433-455 (1994).
  • Libraries from immunized sources provide high-affinity antibodies to the immunogen without the requirement of constructing hybridomas.
  • the naive repertoire can be cloned to provide a single source of human antibodies to a wide range of non-self and also self antigens without any immunization as described by Griffiths et al., EMBO J, 12: 725-734 (1993).
  • naive libraries can also be made synthetically by cloning the unrearranged V-gene segments from stem cells, and using PCR primers containing random sequence to encode the highly variable CDR3 regions and to accomplish rearrangement in vitro as described by Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227: 381-388 (1992).
  • Filamentous phage is used to display antibody fragments by fusion to the minor coat protein pill.
  • the antibody fragments can be displayed as single chain Fv fragments, in which VH and VL domains are connected on the same polypeptide chain by a flexible polypeptide spacer, e.g. as described by Marks et al, J. Mol. Biol, 222: 581-597 (1991), or as Fab fragments, in which one chain is fused to pill and the other is secreted into the bacterial host cell periplasm where assembly of a Fab-coat protein structure which becomes displayed on the phage surface by displacing some of the wild type coat proteins, e.g. as described in Hoogenboom et al, Nucl. Acids Res., 19: 4133-4137 (1991).
  • nucleic acids encoding antibody gene fragments are obtained from immune cells harvested from humans or animals. If a library biased in favor of anti-ALK-1 clones is desired, the subject is immunized with ALK-1 to generate an antibody response, and spleen cells and/or circulating B cells other peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are recovered for library construction.
  • a human antibody gene fragment library biased in favor of anti-ALK-1 clones is obtained by generating an anti-ALK- 1 antibody response in transgenic mice carrying a functional human immunoglobulin gene array (and lacking a functional endogenous antibody production system) such that ALK-1 immunization gives rise to B cells producing human antibodies against ALK-1. Similar methods can be used to generate anti-VEGFR3 antibodies. The generation of human antibody-producing transgenic mice is described below.
  • Additional enrichment for anti-ALK-1 reactive cell populations can be obtained by using a suitable screening procedure to isolate B cells expressing ALK-1 -specific membrane bound antibody, e.g., by cell separation with ALK-1 affinity chromatography or adsorption of cells to fluorochrome-labeled ALK-1 followed by flow-activated cell sorting (FACS). Similar methods can be used to generate anti-VEGFR3 antibodies.
  • FACS flow-activated cell sorting
  • spleen cells and/or B cells or other PBLs from an unimmunized donor provides a better representation of the possible antibody repertoire, and also permits the construction of an antibody library using any animal (human or non-human) species in which ALK-1 is not antigenic.
  • stem cells are harvested from the subject to provide nucleic acids encoding unrearranged antibody gene segments.
  • the immune cells of interest can be obtained from a variety of animal species, such as human, mouse, rat, lagomorpha, luprine, canine, feline, porcine, bovine, equine, and avian species, etc.
  • Nucleic acid encoding antibody variable gene segments are recovered from the cells of interest and amplified.
  • the desired DNA can be obtained by isolating genomic DNA or mRNA from lymphocytes followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers matching the 5' and 3' ends of rearranged VH and VL genes as described in Orlandi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 86: 3833-3837 (1989), thereby making diverse V gene repertoires for expression.
  • the V genes can be amplified from cDNA and genomic DNA, with back primers at the 5' end of the exon encoding the mature V-domain and forward primers based within the J-segment as described in Orlandi et al. (1989) and in Ward et al., Nature, 341 : 544-546 (1989).
  • back primers can also be based in the leader exon as described in Jones et al, BiotechnoL, 9: 88-89 (1991), and forward primers within the constant region as described in Sastry et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 86: 5728-5732 (1989).
  • degeneracy can be used to maximize complementarity.
  • the library diversity is maximized by using PCR primers targeted to each V-gene family in order to amplify all available VH and VL arrangements present in the immune cell nucleic acid sample, e.g. as described in the method of Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222: 581- 597 (1991) or as described in the method of Oram et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 21 : 4491-4498 (1993).
  • rare restriction sites can be introduced within the PCR primer as a tag at one end as described in Orlandi et al. (1989), or by further PCR amplification with a tagged primer as described in Clackson et al., Nature, 352: 624-628 (1991).
  • VH-gene segments [0193] Repertoires of synthetically rearranged V genes can be derived in vitro from V gene segments. Most of the human VH-gene segments have been cloned and sequenced (reported in Tomlinson et al, J. Mol. Biol, 227: 776-798 (1992)), and mapped (reported in Matsuda et al, Nature Genet., 3: 88-94 (1993); these cloned segments (including all the major conformations of the HI and H2 loop) can be used to generate diverse VH gene repertoires with PCR primers encoding H3 loops of diverse sequence and length as described in Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227: 381-388 (1992).
  • VH repertoires can also be made with all the sequence diversity focused in a long H3 loop of a single length as described in Barbas et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 4457-4461 (1992).
  • Human VK and ⁇ segments have been cloned and sequenced (reported in Williams and Winter, Eur. J.
  • V- gene repertoires based on a range of VH and VL folds, and L3 and H3 lengths, will encode antibodies of considerable structural diversity.
  • germline V-gene segments can be rearranged in vitro according to the methods of Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol, 227: 381-388 (1992).
  • the antibodies produced by naive libraries can be of moderate affinity (Kd-1 of about 106 to 107 M-l), but affinity maturation can also be mimicked in vitro by constructing and reselecting from secondary libraries as described in Winter et al. (1994), supra.
  • mutation can be introduced at random in vitro by using error-prone polymerase (reported in Leung et al, Technique, 1 : 11-15 (1989)) in the method of Hawkins et al, J. Mol. Biol, 226: 889-896 (1992) or in the method of Gram et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 89: 3576-3580 (1992).
  • affinity maturation can be performed by randomly mutating one or more CDRs, e.g. using PCR with primers carrying random sequence spanning the CDR of interest, in selected individual Fv clones and screening for higher affinity clones.
  • WO 9607754 published 14 March 1996) described a method for inducing mutagenesis in a complementarity determining region of an
  • immunoglobulin light chain to create a library of light chain genes.
  • Another effective approach is to recombine the VH or VL domains selected by phage display with repertoires of naturally occurring V domain variants obtained from unimmunized donors and screen for higher affinity in several rounds of chain reshuffling as described in Marks et al., BiotechnoL, 10: 779-783 (1992). This technique allows the production of antibodies and antibody fragments with affinities in the 10-9 M range.
  • the mammalian host cells used to produce the ALK-1 or VEGFR3 can be cultured in a variety of media, which is well known in the art and some of which is described herein.
  • ALK-1 or VEGFR3 Purification of ALK-1 or VEGFR3 may be accomplished using art-recognized methods, some of which are described herein.
  • ALK-1 or VEGFR3 can be used to coat the wells of adsorption plates, expressed on host cells affixed to adsorption plates or used in cell sorting, or conjugated to biotin for capture with streptavidin-coated beads, or used in any other art- known method for panning phage display libraries.
  • the present invention encompasses antibody fragments.
  • antibody fragments In certain aspects,
  • humanized antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567) wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non- human species.
  • humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
  • the choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce antigenicity. According to the so-called "best-fit" method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences.
  • the human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework for the humanized antibody (Sims et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 151 :2296; Chothia et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901.
  • Another method uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains. The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285; Presta et al. (1993) J. Immunol, 151 :2623.
  • Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens. In the present case, one of the binding specificities is for ALK-1 and the other is for any other antigen. Exemplary bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of the ALK-1 protein. Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents to cells which express ALK-1. These antibodies possess an ALK-1 -binding arm and an arm which binds the cytotoxic agent (e.g. saporin, anti-interferon-a, vinca alkaloid, ricin A chain, methotrexate or radioactive isotope hapten).
  • the cytotoxic agent e.g. saporin, anti-interferon-a, vinca alkaloid, ricin A chain, methotrexate or radioactive isotope hapten.
  • Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or "heteroconjugate” antibodies.
  • Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known in the art, and are disclosed in US Patent No. 4,676,980, along with a number of cross-linking techniques.
  • bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage.
  • Brennan et al, Science, 229: 81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab')2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation.
  • the Fab' fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives.
  • bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al, J. Immunol,
  • the fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the VH and VL domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary VL and VH domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
  • VH and VL domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary VL and VH domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
  • sFv single-chain Fv
  • the polypeptide chain(s) may comprise: VH-CH1 -flexible linker-VH-CHl-Fc region chain; or VH-CHl-VH-CHl-Fc region chain.
  • the multivalent antibody herein preferably further comprises at least two (and preferably four) light chain variable domain polypeptides.
  • the multivalent antibody herein may, for instance, comprise from about two to about eight light chain variable domain polypeptides.
  • the light chain variable domain polypeptides contemplated here comprise a light chain variable domain and, optionally, further comprise a CL domain.
  • amino acid sequence modification(s) of the antibodies described herein are contemplated.
  • Amino acid sequence variants of the antibody are prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the antibody nucleic acid, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of, residues within the amino acid sequences of the antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution is made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics.
  • the amino acid alterations may be introduced in the subject antibody amino acid sequence at the time that sequence is made.
  • a useful method for identification of certain residues or regions of the antibody that are preferred locations for mutagenesis is called "alanine scanning mutagenesis" as described by Cunningham and Wells (1989) Science, 244: 1081-1085.
  • a residue or group of target residues are identified (e.g., charged residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) and replaced by a neutral or negatively charged amino acid (most preferably alanine or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with antigen.
  • Those amino acid locations demonstrating functional sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing further or other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution.
  • N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue.
  • the tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X -threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain.
  • O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5- hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
  • Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites).
  • the alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (for O-linked glycosylation sites).
  • the carbohydrate attached thereto may be altered.
  • antibodies with a mature carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached to an Fc region of the antibody are described in US Pat Appl No US
  • the preferred glycosylation variant herein comprises an Fc region, wherein a carbohydrate structure attached to the Fc region lacks fucose.
  • Such variants have improved ADCC function.
  • the Fc region further comprises one or more amino acid substitutions therein which further improve ADCC, for example, substitutions at positions 298, 333, and/or 334 of the Fc region (Eu numbering of residues).
  • Examples of cell lines producing defucosylated antibodies include Lecl3 CHO cells deficient in protein fucosylation (Ripka et al. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 249:533-545 (1986); US Pat Appl No US 2003/0157108 Al, Presta, L; and WO 2004/056312 Al, Adams et al, especially at Example 11), and knockout cell lines, such as alpha- 1 ,6-fucosyltransferase gene, FUT8, knockout CHO cells (Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004)).
  • variants are an amino acid substitution variant. These variants have at least one amino acid residue in the antibody molecule replaced by a different residue.
  • the sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations are also contemplated. Conservative substitutions are shown in Table 1 under the heading of "preferred substitutions". If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated "exemplary substitutions" in Table 1, or as further described below in reference to amino acid classes, may be introduced and the products screened.
  • Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the antibody are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
  • Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties:
  • hydrophobic norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile
  • Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.
  • substitutional variant involves substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of a parent antibody (e.g. a humanized or human antibody).
  • a parent antibody e.g. a humanized or human antibody
  • the resulting variant(s) selected for further development will have improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody from which they are generated.
  • a convenient way for generating such substitutional variants involves affinity maturation using phage display. Briefly, several hypervariable region sites (e.g. 6-7 sites) are mutated to generate all possible amino acid substitutions at each site.
  • the antibodies thus generated are displayed from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene III product of Ml 3 packaged within each particle.
  • the phage-displayed variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g. binding affinity) as herein disclosed.
  • alanine scanning mutagenesis can be performed to identify hypervariable region residues contributing significantly to antigen binding.
  • the panel of variants is subjected to screening as described herein and antibodies with superior properties in one or more relevant assays may be selected for further development.
  • Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of the antibody are prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source (in the case of naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants) or preparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non- variant version of the antibody.
  • the Fc region variant may comprise a human Fc region sequence (e.g., a human IgGi, IgG 2 , IgG 3 or IgG 4 Fc region) comprising an amino acid modification (e.g. a substitution) at one or more amino acid positions including that of a hinge cysteine.
  • a human Fc region sequence e.g., a human IgGi, IgG 2 , IgG 3 or IgG 4 Fc region
  • an amino acid modification e.g. a substitution
  • an antibody used in methods may comprise one or more alterations as compared to the wild type counterpart antibody, e.g. in the Fc region. These antibodies would nonetheless retain substantially the same characteristics required for therapeutic utility as compared to their wild type counterpart. For example, it is thought that certain alterations can be made in the Fc region that would result in altered (i.e., either improved or diminished) Clq binding and/or Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC), e.g., as described in W099/51642. See also Duncan & Winter Nature 322:738-40 (1988); US Patent No. 5,648,260; US Patent No.
  • the antibodies can be further modified to contain additional nonproteinaceous moieties that are known in the art and readily available.
  • the moieties suitable for derivatization of the antibody are water soluble polymers.
  • water soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG), copolymers of ethylene glycol/propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly-1, 3-dioxolane, poly-l,3,6-trioxane, ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, polyaminoacids (either homopolymers or random copolymers), and dextran or poly(n-vinyl pyrrolidone)polyethylene glycol, propropylene glycol homopolymers, prolypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols (e.g., glycerol), poly
  • Polyethylene glycol propionaldehyde may have advantages in manufacturing due to its stability in water.
  • the polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched.
  • the number of polymers attached to the antibody may vary, and if more than one polymers are attached, they can be the same or different molecules. In general, the number and/or type of polymers used for derivatization can be determined based on considerations including, but not limited to, the particular properties or functions of the antibody to be improved, whether the antibody derivative will be used in a therapy under defined conditions, etc.
  • antibodies can be characterized for their physical/chemical properties and biological functions by various assays known in the art.
  • antibodies are characterized for any one or more of binding to ALK-1, reduction or blocking of ALK-1 receptor activation, reduction or blocking of ALK-1 receptor downstream molecular signaling (e.g., phosphorylation of Smadl, Smad5 and/or Samd8), disruption or blocking of ALK-1 ligand binding to ALK-1 (e.g., BMP9 or BMP10), inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of lymphangiogenesis, treatment and/or prevention of a tumor, cell proliferative disorder or a cancer, treatment or prevention of a disorder associated with ALK-1 expression and/or activity.
  • antibodies are characterized for any one or more of binding to VEGFR3, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 receptor activation, reduction or blocking of VEGFR3 downstream molecular signaling, disruption or blocking of VEGFR3 ligand binding to VEGFR3 (e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D), inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of lymphangiogenesis, treatment and/or prevention of a tumor, cell proliferative disorder or a cancer, treatment or prevention of a disorder associated with VEGFR3 expression and/or activity.
  • VEGFR3 e.g., VEGF-C or VEGF-D
  • the purified antibodies can be further characterized by a series of assays including, but not limited to, N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, non-denaturing size exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography and papain digestion.
  • assays including, but not limited to, N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, non-denaturing size exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography and papain digestion.
  • the antibodies produced herein are analyzed for their biological activity.
  • the antibodies of the present invention are tested for their antigen binding activity.
  • the antigen binding assays that are known in the art and can be used herein include without limitation any direct or competitive binding assays using techniques such as western blots, radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), "sandwich” immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, fluorescent immunoassays, and protein A immunoassays.
  • the antibody is an altered antibody that possesses some but not all effector functions, which make it a desired candidate for many applications in which the half life of the antibody in vivo is important yet certain effector functions (such as complement and ADCC) are unnecessary or deleterious.
  • the Fc activities of the produced immunoglobulin are measured to ensure that only the desired properties are maintained.
  • In vitro and/or in vivo cytotoxicity assays can be conducted to confirm the reduction/depletion of CDC and/or ADCC activities.
  • Fc receptor (FcR) binding assays can be conducted to ensure that the antibody lacks FcyR binding (hence likely lacking ADCC activity), but retains FcRn binding ability.
  • NK cells express FcyRIII only, whereas monocytes express FcyRI, FcyRII and FcyRIII.
  • FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9:457-92 (1991).
  • An example of an in vitro assay to assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest is described in US Patent No. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337.
  • Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
  • ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. PNAS (USA) 95:652-656 (1998).
  • Clq binding assays may also be carried out to confirm that the antibody is unable to bind Clq and hence lacks CDC activity.
  • a CDC assay e.g. as described in Gazzano- Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202: 163 (1996), may be performed.
  • FcRn binding and in vivo clearance/half life determinations can also be performed using methods known in the art, e.g. those described in the Examples section.
  • the nucleic acid encoding it is isolated and inserted into a replicable vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression.
  • DNA encoding the antibody is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody).
  • Many vectors are available. The choice of vector depends in part on the host cell to be used. Generally, preferred host cells are of either prokaryotic or eukaryotic (generally mammalian) origin. It will be appreciated that constant regions of any isotype can be used for this purpose, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE constant regions, and that such constant regions can be obtained from any human or animal species.
  • Polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptide components of the antibody can be obtained using standard recombinant techniques. Desired polynucleotide sequences may be isolated and sequenced from antibody producing cells such as hybridoma cells.
  • polynucleotides can be synthesized using nucleotide synthesizer or PCR techniques. Once obtained, sequences encoding the polypeptides are inserted into a recombinant vector capable of replicating and expressing heterologous polynucleotides in prokaryotic hosts.
  • a recombinant vector capable of replicating and expressing heterologous polynucleotides in prokaryotic hosts.
  • Many vectors that are available and known in the art can be used for the purpose of the present invention. Selection of an appropriate vector will depend mainly on the size of the nucleic acids to be inserted into the vector and the particular host cell to be transformed with the vector.
  • Each vector contains various components, depending on its function (amplification or expression of heterologous polynucleotide, or both) and its compatibility with the particular host cell in which it resides.
  • the vector components generally include, but are not limited to: an origin of replication, a selection marker gene, a promoter, a ribosome
  • plasmid vectors containing replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the host cell are used in connection with these hosts.
  • the vector ordinarily carries a replication site, as well as marking sequences which are capable of providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells.
  • E. coli is typically transformed using pBR322, a plasmid derived from an E. coli species.
  • pBR322 contains genes encoding ampicillin (Amp) and tetracycline (Tet) resistance and thus provides easy means for identifying transformed cells.
  • pBR322 its derivatives, or other microbial plasmids or bacteriophage may also contain, or be modified to contain, promoters which can be used by the microbial organism for expression of endogenous proteins.
  • promoters which can be used by the microbial organism for expression of endogenous proteins. Examples of pBR322 derivatives used for expression of particular antibodies are described in detail in Carter et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,648,237.
  • phage vectors containing replicon and control sequences that are compatible with the host microorganism can be used as transforming vectors in connection with these hosts.
  • bacteriophage such as ⁇ TM-11 may be utilized in making a recombinant vector which can be used to transform susceptible host cells such as E. coli LE392.
  • the expression vector may comprise two or more promoter-cistron pairs, encoding each of the polypeptide components.
  • a promoter is an untranslated regulatory sequence located upstream (5') to a cistron that modulates its expression.
  • Prokaryotic promoters typically fall into two classes, inducible and constitutive. Inducible promoter is a promoter that initiates increased levels of transcription of the cistron under its control in response to changes in the culture condition, e.g. the presence or absence of a nutrient or a change in temperature.
  • promoters recognized by a variety of potential host cells are well known.
  • the selected promoter can be operably linked to cistron DNA encoding the light or heavy chain by removing the promoter from the source DNA via restriction enzyme digestion and inserting the isolated promoter sequence into the vector.
  • Both the native promoter sequence and many heterologous promoters may be used to direct amplification and/or expression of the target genes.
  • heterologous promoters are utilized, as they generally permit greater transcription and higher yields of expressed target gene as compared to the native target polypeptide promoter.
  • Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the PhoA promoter, the ⁇ -galactamase and lactose promoter systems, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system and hybrid promoters such as the tac or the trc promoter.
  • trp tryptophan
  • other promoters that are functional in bacteria such as other known bacterial or phage promoters
  • Their nucleotide sequences have been published, thereby enabling a skilled worker operably to ligate them to cistrons encoding the target light and heavy chains (Siebenlist et al. (1980) Cell 20: 269) using linkers or adaptors to supply any required restriction sites.
  • each cistron within the recombinant vector comprises a secretion signal sequence component that directs translocation of the expressed polypeptides across a membrane.
  • the signal sequence may be a component of the vector, or it may be a part of the target polypeptide DNA that is inserted into the vector.
  • the signal sequence selected for the purpose of this invention should be one that is recognized and processed (i.e. cleaved by a signal peptidase) by the host cell. For prokaryotic host cells that do not recognize and process the signal sequences native to the heterologous
  • the signal sequence is substituted by a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group consisting of the alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, Ipp, or heat- stable enterotoxin II (STII) leaders, LamB, PhoE, PelB, OmpA and MBP.
  • a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group consisting of the alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, Ipp, or heat- stable enterotoxin II (STII) leaders, LamB, PhoE, PelB, OmpA and MBP.
  • the signal sequences used in both cistrons of the expression system are STII signal sequences or variants thereof.
  • the production of the immunoglobulins according to the invention can occur in the cytoplasm of the host cell, and therefore does not require the presence of secretion signal sequences within each cistron.
  • immunoglobulin light and heavy chains are expressed, folded and assembled to form functional
  • Certain host strains e.g., the E. coli trxB- strains
  • Prokaryotic host cells suitable for expressing antibodies include
  • Archaebacteria and Eubacteria such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms.
  • E. coli Escherichia
  • Bacilli e.g., B. subtilis
  • Enterobacteria Pseudomonas species (e.g., P. aeruginosa)
  • Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella typhimurium
  • Serratia marcescans Klebsiella, Proteus, Shigella, Rhizobia, Vitreoscilla, or Paracoccus.
  • gram-negative cells are used.
  • E. coli cells are used as hosts for the invention.
  • E. coli strains include strain W3110 (Bachmann, Cellular and Molecular Biology, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1987), pp.
  • strain 33D3 having genotype W3110 AfhuA ( ⁇ ) ptr3 lac Iq lacL8 AompTA(nmpc-fepE) degP41 kanR (U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,635).
  • Other strains and derivatives thereof such as E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446), E. coli B, E. coli 1776 (ATCC 31,537) and E. coli RV308(ATCC 31,608) are also suitable. These examples are illustrative rather than limiting.
  • Host cells are transformed with the above-described expression vectors and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences.
  • Transformation means introducing DNA into the prokaryotic host so that the
  • any necessary supplements besides carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic phosphate sources may also be included at appropriate concentrations introduced alone or as a mixture with another supplement or medium such as a complex nitrogen source.
  • the culture medium may contain one or more reducing agents selected from the group consisting of glutathione, cysteine, cystamine, thioglycollate, dithioerythritol and dithiothreitol.
  • an inducible promoter is used in the expression vector, protein expression is induced under conditions suitable for the activation of the promoter.
  • PhoA promoters are used for controlling transcription of the polypeptides.
  • E. coli strains deficient for proteolytic enzymes and transformed with plasmids overexpressing one or more chaperone proteins are used as host cells in the expression system.
  • the preparation derived from the cell culture as described above is applied onto the Protein A immobilized solid phase to allow specific binding of the antibody of interest to Protein A.
  • the solid phase is then washed to remove contaminants non- specifically bound to the solid phase.
  • the antibody of interest is recovered from the solid phase by elution.
  • an origin of replication component is not needed for mammalian expression vectors.
  • the SV40 origin may typically be used only because it contains the early promoter.
  • Expression and cloning vectors may contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker.
  • Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, where relevant, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media.
  • One example of a selection scheme utilizes a drug to arrest growth of a host cell. Those cells that are successfully transformed with a heterologous gene produce a protein conferring drug resistance and thus survive the selection regimen. Examples of such dominant selection use the drugs neomycin, mycophenolic acid and hygromycin.
  • cells transformed with the DHFR selection gene are first identified by culturing all of the transformants in a culture medium that contains methotrexate (Mtx), a competitive antagonist of DHFR.
  • Mtx methotrexate
  • An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line deficient in DHFR activity (e.g., ATCC CRL-9096).
  • the matrix to which the affinity ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are available.
  • Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose.
  • the antibody comprises a CH3 domain
  • the Bakerbond ABXTMresin J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ is useful for purification.
  • the invention contemplates immunoconjugates (interchangeably termed
  • ZEVALIN® is an antibody-radioisotope conjugate composed of a murine IgGl kappa monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes and 1 1 lln or 90Y radioisotope bound by a thiourea linker-chelator (Wiseman et al (2000) Eur. Jour. Nucl. Med. 27(7):766-77; Wiseman et al (2002) Blood 99(12):4336-42; Witzig et al (2002) J. Clin.
  • Cantuzumab mertansine an antibody drug conjugate composed of the huC242 antibody linked via the disulfide linker SPP to the maytansinoid drug moiety, DM1
  • CanAg such as colon, pancreatic, gastric, and others.
  • MLN-2704 (Millennium Pharm., BZL Biologies, Immunogen Inc.), an antibody drug conjugate composed of the anti-prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody linked to the maytansinoid drug moiety, DM1, is under development for the potential treatment of prostate tumors.
  • PSMA anti-prostate specific membrane antigen
  • AE auristatin E
  • MMAE monomethylauristatin
  • Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof that can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAP II, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin, and the tricothecenes.
  • Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof that can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A
  • Conjugates of an antibody and one or more small molecule toxins such as a calicheamicin, maytansinoids, dolastatins, aurostatins, a trichothecene, and CC1065, and the derivatives of these toxins that have toxin activity, are also contemplated herein.
  • the immunoconjugate comprises an antibody (full length or fragments) conjugated to one or more maytansinoid molecules.
  • Maytansinoids are mitototic inhibitors which act by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Maytansine was first isolated from the east African shrub Maytenus serrata (U.S. Patent No. 3,896,111). Subsequently, it was discovered that certain microbes also produce maytansinoids, such as maytansinol and C-3 maytansinol esters (U.S. Patent No. 4,151,042). Synthetic maytansinol and derivatives and analogues thereof are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,137,230; 4,248,870; 4,256,746; 4,260,608; 4,265,814;
  • Maytansinoid drug moieties are attractive drug moieties in antibody drug conjugates because they are: (i) relatively accessible to prepare by fermentation or chemical modification, derivatization of fermentation products, (ii) amenable to derivatization with functional groups suitable for conjugation through the non-disulfide linkers to antibodies, (iii) stable in plasma, and (iv) effective against a variety of tumor cell lines.
  • Immunoconjugates containing maytansinoids, methods of making same, and their therapeutic use are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,208,020, 5,416,064 and European Patent EP 0 425 235 Bl, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly
  • the drug conjugate achieved a degree of cytotoxicity similar to the free maytansinoid drug, which could be increased by increasing the number of maytansinoid molecules per antibody molecule.
  • the A7 -maytansinoid conjugate showed low systemic cytotoxicity in mice.
  • Antibody-maytansinoid conjugates comprising the linker component SMCC may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 10/960,602, filed Oct. 8, 2004.
  • the linking groups include disulfide groups, thioether groups, acid labile groups, photolabile groups, peptidase labile groups, or esterase labile groups, as disclosed in the above-identified patents, disulfide and thioether groups being preferred. Additional linking groups are described and exemplified herein.
  • Particularly preferred coupling agents include N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) (Carlsson et al, Biochem. J. 173:723-737 (1978)) and N-succinimidyl-4-(2- pyridylthio)pentanoate (SPP) to provide for a disulfide linkage.
  • SPDP N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate
  • SPP N-succinimidyl-4-(2- pyridylthio)pentanoate
  • the immunoconjugate comprises an antibody conjugated to dolastatins or dolostatin peptidic analogs and derivatives, the auristatins (US Patent Nos. 5635483; 5780588).
  • Dolastatins and auristatins have been shown to interfere with microtubule dynamics, GTP hydrolysis, and nuclear and cellular division (Woyke et al (2001) Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 45(12):3580-3584) and have anticancer (US 5663149) and antifungal activity (Pettit et al (1998) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
  • the dolastatin or auristatin drug moiety may be attached to the antibody through the N (amino) terminus or the C (carboxyl) terminus of the peptidic drug moiety (WO 02/088172).
  • Exemplary auristatin embodiments include the N-terminus linked
  • peptide-based drug moieties can be prepared by forming a peptide bond between two or more amino acids and/or peptide fragments.
  • Such peptide bonds can be prepared, for example, according to the liquid phase synthesis method (see E. Schroder and K. Liibke, "The Peptides", volume 1, pp 76-136, 1965, Academic Press) that is well known in the field of peptide chemistry.
  • the auristatin/dolastatin drug moieties may be prepared according to the methods of: US 5635483; US 5780588; Pettit et al (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  • the immunoconjugate comprises an antibody conjugated to one or more calicheamicin molecules.
  • the calicheamicin family of antibiotics are capable of producing double-stranded DNA breaks at sub-picomolar concentrations.
  • U.S. patents 5,712,374, 5,714,586, 5,739,116, 5,767,285, 5,770,701, 5,770,710, 5,773,001, 5,877,296 all to
  • Structural analogues of calicheamicin which may be used include, but are not limited to, ⁇ , all, a3I, N-acetyl- ⁇ , PSAG and ⁇ 1 (Hinman et al, Cancer Research 53:3336-3342 (1993), Lode et al, Cancer Research 58:2925-2928 (1998) and the aforementioned U.S. patents to American Cyanamid).
  • Another anti-tumor drug that the antibody can be conjugated is QFA which is an antifolate.
  • QFA is an antifolate.
  • Both calicheamicin and QFA have intracellular sites of action and do not readily cross the plasma membrane. Therefore, cellular uptake of these agents through antibody mediated internalization greatly enhances their cytotoxic effects.
  • antitumor agents that can be conjugated to the antibodies include
  • BCNU streptozoicin, vincristine and 5-fluorouracil
  • Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAP II, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the tricothecenes. See, for example, WO 93/21232 published October 28, 1993.
  • the present invention further contemplates an immunoconjugate formed between an antibody and a compound with nucleolytic activity (e.g., a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease such as a deoxyribonuclease; DNase).
  • a compound with nucleolytic activity e.g., a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease such as a deoxyribonuclease; DNase.
  • the antibody may comprise a highly radioactive atom.
  • a variety of radioactive isotopes are available for the production of radioconjugated antibodies. Examples include At 211 , 1 131 , 1 125 , Y 90 , Re 186 , Re 188 , Sm 153 , Bi 212 ,
  • the conjugate when used for detection, it may comprise a radioactive atom for scintigraphic studies, for example tc99m or 1123, or a spin label for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging (also known as magnetic resonance imaging, mri), such as iodine- 123 again, iodine-131, indium-I l l, fluorine- 19, carbon- 13, nitrogen-15, oxygen- 17, gadolinium, manganese or iron.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • the radio- or other labels may be incorporated in the conjugate in known ways.
  • the peptide may be biosynthesized or may be synthesized by chemical amino acid synthesis using suitable amino acid precursors involving, for example, fluorine- 19 in place of hydrogen.
  • Labels such as tc"m or I 123 , Re 186 , Re 188 and In 111 can be attached via a cysteine residue in the peptide.
  • Yttrium-90 can be attached via a lysine residue.
  • Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (SMCC), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HC1), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutaraldehyde), bis- azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as toluene 2,6- diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (
  • MX-DTPA triaminepentaacetic acid
  • the linker may be a "cleavable linker" facilitating release of the cytotoxic drug in the cell.
  • an acid-labile linker, peptidase-sensitive linker, photolabile linker, dimethyl linker or disulfide-containing linker (Chari et al, Cancer Research 52: 127-131 (1992); U.S. Patent No. 5,208,020) may be used.
  • the compounds expressly contemplate, but are not limited to, ADC prepared with cross-linker reagents: BMPS, EMCS, GMBS, HBVS, LC-SMCC, MBS, MPBH, SBAP, SIA, SIAB, SMCC, SMPB, SMPH, sulfo-EMCS, sulfo-GMBS, sulfo-KMUS, sulfo-MBS, sulfo-SIAB, sulfo-SMCC, and sulfo-SMPB, and SVSB (succinimidyl-(4- vinylsulfone)benzoate) which are commercially available (e.g., from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL., U.S.A). See pages 467-498, 2003-2004 Applications Handbook and Catalog.
  • an antibody is conjugated to one or more drug moieties (D), e.g. about 1 to about 20 drug moieties per antibody, through a linker (L).
  • the ADC of Formula I may be prepared by several routes, employing organic chemistry reactions, conditions, and reagents known to those skilled in the art, including: (1) reaction of a nucleophilic group of an antibody with a bivalent linker reagent, to form Ab-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with a drug moiety D; and (2) reaction of a nucleophilic group of a drug moiety with a bivalent linker reagent, to form D-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with the nucleophilic group of an antibody. Additional methods for preparing ADC are described herein.
  • the linker may be composed of one or more linker components.
  • exemplary linker components include 6-maleimidocaproyl ("MC"), maleimidopropanoyl ("MP”), valine-citrulline (“val-cit”), alanine -phenylalanine (“ala-phe”), p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (“PAB”), N-Succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (“SPP”), N-Succinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (“SMCC), and N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo- acetyl) aminobenzoate (“SIAB”). Additional linker components are known in the art and some are described herein. See also “Monomethylvaline Compounds Capable of 6-maleimidocaproyl ("MC”), maleimidopropanoyl (“MP”), valine-cit
  • the linker may comprise amino acid residues.
  • Exemplary amino acid linker components include a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide or a pentapeptide.
  • Exemplary dipeptides include: valine-citrulline (vc or val-cit), alanine- phenylalanine (af or ala-phe).
  • Exemplary tripeptides include: glycine-valine-citrulline (gly- val-cit) and glycine-glycine-glycine (gly-gly-gly).
  • Amino acid residues which comprise an amino acid linker component include those occurring naturally, as well as minor amino acids and non-naturally occurring amino acid analogs, such as citrulline.
  • Amino acid linker components can be designed and optimized in their selectivity for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzymes, for example, a tumor-associated protease, cathepsin B, C and D, or a plasmin protease.
  • Nucleophilic groups on antibodies include, but are not limited to: (i) N- terminal amine groups, (ii) side chain amine groups, e.g. lysine, (iii) side chain thiol groups, e.g. cysteine, and (iv) sugar hydroxyl or amino groups where the antibody is glycosylated.
  • Amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups are nucleophilic and capable of reacting to form covalent bonds with electrophilic groups on linker moieties and linker reagents including: (i) active esters such as NHS esters, HOBt esters, haloformates, and acid halides; (ii) alkyl and benzyl halides such as haloacetamides; (iii) aldehydes, ketones, carboxyl, and maleimide groups. Certain antibodies have reducible interchain disulfides, i.e. cysteine bridges. Antibodies may be made reactive for conjugation with linker reagents by treatment with a reducing agent such as DTT (dithiothreitol).
  • a reducing agent such as DTT (dithiothreitol).
  • Each cysteine bridge will thus form, theoretically, two reactive thiol nucleophiles.
  • Additional nucleophilic groups can be introduced into antibodies through the reaction of lysines with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) resulting in conversion of an amine into a thiol.
  • Reactive thiol groups may be introduced into the antibody (or fragment thereof) by introducing one, two, three, four, or more cysteine residues (e.g., preparing mutant antibodies comprising one or more non-native cysteine amino acid residues).
  • Antibody drug conjugates may also be produced by modification of the antibody to introduce electrophilic moieties, which can react with nucleophilic substituents on the linker reagent or drug.
  • the sugars of glycosylated antibodies may be oxidized, e.g. with periodate oxidizing reagents, to form aldehyde or ketone groups which may react with the amine group of linker reagents or drug moieties.
  • the resulting imine Schiff base groups may form a stable linkage, or may be reduced, e.g. by borohydride reagents to form stable amine linkages.
  • reaction of the carbohydrate portion of a glycosylated antibody with either glactose oxidase or sodium meta-periodate may yield carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone) groups in the protein that can react with appropriate groups on the drug
  • proteins containing N- terminal serine or threonine residues can react with sodium meta-periodate, resulting in production of an aldehyde in place of the first amino acid (Geoghegan & Stroh, (1992) Bioconjugate Chem. 3: 138-146; US 5362852).
  • aldehyde can be reacted with a drug moiety or linker nucleophile.
  • nucleophilic groups on a drug moiety include, but are not limited to: amine, thiol, hydroxyl, hydrazide, oxime, hydrazine, thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide groups capable of reacting to form covalent bonds with electrophilic groups on linker moieties and linker reagents including: (i) active esters such as NHS esters, HOBt esters, haloformates, and acid halides; (ii) alkyl and benzyl halides such as haloacetamides; (iii) aldehydes, ketones, carboxyl, and maleimide groups.
  • a fusion protein comprising the antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made, e.g., by recombinant techniques or peptide synthesis.
  • the length of DNA may comprise respective regions encoding the two portions of the conjugate either adjacent one another or separated by a region encoding a linker peptide which does not destroy the desired properties of the conjugate.
  • the antibody may be conjugated to a "receptor"
  • a "ligand” e.g., avidin
  • a cytotoxic agent e.g., a radionucleotide
  • polypeptide antagonists of the invention e.g., a polypeptide antagonist fragment, an ALK-1 fusion molecule, such as an ALK-1
  • imunoadhesin an anti- ALK-1 antibody, a VEGFR3 fusion molecule, such as VEGFR3 immunoadhesin and an anti-VEGFR3 antibody
  • VEGFR3 fusion molecule such as VEGFR3 immunoadhesin and an anti-VEGFR3 antibody
  • imunoadhesin an anti- ALK-1 antibody
  • VEGFR3 fusion molecule such as VEGFR3 immunoadhesin and an anti-VEGFR3 antibody
  • VEGFR3 fusion molecule such as VEGFR3 immunoadhesin and an anti-VEGFR3 antibody
  • Cysteinyl residues most commonly are reacted with a-haloacetates (and corresponding amines), such as chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives. Cysteinyl residues also are derivatized by reaction with bromotrifluoroacetone, a-bromo-P-(5-imidozoyl)propionic acid, chloroacetyl phosphate, N- alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide, methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, p- chloromercuribenzoate, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, or chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-l,3- diazole.
  • a-haloacetates and corresponding amines
  • corresponding amines such as chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide
  • Histidyl residues are derivatized by reaction with diethylpyrocarbonate at pH
  • Lysinyl and amino-terminal residues are reacted with succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with these agents has the effect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl residues.
  • Other suitable reagents for derivatizing a-amino-containing residues include imidoesters such as methyl picolinimidate, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal, chloroborohydride, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, O-methylisourea, 2,4-pentanedione, and transaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate.
  • Arginyl residues are modified by reaction with one or several conventional reagents, among them phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1 ,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin. Derivatization of arginine residues requires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pK a of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine epsilon-amino group.
  • tyrosyl residues may be made, with particular interest in introducing spectral labels into tyrosyl residues by reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane.
  • aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane Most commonly, N-acetylimidizole and tetranitromethane are used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl species and 3-nitro derivatives,
  • Tyrosyl residues are iodinated using 1 J I or 1J1 I to prepare labeled proteins for use in radioimmunoassay.
  • R and R' are different alkyl groups, such as l-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-4-ethyl) carbodiimide or l-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4- dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide.
  • aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted to asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.
  • Glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues are frequently deamidated to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues, respectively. These residues are deamidated under neutral or basic conditions. The deamidated form of these residues falls within the scope of this invention.
  • Another type of covalent modification involves chemically or enzymatically coupling glycosides to a polypeptide of the invention. These procedures are advantageous in that they do not require production of the polypeptide in a host cell that has glycosylation capabilities for N- or O-linked glycosylation.
  • the sugar(s) may be attached to (a) arginine and histidine, (b) free carboxyl groups, (c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cysteine, (d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, or hydroxyproline, (e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, or (f) the amide group of glutamine.
  • Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al. Meth. Enzymol. 138:350 (1987).
  • Another type of covalent modification of a polypeptide of the invention comprises linking the polypeptide to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337.
  • nonproteinaceous polymers e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes
  • Therapeutic formulations comprising an antibody or immunoadhesin of the invention are prepared for storage by mixing the antibody having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th edition (2000)), in the form of aqueous solutions, lyophilized or other dried formulations.
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, histidine and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride;
  • hexamethonium chloride benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol;
  • polypeptides such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins
  • hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine
  • chelating agents such as EDTA
  • sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol
  • salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium
  • metal complexes e.g., Zn-protein complexes
  • non-ionic surfactants such as TWEENTM, PLURONICSTM or polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • the formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
  • Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.
  • the active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsule prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsule and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsule, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin
  • microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules or in macroemulsions.
  • Such techniques are disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th edition (2000).
  • formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
  • Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the immunoglobulin, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsule. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No.
  • copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ⁇ ethyl-L- glutamate non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate
  • degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOTTM (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate)
  • poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods.
  • encapsulated immunoglobulins When encapsulated immunoglobulins remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37°C, resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S-S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.
  • an agent useful in the invention can be introduced to a subject by gene therapy.
  • Gene therapy refers to therapy performed by the administration of a nucleic acid to a subject.
  • genes are introduced into cells in order to achieve in vivo synthesis of a therapeutically effective genetic product, for example for replacement of a defective gene.
  • Gene therapy includes both conventional gene therapy where a lasting effect is achieved by a single treatment, and the administration of gene therapeutic agents, which involves the one time or repeated administration of a therapeutically effective DNA or mRNA.
  • Antisense RNAs and DNAs or siRNA can be used as therapeutic agents for blocking the expression of certain genes in vivo.
  • oligonucleotides can be modified to enhance their uptake, e.g. by substituting their negatively charged phosphodiester groups by uncharged groups.
  • the molecules are administered to a human patient, in accord with known methods, such as intravenous administration as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes, and/or subcutaneous administration.
  • the treatment of the invention involves the combined administration of an ALK-1 antagonist and one or more anti-cancer agents, e.g., anti- angiogenesis agents or anti-lymphangiogenesis agents, e.g., a VEGFR3 antagonist.
  • additional anti-cancer agents are present, e.g., one or more different anti- angiogenesis agents, one or more chemotherapeutic agents, etc.
  • the invention also contemplates administration of multiple inhibitors, e.g., multiple antibodies to the same antigen or multiple antibodies to different cancer active molecules.
  • a cocktail of different chemotherapeutic agents is administered with the ALK-1 antagonist and/or one or more anti-angiogenesis or anti-lymphangiogenesis agents, e.g., VEGFR3 antagonist.
  • the combined administration includes coadministration, using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and/or consecutive administration in either order.
  • a ALK-1 antagonist may precede, follow, alternate with administration of the anti-cancer agents, e.g., VEGFR3 antagonist, or may be given simultaneously therewith.
  • the appropriate dosage of ALK-1 antagonist or VEGFR3 antagonist will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether the inhibitor is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the inhibitor, and the discretion of the attending physician.
  • the inhibitor is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments.
  • the compositions of the invention are administered in a therapeutically effective amount or a therapeutically synergistic amount.
  • ALK-1 antagonist or angiogenesis inhibitor or VEGFR3 antagonist is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion.
  • a typical daily dosage might range from about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above.
  • the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs.
  • other dosage regimens may be useful.
  • the clinician will administered a
  • the treatment is sustained until the cancer is treated, as measured by the methods described above or known in the art.
  • other dosage regimens may be useful.
  • the VEGF- specific antagonist is an antibody
  • the antibody of the invention is administered once every week, every two weeks, or every three weeks, at a dose range from about 5 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg, including but not limited to 7.5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg.
  • the progress of the therapy of the invention is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays.
  • the 400 mg product is formulated in 960 mg a, a-trehalose dehydrate, 92.8 mg sodium phosphate (monobasic, monohydrate), 19.2 mg sodium phosphate (dibasic, anhydrous), 6.4 mg polysorbate 20, and Water for Injection, USP.
  • an ALK1.Fc molecule was generated by attaching the extracellular domain of ALK-1 (amino acid residues 1-118 of human ALK-1) to the Fc region of human IgGi via a polypeptide linker. Briefly, an extracellular fragment of human ALK-1 (amino acid 1-118) was subcloned into a pRK5 vector that had been engineered for the expression of fusion protein with a C-terminal Fc of human IgGl . ALK1.Fc was purified with Protein- A affinity chromatography from conditioned medium harvested from serum- free culture of CHO cells transiently transfected with the expression plasmid. The ALK1.Fc molecule had the following cDNA and amino acid sequences:
  • VEGFR3Fc was investigated. Endothelial cell apoptosis was assessed by activated Caspase 3 staining. The combined treatment with both ALKlFc and VEGFR3Fc resulted in a marked increase in apoptotic lymphatic endothelial cells, suggesting that blockade of ALKl signalling sensitizes lymphatic vessels to VEGFC/D depletion ( Figure 1 A). Staining for Podoplanin expression revealed that ALKlFc treatment markedly blocked its expression ( Figure 1 A). A similar block in Podoplanin expression by ALKl inhibition was observed in the ear and intestine lymphatic vessels. Podoplanin has bean suggested to be a marker of terminally differentiated lymphatic vessels, suggesting that ALKl may regulate
  • ALKlFc treatment also resulted in dialated lymphatic vessels in the intestinal outer wall, which is similar to results of Podoplanin deficiency.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des méthodes et des compositions pour traiter des troubles associés à la lymphangiogénèse au moyen d'antagonistes ALK-1 combinés à des antagonistes VEGFR3.
PCT/US2010/053914 2009-10-26 2010-10-25 Combinaisons d'antagonistes de la kinase-1 du type récepteur de l'activine et d'antagonistes vegfr3 WO2011056494A1 (fr)

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WO2023008936A1 (fr) * 2021-07-28 2023-02-02 주식회사 티움바이오 Composition pharmaceutique pour la prévention ou le traitement d'une tumeur et utilisation correspondante

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WO2023008936A1 (fr) * 2021-07-28 2023-02-02 주식회사 티움바이오 Composition pharmaceutique pour la prévention ou le traitement d'une tumeur et utilisation correspondante

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