WO2011017599A1 - Collecteur solaire avec système de gestion de la masse de fluide dilatable - Google Patents

Collecteur solaire avec système de gestion de la masse de fluide dilatable Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011017599A1
WO2011017599A1 PCT/US2010/044681 US2010044681W WO2011017599A1 WO 2011017599 A1 WO2011017599 A1 WO 2011017599A1 US 2010044681 W US2010044681 W US 2010044681W WO 2011017599 A1 WO2011017599 A1 WO 2011017599A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fluid
working fluid
accumulator
solar collector
circuit
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2010/044681
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Michael Gurin
Timothy J. Held
Jason D. Miller
Original Assignee
Echogen Power Systems, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Echogen Power Systems, Inc. filed Critical Echogen Power Systems, Inc.
Priority to US13/389,023 priority Critical patent/US20120247455A1/en
Publication of WO2011017599A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011017599A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
    • F24D11/02—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps
    • F24D11/0214—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps water heating system
    • F24D11/0221—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps water heating system combined with solar energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the general field of thermodynamics and solar energy conversion.
  • solar energy Due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, global warming issues, fossil fuel availability and environmental impacts, crude oil price and availability issues, alternative energy sources are becoming more popular today.
  • One such source of alternative and/or renewable energy is solar energy.
  • One such way to collect solar energy is to use a solar receiver to focus and convert solar energy into a desired form (e.g., thermal energy or electrical energy).
  • Thermal energy harvested from the sun is known in the art to be utilized in absorption heat pumps, domestic hot water and industrial processes, power generating cycles through the heating of a secondary heat transfer fluid, power generating cycles through the direct heating of power generating working fluid such as steam, and for heating.
  • electrical and/or thermal energy such as air conditioning, refrigeration, heating, industrial processes, and domestic hot water. Given this, solar collectors that function in efficient manners are desirable.
  • Traditional solar systems utilize a non-expandable working fluid under pressures less than 50 psia, or working fluids having expandability ratios between the cold and hot temperatures of less than 3.
  • the traditional solar systems utilize a working fluid that is a heat transfer fluid and thus isn't directly compatible as a thermodynamic cycle working fluid.
  • the density of the working fluid by being expandable changes by an order of magnitude as a function of operating pressure and temperature.
  • solar energy is a function of solar intensity and thus at the minimum is absent during the nighttime, unless significant thermal storage is utilized that is currently very expensive, the system will experience substantial changes in density according to operating and ambient conditions.
  • the combined limitations of each individual component being the solar collector and heat exchangers, pump, heat pump, and fluid control valves presents significant challenges that are further exasperated when seeking to operate the solar collector in a dynamic manner as function of ambient conditions and solar flux.
  • the present disclosure and related inventions pertain to solar collectors having an expandable working fluid and an integrated mass management system.
  • the disclosed embodiments utilize gravity to discharge a cooler and more dense fluid as displaced by a volumetrically equivalent warmer and less dense fluid.
  • a solar energy conversion system which has a working fluid circuit for receiving and hold a working fluid capable of expansion within the working fluid circuit; at least one solar collector in the working fluid circuit; at least one fluid accumulator in the working fluid circuit; a pump for moving working fluid in the working fluid circuit to the solar collector and to the fluid accumulator; the working fluid circuit also extending between the solar collector and the fluid accumulator, and from the fluid accumulator to the pump.
  • a method of converting solar energy acquired from a solar collector and transferred to a working fluid in a working fluid circuit of a solar energy conversion system having at least one solar collector in the working fluid circuit, at least one fluid accumulator in the working fluid circuit, a pump for moving working fluid in the working fluid circuit to the solar collector and to the fluid accumulator, the working fluid circuit also extending between the solar collector and the fluid accumulator, and from the fluid accumulator to the pump, the method including the steps of: controlling the pump to move working fluid through the working fluid circuit to the solar collector and to the fluid accumulator; thermally controlling the fluid accumulator to cool the working fluid in the fluid accumulator; removing working fluid from the fluid accumulator by controlling a valve between the solar collector and the fluid accumulator to an open position when the working fluid has reached a target set point temperature, and controlling a discharge valve between the fluid accumulator and the pump to an open position.
  • Figure 1 is a sequential flow diagram of one embodiment of an integrated solar collector and inventory mass management system operating with a mechanically driven pressure generating device in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sequential flow diagram of one embodiment of an integrated solar collector and inventory mass management system operating in a hybrid ihermosyphon approach in accordance with the present invention
  • thermal continuity or “thermal communication” includes the direct connection between the heat source and the heat sink whether or not a thermal interface material is used.
  • fluid inlet or “fluid inlet header”, as used herein, includes the portion of a heat exchanger where the fluid flows into the heat exchanger.
  • fluid discharge as used herein, includes the portion of a heat exchanger where the fluid exits the heat exchanger.
  • the present invention generally relates to a solar collect system having an integral working fluid management system that enables the system to increase or decrease the mass of the working fluid within the circulation loop of the closed loop system.
  • the heat transfer fluid within the embodiments is preferably a supercritical fluid as a means to reduce the pressure drop within the heat exchanger.
  • the supercritical fluid includes fluids selected from the group of organic refrigerants (Rl 34, R245, pentane, butane), gases (CO2, H2O, He2).
  • a preferred supercritical fluid is void of hydrogen as a means to virtually eliminate hydrogen reduction or hydrogen embrittlement on the heat exchanger coatings or substrate respectively.
  • a preferred supercritical fluid has a disassociation rate less than 0.5% at the operating temperature in which the heat exchanger operates.
  • the specifically preferred heat transfer fluid is the working fluid wherein the combined energy produced (i.e., both thermal, and electrical) displaces the maximum amount of dollar value associated with the displaced energy produced within all of the integrated components including thermodynamic cycle operable within a power generating cycle, vapor compression cycle, heat pump cycle, absorption heat pump cycle, or thermochem ⁇ cal heat pump cycle.
  • All of the embodiments can be further comprised of a control system operable to regulate the mass flow rate of the working fluid into the solar collector, with the ability to regulate the mass flow rate independently for each pass by incorporating a fluid tank having variable fluid levels optionally interspersed between at least one pass and the other.
  • One method of control includes a working fluid inventory management system.
  • the control system regulates the mass flow rate through methods known in the art including variable speed pump, variable volume valve, bypass valves, and fluid accumulators.
  • the control system is further comprised of at least one temperature sensor for fluid discharge temperature and at least one temperature sensor for ambient air temperature or condenser discharge temperature.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrate the methods and processes disclosed herein, as may be embodied in a device or system for conversion of solar energy into another form of energy or work by use of a working fluid contained in a working fluid circuit made up of conduit for containment and transfer or passage or flow of a working fluid through the conduit and into or through components which are operatively and flu ⁇ dly connected to the conduit of the working fluid circuit.
  • a working fluid circuit made up of conduit for containment and transfer or passage or flow of a working fluid through the conduit and into or through components which are operatively and flu ⁇ dly connected to the conduit of the working fluid circuit.
  • There may be additional components to the system and the working fluid circuit such as one or expansion devices, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, recuperators, condensers or other components which are not depicted in the Figures.
  • Such embodiments are merely exemplary in nature.
  • the depiction of solar collectors predominantly as flat panel non-tracking solar absorbers with integral microchannel heat exchangers is merely exemplary in nature and can be substituted by tracking collectors of 1 axis or 2 axis type, vacuum evacuated tubes or panels, switchable configuration between solar absorber or solar radiator mode, low concentration fixed collector, or high concentration tracking collectors.
  • the depiction of pump as a vapor compressor device is merely exemplary and can be substituted with a positive displacement device, a gerotor, a ramjet, a screw, and a scroll.
  • the pump can be a turbopump, a positive displacement pump where the selection of the device to increase the working fluid pressure and operate as a mass flow regulator is determined by the density at the inlet pressure and discharge outlet when the incoming working fluid has a density greater than 50 kg per m3, or preferably greater than 100 kg per m3, or specifically greater greater than 300 kg per m3.
  • the depiction of valves as standard mass flow regulators is merely exemplary in nature and can be substituted by variable flow devices, expansion valve, turboexpander, two way or three way valves.
  • FIG. 1 is a sequential flow diagram of one exemplary embodiment of a solar collector with integral mass management system in accordance with the present invention.
  • the working fluid can flow either to the solar collector 30 or by way of opening the cold inlet valve 40 a partial stream can enter the expandable fluid accumulator 20.
  • the portion of the working fluid having entered the fluid accumulator 20 is cooled either by ambient exposure of the fluid accumulator exterior at the natural rate realized or accelerated by integrating a heat exchanger 80 directly immersed in the fluid accumulator 20.
  • the heat transfer fluid flowing through the heat exchanger 80 is subsequently cooled by the condenser 50.
  • the working fluid within the fluid accumulator 20 is now at a cooler temperature than when it entered thus for an equivalent pressure the working fluid is more dease.
  • the pump 70 prevents backflow during normal operation, and the control system activates the hot inlet valve 10 to the open position when the solar collector 30 has heated the working fluid to a target set point temperature (i.e., achieved a specified density by way of the operating pressure and working fluid temperature).
  • the discharge valve 60 is subsequently opened by the control system to enable the relatively low density and higher temperature working fluid to displace the relatively more dense and lower temperature working fluid.
  • the method of control includes the ability to monitor purnp 70 energy consumption by methods known in the art including mass flow meter, kilowatt-hour meter, pump performance maps with a known inlet and discharge pressure, working fluid inlet temperature, and working fluid discharge temperature.
  • the control system can also utilize a database of NIST thermophysical properties to precisely calculate the amount of working fluid within the fluid accumulator 20, or within the closed loop system.
  • the second method of discharge centers around the condenser 50 operating in reverse mode, thus as a thermal source instead of a thermal sink.
  • the control system will begin the process of using a relatively higher temperature heat transfer fluid into the embedded heat exchanger of the fluid accumulator 20 at which point of reaching either or both the target set point temperature and/or target set point pressure the cold inlet valve 40 is opened (this assumes that the resulting pressure within the fluid accumulator is at least temporarily higher than the closed loop system pressure).
  • FIG. 2 is a sequential flow diagram of one embodiment of a solar energy conversion system and method which includes one or more solar collectors and one or more fluid accumulators.
  • the fluid accumulator 20 discharges directly into the solar collector 30 preferably operating as a thermosiphon, through a discharge valve 60. Beginning with the working fluid at state point A, at least a portion of the working fluid passes through the hot inlet valve 10 when the fluid accumulator is removing working fluid from the main closed loop of the solar collector thermosiphon system, i.e., the working fluid circuit of the solar energy conversion system.
  • the expandable working fluid having entered the fluid accumulator 20 is cooled through the heat exchanger 80, which is preferably contained at least partially within the fluid accumulator 20.
  • the heat transfer fluid utilized to cool the working fluid is passed through the accumulator condenser 50.1.
  • the then subsequently cooled working fluid within the fluid accumulator 20 is discharged through the discharge valve 60 back into the solar collector 30, when desired and controlled by a control system to regulate the combination of mass flow rate of the working fluid and the operating pressure of the working fluid within the safe margins of operation.
  • temperature sensors can be placed at each state point, including within the fluid accumulator to enable the control system to regulate the flow of working fluid, and heat transfer fluid to remove thermal energy from the working fluid as a means of heating up a thermal sink including domestic hot water, industrial processes, heating, and even power generation.
  • FIG. 2 schematically depicts the utilization of a heat transfer fluid that ultimately is heated by a second solar collector 30.1 (which is effectively may be the same as solar collector 30 but showing the relative height of each component to each other) whereby the working fluid removed from the main closed loop transfers a portion of its thermal energy into to increase the density of the stored fluid is conserved by subsequent transfer of the thermal energy to increase from state point Tl as it passes through valve 90 and the fluid accumulator condenser 50.1, now becoming state point D having a temperature sensor T2 100.
  • This stage effectively operates as a preheat of the heat transfer fluid, then passes through the condenser 50 of the main loop now becoming state point E having a temperature sensor T3 110 to continue the flow through the solar collector 30 (or as depicted 30.1).
  • the operation of the solar collector as a thermosiphon requires Tl ⁇ T2 ⁇ T3.
  • the removal of working fluid from the closed loop system into the fluid accumulator 20 can result from the solar collector operating in essentially a stagnation mode (thus being a safety precaution to limit the solar collector from exceeding it's maximum operating pressure specifications), the closing and/or evacuation of a parallel circuit within the closed loop system, capturing at least a portion of the working fluid "charge" within the closed loop system prior to maintenance of the entire system, enabling the solar collector to operate at relatively higher ambient temperatures, and/or enabling the solar collector to operate at relatively lower operating pressure.
  • the counterpart is the addition of working fluid into the closed loop system from the fluid accumulator 20 as a result of relatively lower ambient temperatures, the opening and/or filling of a parallel circuit within the closed loop system, enabling the solar collector to operate at relatively lower ambient temperatures, and/or enabling the solar collector to operate at relatively higher operating pressure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur des systèmes et procédés de conversion de l'énergie solaire qui utilisent des collecteurs solaires et des systèmes de gestion du fluide de travail pour assurer un fonctionnement à la fois efficace et sûr dans une large plage de conditions de fonctionnement. Dans un mode de réalisation, un collecteur solaire, au moins un accumulateur de fluide, de préférence avec échangeur de chaleur intégré, et au moins deux vannes de régulateur du débit massique permettent à un fluide de travail de pénétrer dans l'accumulateur de fluide et d'en sortir.
PCT/US2010/044681 2009-08-06 2010-08-06 Collecteur solaire avec système de gestion de la masse de fluide dilatable WO2011017599A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/389,023 US20120247455A1 (en) 2009-08-06 2010-08-06 Solar collector with expandable fluid mass management system

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US23167409P 2009-08-06 2009-08-06
US61/231,674 2009-08-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011017599A1 true WO2011017599A1 (fr) 2011-02-10

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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8613195B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2013-12-24 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engine and heat to electricity systems and methods with working fluid mass management control
US8783034B2 (en) 2011-11-07 2014-07-22 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Hot day cycle
US8794002B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2014-08-05 Echogen Power Systems Thermal energy conversion method
US8813497B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2014-08-26 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Automated mass management control
US8857186B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2014-10-14 Echogen Power Systems, L.L.C. Heat engine cycles for high ambient conditions
US8869531B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2014-10-28 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engines with cascade cycles
US9014791B2 (en) 2009-04-17 2015-04-21 Echogen Power Systems, Llc System and method for managing thermal issues in gas turbine engines
US9062898B2 (en) 2011-10-03 2015-06-23 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle
US9091278B2 (en) 2012-08-20 2015-07-28 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Supercritical working fluid circuit with a turbo pump and a start pump in series configuration
US9118226B2 (en) 2012-10-12 2015-08-25 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engine system with a supercritical working fluid and processes thereof
US9316404B2 (en) 2009-08-04 2016-04-19 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat pump with integral solar collector
US9341084B2 (en) 2012-10-12 2016-05-17 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle for waste heat recovery
US9410449B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2016-08-09 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Driven starter pump and start sequence
US9441504B2 (en) 2009-06-22 2016-09-13 Echogen Power Systems, Llc System and method for managing thermal issues in one or more industrial processes
US9638065B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2017-05-02 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Methods for reducing wear on components of a heat engine system at startup
US9752460B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2017-09-05 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Process for controlling a power turbine throttle valve during a supercritical carbon dioxide rankine cycle
US10934895B2 (en) 2013-03-04 2021-03-02 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engine systems with high net power supercritical carbon dioxide circuits
US11187112B2 (en) 2018-06-27 2021-11-30 Echogen Power Systems Llc Systems and methods for generating electricity via a pumped thermal energy storage system
US11293309B2 (en) 2014-11-03 2022-04-05 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Active thrust management of a turbopump within a supercritical working fluid circuit in a heat engine system
US11435120B2 (en) 2020-05-05 2022-09-06 Echogen Power Systems (Delaware), Inc. Split expansion heat pump cycle
US11629638B2 (en) 2020-12-09 2023-04-18 Supercritical Storage Company, Inc. Three reservoir electric thermal energy storage system

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US8616323B1 (en) 2009-03-11 2013-12-31 Echogen Power Systems Hybrid power systems
US20120118378A1 (en) * 2010-11-16 2012-05-17 Michael Gurin Non-Linear Solar Receiver
US10281174B2 (en) * 2016-05-18 2019-05-07 Naeem Abas Thermosiphon solar water heater using CO2 as working fluid
US10274227B2 (en) * 2016-10-16 2019-04-30 Thomas Richard Wehner Thermosyphon cooling for overheat protection

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GB2075608A (en) * 1980-04-28 1981-11-18 Anderson Max Franklin Methods of and apparatus for generating power
US4384568A (en) * 1980-11-12 1983-05-24 Palmatier Everett P Solar heating system
JPS58193051A (ja) * 1982-05-04 1983-11-10 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 太陽熱集熱装置
WO1996009500A1 (fr) * 1994-09-22 1996-03-28 Thermal Energy Accumulator Products Pty. Ltd. Systeme de regulation de temperature pour fluides
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Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9014791B2 (en) 2009-04-17 2015-04-21 Echogen Power Systems, Llc System and method for managing thermal issues in gas turbine engines
US9441504B2 (en) 2009-06-22 2016-09-13 Echogen Power Systems, Llc System and method for managing thermal issues in one or more industrial processes
US9316404B2 (en) 2009-08-04 2016-04-19 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat pump with integral solar collector
US9863282B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2018-01-09 Echogen Power System, LLC Automated mass management control
US9458738B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2016-10-04 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engine and heat to electricity systems and methods with working fluid mass management control
US8869531B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2014-10-28 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engines with cascade cycles
US8813497B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2014-08-26 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Automated mass management control
US9115605B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2015-08-25 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Thermal energy conversion device
US8794002B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2014-08-05 Echogen Power Systems Thermal energy conversion method
US8613195B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2013-12-24 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engine and heat to electricity systems and methods with working fluid mass management control
US8857186B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2014-10-14 Echogen Power Systems, L.L.C. Heat engine cycles for high ambient conditions
US9410449B2 (en) 2010-11-29 2016-08-09 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Driven starter pump and start sequence
US9062898B2 (en) 2011-10-03 2015-06-23 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle
US8783034B2 (en) 2011-11-07 2014-07-22 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Hot day cycle
US9091278B2 (en) 2012-08-20 2015-07-28 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Supercritical working fluid circuit with a turbo pump and a start pump in series configuration
US9118226B2 (en) 2012-10-12 2015-08-25 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engine system with a supercritical working fluid and processes thereof
US9341084B2 (en) 2012-10-12 2016-05-17 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle for waste heat recovery
US9638065B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2017-05-02 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Methods for reducing wear on components of a heat engine system at startup
US9752460B2 (en) 2013-01-28 2017-09-05 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Process for controlling a power turbine throttle valve during a supercritical carbon dioxide rankine cycle
US10934895B2 (en) 2013-03-04 2021-03-02 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Heat engine systems with high net power supercritical carbon dioxide circuits
US11293309B2 (en) 2014-11-03 2022-04-05 Echogen Power Systems, Llc Active thrust management of a turbopump within a supercritical working fluid circuit in a heat engine system
US11187112B2 (en) 2018-06-27 2021-11-30 Echogen Power Systems Llc Systems and methods for generating electricity via a pumped thermal energy storage system
US11435120B2 (en) 2020-05-05 2022-09-06 Echogen Power Systems (Delaware), Inc. Split expansion heat pump cycle
US11629638B2 (en) 2020-12-09 2023-04-18 Supercritical Storage Company, Inc. Three reservoir electric thermal energy storage system

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