WO2010054633A3 - Wear-resistant layer for tial - Google Patents
Wear-resistant layer for tial Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010054633A3 WO2010054633A3 PCT/DE2009/001580 DE2009001580W WO2010054633A3 WO 2010054633 A3 WO2010054633 A3 WO 2010054633A3 DE 2009001580 W DE2009001580 W DE 2009001580W WO 2010054633 A3 WO2010054633 A3 WO 2010054633A3
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tial
- wear
- resistant layer
- protective coating
- precious metal
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/08—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of metallic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/023—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/027—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal matrix material comprising a mixture of at least two metals or metal phases or metal matrix composites, e.g. metal matrix with embedded inorganic hard particles, CERMET, MMC.
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/028—Including graded layers in composition or in physical properties, e.g. density, porosity, grain size
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
- F01D5/288—Protective coatings for blades
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2260/00—Function
- F05D2260/95—Preventing corrosion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/21—Oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/211—Silica
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/21—Oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/2112—Aluminium oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/21—Oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/2118—Zirconium oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/22—Non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/224—Carbon, e.g. graphite
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/22—Non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/226—Carbides
- F05D2300/2261—Carbides of silicon
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/22—Non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/228—Nitrides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/20—Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/22—Non-oxide ceramics
- F05D2300/228—Nitrides
- F05D2300/2284—Nitrides of titanium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
Abstract
The invention relates to a wear-resistant part for high-temperature applications made of a TiAl material, in particular a turbine blade comprising an at least double-layered protective coating (4). A first diffusion barrier layer (2) made of a precious metal and a second hard material layer (3) containing hard material particles that are embedded in a precious metal matrix are applied to the TiAl material (1) as a protective coating. The invention also relates to a corresponding production method.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102008056741A DE102008056741A1 (en) | 2008-11-11 | 2008-11-11 | Wear protection layer for Tial |
DE102008056741.8 | 2008-11-11 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010054633A2 WO2010054633A2 (en) | 2010-05-20 |
WO2010054633A3 true WO2010054633A3 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
Family
ID=42096482
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2009/001580 WO2010054633A2 (en) | 2008-11-11 | 2009-11-07 | Wear-resistant layer for tial |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE102008056741A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010054633A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20140037970A1 (en) * | 2012-08-03 | 2014-02-06 | General Electric Company | Reinforced articles and methods of making the same |
US20140037971A1 (en) * | 2012-08-03 | 2014-02-06 | General Electric Company | Reinforced articles and methods of making the same |
DE102013205915A1 (en) * | 2013-04-04 | 2014-10-23 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Smoothing process for surfaces of generatively manufactured components |
GB201610768D0 (en) * | 2016-06-21 | 2016-08-03 | Rolls Royce Plc | Gas turbine engine component with protective coating |
DE102016215158A1 (en) * | 2016-08-15 | 2018-02-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Corrosion and erosion resistant protective coating system and compressor blade |
WO2020032964A1 (en) * | 2018-08-10 | 2020-02-13 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Friction stir additive manufacturing and repair of turbine components |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4761346A (en) * | 1984-11-19 | 1988-08-02 | Avco Corporation | Erosion-resistant coating system |
US5009966A (en) * | 1987-12-31 | 1991-04-23 | Diwakar Garg | Hard outer coatings deposited on titanium or titanium alloys |
US5154816A (en) * | 1990-07-26 | 1992-10-13 | Societe Nationale D'etude Et De Construction De Moteurs D'aviation "S.N.E.C.M.A." | Process for depositing an anti-wear coating on titanium based substrates |
DE10125289A1 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2002-11-28 | Siemens Ag | Production of an abrasion resistant galvanic layer on parts comprises dispersing nano-dispersants in water to form a nano-dispersant suspension, adding the suspension to a precious metal electrolyte |
Family Cites Families (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3762882A (en) * | 1971-06-23 | 1973-10-02 | Di Coat Corp | Wear resistant diamond coating and method of application |
US4137370A (en) * | 1977-08-16 | 1979-01-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Titanium and titanium alloys ion plated with noble metals and their alloys |
IL75564A (en) | 1984-06-25 | 1988-02-29 | United Technologies Corp | Abrasive surfaced article for high temperature service |
EP0186266A1 (en) * | 1984-11-19 | 1986-07-02 | Avco Corporation | Erosion-resistant coating system |
US4735656A (en) | 1986-12-29 | 1988-04-05 | United Technologies Corporation | Abrasive material, especially for turbine blade tips |
CA2035970C (en) | 1990-02-09 | 1999-06-01 | Eiji Hirai | Process for surface treating titanium-containing metallic material |
GB9006311D0 (en) * | 1990-03-17 | 1990-05-16 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Surface protection of titanium |
DE4015717A1 (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1991-11-21 | Bayer Ag | FORMULATION FOR ACTIVATING SUBSTRATE SURFACES FOR THEIR CURRENT METALIZATION |
US5129574A (en) * | 1991-02-19 | 1992-07-14 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Braze bonding of oxidation-resistant foils |
DE4229600C1 (en) * | 1992-07-07 | 1993-11-25 | Mtu Muenchen Gmbh | Protective layer for titanium components and process for their manufacture |
US5879760A (en) * | 1992-11-05 | 1999-03-09 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Titanium aluminide articles having improved high temperature resistance |
US5413871A (en) | 1993-02-25 | 1995-05-09 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating system for titanium aluminides |
DE19521356C2 (en) * | 1995-06-12 | 1999-04-01 | Siemens Ag | Gas turbine comprising a compressor part, a burner part and a turbine part |
DE19708402C1 (en) * | 1997-03-01 | 1998-08-27 | Daimler Benz Aerospace Ag | Wear resistant layer containing nanocrystalline hard material particles |
DE10141696A1 (en) * | 2001-08-25 | 2003-03-13 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Process for producing a nanostructured functional coating and coating that can be produced with it |
JP2003148103A (en) | 2001-11-09 | 2003-05-21 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Turbine and its manufacturing method |
JP2003269105A (en) | 2002-03-18 | 2003-09-25 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Turbine blade, its manufacturing method and method of measuring turbine blade stress and turbine blade temperature |
EP1645538A1 (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2006-04-12 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Material composition for the production of a coating of a metallic component and coated metallic component |
DE102006016995A1 (en) * | 2006-04-11 | 2007-10-18 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Component with an armor |
US7416790B2 (en) * | 2006-12-08 | 2008-08-26 | General Electric Company | Coating systems containing rhodium aluminide-based layers |
FR2918672B1 (en) * | 2007-07-09 | 2009-10-09 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | METHOD FOR PROTECTING THE SURFACE OF AN INTERMETALLIC ALLOY SUBSTRATE BASED ON TITANIUM ALUMINIDE AGAINST CORROSION |
DE102007031932A1 (en) * | 2007-07-09 | 2009-01-15 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | A blade |
-
2008
- 2008-11-11 DE DE102008056741A patent/DE102008056741A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2009
- 2009-11-07 WO PCT/DE2009/001580 patent/WO2010054633A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4761346A (en) * | 1984-11-19 | 1988-08-02 | Avco Corporation | Erosion-resistant coating system |
US5009966A (en) * | 1987-12-31 | 1991-04-23 | Diwakar Garg | Hard outer coatings deposited on titanium or titanium alloys |
US5154816A (en) * | 1990-07-26 | 1992-10-13 | Societe Nationale D'etude Et De Construction De Moteurs D'aviation "S.N.E.C.M.A." | Process for depositing an anti-wear coating on titanium based substrates |
DE10125289A1 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2002-11-28 | Siemens Ag | Production of an abrasion resistant galvanic layer on parts comprises dispersing nano-dispersants in water to form a nano-dispersant suspension, adding the suspension to a precious metal electrolyte |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102008056741A1 (en) | 2010-05-12 |
WO2010054633A2 (en) | 2010-05-20 |
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