WO2010024454A1 - 磁気測定方法および装置 - Google Patents
磁気測定方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010024454A1 WO2010024454A1 PCT/JP2009/065284 JP2009065284W WO2010024454A1 WO 2010024454 A1 WO2010024454 A1 WO 2010024454A1 JP 2009065284 W JP2009065284 W JP 2009065284W WO 2010024454 A1 WO2010024454 A1 WO 2010024454A1
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- magnetic
- grain
- magnetization
- oriented electrical
- electrical steel
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/72—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating magnetic variables
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/12—Measuring magnetic properties of articles or specimens of solids or fluids
- G01R33/1223—Measuring permeability, i.e. permeameters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/72—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating magnetic variables
- G01N27/82—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating magnetic variables for investigating the presence of flaws
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/04—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using the flux-gate principle
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/12—Measuring magnetic properties of articles or specimens of solids or fluids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
- H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/16—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of sheets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F13/00—Apparatus or processes for magnetising or demagnetising
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/20—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets without armatures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a magnetic measurement method and apparatus for measuring the local magnetic characteristics of a magnetic material with high accuracy.
- Non-contact measurement of an electromagnetic property such as magnetic permeability, iron loss, electrical conductivity, etc. of a metal material or a quantity correlated with the electromagnetic property is used for various purposes.
- paragraph number [0015] of Patent Document 1 includes a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet production line (between an annealing furnace and an annealing separator) or an annealing separator.
- this measurement method it is considered that an average iron loss in the width direction of the steel plate is measured by using a large coil and using an alternating magnetic flux (alternate current magnetic flux).
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method in which an AC magnetic flux is applied to a measurement target (conductive object such as an iron slab or a hot-rolled strip), and a magnetic field generated by the interaction between the magnetic flux and the measurement target is measured. It describes a method of measuring a change in temperature and permeability with temperature of a measurement object, and finally measuring the temperature.
- a measurement target conductive object such as an iron slab or a hot-rolled strip
- Patent Document 3 discloses a sensor example for measuring magnetic permeability.
- a method of evaluating the magnetic characteristics by detecting the orientation of crystal grains for example, by ultrasonic waves, instead of detecting the magnetic characteristics itself, can be considered as a non-contact (but water is interposed) means.
- the above-described conventional technique has a problem that it is difficult to measure the local magnetic characteristics in the range of several mm to several tens of mm with high accuracy and being hardly affected by disturbance.
- a domain wall displacement region in which there is a very large difference in properties between a healthy portion where the desired magnetic properties are achieved and an unhealthy portion where the desired magnetic properties are not achieved.
- the magnetic characteristics are also strongly influenced by factors that can be error factors such as particle size, precipitates, and stress (tension).
- factors that can be error factors such as particle size, precipitates, and stress (tension).
- the influence of the plate edge the plate edge is a discontinuous part of the physical properties of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic material (air), so an edge dead zone is formed
- lift-off distance between the sensor and the measurement object
- the differential permeability is large, and the change in the differential permeability due to changes in measurement conditions is also large. Therefore, the presence or absence of the measurement target (effect of plate edge), the distance between the sensor and the measurement target (effect of lift-off fluctuation) This is because the sensor output changes greatly. Under such circumstances, it has been difficult to realize high-precision measurement, particularly stable measurement online (in the production line).
- the method using ultrasonic waves may be affected by slight changes in the shape of the steel sheet, and it is desirable to improve the measurement system.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and provides a magnetic measurement method and apparatus for measuring the local magnetic characteristics of a magnetic material with high accuracy and being hardly affected by disturbance or the like. For the purpose.
- the magnetic material is subjected to direct current magnetization to the rotational magnetization region, and alternating current excitation is performed in a direction having a component orthogonal to the direction of the direct current magnetization, thereby generating an alternating magnetic field generated by the interaction with the magnetic material.
- a magnetic measurement method characterized by measuring a component orthogonal to the direction of the DC magnetization.
- direct current magnetism is applied to the magnetic material to direct magnetize the magnetic material to the rotational magnetization region
- alternating current magnetism is applied to the magnetic material to cause the direct current magnetization to oscillate, thereby alternating current excitation.
- a magnetic measurement method characterized by measuring a magnetic field and an alternating magnetic field generated by an interaction between the alternating current magnetism and the magnetic material, particularly a component in the alternating current excitation direction.
- the magnetic material is plate-shaped, AC excitation is performed from one side of the magnetic material, and the measurement is performed on the opposite side.
- the magnetic material is plate-shaped and the AC excitation and the measurement are performed from both sides of the magnetic material.
- the magnetic material is a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, and the direction of the DC magnetization is a rolling direction. Magnetic measurement method.
- the rolling method refers to the rolling direction when a steel ingot (such as a slab) used as a raw material for a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is rolled (particularly cold-rolled) to form a steel sheet.
- a direct current magnetizer that directly magnetizes a magnetic material up to the rotational magnetization region, and an alternating current generated by interaction with the magnetic material by alternating current excitation in a direction having a component orthogonal to the direction of the direct current magnetization.
- a magnetic measurement apparatus comprising: a magnetic sensor that measures a component perpendicular to the direction of the direct current magnetization in a magnetic field.
- a DC magnetizer that applies DC magnetism to the magnetic material and DC magnetizes the magnetic material to the rotational magnetization region, and AC excitation in a direction that causes AC magnetism to act on the magnetic material and swings the DC magnetization.
- a magnetic sensor for measuring an alternating magnetic field generated by the interaction between the direct current magnetism and the alternating current magnetism and the magnetic material, particularly a component in the alternating current excitation direction. Note that it is not excluded to have a structure in which magnetism obtained by combining DC magnetism and AC magnetism in advance is applied to the magnetic material.
- the magnetic sensor includes one ferromagnetic core, an alternating current excitation coil, and a detection coil wound around one ferromagnetic core. Magnetic measuring device characterized by that.
- the magnetic sensor includes a ferromagnetic core in which an AC excitation coil and a detection coil are wound around different ferromagnetic cores, and an AC excitation coil is wound around the magnetic core.
- a magnetic measuring apparatus wherein a ferromagnetic core around which a detection coil is wound is disposed at a position facing each other with the magnetic material interposed therebetween.
- the degree of deviation of the angle of the easy magnetization direction with respect to the direct current magnetization direction is preferably calculated as a quantitative evaluation value by converting it into a quantitative index.
- a magnetic material evaluation apparatus comprising a calculation means for calculating.
- a method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising a step of obtaining a two-dimensional distribution and grading the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet based on the two-dimensional distribution.
- a method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet comprising: obtaining a two-dimensional distribution, comparing the two-dimensional distribution with fluctuations in operating conditions of the manufacturing process, and improving operating conditions of the manufacturing process.
- improvement of operating conditions includes specifying optimum conditions such as temperature, speed, load, etc., and identifying and removing the cause of local or overall deterioration of magnetic characteristics and the like.
- the present invention is configured as described above, and is DC-magnetized in the rotational magnetization region without domain wall movement, so that it is not easily affected by disturbances.
- the detection is performed using the fact that the difference in magnetization stability in the orthogonal direction with respect to the DC magnetization direction is significant between the healthy part and the unhealthy part, measurement with high sensitivity can be realized.
- the influence of disturbance is small, it is possible to perform measurements on production lines with strict conditions. As a result, more advanced quality control and quality assurance can be realized.
- FIG. 1A is a perspective view illustrating an application example of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 1B is a front view of the application example of the first embodiment viewed from the steel plate rolling direction (the steel plate rolling direction is orthogonal to the paper surface).
- FIG. 2A is a perspective view illustrating an application example of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 2B is a front view of the application example of the second embodiment viewed from the steel plate rolling direction (the steel plate rolling direction is orthogonal to the paper surface).
- FIG. 3A is a perspective view illustrating an application example of the third embodiment.
- FIG. 3B is a front view of the application example of the third embodiment viewed from the steel plate rolling direction (the steel plate rolling direction is orthogonal to the paper surface).
- FIG. 1A is a perspective view illustrating an application example of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 1B is a front view of the application example of the first embodiment viewed from the steel plate rolling direction (the steel plate rolling direction is orthogonal to the paper surface).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram (BH curve) for explaining the problem of the magnetic property measurement method.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing a healthy part in which the direction of crystal grains is the same as the rolling direction and an unhealthy part different from the rolling direction.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating the operation of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of measurement results (horizontal axis: width direction position (mm), vertical axis: sensor output) in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 8A is a schematic diagram showing a method for quantitative comparison between the measurement according to the present invention and the SST test.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram showing a quantitative comparison example of the measurement result according to the present invention (Example 1) and the B8 value obtained by the SST test (horizontal axis: width direction position (mm), vertical axis: sensor output and B8 value).
- FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for investigating an edge dead zone determined as a first disturbance error factor.
- FIG. 9B is a diagram (horizontal axis: width direction position (mm), vertical axis: sensor output) showing the results of examining the effect of the present invention on the edge dead zone defined as the first disturbance error factor.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a result of examining the effect of the present invention with respect to the tension determined as the second disturbance error factor.
- FIG. 9A is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for investigating an edge dead zone determined as a first disturbance error factor.
- FIG. 9B is a diagram (horizontal axis: width direction position (mm), vertical axis: sensor output) showing the results of examining
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a result of examining the effect of the present invention for lift-off determined as the third disturbance error factor.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of measurement results obtained by applying Example 2 to grain-oriented electrical steel sheets.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of measurement results obtained by applying Example 3 to grain-oriented electrical steel sheets.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example showing a quantitative measurement value for each two-dimensional region on the steel plate.
- a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is generally cast into a steel ingot such as a slab with a predetermined composition, subjected to a rolling process (hot rolling or cold rolling) to a predetermined plate thickness, and further subjected to secondary recrystallization annealing (secondary recrystallization annealing). ) And the like to produce crystal grains aligned in a predetermined crystal orientation.
- a tension coating, an insulating coating, etc. are applied as necessary.
- the rolling direction means the rolling direction in the rolling process, and the degree to which the easy magnetization direction of crystals accumulates in the rolling direction strongly affects the quality of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
- a region where the crystal direction: ⁇ 100> direction (easy magnetization direction) is along the rolling direction is a healthy part.
- ⁇ 100> direction easy magnetization direction
- there is also an unhealthy part which is an area where the ⁇ 100> direction is not along the rolling direction and is closer to the random direction, and it is necessary to detect it and manage the quality.
- H unit A / m
- B unit T
- the unhealthy part magnetic flux density B (white triangle mark ⁇ ) and the healthy part magnetic flux density B (white circle mark ⁇ and white square mark ⁇ ) in this BH curve are in the rotational magnetization region where the external magnetic field H is large. Is almost the same.
- the major problem in the measurement in the rotating magnetization region is that the output difference between the healthy part and the unhealthy part is very small and the sensitivity is also lowered. From this, it can be judged by common sense that it is not preferable to set the magnetization condition to be equal to or greater than the rotational magnetization region in the detection of the unhealthy part.
- the rotational magnetization region here refers to the magnetization when the external magnetic field H is strengthened from the zero state, and after the domain wall motion region is over, the external magnetic field H is further magnetized more strongly than that.
- An area In the case of FIG. 4, there is a boundary (lower limit of the rotational magnetization region) in the region of 300 to 400 A / m, but the position of the boundary changes depending on the metal composition and structure.
- Rotational magnetization region can be defined, for example, as a region where there is almost no hysteresis (region where H is a certain value or more) when BH curve data is obtained quasi-statically (in a state close to direct current).
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing a state of a healthy part (left half) in which the direction of crystal grains is the same as the rolling direction and an unhealthy part (right half) having a different direction in the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. is there.
- the unhealthy part and the healthy part have different crystal orientations.
- the direction of the easy magnetization direction ( ⁇ 100> axis direction) of each crystal grain is schematically indicated by a broken-line arrow.
- the magnetization is strong in the rolling direction (solid arrow), which is the easy magnetization direction of the crystal grains in the healthy part, the stability of the magnetization at that time and the unhealthy part (anisotropy determined by the orientation of the crystal)
- the inventors thought that there was a difference in (anisotropy) potential energy level).
- the difference in the stability of the magnetization is determined by applying an alternating magnetic field in the direction perpendicular to the strongly magnetized rolling direction (width direction), and the difference in response to the magnetic fluctuation, that is, the difference in generated magnetic flux. By detecting, it came to this invention which detects a healthy part and an unhealthy part.
- AC excitation is to slightly rotate the direction of application of a magnetic field obtained by combining an AC magnetic field and DC magnetization, that is, the vector of the applied magnetic field from the direction of the DC magnetic field. Therefore, as for the direction of AC excitation, the AC magnetic field only needs to contain a component orthogonal to DC magnetization. The most efficient is when the AC magnetic field is orthogonal to the DC magnetic field. It should be noted that since the sensitivity improvement effect is reduced when the angle deviates from the orthogonal direction, it is preferable that both excitation and detection be within 45 ° from the orthogonal direction.
- the sensor since it is necessary to examine the change in the magnetic field vector in the direction orthogonal to the direct magnetic field, the sensor must be sensitive to the magnetic field component in that direction.
- the maximum sensitivity direction is orthogonal to the DC magnetic field. It is best to point in the direction.
- a sensor having a function of AC excitation in a specific direction and / or AC magnetic field detection may be a sensor in which an excitation and / or detection coil is wound around a U-shaped or rod-shaped ferromagnetic core.
- the U-shaped sensor has a simple structure and excellent performance, and is suitable for the application of the present invention.
- a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet in which the direction of crystal grains in the healthy part is the rolling direction is to be measured, it is DC magnetized in the rolling direction with a DC magnetizer and in the rotational magnetization region.
- the exciting coil of the sensor composed of the core By applying an alternating current to the exciting coil of the sensor composed of the core, the alternating current is excited in the width direction and magnetically oscillated in the width direction.
- the amount of change in the magnetic flux in the width direction is larger in the unhealthy portion than in the healthy portion, the amount of change in the width direction magnetic flux is detected as an electrical signal by the sensor coil of the U-shaped ferromagnetic core.
- the sensor is scanned two-dimensionally on the steel plate, or a certain dimension (for example, the width direction) is arranged in a plurality of arrays, staggered patterns, etc. obtain. Then, based on the magnitude of the electrical signal detected at each position, the positions of the healthy part and the unhealthy part can be specified, and the degree of distribution can be evaluated.
- the direct current magnetization direction is the same as the rolling direction, this is for measuring magnetic properties in the rolling direction, and the present invention is not limited to this, and the direct current magnetization direction may be appropriately determined according to the purpose.
- an important technical idea is that the DC magnetization direction and the AC excitation direction are orthogonal to each other.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating the operation of the present invention.
- a DC magnetic field is applied to the healthy part (upper half) and unhealthy part (lower half) in the rolling direction (thick solid arrow) (left side), in addition to this state, the width direction perpendicular to the rolling direction
- the phenomenon (right side) when an alternating magnetic field is applied to is shown in the figure. In the figure, only the potential energy determined by the orientation of the crystal is schematically drawn.
- the healthy part when a DC magnetic field is applied in the rolling direction up to the rotational magnetization region, the healthy part has the same easy magnetization direction (thick dashed arrow) as the magnetization direction (broken arrow), so that the potential energy is low ( Magnetic stability is high) (see the upper left of the figure).
- the unhealthy part in which the easy magnetization direction of the crystal is different from the rolling direction is magnetized in the easy magnetization direction of each crystal grain in a region where the strength of the applied DC magnetic field is low (broken arrow: The lower left figure), by applying a strong DC magnetic field that becomes the rotational magnetization region, the magnetization direction is rotated in the rolling direction, which is the DC magnetization direction (thick dashed arrow: lower left figure), so to speak, the potential energy is increased (magnetic) It is thought that the stability level is small) (lower left part of the figure).
- the present invention is not limited to grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, but quantifies the degree to which the easy magnetization directions of structural units such as crystal grains are aligned in the same direction (degree of integration). Or can be widely used for the purpose of predicting physical properties that are influenced by the degree of accumulation. Further, even if the magnetization orientation of all crystal grains does not rotate in the rolling direction due to direct current magnetization, measurement based on the principle of FIG. 6 is possible if rotation occurs in a considerable proportion of grains.
- the present invention includes the measurement in the region where the rotation magnetization is dominant as described above, but the measurement in the actual rotation magnetization region can obtain much more excellent sensitivity.
- FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are diagrams showing an application example in the first embodiment, FIG. 1A is a perspective view, and FIG. 1B is a front view as viewed from the rolling direction (the direction perpendicular to the paper surface is the steel sheet rolling direction).
- 1 is a magnetic steel sheet
- 2 is a DC magnetizer
- 3 is a magnetic sensor (a U-shaped sensor in this example)
- arrow 4 is the direction of DC magnetization
- arrow 5 is the direction of AC excitation
- 6 is an excitation coil
- 7 Represents a detection coil
- 8 represents a ferromagnetic core
- 9 represents an excitation control device
- 10 represents a signal processing device.
- Other AC power supplies and amplifiers are marked with normal electrical circuit symbols.
- a DC magnetizer 2 and a magnetic sensor 3 are arranged so as to face the surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet 1 with the electromagnetic steel sheet 1 to be measured interposed therebetween.
- the DC magnetizer 2 is set so that the direction 4 of DC magnetization is parallel to the rolling direction of the magnetic steel sheet 1 (open arrow) and DC magnetization is performed up to the rotational magnetization region.
- a DC electromagnet is installed on the lower surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet 1 with a lift-off of 4 mm, and an external magnetic field H is applied so as to be 12000 A / m.
- the rolling direction and the DC magnetization direction are the same, but they may be reversed as long as they are parallel.
- the DC magnetization level is determined by the following constraints. That is, (I) If the DC magnetization is too weak, the domain wall movement occurs and the error increases. (Ii) If the DC magnetization is too strong, the angle change in the magnetization direction of the combined magnetic field with the AC magnetization becomes small. Sensitivity decreases (iii) When a ferromagnetic core is used as a sensor, the magnetic characteristics of the core change depending on the DC magnetic field level, and in an extreme case, the core is magnetically saturated. In particular, the core installed in the magnetizer is particularly susceptible. Therefore, it is desirable to magnetize in the range of 800 to 16000 A / m because of the restrictions (i) and (iii). The lift-off of the DC magnetizer may be set in accordance with the applied DC magnetic field and the like, but usually about 2 to 20 mm is preferable.
- a U-shaped sensor in which an excitation coil 6 and a detection coil 7 are wound around a U-shaped ferromagnetic core 8 is used as the magnetic sensor 3 that applies an alternating magnetic field and detects a magnetic flux generated thereby.
- the excitation coil 6 is controlled in level and frequency of applied current by the excitation control device 9 and applies an alternating magnetic field.
- the output of the detection coil 7 is input to the signal processing device 10, and based on the signal intensity, whether the measured region is a healthy part or an unhealthy part, and the degree of determination are performed. It is like that.
- the exciting coil 6 is arranged on one leg of the ferromagnetic core and the detection coil 7 is arranged on the other leg, but the arrangement of the coil is not limited to the leg, Both may be arranged on the trunk.
- the magnetic sensor 3 is installed on the upper surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet 1 so that the lift-off is 2 mm and the AC excitation direction 5 is perpendicular to the DC magnetization direction 4 (width direction perpendicular to the rolling direction).
- the core 8 of the U-shaped sensor 3 is composed of laminated electromagnetic steel sheets, and the alternating frequency to be excited is 300 Hz.
- the direction 5 of AC excitation is most preferably orthogonal to the direction 4 of DC magnetization.
- the AC excitation includes an orthogonal component, and it does not have to be strictly orthogonal.
- the dimensions of the sensor 3 may be set according to the size and cost of the target survey area unit, but the minimum can be about 1 mm. In the case of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, a maximum of about 100 mm is realistic.
- a sine wave or a triangular wave is used as the excitation current waveform.
- the sine wave is advantageous in that linear processing and circuits can be applied not only on the excitation side but also at the time of detection.
- the triangular wave affects the influence of eddy currents and the detection signal level. There is an advantage such as being kept constant.
- the sine wave and the triangular wave can be advantageously applied, but it goes without saying that other waveforms can be used.
- the signal detected by the detection coil is a waveform having flat portions alternately on the positive side and the negative side, for example, if the exciting current waveform is a triangular wave.
- the signal strength can be obtained in various ways. For example, the RMS value of the entire waveform (root-mean-square value) or the average value of the absolute value of the flat portion is used. You can use an index that evaluates the safety. In the following data example, a triangular wave was used as the excitation waveform, and the RMS value of the sampling waveform was used as the signal intensity.
- the excitation frequency setting may be determined based on the following constraint conditions.
- the DC magnetizer 2 is disposed on the lower surface of the steel plate, and the magnetic sensor 3 is disposed on the upper surface of the steel plate.
- the upper surface and the lower surface may be reversed, or may be disposed on the same side.
- one DC magnetizer may be arranged on each of the upper and lower surfaces.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of the measurement result in the first embodiment. That is, it is an example of the result of applying the present invention to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet (thickness 0.23 mmt) mainly composed of a healthy part and partially mixed with an unhealthy part.
- a U-shaped sensor having an open width of 10 mm was used, and the width position (horizontal axis: unit mm) was changed for measurement.
- Sensor output (vertical axis) was an arbitrary unit (arbitrary unit). Specifically, the signal voltage (unit V) input from the sensor to the signal processing device 10 was used as it was without any particular standardization.
- this arbitrary unit shall be used for sensor output unless otherwise specified.
- the SST test is a test in which a test piece is cut out, performed in a test room, used for final performance evaluation, and can be measured with high accuracy.
- Is is the saturation magnetic flux density (a constant determined by the material).
- FIG. 8A schematically shows the relationship between the measurement by the sensor and the sampling position of the SST test piece (30 ⁇ 250 mm).
- the sensor output (arbitrary unit) obtained in this example and B8 (T) measured with the SST test piece are plotted against the position in the width direction on the same graph.
- the plot is shown in FIG. 8B. In these samples, some unhealthy parts were intentionally introduced.
- the measurement conditions were the same as in FIG. 7 except for the amplifier gain.
- -Unhealthy part related to crystal orientation can be measured by the present invention-Not only the judgment of whether it is healthy or unhealthy, but also quantitatively measuring the B8 value based on the SST test (if using a calibration curve prepared in advance) -From the meaning of the B8 value index, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the degree of crystal orientation and magnetic properties such as magnetic permeability (for example, if the B8 value is small, the degree of crystal orientation deviation). (If the B8 value is small, it can be evaluated that the magnetic permeability tends to be low)
- the specific method for determining whether the part is healthy or unhealthy is, for example, correcting the sensor output as necessary (sensitivity correction for each sensor, correction based on the lift-off fluctuation amount measurement result, etc.), and the RMS value.
- the measurement area above a certain threshold determined in advance from the relationship between the properties of the measurement object and the sensor output is defined as a magnetically abnormal part (unhealthy part or unhealthy part mixed part), and the part below that is the magnetically healthy part.
- a method of On the contrary, when applying the measurement method of the present invention, whether or not the magnetization conditions, various dimensions, specifications, intervals, speeds, etc. are set appropriately is obtained from, for example, a sample of a healthy part and an unhealthy part prepared in advance. It is possible to determine whether or not the difference between the sensor outputs obtained is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold value.
- FIG. 9A and 9B are diagrams showing the results of examining the influence of the edge dead zone (defined as the first disturbance error factor) in the method of the present invention.
- the size of the edge dead zone in the comparison method (only AC excitation) and the method of the present invention (AC excitation and DC excitation) are compared.
- the method of detecting AC magnetism by exciting only with AC excitation using the same U-shaped sensor is a magnetic measurement method that shows excellent sensitivity in the domain wall motion region according to the inventors' research.
- FIG. 9A schematically shows a measurement method using both methods. That is, for the sample consisting only of the healthy part, the magnetic measurement was performed while moving the sensor from the width direction edge. The measurement conditions were the same as those in FIG. 7 except for the amplifier gain.
- FIG. 9B is a graph in which the sensor output (arbitrary unit) obtained by the comparison method and the method of the present invention is plotted against the position in the width direction on the same graph.
- the scales on the vertical axis were aligned so that the output difference between the healthy part and the unhealthy part (up and down double arrows in FIG. 9B) by each method was the same.
- an edge dead zone of about 16 mm from the edge in the width direction (a region where the sensor output is reduced, that is, the sensitivity is lowered) is recognized, but in the present invention, the edge dead zone is very small, about 1 mm.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the results of examining the influence of tension (tension / stress) (defined as a second disturbance error factor) in the method of the present invention.
- tension tension / stress
- FIG. 9B an index for evaluating the influence of tension fluctuation was taken, and the case where only AC excitation was used (same as the comparison method in FIG. 9B) and the case where AC excitation and DC magnetization of the present invention were used were compared.
- the measurement conditions were the same as those in FIG. 7 except for the gain of the amplifier.
- the influence index value of the tension fluctuation includes a change amount ⁇ V 0 of the sensor output (arbitrary unit) when the healthy part is measured when the unit tension fluctuation amount (for example, 1 kgf / mm 2 or the like) is changed, and a predetermined value. of it may be the ratio of the absolute value [Delta] V 1 of the difference between the sensor output of the sensor output and the unsound part of the sound unit when the tension.
- This index value is the sensor output of the tension fluctuation with respect to the sensor output difference between the healthy part and the unhealthy part, so that the smaller the value, the more the measurement can be performed without being affected by the tension fluctuation.
- FIG. 10 shows that in the case of only AC excitation (left side), since it is close to 1, the output change of the tension fluctuation and the output change due to the difference between the healthy part and the unhealthy part are almost the same.
- AC excitation and DC magnetization since the index value is 0.1 or less, it is possible to distinguish between the healthy part and the unhealthy part without being affected by the tension fluctuation. I understand that.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the results of examining the effect of lift-off (defined as a third disturbance error factor) in the method of the present invention.
- an index for evaluating the effect of lift-off fluctuation is taken on the vertical axis, and the case where only AC excitation is used is compared with the case where AC excitation and DC magnetization of the present invention are used.
- the measurement conditions were the same as those in FIG. 7 except for the gain of the amplifier.
- the influence index value of the lift-off fluctuation includes the change amount ⁇ V L0 of the sensor output (arbitrary unit) when the healthy part is measured when the lift-off unit change amount (for example, 1 mm) is changed, and the lift-off of a predetermined value.
- the ratio of the absolute value ⁇ V L1 of the difference between the sensor output of the healthy part and the sensor output of the unhealthy part at this time may be used.
- This index value is the sensor output of the lift-off fluctuation with respect to the sensor output difference between the healthy part and the unhealthy part, so that the smaller the value, the more the measurement can be performed without being affected by the lift-off fluctuation.
- FIG. 11 shows that in the case of only AC excitation (left end), the output change when the lift-off fluctuates by 1 mm is much larger than the output change due to the difference between the healthy part and the unhealthy part. .
- the absolute value of lift-off is preferably about 0 to 50 mm.
- the third “transmission” from the left and “both sides” at the right end are the results of Example 2 (transmission arrangement) and Example 3 (both sides arrangement) described later, respectively.
- the present invention is remarkably improved compared to the comparative method, which is a magnetic measurement method that exhibits excellent sensitivity in the domain wall motion region, even against disturbance error factors such as edge dead zone, tension, and lift-off.
- the comparative method which is a magnetic measurement method that exhibits excellent sensitivity in the domain wall motion region, even against disturbance error factors such as edge dead zone, tension, and lift-off.
- crystal grain size and precipitates can be considered as disturbance error factors other than those described above.
- these are all resistance factors against the movement of the domain wall and the rotation of the magnetization direction, and it can be expected that the influence in the rotation magnetization region is small.
- the reference direction is the rolling direction and the example of measuring the degree of deviation of the easy magnetization direction relative to the rolling direction has been described.
- the reference direction is not limited to the rolling direction, and an optimal direction is appropriately selected according to the measurement target.
- a DC magnetic field may be applied in that direction.
- the application of the present invention is not limited to the measurement of the degree of crystal orientation shift, and it goes without saying that the present invention can also be applied to the measurement of magnetic characteristics affected by the degree of shift.
- the shape of the object is not limited, it is a measurement method suitable for a plate-like material (thickness of about 2 mm or less), and is particularly suitable for application to a line for continuously manufacturing or processing a strip-like magnetic material.
- the final quality assurance equipment section the section in the production line where the main manufacturing process is completed and the shape and magnetic properties are evaluated as pre-shipment inspection as a steel strip
- the sensor in an arrangement in which sensors are arranged in the width direction (preferably a staggered arrangement is preferable in order to avoid physical interference between adjacent sensors) from the viewpoint of measurement time and the like.
- the alternating current excitation part and the detection part of the sensor are separated (winding a coil around another core), and placed on opposite sides of the measurement object (referred to as a transmission arrangement). ). Therefore, there is no change in the distance between the excitation part and the detection part even if there is a change in the distance (lift-off fluctuation) between the magnetic material and the AC excitation part and between the magnetic material and the detection part. That is, the lift-off fluctuation amounts generated in the excitation part and the magnetic material, and the detection part and the magnetic material tend to cancel each other, and the influence of the lift-off fluctuation can be reduced.
- Example 2 to which the present invention is applied in a production line for grain-oriented electrical steel sheets will be described below.
- 2A and 2B are diagrams showing an application example in the second embodiment, FIG. 2A is a perspective view, and FIG. 2B is a front view seen from the rolling direction.
- 1 is a magnetic steel plate (measuring object)
- 2 is a DC magnetizer
- 20 is a magnetic sensor
- a magnetic sensor excitation unit comprising an exciting ferromagnetic core 20a around which an excitation coil 20b is wound
- 21 is magnetic.
- a magnetic sensor detection unit comprising a detection ferromagnetic core 21a wound with a detection coil 21b, arrow 4 indicates the direction of DC magnetization, and arrow 5 indicates the direction of AC excitation (20 and 21, respectively). Can be replaced).
- AC power supplies and amplifiers are marked with normal electrical circuit symbols.
- the magnetic sensor excitation unit 20 is connected to an oscillation circuit to generate an alternating magnetic field
- the magnetic sensor detection unit 21 is connected to an electronic circuit to detect a coil output. Based on the detected signal, the degree of unhealthy part, crystal direction (degree of alignment in the ⁇ 100> direction with respect to the rolling direction), magnetic property value (B8 value by SST test), and the like are estimated.
- Other configurations / preferred conditions and application forms are the same as in FIG.
- the sensor output is small in the unhealthy part. This is because, in FIG. 2B, the ratio of the magnetic flux A flowing out from the exciting coil as the magnetic flux A increases in the unhealthy part, and conversely, the ratio of flowing as the magnetic flux B (magnetic flux detected by the detection unit) decreases. is there.
- the core of the magnetic sensor excitation part and the core of the magnetic sensor detection part are arranged so as to face each other with the steel plates sandwiched in the direction in which the legs are aligned.
- the specifications (core size, shape, material, coil specifications, etc.) of the magnetic sensor excitation unit and the magnetic sensor detection unit can be set separately.
- FIG. 2B An example is shown in FIG. 2B.
- a plurality of coils (three coils in FIG. 2B) are used as exciting coils, and when three coils are connected in series to an AC current source, and a plurality of coils are used as detection coils.
- One excitation coil and one detection coil may be used, or when a plurality of coils are used, some or all of them may be connected in series.
- the position of the magnetic sensor excitation unit 20 and the magnetic sensor detection unit 21 may basically be interchanged. Further, another set of DC magnetizers 2 (not shown in FIG. 2B) may be provided on the upper side of the electromagnetic steel sheet 1. In that case, it is necessary to align the magnetization directions so that the magnetization directions are the same in the measurement target plane.
- the magnetizing force required for one magnetizer is approximately half that for one magnetizer compared to one magnetizer.
- the device can be reduced in size, the head can be reduced in weight and space can be saved, and the magnetizing current can be reduced, so that heat generated by Joule heat can be suppressed.
- DC magnetization is performed up to the rotational magnetization region by the DC magnetizer 2 so that the DC magnetization direction 4 is the same as the rolling direction of the electrical steel sheet 1 to be measured.
- a DC electromagnet is installed on the lower surface of the electromagnetic steel plate 1 with a lift-off of 7 mm, and an external magnetic field H of 12000 A / m is applied.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of measurement results obtained by applying Example 2 to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet (plate thickness: 0.23 mmt).
- Samples with many parts with abnormal magnetic properties such as magnetic permeability, iron loss, hysteresis loss ("unhealthy parts") (left end), samples with almost only healthy parts (“healthy”) (right end), and A sample having an intermediate unhealthy part density (“unhealthy part is small”) (center) was measured at a lift-off of 5 mm between the detection part and the excitation part and an excitation frequency of 300 Hz.
- Other measurement conditions were the same as those in FIG. 7 except for the gain of the amplifier. Note that there was one DC magnetizer.
- the sensor output (arbitrary unit) increases as the percentage of unhealthy parts decreases and the number of healthy parts increases, indicating that the percentage of unhealthy parts can be measured.
- the excitation and detection are arranged on the opposite side across the object to be measured (transmission arrangement) in the present invention (third from the left) in the case shown in FIG. 1B (second from the left). It can be seen that the effect of the lift-off fluctuation is greatly improved as compared with FIG. Note that other characteristic values as shown in FIGS. 7 to 10 are not individually shown here, but similar data can be obtained.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams showing an application example in the third embodiment, FIG. 3A is a perspective view, and FIG. 3B is a front view as seen from the rolling direction.
- 1 is a magnetic steel sheet (measurement object)
- 2 is a DC magnetizer
- 30 is a magnetic sensor having an excitation coil 30b and a detection coil 30c in a ferromagnetic core 30a
- 31 is an excitation coil in the ferromagnetic core 31a.
- Magnetic sensor 31b and detection coil 31c, arrow 4 indicates the direction of direct current magnetization, and arrow 5 indicates the direction of alternating current excitation.
- Other AC power supplies and amplifiers are marked with normal electrical circuit symbols.
- the excitation coils 30b and 31b are connected to an oscillation circuit to generate an alternating magnetic field
- the detection coils 30c and 31c are connected to an electronic circuit to detect a coil output. Based on the detected signal, the degree of unhealthy part, crystal direction (degree of alignment of ⁇ 100> direction with respect to rolling direction), magnetic property value (B8 value by SST test), etc. are calculated.
- the two sensors are arranged facing each other with the steel plates in between, with the legs aligned in the same direction. At that time, the excitation directions of the two excitation coils are controlled so that the directions in which the alternating magnetic fluxes (magnetic flux A and magnetic flux C in FIG. 3B) flow in the steel plate coincide.
- the specifications (core size, shape, material, coil specifications, etc.) of the magnetic sensors 30 and 31 can be set separately, but generally the same specifications are given with emphasis on the symmetry of both.
- the sensor output is increased in the unsound part.
- the magnetic flux A returning to the same side as the exciting coil 30b through the measurement target and the measurement target are transmitted, and after passing through the opposing magnetic sensor 31, the measurement target is transmitted again.
- the magnetic flux B returning and the magnetic flux D transmitted from the excitation coil 31b of the opposing magnetic sensor 31 and passing through the measurement object are related.
- the magnetic flux B and the magnetic flux D are in opposite directions and the magnetic flux levels are considered to be equal, so the magnetic flux B and D cancel each other, and the influence of the magnetic flux A is dominant. It is to become.
- the same applies to the magnetic sensor 31 the magnetic fluxes B and D cancel each other, and the influence of the magnetic flux C becomes dominant).
- FIG. 3B An example is shown in FIG. 3B. This is an example in which one coil is used as the excitation coil and one coil is used as the detection coil.
- the direct current magnetizer 2 (not shown in FIG. 3B) so that the direct current magnetization direction 4 is the same as the rolling direction of the electromagnetic steel sheet 1 to be measured. Is aligned with the direction of strengthening on the steel plate), and DC magnetization is performed up to the rotational magnetization region.
- a DC electromagnet (DC magnetizer) is installed on the lower surface of the electromagnetic steel sheet 1 with a lift-off of 7 mm, and an external magnetic field H of 12000 A / m is applied.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a measurement result in which Example 3 is applied to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet (plate thickness: 0.23 mmt).
- Samples with many parts with abnormal magnetic properties such as magnetic permeability, iron loss, hysteresis loss ("unhealthy parts") (left end), samples with almost only healthy parts (“healthy”) (right end), and A sample having an intermediate unhealthy part density (“unhealthy part few”) (center) was measured at a lift-off of 4 mm and excitation frequency of 300 Hz for both magnetic sensors.
- Other measurement conditions were the same as those in FIG. 7 except for the gain of the amplifier. Note that there was one DC magnetizer.
- the sensor output (arbitrary unit) increases as the percentage of unhealthy parts decreases and the number of healthy parts increases, indicating that the percentage of unhealthy parts can be measured.
- the magnetic measurement method and apparatus according to the present invention described above can be used as a quality evaluation method and apparatus for an electromagnetic steel sheet, for example, at the final stage of the manufacturing process of the electromagnetic steel sheet.
- the conventional quality evaluation not only the function of distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy parts (defect detector), but also the important magnetic property of B8 value obtained by the conventional cut plate SST test is locally Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the fluctuation distribution of the B8 value depending on the location in the steel plate that is regarded as a healthy part.
- the superiority or inferiority of the magnetic properties or the like between the sound portions can be evaluated by the B8 value.
- an area is two-dimensionally divided by a rolling direction pitch p [m] and a width direction pitch q [m], and a certain reference point (“origin”, for example, the tip of the steel plate
- a certain reference point for example, the tip of the steel plate
- the pitch in the rolling direction and the width direction may be constant, or it may be devised such that the pitch is made fine only in a portion important for management (for example, near the end in the width direction or the rolling direction).
- a suitable width direction pitch q can be about 2 to 10 mm at the end in the width direction.
- the rolling direction pitch p for example, about 1 to 1000 mm is conceivable.
- the B8 value distribution information that is the evaluation result described above enables finer quality evaluation than before.
- grades of steel plates can be obtained.
- grade classification method various grade classifications are possible depending on the shipping form such as steel plates (including chopped ones) and plates. For example, there are the following methods.
- grades may be classified according to values measured by quality control equipment other than the present invention, for example, evaluation values such as iron loss, or the lowest B8 value is used. Evaluation criteria such as “Minimum value of ** T or higher” may be set and graded.
- These grades of steel sheets make it easier for manufacturers who manufacture transformers from electromagnetic steel sheets to control (guarante and manage) the quality of transformers with higher accuracy. For example, using B8 value distribution information, when dividing a steel sheet into small-sized transformer members, etc., after identifying the characteristics of each member, selecting them and using them according to the transformer grade Therefore, the quality accuracy of the transformer can be improved, and the production of the transformer can be performed efficiently and with high accuracy. Even when a transformer is manufactured without selecting a member, the quality of each obtained transformer can be predicted with high accuracy from the magnetic property data of the member steel plate and graded.
- the magnetic measurement method and evaluation method of the present invention can also be used to stabilize the production conditions of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets as follows. For example, even in a healthy part, the relative fluctuation pattern of the B8 value (variation tendency of the characteristic place in the width direction: for example, a lower B8 value is generated only at one edge, or a periodicity in the rolling direction Assuming that fluctuations occur). In this case, by analyzing the pattern using this measurement method, etc., it is possible to identify which manufacturing process leading to the main measurement caused the fluctuation, and to improve the operating conditions of that process. Can be reflected.
- the magnetic property unevenness generated in the steel sheet after the manufacture is completed is uneven temperature in the width direction during hot finish rolling, uneven heating temperature during annealing, and uneven cooling temperature during water cooling. This occurs due to one or more of the unevenness that occurs during the manufacturing process. For example, if it is the temperature at the time of hot finish rolling, the general pattern (the width direction end is lower than the center) and the result of measuring the temperature of the target material with a sensor (for example, measured with a radiation thermometer) It is possible to grasp and manage whether or not the final magnetic property unevenness is related to the temperature unevenness during hot finish rolling.
- the influence of the edge effect and other disturbance factors can be greatly reduced, and magnetic characteristic measurement and evaluation that can be measured even in the production line can be performed.
- This measurement can be applied not only to defect detection but also to quality evaluation, two-dimensional distribution measurement and additional information.
- the quality of the steel sheet can be evaluated as a whole or two-dimensionally, it contributes to the improvement of the manufacturing process and the quality control / quality improvement of parts using electrical steel sheets such as transformers by consumers.
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Abstract
Description
(alternate current excitation coil)および検出コイル(detection coil)とが巻かれたことを特徴とする磁気測定装置。
(i)直流磁化を弱くしすぎると、磁壁移動が起こる領域になり、誤差が大きくなる
(ii)直流磁化を強くしすぎると、交流磁化との合成磁場の磁化方向の角度変化が小さくなり、感度が低下する
(iii)センサとして強磁性体コアを用いる場合、直流磁場レベルによりコアの磁気特性が変化し、極端な場合には磁気的に飽和してしまう。特に磁化器内に設置されたコアの方が、特に影響を受けやすい。
というものであり、上記(i)および(iii)の制約より、800~16000A/mの範囲で磁化するのが望ましい。 直流磁化器のリフトオフは、付与する直流磁場等に合わせて設定すればよいが、通常は2~20mm程度が好ましい。
(i)下限周波数:低周波側は測定対象の移動速度との兼ね合いで、測定対象(測定領域)がセンサの測定範囲に存在する間に、測定に十分な励磁サイクル数が確保できるように設定する必要がある。
(ii)上限周波数:高周波になると、測定対象内で発生する渦電流の影響が増して、測定誤差を増大させる。よって、渦電流の影響が大きく成りすぎない範囲で設定する必要がある。
したがって適正な励磁周波数は諸条件によって異なるが、方向性電磁鋼板の場合、好適周波数は100~10kHzの範囲内にあることが多い。
・結晶方位に関する不健全部が本発明で測定できる
・健全か、不健全かという判断だけでなく、SST試験を基準とするB8値を定量的に測定すること(予め作成した検量線を用いればよい)が可能である
・B8値という指標の意味から、結晶方位のずれ程度や透磁率などの磁気特性に関する定量的な評価が可能である(例えば、B8値が小さければ、結晶方位のずれ程度が大きいと評価できる。またB8値が小さければ、透磁率が低いレベルになる傾向があると評価できる)
1)テンションを0.8kgf/mm2から1.6kgf/mm2に変化させた時のセンサの出力変化量ΔV0を測定する。
2)テンション変動量1kgf/mm2当たりに換算するために、ΔV0’=1.125ΔV0を算出する。
3)テンション1.2kgf/mm2で、健全部のセンサ出力V1、不健全部の出力V2を測定する。
4)ΔV0’/|V1−V2|により、指標値(単位[1/(kgf/mm2)])を算出する。
1)リフトオフを1.5mmから2.5mmに変化させた時のセンサの出力変化量ΔVL0を測定する。
2)リフトオフ変動量は1mmなので、ΔVL0’=ΔVL0とする。
3)リフトオフ2mmで、健全部のセンサ出力VL1、不健全部の出力VL2を測定する。
4)ΔVL0’/|VL1−VL2|により、指標値(単位[1/mm])を算出する。
(1)鋼板と直流磁化器の距離の変動による影響が、上下それぞれの磁化器に対し、逆方向に働くため(一方の磁化器から鋼板が遠ざかれば、もう一方の磁化器には近づく)、鋼板に印加する磁場が安定し、センサ出力へのリフトオフ変動への影響が小さくなる。
(2)直流磁化器による鋼板の吸引力も相殺され、磁化器に鋼板が引きつけられ、センサと鋼板の距離が変化するなどの影響が少なくなる。
(3)鋼板をある一定レベルまで磁化する場合、磁気器1台の場合と比べ、磁化器2台の場合は、磁化器1台当たりに必要とされる磁化力はおおよそ半分で済むため、磁化器が小型化でき、ヘッドの軽量化、省スペース化が可能となる上に、磁化電流が小さくできるので、ジュール熱による発熱が抑えられるなどの効果がある。
これらの効果は、実施例1にて第2の直流磁化器を適用した場合でも同様に得ることができる。
なお、以上説明してきた本発明に係る磁気測定方法および装置は、たとえば電磁鋼板の製造工程最終段階に電磁鋼板の品質評価方法および装置として活用することが可能である。 ただし、これまでの品質評価とは違い、健全部/不健全部の区別(欠陥検出計)という機能だけでなく、従来の切り板SST試験により得られたB8値という重要な磁気特性が局所的にオンライン定量測定できるので、健全部とされた鋼板の中での場所によるB8値の変動分布も評価できることになる。 また、健全部同士の磁気特性等の優劣をB8値により評価することもできる。 測定時の鋼板(鋼帯)の搬送速度にもとくに制限はなく、数百mpmでの測定が可能である。 なお、B8値以外の指標であっても、図8Aのような調査により本発明の測定方法によるセンサ出力との関連づけが可能であれば、問題無く用いることが出来る。 要は、定量的な指標値を算出できることが重要である。
Aグレード: 鋼板上の95%以上の2次元領域でB8値が、1.92T以上
Bグレード: 鋼板上の95%以上の2次元領域でB8値が、1.90T以上
Cグレード: 鋼板上の95%以上の2次元領域でB8値が、1.88T以上
・・・・
また、本発明以外の品質管理機器で測定された値、例えば鉄損などの評価値と合わせて、グレード分けを行ってもよいし、B8値の最低値を用いて、「鋼板上のB8値の最低値が、**T以上」などの評価基準を設定し、グレード分けを行ってもよい。
2 直流磁化器
3 磁気センサ
4 直流磁化の方向
5 交流励磁の方向
6 励磁コイル
7 検出コイル
8 強磁性体コア
9 励磁制御装置
10 信号処理装置
20 磁気センサ励磁部(透過配置)
20a 励磁用強磁性体コア
20b 励磁コイル
21 磁気センサ検出部(透過配置)
21a 検出用強磁性体コア
21b 検出コイル
30 磁気センサ(両側配置)
30a 強磁性体コア
30b 励磁コイル
30c 検出コイル
31 磁気センサ(両側配置)
31a 強磁性体コア
31b 励磁コイル
31c 検出コイル
p 圧延方向ピッチ
q 幅方向ピッチ
Claims (17)
- 磁性材料を回転磁化領域まで直流磁化するとともに、該直流磁化の方向と直交する成分をもつ方向に交流励磁を行い、前記磁性材料との相互作用により生じる交流磁場の内、前記直流磁化の方向と直交する成分を測定する磁気測定方法。
- 請求項1に記載の磁気測定方法において、
前記磁性材料を挟んで、交流励磁を行う側と反対側にて前記直交する成分を測定する磁気測定方法。 - 請求項1に記載の磁気測定方法において、
前記磁性材料を挟んで両側対向位置から、それぞれ交流励磁を行い、
かつ、
測定対象を挟んで両側対向位置にて、それぞれ前記直交する成分を測定する磁気測定方法。 - 請求項1ないし3のいずれか1項に記載の磁気測定方法において、
前記磁性材料は方向性電磁鋼板であり、
前記直流磁化の方向は圧延方向である磁気測定方法。 - 磁性材料を回転磁化領域まで直流磁化する直流磁化器と、
該直流磁化の方向と直交する成分をもつ方向に交流励磁し、前記磁性材料との相互作用により生じる交流磁場の内、前記直流磁化の方向と直交する成分を測定する磁気センサと
を備える磁気測定装置。 - 請求項5に記載の磁気測定装置において、
前記磁気センサは、
一つの強磁性体コアに、交流励磁コイルおよび検出コイルとが巻かれている磁気測定装置。 - 請求項5に記載の磁気測定装置において、
前記磁気センサは、交流励磁コイルと検出コイルとが異なる強磁性体コアに巻かれ、かつ、交流励磁コイルが巻かれた強磁性体コアと検出コイルが巻かれた強磁性体コアとが、前記磁性材料を挟んで、互いに対向した位置に配置されている磁気測定装置。 - 請求項6に記載の磁気測定装置において、
前記磁気センサを2個有し、該磁気センサが、前記磁性材料を挟んで、互いに対向した位置に配置されている磁気測定装置。 - 請求項1ないし4のいずれか1項に記載の磁気測定方法により測定した前記直交する成分を用いて、
前記磁性材料内の結晶の磁化容易方向の、前記直流磁化方向に対する角度のずれの程度を評価する、磁性材料の品質評価方法。 - 請求項1ないし3のいずれか1項に記載の磁気測定方法により測定した前記直交する成分を用いて、
B8値で示される磁性材料の磁気特性および/または結晶方位のばらつきの程度を求めて、磁性材料の品質を評価する、磁性材料の品質評価方法。 - 請求項4に記載の磁気測定方法により測定した前記直交する成分を用いて、
B8値で示される方向性電磁鋼板の磁気特性および/または結晶方位のばらつきの程度を求めて、方向性電磁鋼板の品質を評価する、方向性電磁鋼板の品質評価方法。 - 請求項5ないし8のいずれかに記載の磁気測定装置により測定した前記直交する成分を入力し、前記磁性材料内の結晶の磁化容易方向の、前記直流磁化方向に対する角度のずれの程度を算出する算出手段を備えた磁性材料評価装置。
- 請求項5ないし8のいずれかに記載の磁気測定装置により測定した前記直交する成分を入力し、B8値で示される磁性材料の磁気特性および/または結晶方位のばらつきの程度を算出する算出手段を備えた磁性材料評価装置。
- 請求項11に記載の方向性電磁鋼板の品質評価方法を用いて、B8値で示される方向性電磁鋼板の磁気特性および/または結晶方位のばらつきの程度の方向性電磁鋼板上の2次元的分布を求め、該2次元的分布に基づいて、方向性電磁鋼板のグレード分けをする工程を含む、方向性電磁鋼板の製造方法。
- 請求項11に記載の方向性電磁鋼板の品質評価方法を用いて、
方向性電磁鋼板上の、B8値で示される方向性電磁鋼板の磁気特性および/または結晶方位のばらつきの程度の2次元的分布を求め、該2次元的分布と製造工程の操業条件の変動とを比較し、製造工程の操業条件を改善する、方向性電磁鋼板の製造方法。 - 請求項11に記載の方向性電磁鋼板の品質評価方法を用いて、
算出された方向性電磁鋼板上の局所的なB8値で示される方向性電磁鋼板の磁気特性および/または結晶方位のばらつきの程度の2次元的分布情報が添付されて提供される、方向性電磁鋼板。 - 請求項11に記載の方向性電磁鋼板の品質評価方法を用いて、
B8値で示される方向性電磁鋼板の磁気特性および/または結晶方位のばらつきの程度の方向性電磁鋼板上の2次元的分布を求め、該2次元的分布に基づいて、トランスに使用する各方向性電磁鋼板部材の選別、または性能見積もりを行う、方向性電磁鋼板を用いたトランスの製造方法。
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