WO2009139959A2

WO2009139959A2 - Mobile radiation threat identification system

Info

Publication number: WO2009139959A2
Application number: PCT/US2009/038069
Authority: WO
Inventors: David L. Frank
Original assignee: Innovative American Technology Inc.
Priority date: 2008-03-24
Filing date: 2009-03-24
Publication date: 2009-11-19
Also published as: WO2009139959A3

Abstract

A system, method, and mobile vehicle, identify materials associated with radiation that has been detected. A set of radiation data associated with radiation from at least one radiation source is received from a set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to the mobile vehicle. At least one histogram is generated based on the set of radiation data. The at least one histogram represents a spectral image of radiation from the radiation source. The at least one histogram is compared to multiple spectral images associated with known materials. The at least one histogram is determined to substantially match at least one of the multiple spectral images. A determination is made as to whether the material is a hazardous material. Personnel are notified that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material in response to determining that the mateπal associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is a hazardous material.

Description

MOBILE RADIATION THREAT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to the field of hazardous material detection, and more particularly relates to a mobile system for detecting and identifying hazardous materials

Background of the Invention

Current radiation portals used in security applications for inspecting vehicles and cargo are configured as fixed assets that cannot be easily re-assigned or used as a mobile analysis platform Many of the current radiation detection devices are handheld radiation devices that need to be placed in very close proximity to the target for analysis This can potentially place the operator of the device in dangerous and/or hazardous conditions Also, most hand held radiation devices can only cover a small area at one time

Therefore a need exists to overcome these problems as discussed above

Summary Of The Invention

In one embodiment, a method identifies materials associated with radiation that has been detected The method includes receiving a set of radiation data associated with at least one radiation source from a set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to a mobile vehicle At least one histogram is generated based on the set of radiation data The at least one histogram represents a spectral image of the radiation source At least one histogram is compared to multiple spectral images associated with known materials The at least one histogram is determined to substantially match at least one of the multiple spectral images A determination is made as to whether the material associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is a hazardous material Personnel are notified that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material in response to determining that the material associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is a hazardous material

In another embodiment a mobile vehicle is suitable for detecting radiation and identifying materials associated with radiation that has been detected The mobile vehicle includes at least one set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to a portion of the mobile vehicle At least one information processing system is communicatively coupled to the set of radiation sensors The information processing system is adapted to receive a set of radiation data associated with at least one radiation source from a set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to the mobile vehicle At least one histogram is generated based on the set of radiation data The at least one histogram represents a spectral image of the radiation source At least one histogram is compared to multiple spectral images associated with known materials The at least one histogram is determined to substantially match at least one of the multiple spectral images A determination is made as to whether the material associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is a hazardous material Personnel are notified that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material in response to determining that the material associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is associated with a hazardous material

In yet another embodiment, a system is suitable for detecting radiation and identifying materials associated with radiation that has been detected The system includes at least one mobile vehicle including at least one set of radiation sensors that are mechanically coupled to a portion of the mobile vehicle At least one information processing system is communicatively coupled to the at least one mobile vehicle The information processing system is adapted to receive a set of radiation data associated with at least one radiation source from a set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to the mobile vehicle At least one histogram is generated based on the set of radiation data The at least one histogram represents a spectral image of the radiation source At least one histogram is compared to multiple spectral images associated with known materials The at least one histogram is determined to substantial!) match at least one of the multiple spectral images A determination is made as to whether the material associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is a hazardous material Personnel are notified that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material in response to determining that the material associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is a hazardous material

Brief Description Of The Drawings

The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention

FIG 1 is a block diagram illustrating a general overview of an operating environment according to one embodiment of the present invention,

FIG 2 is a schematic view of a directional detector set for determining the direction of a radiation source according to one embodiment of the present invention,

FIGs 3-4 show two examples of a mobile environment for detecting radiation and identifying the source of the radiation that has been detected according to various embodiments of the present invention,

FIG 5 is an operational flow diagram illustrating one process of detecting radiation and identifying hazardous materials associated with the radiation using a mobile environment according to one embodiment of the present invention, and

FIG 6 is a block diagram illustrating a detailed view of an example of an information processing system suitable for use in an embodiment of the present invention

Detailed Description

As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein, however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples of the invention, which can be embodied in various forms Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed structure Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting, but rather, to provide an understandable description of the invention

The terms "a" or "an ', as used herein, are defined as one or more than one The term plurality, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two The term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more The terms including and/or having, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i e , open language) The term coupled, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically

General Operating Environment

According to one embodiment of the present invention as shown in FIG 1 a general view of an operating environment 100 is illustrated In one embodiment, all or part of the operating environment 100 is implemented within a mobile environment such as a ground vehicle (e g , car/truck), water vehicle (e g , boat), and/or an air vehicle (e g , helicopter or a drone), or a combination thereof (e g , an amphibious vehicle or a plane with water landing pontoon) for enabling the detection, analysis, and identification of hazardous materials such as CBRNE materials In other words, the operating environment 100 enables mobile non-invasive analysis of vessels, vehicles, containers, buildings, seaports, waterways, borders, metropolitan areas, strategic areas, and the like, for the detection and identification of hazardous materials such as radiological materials, fissile materials, explosives, chemicals, and biological materials Various sensor systems within a mobile environment are able to analyze a slow moving or stopped vehicle, container, package, or cargo in a non-invasive approach

In particular, FIG 1 shows one or more sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 that each including a plurality of sensors 114, 116 One or more of these sensors, in one embodiment, are shielded from electro-magnetic-interference ("EMI"), but this is not required In one embodiment, the sensors 114, 116 of the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 comprise gamma radiation sensors and/or neutron sensors Each of the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 can include a combination of gamma and neutron sensing devices Examples of radiation detectors are cadmium zinc telluride detectors, sodium iodide detectors, and the like Neutron detectors can be solid-state neutron detectors, which provide shock resistance Also, to assist in the detection of radiation at distances, the gamma detectors may be equipped with collimators and/or lenses that gather the radiological particles and focus these particles onto the detectors Shock resistance detectors are suitable for verifying radiation from objects that can move and cause shock/vibration hazards to the sensors FIG 1 shows that one or more sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, are radiation/fissile material senor arrays, chemical sensor arrays, biological sensor arrays, and/or explosive sensor arrays

In addition to the radiation/fissile material, chemical, biological, and explosive sensor arrays, sensory directional detection sensors ("DDS'^') arrays 110, 112, can be included within the environment 100 as well DDS arrays are used to identify the direction of a radiation emitting source For example, FIG 2 shows two sensor sets 202, 204 coupled together to form a 360 degree DDS detector set 200 In one embodiment, a DDS detector set 202 includes a first sensor 206 and a second sensor 208 As discussed above, these sensors 206, 208 can be radiation sensors such as gamma ray sensors and/or neutron detectors Each sensor 206, 208, includes a first end 210, 212, a second end 214, 216, and a body 218, 220, situated between the first end 210, 212 and the respective second end 214, 216

A first portion 222 of the first sensor body 218 is coupled to a first portion 224 of the second sensor body 220 creating a back-to- back configuration as shown in FIG 2 In other words, the first sensor body 218 is coupled to the first portion 224 of the second sensor body 220 so that the body portions 218, 220 are adjacent to each other According to one embodiment, the sensing portion of the first radiation sensor and a sensing portion of the second radiation sensor are adjacent in close proximity with each other For example, one sensor 206 could be a gamma sensor while the other sensor 208 could be a neutron sensor Alternatively, both sensors may be gamma sensors Both sensors 206, 208 are oriented back-to-back In one embodiment, the first sensor set 202 and the second sensor set 204 are similarly configured with two back-to-back sensors The two back-to-back sensors are situated perpendicular to each other thereby creating substantially 90 degree angles between the sensor sets 202, 204 It should be noted that FIG 2 shows only one configuration that may be applicable to the present invention, and other configurations apply as well

Configuring the sensors within the DDS sensor arrays so that the body portions 218, 220 are adjacent to each other allows this configuration to be in a mutual substantially shielding relationship between the two sensors 206, 208, and/or in a timing relationship for determining time of a particle traveling into each of the two back-to-back sensors Stated differently, each first sensor may substantially shield the other second sensor from radiation being absorbed by the first sensor (e g , a sensing portion of a first radiation sensor and a sensing portion of a second radiation sensor are adjacent in close proximity with each other and facing opposite directions), and/or each first sensor will sense a traveling particle (e g , gamma or neutron particle) entering into the first sensor earlier in time than the second sensor sensing the particle entering the second sensor Therefore, to determine the direction of the radiation source, the data analysis and monitoring manager 138 compares the energy counts at each sensor in a DDS sensor set, and/or the timing relationships between the energy counts between the back-to-back sensors, and identifies the sensor associated with the larger energy count relative to the sensor associated with the lower energy count, and/or the earlier tune of entering the respective sensor The direction that the sensor associated with the larger energy count, and/or the relative earlier time of entering a respective one of the two sensors, indicates the direction of the radiation source The direction of the radiation source can be determined based on, for example, the larger energy count because only the sensor facing the direction of the source receives the larger amount of radiation energy since this sensor substantially shields the other sensor from receiving an equal amount of radiation from the source The direction of the radiation source can also be determined based on the timing relationship of energy counts between the two back to back sensors (e g , from a radiation sensor that has detected the later time to the other one that has detected the earlier time) A more detailed discussion on DDS arrays is given in provisional U S Patent Application No 61/128,114, entitled "Radiation Directional Finder and Isotope Identification System", filed on 05/19/2008, by the same inventor, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety

Returning to FIG 1, it should be noted that although FIG 1 shows separate DDS arrays 110, 112, any of the other arrays 102, 104, 106, 108 can be configured to be a DDS array as well Each sensor array 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 is communicatively coupled to a sensor interface 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128 either by a wired and/or a wireless communication link The sensor interfaces 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128 communicatively couple the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 to a first network 130, thereby creating a distributed sensor network The first network 130 includes wired and/or wireless technologies and the sensor interface units 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128 are communicatively coupled to the first network 130 either wirelessly and/or via wired mechanisms In one embodiment, the sensor interfaces 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128 assign a unique IP address to each of the sensors 114, 116 within the sensor arrays 102 104, 106, 108, 110, 112

The sensor interfaces 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, in one embodiment, are sensor integration units ("SFJ") that provide the calibration automated gain control, calibration verification, remote diagnostics, and connectivity to the processor for spectral analysis of the sensor data SIUs are discussed in greater detail in in U S Patent 7,269,527 entitled "System Integration Module For CBRNE Sensors ', filed on Jan 17, 2007, which is commonly owned and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety It should be noted that although FIG 1 shows each of the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108 110 112 coupled to a separate sensor interface 114, 116 a single sensor interface can be coupled to all of the sensor arrays 102, 104

One or more micro-neutron pulse devices 132 are also optionally included within the operating environment 100 and are communicatively coupled to the first network 130 and/or a second network 134 A micro-neutron pulse device 132 is an active analysis device that emits neutron pulses and whereby gamma feedback identifies shielded radiological materials such as highly enriched uranium, explosives, illicit drugs, or other materials The first and second networks 130, 134 can include any number of local area networks and/or wide area networks It should be noted that even though FIG 1 shows two networks 130, 134, a single network can be implemented or additional networks can be added

The operating environment 100 also includes an information processing system 136 communicatively coupled to the first network 130 via one or more wired and/or wireless communication links The information processing system 136 includes a data collection manager 138 and is communicatively coupled to one or more data storage units 140 The one or more storage units 140 can reside within the information processing system 136 and/or outside of the system 136 as shown in FIG 1 The data collection manager 138 manages the collection and/or retrieval of data 142 generated by the sensors 114, 116 within the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 and optionally the micro neutron pulse detector 132

The data 142 generated by each of the sensors 114, 116, in one embodiment, is detailed spectral data from each sensor device that has detected radiation such as gamma radiation and/or neutron radiation The data collection manager 138, in one embodiment, stores the data 142 received/retrieved from the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 and/or the neutron pulse detector 132 in one or more data storage devices 140 A data storage device 140 can be a single hard-drive, two or more coupled hard-drives, solid state memory devices, and/or optical media such as (but not limited to) compact discs and digital video discs, and the like It should be noted that this list of storage devices is not exhaustive and any type of storage device can be used It should also be noted that information processing system 136 including the data collection manager 138 is modular in design and can be used specifically for radiation detection and identification and/or for data collection for explosives and special materials detection and identification

The operating environment 100, in one embodiment, also includes an information processing system 144 communicatively to the at least a second network 134 via one or more wireless and/or wired communication technologies The information processing system 144, in one embodiment, includes a data analysis and monitoring manager 146 that analyzes and monitors the data 142 retrieved/received from the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 and optionally the micro-neutron pulse detector 132 The data analysis and monitoring manager 146, in one embodiment, includes a multi-channel analyzer 148 and a spectral analyzer 150 The data analysis and monitoring manager 146 and each of these components 148, 150 are discussed in greater detail below

In one embodiment, a user interface 152, a manifest database 154, and a materials database 156 are communicatively coupled to the information processing system 144 either directly or via a network (e g the second network 134) The user interface 152, in one embodiment, is one or more displays, input devices, output devices and/or the like that allows a user to monitor and/or interact with the information processing system 144 The data and analysis functionality of the information processing system 144, which is discussed in greater detail below, can either be automated and/or supplemented with human interaction The user ιnterface(s) 152 enables this human interaction

The manifest database 154 includes a plurality of manifests 158 associated with shipping cargo, which can be cargo on a water vessel, a ground vessel (e g , cars, trucks, and/or trains), and/or an air transportation vessel A manifest 160 includes a detailed description of the contents of each container or cargo that is to be examined by the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 and/or the neutron pulse device(s) 132 The manifests 158 are used by the information processing system 144 to determine whether the possible materials, goods, and/or products within the container package, car, truck, or the like, match the expected authorized materials, goods, and/or products, described in the manifest 158 for the particular entity under examination The use of a manifest 158 during examination of an entity is discussed in greater detail below

The materials database 156 includes materials information 160 such as chemical material information, biological material information, radioactive material information, nuclear material information, and/or explosive material information Also, the materials information 160 can include isotope information for known isotopes For example, isotope information can include spectral images, histograms, energy levels, and/or the like associated with known isotopes The materials information 160, in one embodiment, is used by the data analysis and monitoring manager 146 to determine whether any hazardous materials are within an entity that is being examined This identification/detection process is discussed in greater detail below

It should be noted that although the manifest database 154 and the materials database 156 are shown in FIG 1 as being separate from the information processing system 144, one or more of these databases 154, 156 can reside within the information processing system 144 as well Furthermore, the components of the information processing system 136 and the information processing system 144 can be implemented within a single information processing system as compared to multiple systems as shown in FIG 1

The operating environment 100, in one embodiment, also includes a remote monitoring information processing system 162 communicatively coupled to the second network 134 A user interface 164, which can be one or more displays, input devices, output devices and/or the like that allows a user to monitor and/or interact with the remote system 162, is communicatively to the system 162 The remote monitoring system 162 includes a computer memory, and storage, and enables a user to remotely monitor, manage, and/or control the remote information processing system 162 and/or the data analysis and monitoring processes being performed at the information processing system 144 Also, the remote monitoring system 162 can be a device such as a wireless communication device, portable computer, desktop and/or the like, that receives notifications from the information processing system 144 regarding the data analysis and monitoring processes

In one embodiment, one or more monitors/camera systems 166 such as (but not limited to) a closed circuit television system is also included within the operating environment 100 The cameras within this system 166 can be deployed in a mobile environment such as a vehicle or at stationary portal communicatively coupled to a mobile environment Therefore, an operator can monitor a scanning process occurring in the mobile environment and/or at a stationary portal Also, an examined entity tracking system 168 is also included within the operating environment 100 The examined entity tracking system 168 tracks and monitors the identity of each entity such as a truck, car, train, boat, plain, cargo container, package, and the like, being examined The tracking system 168 can include digital cameras, radio frequency identification tag ("RFID") readers, bar code scanners, character recognition mechanisms, marking systems, and the like that allow the tracking system to identify an entity currently being examined This allows the information processing system 144 and/or an operator to determine if an entity has previously been examined and to also flag an entity when hazardous materials potentially reside within the entity

Mobile Environment Detection And Identification Of Hazardous Material

The following is a more detailed discussion on implementing the operating environment 100 (or at least a portion of the environment) discussed above with respect to FIG 1 within a mobile environment such as a vehicle FIGs 3-4 show two examples of a mobile environment applicable to various embodiments of the present invention For example, FIG 3 shows a ground vehicle such as (but not limited) to a car or a truck, and FIG 4 shows a marine vehicle such as (but not limited to) a boat It should be noted that the mobile environments can be used as main radiation and identification systems, or as intercept vehicles, when a stand-off radiation system detects radiation emissions For example, a stand-off radiation system can be situated at fixed locations for detecting radiation emissions at a distance This system can then dispatch mobile units to intercept the source prior to the radiation source becoming a threat to an area protected by the stand-off radiation detection system

In particular, FIG 3 shows a mobile environment 300 such as a Sport Utility Vehicle comprising a plurality of sensor arrays 302, 304, 306, 308, 310 Each sensor array 302, 304, 306, 308, 310 includes one or more sets of sensors 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330 As discussed above, each sensor array 302, 304, 306, 308, 310 can include gamma sensors and/or neutron sensors Additionally, one or more of the sensor arrajs can also include a micro-neutron pulse device(s) 132 as well In the example of FIG 3 at least two of the sensor arrays 302, 304 are DDS arrays for detecting and determining the direction of a radiation source As can be seen, each of the DDS arrays 302, 304 includes two sensors 312, 314, 316, 318 that are configured in the back-to back configuration discussed

The DDS arrays 302, 304 are situated within the mobile environment 300 perpendicular to each other to provide a 360 degree detection zone

Also, the mobile environment 300 of FIG 3 includes at least one sensor array 306 comprising gamma sensors and at least one sensor array 308 comprising neutron sensors In addition to the sensor arrays 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, the mobile operating environment 300, in one embodiment, also includes the remaining items discussed above with respect to HG 1 with the exception of the remote information processing system 162 and the user interface 164 Therefore, the mobile environment 300 can detect radiation and hazardous materials, determine the direction of radiation emission, and identify detected hazardous materials while the mobile en\ironment 300 is travelling However, it should be noted that one or more of the items in the operating environment of FIG 1 can be situated at a location that is remote to the mobile operating environment 300

In this embodiment, the mobile operating environment 300 accesses these remote items via one or more networks 130 134 For example, the mobile operating environment 300 can include onl) the sensor arrays 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, a user interface 142, and networking equipment As the sensor arrays 302, 304, 306, 308, 310 perform their operations, the data collected by the sensor arrays 302, 304, 306, 308 is transmitted over a network 130 so that the data analysis and monitoring manager 146 can perform data analysis operations such as radiation direction identification and hazardous material identification The resulting information can be passed back to the mobile operating environment 300 via one of the networks 130, 134 and displayed to a user within the mobile operating environment via the user interface 130

It should be noted that the locations of the sensor arrays 302, 304, 306, 308, 310 within the mobile environment 300 as shown in FIG 3 are only one example, and do not limit the present invention in any way For example, the sensor arrays 302, 304, 306, 308, 310 can be situated about a front portion 332, a rear portion 334, one or more side portions 336, a top portion 338, a bottom portion 340, and/or any portion therebetween, of the mobile operating environment 300

FIG 4 shows a marine mobile operating environment 400 such as a boat The configuration of the mobile environment 400 in FIG 4 is similar to the mobile environment 300 of FIG 3 For example, the mobile environment 400 includes a plurality of sensor arrays 402, 404, 406, 408, 410 Each sensor array 402, 404, 406, 408, 410 includes one or more sets of sensors 412, 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 430 In the example of FIG 4 at least two of the sensor arrays 402, 404 are configured as DDS arrays for detecting and determining the direction of a radiation source As can be seen, each of the DDS arrays 402, 404 includes two sensors 412, 414, 416, 418 that are configured in the back-to back configuration discussed above The DDS arrays 402, 404 are situated within the mobile environment 400 perpendicular to each other to provide a 360 degree detection zone

Also, the mobile environment 400 of FIG 4 includes at least one sensor array 406 comprising gamma sensors and at least one sensor array 408 comprising neutron sensors In addition to the sensor arrays 402, 404, 406, 408, 410, the mobile operating environment 400, in one embodiment, also includes the remaining items discussed above with respect to FIG 1 with the exception of the remote information processing system 162 and the user interface 164 Therefore, the mobile environment 400 can detect radiation and hazardous materials, determine the direction of radiation emission, and identify detected hazardous materials while the mobile environment 400 is travelling For example, the mobile en\ironment 400 can locate, detect, and identify radiological and fissile materials within other vessels, in waterways, or on the high seas A communications capability allows the mobile environment 400 to report the findings and radiological data to another vessel and/or a land based operations center as needed

It should be noted that the locations of the sensor arrays 402, 404, 406, 408, 410 within the mobile environment 400, as shown in FIG 4, are only one example and do not limit the present invention in any way For example, the sensor arrays 402, 404, 406, 408, 410 can be situated on a front portion 432, a rear portion 434, one or more side portions 436, a top portion 438 a bottom portion 440, and/or any portion therebetween, of the mobile operating environment 400

By implementing the operating environment 100 (or at least a portion of the operating environment 100) within a mobile environment, a mobile system is created that is able to (1) determine the direction of a radiation source, (2) utilize gamma detectors for detecting and identifying any isotopes present within an entity/area being examined and/or approached by the mobile environment, (3) utilize neutron detectors for identifying the presence of fissile materials within an entity/area being examined and/or approached by the mobile environment (4) perform optional long range radiation detection, (5) perform neutron pulse operations for detection of shielded fissile materials, explosives, and other materials of interest, and (6) optionally detect and identify chemical, biological, and materials within an entity/area being examined and/or approached

Also, implementing the operating environment 100 within a mobile environment allows for much larger areas to be scanned than stationary or fixed systems For example, a car/truck can drive around a city, airport, marine, sea port, and the like, and perform scanning operations The DDS arrays determine the direction of a radiation source so operators within the car/truck, or remotely located operators, can determine the direction of travel needed to locate a radiation source

In various embodiments of the present invention, a mobile environment, such as those examples discussed above with reference to FIGs 3 and 4, an information processing system located in the moving vehicle can include a GPS positioning module (not shown)that identifies the GPS position of the moving vehicle Mapping software, operating with the information processing system, can accurately track the position of the moving vehicle relative to a geographical map of a region The position of the moving vehicle on the map of the region can be displajed to a user such as by using graphic display software and a graphic display monitor coupled to the information processing system Additionally, with the ability to determine the relative direction of a radiation source, the information processing system on the moving vehicle can capture two or more relative directions of the radiation source, i e , relative to the moving vehicle This then allows the information processing system to accurately calculate and track a specific radiation source location on the map The information processing system, such as with tracking software, can triangulate the geographic location of the specific radiation source by using two relative directions of the radiation source coupled with two respective geographic locations of the vehicle (using the GPS position of the vehicle), determined as the moving vehicle moves in a geographic region Therefore, the geographic location of the specific radiation source can be accurately determined Additionally, this geographic location of the specific radiation source can be potted on a map of a geographic region, and optionally displayed to a user of the system The location of the radiation source can be tracked whether the radiation source is stationary or moving The movement of the radiation source can also be tracked and displayed on a map of the geographic region, i e , using the graphic display software and a graphic display monitor coupled to the information processing system The map is displayed to personnel that are using the tracking system The map display mechanism can include a stationary map display, and/or a moving map display that advances a displayed map of a portion of a geographic region to display one or more portions of the map of the geographic region that may be relevant to the tracking system For example, while the radiation source is moving in a geographic region, the graphic display software and the graphic display monitor can display the portion of the map of the region where the specific radiation source is located As the radiation source moves in the geographic region, the moving map display advances (in response to the tracking software determining a new geographic location for the radiation source) and continuously displays the relevant portion of the map of the region where the specific radiation source is currently located

In another embodiment, the mobile environments discussed above can be used in conjunction with stationary or fixed portals as well For example, one or more of the sensor arrays 102 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 can be deployed at strategic locations within a city, marina, port, airport, building, housing communities, waterway channels, on the sides of a waterway channel under a bridge, on the sides of a roadway under a bridge or in stand-alone positions along the water channel or roadways, entranceways into harbors, at buoys, or the like for detecting radiation These sensor arrays can then generate radiation alarms when radiation is detected A mobile detection and identification system can then be dispatched to the area associated with the sensor array(s) that detected the radiation for further detection and analysis

As discussed above, the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 112 scan an entity/area to be examined Each of the gamma and/or neutron sensors generates signals indicative of any gamma and/or neutron radiation detected As discussed above, this sensor data 142 is collected by the data collection manager 138 and stored within one or more data storage units 140 The data analysis and monitoring manager 146 then analyzes the data 142 to determine if any hazardous materials have been detected and/or the direction of where a radiation source is located

For example, the data analysis and monitoring manager 146 includes a multi channel analyzer ("MCA") 148 comprising one or more devices a device composed of multiple single channel analyzers (' SCA") In one embodiment, the MCA 148, uses analog to digital converters combined with computer memory that is equivalent to thousands of SCAs and counters and is dramatically more powerful and cost efficient than individual SCAs The SCA interrogates analog signals received from the individual radiation sensors 114, 116, and determines whether the specific energy range of the received signal is equal to the range identified by the single channel If the energy received is within the SC\, an SCA counter is updated Over time the SCA counts are accumulated At a given time interval, a multi-channel analyzer 148 includes a number of SCA counts, which result in the creation of at least one histogram 170 The histogram 170 represents the spectral image of the radiation that is present within the entity/area being examined In other words, the histogram 170 is a fingerprint of the entity being examined The histogram 170 can represent a portion of the entity or the entire entity In one embodiment, a single histogram 170 can be created based on information received from all of the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 In another embodiment, a single histogram 170 can be created from the combination of one or more histograms associated with one or more sensors 114, 116 in the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 In yet another embodiment, a histogram 170 can be created for each sensor 114, 116 within the sensor arrays 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112 A more detailed discussion on histograms is given in U S Patent No 7,142,109 entitled "Container Verification System For Non-Invasive Detection Of Contents", filed on February 27, 2006, and U S Pre-Grant Publication 2008/0048872 entitled, "Multi Stage System For \ eπfication Of Container Contents", filed on October 31, 2007, which are both commonly owned and hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties

The histogram 170 is used by the spectral analyzer 150 to identify isotopes that are present in materials residing within in the entity/area under examination One of the functions performed by the data and analysis manager 146 is spectral analysis, performed by the spectral analyzer 138, to identify the one or more isotopes, explosives or special materials residing within the entity/area under examination With respect to radiation detection, the spectral analyzer 150 compares one or more spectral images (e g , represented by histograms 170, and/or by other collections of data associated with the sensors) of the radiation that has been detected within the entity/area to known isotopes that are represented by one or more spectral images stored 160 in the materials database 156 By capturing multiple variations of spectral data for each isotope there are numerous images that can be compared to one or more spectral images of the radiation present

The materials database 156, according to one embodiment, holds one or more spectral images 160 of each isotope to be identified These multiple spectral images represent various levels of acquisition of spectral radiation data so isotopes can be compared and identified using various amounts of spectral data available from the one or more sensors Whether there are small amounts or large amounts of data acquired from the sensors, the spectral analyzer 150 compares the acquired radiation data from the one or more sensors 114, 116 to one or more spectral images 160 for each isotope to be identified This significantly enhances the reliability and efficiency of matching acquired spectral image data from the one or more sensors to spectral image data of each possible isotope to be identified

Once one or more possible isotopes are determined to be present in the radiation detected by the sensor(s) 114, 116 the data analysis and monitoring manager 146 compares the determined set of isotopes against possible materials, goods, and/or products that ma> be present in the entity/area under examination The manifest database 154 includes a detailed description 156 of the contents of each entity/area that is to be examined The manifest 156 can be referred to by the data analysis and monitoring manager 146 to determine whether the possible materials, goods, and/or products, contained in the entity/area match the expected authorized materials, goods and/or products, described in the manifest 156 for the particular entity/area under examination This matching process, according to one embodiment of the present invention, is significantly more efficient and reliable than any container contents monitoring process in the past

It should be noted that the spectral analyzer 150 is able to utilize various methods to provide multi-confirmation of the isotopes identified Should more than one isotope be present, the spectral analyzer 150 identifies the ratio of each isotope present Examples of methods that can be used for spectral analysis such as that discussed above include 1) a margin setting method as described in United States Patent No 6,847,731 entitled "Method And System For Improving Pattern Recognition System Performance' , filed August 7, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and 2) a LINSCAN method (a linear analysis of spectra method) as discussed in U S Provisional Patent Application No 11/624,067, filed on January 17, 2006, by inventor David L Frank, and entitled "Method For Determination Of Constituents Present From Radiation Spectra And, If Available, Neutron And Alphas Occurrences", the collective entire teachings of which being herein incorporated by reference With respect to analysis of collected data pertaining to explosives and/or special materials, the spectral analyzer 150 and compares identified possible explosives and/or special materials to the manifest 160 by converting the stored manifest data 160 relating to the entity/area under examination to expected explosives and/or radiological materials and then by comparing the identified possible explosives and/or special materials with the expected explosives and/or radiological materials If the system 146 determines that there is no match to the manifest 160 for the entity/area then the identified possible explosives and/or special materials are unauthorized The system 146 can then provide information to system supervisory personnel to alert them to the alarm condition and to take appropriate action For example, the user interface 152, 164 can present to a user a representation of the collected received returning signals, or the identified possible explosives and/or special materials in the entity/area under examination, or any system identified unauthorized explosives and/or special materials contained within the entity/area under examination, or any combination thereof

A more detailed discussion on spectral analysis is given in U S Patent No 7,142,109 entitled "Container Verification System for Non-Invasive Detection of Contents" filed on February 27, 2006, and U S Pre Grant Publication 2008/0048872 entitled, ' Multi-Stage System For Verification Of Container Contents", filed on October 31, 2007, which are collectively commonly owned and hereby incorporated b) reference in their entirety

In addition to gamma and neutron sensors, neutron pulse devices 132 can also be deployed within the operating environment 100 as discussed above The neutron pulse devices 132 include coincident counting capabilities The gamma detectors within the neutron pulse device are used to identify chemical and explosives materials from the gamma response to the neutron pulse A more detailed discussion on using micro-neutron pulse device is provided in the provisional U S Patent Application No 61/128,115, entitled "Mobile Frame Structure With Passive/ Active Sensor Arrays For Non-Invasive Analysis For CBRNE Materials Present", filed on 05/19/2008, by the same inventor as the present application, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety

Various embodiments discussed above are advantageous because the sensor array configurations on mobile environments can yield greater scan times, which allows for spectral analysis and hazardous material identification with respect to an object being examined Therefore, the sensor array configurations as discussed above enable the scanning entity, such as the mobile environment, to quickly and effectively operate for a system to analyze the object and/or area of interest, thereby enabling identification of hazardous materials within the entity and/or area of interest, even while remotely located

Example Of A Process For Radiation Detection And Identification Using a Mobile System

FIG 5 is an operational flow diagram illustrating one process of detecting radiation and identifying hazardous materials associated with the radiation using a mobile environment such as a car, truck, boat, helicopter, and the like The operational flow diagram starts at step 502 and flows directly into step 504 The data analysis and monitoring manager 146, at step 504, receives a first set of detected radiation data from a first set of sensors 306 that are mechanically coupled to the mobile entity 300 The manager 146, at step 506, receives a second set of detected radiation data from at least a second set of sensors 308 that are mechanically coupled to the mobile entity 300 For example, the manager 146 can receive gamma (and/or neutron) counts and associated energy counts detected by the sensor arrays 306, 308 It should be noted that neutron pulse information can also be provided to the manager 146 as well

The manager 146, at step 508, optionally receives a third set of detected radiation data from an optional set of direction radiation sensors 302 (and/or 304) that are mechanically coupled to the mobile entity 300 As discussed above, this third set of detected radiation data enables the manager 146 to determine the direction from which the radiation is being emanated It should be noted that the detectors sets 302 (and/or 304) 306, 308 can perform their detection operations while the mobile entity is moving and/or stationary The manager 146, at step 510, generates one or more histograms 170 based on at least the first set of detected radiation data and the second set of detected radiation data, as discussed above The manager 146, at step 512, compares spectral images associated with the generated histograms to a set of spectral images 156 associated with known materials The manager 146, at step 514, determines if a match exists between the spectral images associated with the generated histograms 170 and the set of spectral images 156 associated with known materials If the result of this negative is negative, the manager 146, at step 516, obtains additional radiation data from the sensors 306, 308 (and/or 302/304) and the control flow returns to step 510 If the result of this determination is positive, the manager 146, at step 518, determines if the material identified by the comparison is hazardous If the result of this determination is positive, the manager 146, at step 520, notifies personnel The control flow then exits at step 522

If the result of this determination is negative, the manager 146, at step 524, compares the identified material with a manifest 158 associated with the entity being examined The manager 146, at step 526, determines if the manifest includes the identified material If the result of this determination is negative, the identified material is unauthorized and the manager 146 at step 520, notifies personnel The control flow then exits at step 522 If the result of this determination is positive, the manager 146, at step 528, determines that the identified material is authorized and the control flow then exits at step 530

Information Processing System

FIG 6 is a high level block diagram illustrating a more detailed view of a computing system 600 such as the information processing system 144 useful for implementing the data and analysis manager 146 according to various embodiments of the present invention The computing system 600 is based upon a suitably configured processing system adapted to implement an embodiment of the present invention For example, a personal computer, workstation, or the like, may be used

In one embodiment of the present invention the computing system 600 includes one or more processors, such as processor 604 The processor 604 is connected to a communication infrastructure 602 (e g , a communications bus, crossover bar, or network) Various software embodiments are described in terms of this exemplary computer system After reading this description, it should become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the rele\ant art(s) how to implement an embodiment of the present invention using other computer systems and/or computer architectures

The computing system 600 can include a display interface 608 that forwards graphics, text, and other data from the communication infrastructure 602 (or from a frame buffer) for display on the display unit 610 The computing system 600 also includes a main memory 606, preferably random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 612 as well as various caches and auxiliary memory as are normally found in computer systems The secondary memory 612 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 614 and/or a removable storage drive 616, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, and the like The removable storage drive 616 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 618 in a manner well known to those having ordinary skill in the art

Removable storage unit 618, represents a floppy disk, a compact disc, magnetic tape optical disk, etc which is read by and written to by removable storage drive 616 As are appreciated, the removable storage unit 618 includes a computer readable medium having stored therein computer software and/or data The computer readable medium may include non-volatile memory, such as ROM. Flash memory, Disk drive memory, CD-ROM, and other permanent storage Additionally, a computer medium may include, for example, volatile storage such as RAM, buffers, cache memory, and network circuits Furthermore, the computer readable medium may comprise computer readable information in a transitory state medium such as a network link and/or a network interface, including a wired network or a wireless network that allow a computer to read such computer- readable information In alternative embodiments, the secondary memory 612 may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into the computing system 600 Such means may include, for example, a removable storage unit 622 and an interface 620 Examples of such may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 622 and interfaces 620 which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit 622 to the computing system 600

The computing system 600, in this example, includes a communications interface 624 that acts as an input and output and allows software and data to be transferred between the computing system 600 and external devices or access points via a communications path 626 Examples of communications interface 624 may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, etc Software and data transferred via communications interface 626 are in the form of signals which may be, for example, electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 624 The signals are provided to communications interface 624 via a communications path (i e , channel) 626 The channel 626 carries signals and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, and/or other communications channels

In this document, the terms ' computer program medium," "computer usable medium," "computer readable medium ', "computer readable storage product", and "computer program storage product" are used to generally refer to media such as main memory 606 and secondary memory 612, removable storage drive 616, and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 614 The computer program products are means for providing software to the computer system The computer readable medium allows the computer system to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer readable information from the computer readable medium

Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored in main memory 606 and/or secondary memory 612 Computer programs may also be received via communications interface 624 Such computer programs, when executed, enable the computer system to perform the features of the various embodiments of the present invention as discussed herein In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable the processor 604 to perform the features of the computer system

Non-Limiting Examples

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that changes can be made to the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention The scope of the invention is not to be restricted, therefore, to the specific embodiments, and it is intended that the appended claims cover any and all such applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the present invention

What is claimed is

Claims

1 A method, with an information processing system on a mobile vehicle, for detecting radiation and identifying materials associated with radiation that has been detected, the method comprising receiving from a set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to the mobile vehicle, a set of radiation data associated with at least one radiation source, generating at least one histogram based on the received set of radiation data, wherein the at least one histogram represents a spectral image of the radiation from the radiation source, comparing the at least one histogram to a plurality of spectral images associated with known materials, determining that the at least one histogram substantially matches at least one of the plurality of spectral images, determining if a material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images is a hazardous material and notifying personnel that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material in response to determining that the material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images is a hazardous material

2 The method of claim 1, wherein the set of radiation data is received while the mobile vehicle is moving

3 The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving from at least one additional set of radiation sensors comprising a first radiation sensor and a second radiation sensor mechanically coupled to the mobile vehicle, at least one additional set of radiation data associated with the at least one radiation source

4 The method of claim 3, wherein a body portion of the first radiation sensor is mechanically coupled in close proximity to a body portion of the second radiation sensor so that the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor are adjacent to each other, and wherein a sensing portion of the first radiation sensor and a sensing portion of the second radiation sensor are adjacent in close proximity w ith each other, and wherein the method further includes determining a direction of the at least one radiation source, relatrve to the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor from the received at least one additional set of radiation data associated with the at least one radiation source

5 The method of claim 3, further comprising comparing radiation energy count associated with the first radiation sensor to a radiation energy count associated with the second radiation sensor, determining that one of the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor has detected a larger radiation energy count and the other has detected a lower radiation energy count, and determining, based on the determining of the larger and lower radiation energy counts, that the at least one radiation source is in a direction that is substantially from the one of the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor that has detected the lower radiation energy count to the other one that has detected the larger radiation energy count

6 The method of claim 5, further comprising directing the mobile vehicle towards the direction that has been determined

7 The method of claim 3, further comprising comparing a relatπe timing relationship between a radiation energy count associated with the first radiation sensor and a radiation energy count associated with the second radiation sensor, determining an earlier time of a traveling gamma or neutron particle entering one of the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor and a later time entering the other one, and determining, based on the determining of the earlier time, that the at least one radiation source is in a direction that is substantially from one of the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor that has detected the later time to the other one that has detected the earlier time

8 The method of claim 1, further comprising, determining that the material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images fails to be a hazardous material comparing the material with at least one manifest associated with an entity comprising the radiation source, determining if the material substantially matches at least one item on the at least one manifest, and notifying personnel that the entity comprises at least one unauthorized item in response to determining that the material fails to substantially match at least one item on the at least one manifest

9 A mobile vehicle for detecting radiation and identifying materials associated with radiation that has been detected, the mobile \ehicle comprising at least one set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to a portion of the mobile vehicle, at least one information processing system communicatively coupled to the set of radiation sensors, wherein the information processing system is adapted to receive from the at least one set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to the mobile vehicle, a set of radiation data associated with at least one radiation source, generate at least one histogram based on the set of radiation data, wherein the at least one histogram represents a spectral image of the radiation source, compare the at least one histogram to a pluralit) of spectral images associated with known materials, determine that the at least one histogram substantially match at least one of the plurality of spectral images determine if a material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images is a hazardous material, and notify personnel that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material in response to determining that the material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images is a hazardous material

10 The mobile vehicle of claim 9, wherein the set of radiation data is received while the mobile vehicle is moving

11 The mobile vehicle of claim 9, further comprising at least one additional set of radiation sensors comprising a first radiation sensor and a second radiation sensor mechanically coupled to a portion of the mobile vehicle, wherein the at least one information processing system is further adapted to receive at least one additional set of radiation data associated with the at least one radiation source from the at least one additional set of radiation sensors

12 The mobile vehicle of claim 11, wherein a body portion of the first radiation sensor is mechanically coupled to a body portion of the second radiation sensor so that the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor are adjacent to each other, and wherein a sensing portion of the first radiation sensor and a sensing portion of the second radiation sensor face opposite directions 13 The mobile vehicle of claim 11, wherein the at least one information processing system is further adapted to comparing radiation energy count associated with the first radiation sensor to a radiation energy count associated with the second radiation sensor, determining that one or the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor has detected a larger radiation energy count and determining, based on the determining, that the at least one radiation source is in a direction that is substantially identical to a direction in which the one of the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor that has detected the larger radiation energy count is facing

14 The mobile vehicle of claim 9, wherein the at least one information processing system is further adapted to, determine that the material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images fails to be a hazardous material compare the material with at least one manifest associated with an entity comprising the radiation source, determine if the material substantially matches at least one item on the at least one manifest, and notify personnel that the entity comprises at least one unauthorized item in response to determining that the material fails to substantially match at least one item on the at least one manifest

15 A system for detecting radiation and identifying materials associated with radiation that has been detected, the system vehicle comprising at least one mobile vehicle comprising at least one set of radiation sensors mechanically coupled to a portion of the mobile \ehicle, at least one information processing system communicatively coupled to the at least one mobile vehicle, wherein the information processing system is adapted to receive from the at least one set of radiation sensors a set of radiation data associated with at least one radiation source generate at least one histogram based on the set of radiation data, wherein the at least one histogram represents a spectral image of the radiation source, compare the at least one histogram to a plurahtj of spectral images associated with known materials, determine that the at least one histogram substantially match at least one of the plurality of spectral images determine if a material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images is a hazardous material, and notify personnel that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material in response to determining that the material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images is a hazardous material

16 The system of claim 15, wherein the at least one set of radiation sensors and the information processing system being adapted to receive the set of radiation data from the at least one set of radiation sensors while the mobile vehicle is moving

17 The system of claim 15, wherein the mobile vehicle further comprises at least one additional set of radiation sensors comprising a first radiation sensor and a second radiation sensor, mechanically coupled to a portion of the mobile vehicle, and, wherein the at least one information processing system is further adapted to receive at least one additional set of radiation data associated with the at least one radiation source from the at least one additional set of radiation sensors, and determine a direction of the at least one radiation source, relative to the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor, from the received at least one additional set of radiation data associated with the at least one radiation source 18 The system of claim 17, wherein a bod) portion of the first radiation sensor is mechanically coupled to a body portion of the second radiation sensor so that the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor are adjacent to each other, and wherein a sensing portion of the first radiation sensor and a sensing portion of the second radiation sensor face opposite directions

19 The system of claim 17, wherein the information processing system is further adapted to compare radiation energy count associated with the first radiation sensor to a radiation energy count associated with the second radiation sensor, determine that one of the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor has detected a larger radiation energy count and the other has detected a lower radiation energy count; and determine, based on the determining of the larger and lower radiation energy counts, that the at least one radiation source is in a direction that is substantially identical to a direction in which the one of the first radiation sensor and the second radiation sensor that has detected the larger radiation energy count is facing

20 The system of claim 15, wherein the at least one information processing system is further adapted to; determine that the material associated with the at least one of the plurality of spectral images fails to be a hazardous material, compare the material with at least one manifest associated with an entity comprising the radiation source, determine if the material substantially matches at least one item on the at least one manifest, and notify personnel that the entity comprises at least one unauthorized item in response to determining that the material fails to substantially match at least one item on the at least one manifest