WO2009076681A2

WO2009076681A2 - Buckyball sphere extruded from a central point to a buckyball forming panels for wind power turbines and a closed buckyball sphere within a larger open buckyball sphere forming a floating amphibious water propulsion paddle wheel and buoyant vacuumed sphere with xenon electrical control of bouyancy

Info

Publication number: WO2009076681A2
Application number: PCT/US2008/086900
Authority: WO
Inventors: David A. Zornes
Original assignee: Zornes David A
Priority date: 2007-12-11
Filing date: 2008-12-15
Publication date: 2009-06-18
Also published as: WO2009076681A4; JP2012512103A; MX360540B; AU2008334950A1; WO2009076681A3; WO2009076681A8; MX2011006479A; WO2009145808A2

Abstract

A planer hexagon curve extruded to a center point providing six isosceles triangle panels with the shortest edge being one of the six planer hexagon curves forms a buckyball hexagon extrusion that naturally provide pentagon extrusions. A buckyball hexagon extrusion is one of twenty that array at equidistant angles around twelve pentagons at equidistant angles in groups into an open cell buckyball sphere. A closed cell buckyball within a larger open cell buckyball sphere share a common center point and other extrusion angles that have utility for: a water paddle wheel for propulsion that floats, a tire, a wind turbine, and an air turbine.

Description

BUCKYBALL SPHERE EXTRUDED FROM A CENTRAL POINT TO A

BUCKYBALL FORMING PANELS FOR WIND POWER TURBINES AND A

CLOSED BUCKYBALL SPHERE WITHIN A LARGER OPEN BUCKYBALL

SPHERE FORMING A FLOATING AMPHIBIOUS WATER PROPULSION

PADDLE WHEEL AND BUOYANT VACUUMED SPHERE WITH XENON

ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF BUOYANCY

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is generally directed to propulsion and power production from a buckyball type sphere shape (buckyball sphere) structure extruded from the spheres center point out into an array of hexagon and pentagon edges. Triangle panels are provided with the shortest length panel edge forming the surface edges of the hexagons and pentagons buckyball sphere, where the other two longer edges form the panel length to the central point. One panel is needed to build a full buckyball sphere.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Propulsion and turbines have been employed in prior engineered mobility art, but lacked simple reliable panel structure to provide easy assembly and maintenance. This invention teaches one triangle panel structure can build a full buckyball. Prior water propulsion failed to provide: propulsion that floats on the water surface enabling zero drag on the propulsion, an array of floating paddles removing stationary vessel surfaces out of the water, and propulsion can be wind driven with a diametric moment twice the moment of radial lengths, taught in this invention. This invention teaches that by combining closed cell buckyball within a larger open cell buckyball, a new propulsion art form becomes available to meet individual needs for pleasure watercraft, up through major shipping designs. The inside closed cell surfaces can be moved close to the outer open cell buckyball larger diameter to make amphibious craft mobile on beach sand. This is ideal for tidal shoreline power production. Buoyancy:

The six isosceles triangle open cell panels (or the cone materials) can be thick enough to integrate closed cell honeycombs, other closed cell structures, injected or sputtered foams, and sandwiched foam panel structures; providing buoyancy in water without the source of buoyancy being a closed cell buckyball within an open cell buckyball. The open cell buckyball can be buoyant in water from the isosceles triangle panels' buoyancy alone. This invention teaches that an open cell buckyball traps air between the water and the inner sealed surfaces rotated near parallel to the water surface (like placing an empty drinking cup upside down on the water with a structure around to hold it floating), so the buoyancy of foams and closed cells are for buoyancy of buckyballs at rest. Atmospheric air buoyancy is taught in this invention by filling independent closed cells of a closed cell buckyball with helium, hydrogen, or hot gases where the total material weight is less than the lift forces on the sphere. A complete departure from all prior art is taught in this innovation where strong enough gas tight materials are applied in this buckyball sphere to withstand vacuuming out as much atmospheric gas molecules from the buckyball sphere closed cells as possible. A hard vacuum is not required but can be achieved with strong enough materials. The preferred embodiment in this invention is for a flexible gas tight film material to be mounted onto poles that are adjoined at the center point of the buckyball sphere making a closed cell with a hexagon or pentagon surface, so as a collapsed pole assembly is forces open a vacuum forms within closed cells forming a buckyball. This vacuum task can be performed safely in high attitude aircraft to minimize compression stresses followed by releasing the vacuumed buckyball into high altitude atmosphere satellites. A cylindrical baffle vacuum structure can be expanded empty into a vacuumed cylindrical baffle and a buckyball can be added to the cylinder ends to provide a conventional shaped fuselage (additional aerodynamic shaping can be made by smaller diameter baffle rings and shaped buckyball and be within the scope of this invention). These vacuumed vessels can be release from ground to carry a payload, including people. In another embodiment of the invention, the present invention also teaches a method for adding a drive axle to the buckyball. Any hexagon extrusion has a mirrored copy 180 degrees around the center point of the buckyball. Pentagon axle also aligns to an opposing pentagon 180 degrees, but is rotated around its axis 36 degrees relative to its axial pair. A mobility engineer can select the hexagon as an axle, if heavy duty stress is known, and the bolting pattern is desirable.

Further, many materials are either not easy to cut and adapt to specialized application, or are not available on the job site. It would be highly desirable to have turbine and propulsion components that can tolerate high stress loads and do not require numerous amounts of customization.

Buckyball water paddles in this invention float and can be rotated at any speed to drive massive cargo across oceans at greater distances on the same fuel. The whole ship hull can be made of the spheres fixed to a frame with the cargo resting on the frame. This provides a near zero drag on the hull and propulsion. Simple sail boat sail materials can be applied to fabricate a foldable buckyball, which when open and water borne can pull a person through the water. A rope is fixed to each side of the rotational axis of the closed cell within an open cell buckyball sphere. The buckyball can rotate around the axis of the bearings the two rope ends are tied to. An individual surf sailing or a small boat can direct the path of travel by angling the load in the direction of travel. If a wind cover is provided on the top half of the buckyball wind will rotate the bottom exposed moving the ball toward the wind. Normally the wind blows the top open cells of the buckyball while the bottom of the open cells paddle in the water forcing the buckyball sphere into forward motion rolling across the water around the full force of the sphere diameter moment arm, rather than the radius moment arm of force , one half of the diameter.

Propulsion of the sphere can be turbine wind blown into the open cells above or below the water line. Combustion source energy can be provided by injecting directly into the open cells of the buckyball when the sphere is mounted to a housing that seals the sphere to a stationary structure housing the fuel injection, ignition, and intake manifold. This combustion would be pulse turbine propulsion. In a lower cost pulse turbine combustion process; the combustion occurs when the open end of the buckyball cell's planer edge surfaces are rotated directly into the water sealing the chamber compressing air in the chamber between the water and the walls of the buckyball open cell, fuel is injected into the air (could be spray injected into the open cell just before entering the water or a water fuel line could be just under the water sealed cell), a spark source from near the center point ignites the fuel air mixture, the expanding gases force the water out of the closed cell, and the forces rotate the buckyball around its axis. Gas exhaust occurs during the 360 degrees of rotation and can be enhanced with a blower if needed. A lot of natural air current is always available form the motion of watercraft across the water to direct into the open buckyball cell to exhaust gases. Steam injection, hydrogen peroxide conversion to water and oxygen on a catalyst, and water reactants released into the water to ignite some of the water, are all possible propulsion energy sources inserted within the open cell chamber. This invention teaches any energy source. This pulse turbine power system can push the buckyball airborne, but rather than water compression, air density difference will be the only driving force required. Air borne travel of the buckyball will provide higher air density on one side of the sphere over the other providing a higher density side to inject fuel into to ignite as it rotates. This airborne flying buckyball has 360 degrees of potential direction force to fly. This sphere will be air propulsion in aircraft, if rotated fast enough relative to a load and covered at angles that generate lift. Major water speeds can be achieved, because of the near zero drag of a full rotating hull. These ships could roll onto sandy beaches, because the buckyball sphere configured with closed cells within open cells can paddle the sand with the same relative low energy a wheel provides on water. An open cell can be relatively close to the surface, so the sand will contact the closed cells surface within the open cells that paddle the sand. The individual buckyball closed cells: twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons can be partially filled with fuels converted into mobility power while traveling or for safe multi-chamber storage. Rather than pipelines buckyballs can be rolled down a railroad track where buckyball surface is provided tire inserts that insert between railroad tracks to roll on the ground trail. Water and food can be delivered in the same way, just rolled out of the mountains. This invention teaches a pole supported flexible water proof material can replace ridged panels to enable a collapsible transportable buckyball.

Accordingly, there is a continuing need in the art for propulsion that is engineered for mobility with floating features inherent in the design that can be used to produce most geometries desired in the fabrication of wind power, water propulsion, hydroelectric power, land wheels, and air power. It is also desirable for power or propulsion systems to be broken down into simple components that are common and can be walked into a jobsite for installation or repair. This is useful since in the field of power and mobility, many composite materials are very difficult to cut and connect to each other, and many users require local material changes dependant on the job environment (e.g. wet, cold, hot, dusty, that require individual choices on site).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A buckyball sphere is an array of twenty equally spaced hexagons extruded from the center point of a sphere. The flat edges of the hexagon are parallel to an adjoining hexagon and the end points intersect, so a set of twelve pentagons naturally are equally arrayed within the openings of six hexagon arrays.

Physical movement of the buckyball can be controlled and is predictable, because this invention teaches the insertion of the drive axle in a pentagon or hexagon open extrusion cavity where axial alignment is inherent in the geometry. Mounting sphere components in the open cells, like inflatable tire ends, snow traction, sand surface mobility optimization inserts, ballistic materials, fuel transport within the closed cells, and agriculture implements. This invention teaches moving the drive forces to the outer sphere edges of the buckyball sphere, including the electric generating or motor elements, to optimize the power produced as a power supply, and power consumed as propulsion.

These and other aspects of this invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A representative apparatus in accordance with the present invention is shown in the FIGURE 1 for purposes of illustrating a buckyball sphere applied as a power producing turbine and a paddle wheel for propulsion. FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a planer hexagon curve extruded to the center point of a buckyball sphere, one of twenty hexagons that array equidistants into a buckyball sphere;

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG. 1 in a side view with all four planer hexagon curves extruded to the center point of a buckyball sphere, and ready to array around a center point into a twenty hexagon buckyball;

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG. 2 with surfaces that provide a water tight buckyball sphere within a larger buckyball sphere radius that shares the same center and relative surfaces; FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective side view of two pentagon 36 degrees relative to each other and interconnecting with five individual hexagons of a buckyball sphere;

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of four interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG. 2 rotated from a vertical to a horizontal position and assembled onto the pentagons in FIG. 4 for array around the sphere center to group position number one of five;

FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center to group position number two of five; FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center to group position number three of five;

FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center to group position number four of five; FlG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center to group position number five of five completing a buckyball sphere structure;

FlG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 9 with planer pentagon curve extruded to the center point in FIG. 4 relative to a buckyball sphere, both pentagon moved from the center point at equidistant lengths equal to the radius of the buckyball sphere within the view;

FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 9 with both pentagon moved from the outer end point of the radius in FIG, 10 inward one half the radius length at an equidistance within the buckyball sphere ;

FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 11 rotated 36 degrees to view the rotational axis in FIG. 08;

FIG. 13 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 11 rotated 90 degrees to view the rotational axis in FIG. 08 as a front planer view; FIG. 14 illustrates a perspective side view of a completed buckyball sphere assembly of FIG. 3 within hexagons of FIG. 2 to provide closed water tight closed cells;

FIG. 15 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 14 rotated 90 degrees from a vertical to horizontal rotation axis with a bolt, bearing, electric motor, and generator mount;

FIG. 16 illustrates a plan inside view of FIG 14 rotated;

FIG. 16a illustrates a plan inside view of FIG 16 rotated without the closed cells, so it is FIG. 9 with bearing axle end mount;

FIG. 17 illustrates a perspective view of a planer circular curve extruded to the center point providing one of twenty cones of a buckyball sphere, one of twenty cones that array equidistances into a buckyball sphere center point;

FIG. 18 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual cones in FIG. 17 in a side view with all four planer circular curves extruded to the center point of a buckyball sphere, and ready to array around a center point into a twenty cone buckyball; FlG. 19 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual cones in FlG. 18 with two smaller diagonal cones corresponding geometrically to FIG. 4 pentagon locations;

FlG. 20 illustrates a perspective elevated view of FlG 19 torus substitution the circles to clarify the FIG. 19 geometric cone source circles, four large and four smaller circles;

FIG. 21 illustrates a perspective top view of a substantially spherical buckyball assembly from geometric coordinate points in FIG 9 substituting O-ring groups for FIG. 19 groups; FIG. 22 illustrates a perspective top view of a substantially spherical buckyball hexagon group open cells extending past a sphere for a Boolean difference sphere cut;

FIG. 23 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 22 a hexagon group of open cells extension panels cut off in Boolean difference sphere cut; FIG. 24 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 23 hexagon group of open cell extension panels cut off in Boolean difference sphere cut down 216 degrees;

FIG. 25 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 24 inner sphere hexagon group of open cell panels cut off in Boolean difference inner sphere cut;

FIG. 26 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 25 hexagon group of open cells extension panels cut off in Boolean difference sphere cut and arrayed five times around the rotation axis;

FIG. 27 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 26 inner hexagon group of open cells and FIG. 28 outer hexagon group cut off in Boolean difference sphere cut in FIG. 23 and 24; FIG. 28 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 24 hexagon group of open cell panels cut off in Boolean difference inner sphere cut;

FIG. 29 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 28 hexagon extruded group arrayed five times into an open cell buckyball wind capture turbine; FlG. 30 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 28 hexagon group of open cell extension panels cut off from both sides partially aligned on the rotation axis in Boolean difference of two sphere cut 180 degrees apart;

FlG. 31 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 30 arrayed five time around the rotation axis providing a tire frame ready to insert inflated elements that will flex and contact the road surfaces;

FIG. 32 illustrates a perspective top view of a hexagon group of open cells where these extension panels provide an air channel to capture more air from a wider angle near the ground and provide a place to attach vegetation and animal screens before air enters FIG. 29 stationary buckyballs;

FIG. 33 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 32 a hexagon group of open cells arrayed five times around the center point, where these extension panels provide an air channel to capture more air from a wider angle near the ground.

FIG. 34 illustrates a perspective top view of a hexagon group of open cells made of canvas (or flexible foldable materials) and poles that fold up for transport;

FIG. 35 illustrates a perspective top view of a hexagon group of open cells made of canvas and poles that fold up for transport arrayed into a buckyball sphere for water sailing;

FIG. 36 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 15 and 16 closed buckyball sphere within a larger open cell sphere arrayed into a rectangle for boat propulsion where the spheres are floating and replace the vessel surface in an array and at a level below the water line of the cargo frame;

FIG. 37 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 36;

FIG. 38 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 15 and 16 closed buckyball sphere within a larger open cell sphere arrayed onto the middle point of all tetrahedron pipes for boat propulsion;

FIG. 39 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 38 with only three buckyball spheres;

FIG. 40 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 39 with all sphere rotation axis rotated to parallel positions; FlG. 41 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 1 for a combustion cycle starting with the open end of the buckyball cell's planer edge surfaces are rotated 150 degrees directly into the water sealing the chamber compressing air in the chamber between the water and the walls of the buckyball open cell, FlG. 42 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 41 rotated 150 degrees directly into the water where fuel is injected into the air and a spark source from near the center point ignites the fuel air mixture;

FIG. 43 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 41 rotated 210 degrees where the expanding gases force the water out of the closed cell, and the forces rotate the buckyball around its axis;

FIG. 44 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 41 rotated 240 degrees where gas exhaust occurs as the open cell exposed;

FIG. 45 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 41 rotated 270 degrees where gas exhaust occurs as the open cell is exposed to more air; FIG. 46 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 41 rotated 0 degrees where the cycle starts;

FIG. 47 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 41 rotated 90 degrees where natural air current is always available form the motion of watercraft across the water to direct into the open buckyball cell to exhaust gases; FIG. 48 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 16 with an air flap which opens from wind on the right side and closes moving into the wind, closed in this FIG.;

FIG. 49 illustrates a perspective side plan view of FIG. 16 with an air flap which opens from wind on the right side and closes moving into the wind, flap os closed;

FIG. 50 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 16 with an air flap which opens from wind on the right side and closes moving into the wind, open in this FIG.;

FIG. 51 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 16 buckyball attach to the stern of a small boat; FlG. 52 illustrates a perspective view of FlG. 34 and 35 buckyball rods attach to the center point of a buckyball sphere and five polar arrays around that center point;

FlG. 53 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 34 buckyball rods attach to the center point of a buckyball sphere;

FlG. 54 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 53 buckyball rods attach to the center point of a buckyball sphere with a vacuum tight film sealed around the rods;

FIG. 55 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 54 buckyball rods attach to the center point of a buckyball sphere with a vacuum tight film sealed around the rods; FIG. 56 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 55 buckyball rod extruded group attach to the center point of a buckyball sphere with a vacuum tight film sealed around the rods and array around that center point five times providing a vacuumed buoyant buckyball;

FIG. 57 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 56 vacuumed buoyant buckyball inserted into a vacuumed expanded baffle flexible cylinder;

FIG. 58 illustrates a perspective side view of vacuumed baffle in FIG. 57;

FIG. 59 illustrates a perspective rotated elevated end view of vacuumed baffle in FIG. 57; FIG. 60 illustrates a side view of a symmetric aerodynamic wing airfoil

(profile) where oncoming wind passes into wind cancellation materials are applied to the wing surfaces for adding air density and therefore more lift under the wing;

FIG. 61 illustrates a side view of an aerodynamic wing airfoil (profile) in FIG. 60 where the nose is rotated up to some small angle-of- attack providing a force upwards while the dragging force increases slightly;

FIG. 62 illustrates a side view of an aerodynamic wing airfoil (profile) with camber which produces lift even at zero degrees angle-of- attack because of the mean chord line reshaping the wing;

FIG. 63 illustrates a side view of an aerodynamic wing airfoil (profile) extruded wing- section; FlG. 64 illustrates a perspective plan rotated diametric end view of FIG 16a, a hexagon group of open cells extruded panels, which are cut off in a Boolean difference cylinder cut;

FIG. 65 illustrates a perspective plan side view of FIG 64 rotated 90 degrees;

FIG. 66 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plate arrayed around its diameter six times and then the full set of arrayed plates copied and rotated 90 degrees to provide a spherically shaped set of rotating open cell chambers;

FIG. 67 illustrates a perspective rotated side view of FIG. 66 providing a view parallel to the rotation axis and is provided fixtures on the end of axis

FIG. 68 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plate arrayed around its diameter six times and then the middle plate arrayed three times, on both sides and along the rotation axis providing spherically shaped set of rotating open cell chambers;

FIG. 69 illustrates a perspective rotated view of FIG. 68 provided bearing fixtures on the end of the rotation axis;

FIG. 70 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plate arrayed around its diameter six times and then one plate rotated 90 degrees to provide a spherically shaped set of rotating paddles without open cell chambers;

FIG. 71 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plates arrayed eight times along an axis and a flat rectangular plate arrayed around that axis six times; provide a barrel paddle wheel with a floating core which provides open cells for pulse turbine power;

FIG. 72 illustrates a perspective view of a cylinder with the buckyball sphere of FIG. 16 cut by Boolean sphere deference in FIG. 27 mounted in a cylinder with bearing housing and gear drive;

FIG. 73 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 72 with the cover plate removed for a view of the air port inlet.

FIG. 82 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 72 with

FIG. 83 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 72 with FIG. 84 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 72 with FlG. 85 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 72 with FlG. 86 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 72 with FIG. 87 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 72 with

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In FIGURES 1 through 60 it is understood that Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id are geometric locations that can be hexagons, circles (cones), or other shapes; and Ip can be pentagons circles (cones), or other shapes. These are geometric locations not shapes where the preferred shapes are hexagons and pentagons.

FIGURES 1 through 9 illustrate a planer hexagon curve extruded to the center point lxyz of a buckyball sphere in FIG. 9. FIG. 1 is one of twenty hexagons that array equidistants into a buckyball sphere, which is comprised of six isosceles triangle panels laa with inner surface Ia. FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of the inside surfaces Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons in FIG.

1 with all four planer hexagon curves extruded to the center point of a buckyball sphere center point lxyz, and ready to array 360 degrees at five equidistant angles around a center point into a twenty hexagon buckyball. FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagon faces l'a, l'b, l 'c, and I 'd onto the four planer hexagon curves in FIG. 2 which provide a water tight buckyball sphere within a larger buckyball sphere with a greater radius of extruded distance that shares the same center and relative surfaces laa, lbb, Ice, and ldd.

FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective side view of two pentagons left IpI and right lpr rotated 36 degrees around their common axis lxyz relative to each other in order to match and interconnect with five individual hexagons Ia and Id of a buckyball sphere. Five array groups provided to make a buckyball:

1. FIG. 5. illustrates a perspective view of four interconnecting individual hexagons Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id in FIG. 2 rotated from a vertical to a horizontal position axis 6 and assembled onto the pentagons IpI and lpr in FIG. 4 for array around the sphere center lxyz to group position number one of five.

2. FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center lxyz 72 degrees to group position number two of five;

3. FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center lxyz 144 degrees to group position number three of five. 4. FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center lxyz 216 degrees to group position number four of five.

5. FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual hexagons Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id in FIG. 5 arrayed around the sphere center lxyz 288 degrees to group position number five of five completing a buckyball sphere structure.

Buckyball tire in FIGUES 10 through 13 is provided a pentagon drive axle shaped to mate pentagon faces of IpI and lpr into five hexagon arrays Ia and Id at opposing ends:

1. FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 9 with planer pentagon curve extruded to the center point lxyz in FIG. 4 relative to a buckyball sphere; both pentagons in positions at 180 degrees are moved from the center point at equidistant lengths equal to the radius of the buckyball sphere within the view.

2. FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 9 with both pentagon moved from the outer end point of the radius in FIG, 10 inward one half the radius length at an equidistance within the buckyball sphere. 3. FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 11 rotated 36 degrees to view the rotational axis in FIG. 08.

4. FIG. 13 illustrates a perspective view of a completed buckyball in FIG 11 rotated 90 degrees to view the rotational axis in FIG. 08 as a front planer view.

Closed buckyball sphere within a larger open buckyball sphere: FIG. 14 illustrates a perspective side view of a completed buckyball sphere assembly of FIG. 3 within hexagons of FIG. 2 to provide closed water tight closed cells. These closed cells could be filled with a foam core, or other additional closed cell materials providing many levels of floating elements for added security. FIG. 15 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 14 rotated 90 degrees from a vertical to horizontal rotation axis with a bolt 9, bearing, electric motor, and generator mount 8. FIG. 16 illustrates a plan rotated view of FIG 15 rotated.

A cone based buckyball sphere, where twenty cones are substituted for hexagons and 12 pentagons are substituted for pentagons:

FIG. 17 illustrates a perspective view of a planer circular curve extruded to the center point lxyz providing one of twenty cones Ia of a buckyball sphere 13, one of twenty cones Ia that array equidistances into a buckyball sphere 13 around center point lxyz . FIG. 18 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual cones in FIG. 17 in a side view with all four planer circular curves extruded to the center point of a buckyball sphere, and ready to array around a center point into a twenty cone buckyball. FIG. 19 illustrates a perspective view of four grouped interconnecting individual cones in FIG. 18 with two smaller diagonal cones corresponding geometrically to FIG. 4 pentagon locations. FIG. 20 illustrates a perspective elevated view of FIG 19 torus substitution where the circles clarify the FIG. 19 geometric cone source circles (center circle of the torus), four large and four smaller circles. FIG. 21 illustrates a perspective top view of a substantially spherical buckyball assembly from geometric coordinate points in FIG 9 substituting O-ring (torus) groups for FIG. 19 groups. Cone buckyball sphere 13 can be scaled down to become a center point lxyz receptacle for inserting poles 15 with matching ends in FIGURES 52 through 57.

FIGURES 22 through 30 illustrate Boolean difference cuts that provide an inner rotating sphere that is within a stationary outer buckyball sphere. The inner sphere can be mounted to a fixed axial hexagon or pentagon providing the outer open buckyball the freedom to rotate around the inner spheres fixed axis. Magnetic bearings can suspend the inner sphere from the outer sphere and provide a motor or generator set integrated to the mating spherically cut edge surfaces. The inner sphere can be ported including selection of making some closed and some open cells, Covering open cells in the outer stationary buckyball sphere provides a force on one side of the rotation axis greater than the force registered with the closed cells producing power. In wind power it is desirable to force rotation by covering up some of the surfaces on one side of the rotation axis generating forces on a moment arm. This invention teaches a surface water generator is provided by floating the buckyball in this invention with the axis of rotation placed perpendicular to the river bank and anchored to the river bank so one half of the generator is stationary while the other half of the generator is rotating attached to the buckyball rotation axis. FIG. 22 illustrates a perspective top view of a substantially spherical buckyball hexagon group open cells extending past a sphere for a Boolean difference sphere cut. FIG. 23 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 22 hexagon group of the open cells extension panels cut off in a Boolean difference sphere cut represented by the sphere as shown. FIG. 24 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 23 hexagon group of open cell extension panels with their outside ends cut off by the Boolean difference in FIG. 23 sphere and rotated down around the rotation axis by 216 degrees. FIG. 25 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 24 inner sphere hexagon group of open cell panels cut off by the Boolean difference by the inner sphere cut. FIG. 26 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 25 hexagon group of open cells extension panels cut off by Boolean difference sphere cut and arrayed five times around the rotation axis. FIG. 27 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 26 inner hexagon group of open cells and FIG. 28 outer hexagon group cut off by the Boolean difference sphere cut In FIG. 23 and 24. FIG. 28 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 24 hexagon group of open cell panels cut off by the Boolean difference inner sphere cut and inner cut of FlG. 24. FIG. 29 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 28 hexagon extruded group arrayed five times into an open cell buckyball wind capture.

FIGURES 30 and 31 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 28 hexagon group of open cell extension panels cut off form both sides partially aligned on the rotation axis by the Boolean difference of two sphere cut 180 degrees apart. A Boolean difference cutting sphere of FIG. 22 with the same diameter was placed at one half the radius on each end of sphere FIG. 29 and cut. FIG. 31 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 30 arrayed five times around the rotation axis providing a tire frame ready to insert inflated elements that will flex and contact the road surfaces or natural geological surfaces.

FIGURES 32 and 33 illustrate a stationary wind capture structure to gather more wind and provide an independent place to clean bugs, birds, animals, and vegetation from entering a wind turbine. This invention teaches that it is a substantial advantage to extend these structures out to any extruded lengths, because they all register with the sphere mounted to process the wind energy into power. Carbon graphite materials, phase change molten salt materials, and other methodology to enhance power can be applied to these independent extruded extensions. Solar light mirrors can be directed to this stationary or rotating sphere to enhance their performance. Underground tunnels and natural geothermal energy can be connected to these panel materials. FIG. 32 illustrates a perspective top view of a hexagon group of open cells where these extension panels provide an air channel to capture more air from a wider angle near the ground and provide a place to attach vegetation and animal screens before air enters FIG 29 stationary buckyball. FIG. 33 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 32 a hexagon group of open cells array five times around the center point, where these extension panels provide an air channel to capture more air from a wider angle near the ground. These sphere extensions can be placed as a skirt around existing wind power to direct wind onto the turbine blades at the most optimized location, including mounting a full rotating buckyball turbine around a pole mounted existing turbine system in operation, so the winds on the ground would be utilized in the buckyball mounted to the pole of a host conventional wind turbine. The host wind turbine pole tapered diameter (or its widest base diameter) would be the Boolean difference cut on the buckyball sphere where bearings are provided for in the cutting clearance. This invention teaches that in the wind power industry this wind power open cell buckyball turbine can have water added with the wind to force the turbine to rotate as a hybrid. The uniformity of the buckyball sphere provides independent porting for combining fluids [air, water, natural gas]. Sand and rocks can be funnel into the open cell buckyballs to produce rotational power. FlG. 38 illustrates a perspective top view of FIGURES 15 and 16 closed buckyball sphere 11 within a larger open cell sphere 11 arrayed onto the middle point of all tetrahedron pipes 85 for boat propulsion or wind power. FIG. 39 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG. 38 with only three buckyball spheres rotate axis at 120 degrees. FIG. 40 illustrates a perspective top view of FIG 39 with all sphere rotation axis rotated to parallel positions. Tetrahedron pipes 85 are taught in this invention to rotate up desert sand dunes for funneling sand and wind into force rotation of open cell sphere 11 to generate electricity. The unstable nature of sand requires this advanced tetrahedron to continually reposition the generator potential into the wind. With enough wind across desert, costal sand dunes, snow or ice fields, and on water; this invention teaches some of the turbines will be generating electricity and the spheres 11 on the ground will be motor driven spheres 11 will optimize the tetrahedron 85 position into wind, falling sand dunes, water movement, or tidal movement. The tetrahedron 85 can tumble around in water and on rough terrain, which provides 360 degrees of positioning. Satellite and airborne advantages of controlling positions are also met with the tetrahedron in FIG. 38.

FIG. 41 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 1 for a combustion cycle starting with the open end of the buckyball cell's planer edge surfaces rotated clockwise in the direction of arrow 107 around central point lxyz by 150 degrees directly into the water 100 sealing and compressing air in the chamber 101 between the water 100 and the walls of the buckyball open cell Ia. FIG. 41 illustrates a perspective side view rotated 150 degrees where fuel 102 is injected into the air. FIG. 42 illustrates a perspective side view rotated 180 degrees where the air was just sealed directly into the water at its maximum compression point and a spark source 103 from near the center point lxyz ignites the fuel air mixture 104 into combustion. FlG. 43 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 41 rotated 210 degrees where the expanding combustion gases 104 force the water out of the closed cell forcing rotation of the buckyball around its axis pushing the axis in the travel direction of arrow 100. FIG. 44 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 41 rotated 240 degrees where gas exhaust 105 occurs as the open cell is exposed. FIG. 45 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 41 rotated 270 degrees where gas exhaust occurs as the open cell is exposed to more air. FIG. 46 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 41 rotated 0 degrees where the cycle starts. FIG. 47 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 41 rotated 90 degrees where natural air current is always available form the motion of watercraft across the water to direct into the open buckyball cell Ia to remove any remaining exhaust gases. It is understood that all open cell faces that rotate into the water can be a combustion chamber which provides as many as thirty pulses of combustion force around the 360 degree of rotation. This invention only shows one of the many combustion chambers for the ease of illustration and each hexagon or pentagon can be divided up into smaller chambers, if a large buckyball was required. FIG. 51 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 15 buckyball 12 attached to the stern of a small boat 84, which can be wind driven or combustion turbine powered. Wind blowing into the front of the boat can be directed down to the bottom of the boat, into the open cells of the buckyball below the rotating axis to move against the wind and the buckyball 12 can move the boat 84 backward or forward with the same speed and safety. Other pulse turbine shapes:

FIGURES 64 through 71 are other shapes pulse turbines can be placed in. This invention teaches a pulse turbine that is independent of the shape. Any shape combustion chamber can be rotated into the water with fuel and air mixtures for spark ignition or bipropellants, tripropellants, or high order chemical combinations to generate reaction forces within the chamber for rotational forces. FIGURES 64 through 71 share round plate 42, bearing surface 7, studs 9, and axis flange 8 on the end of axis 6. FIG. 64 illustrates a perspective plan rotated diametric end view of FIG 16a, a hexagon group of open cell extruded panels, which are cut off in a Boolean difference cylinder cut 11a. FIG. 65 illustrates a perspective plan side view of FIG 64 rotated 90 degrees. FIG. 66 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plate 40 arrayed around its diameter (axis 6) six times and then the full set of arrayed plates copied and rotated 90 degrees to provide a spherically shaped set of rotating open cell chambers 43, 43a, 43b, and 43c. FIG. 67 illustrates a perspective rotated side view of FIG. 66 providing a view parallel to the rotation axis 6 and is provided fixtures bearing surface 7, studs 9, and axis flange 8 on the end of axis 6. FIG. 68 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plate 40 arrayed around its diameter, the rotating axis 6, six times and then the middle plate 42 arrayed three times 42a. 42b, and 42c, on both sides of plate 42 and along the rotation axis 6 providing spherically shaped set of rotating open cell chambers 44, 44a, 44b, and 44c. In FIGURES 66 and 67 sphere 17 open cell chambers 44, 43a, 43b, and 43c are not the same volume, where In FIGURES 68 and 69 sphere 18 open cells chamber 44, 44a, 44b, and 44c are the same volume relative to rotation. FIG. 69 illustrates a perspective rotated view of FIG. 68 provided bearing fixtures on the end of the rotation axis 6. FIG. 70 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plate arrayed around its diameter six times and then one plate rotated 90 degrees to provide a spherically shaped set of rotating paddles without open cell chambers. FIG. 71 illustrates a perspective view of a circular plates 45 arrayed eight times along an axis 6 and a flat rectangular plate 47 (edge shown) arrayed around that axis 6 six times; provide a barrel paddle wheel 19 with a floating core 46 which provides open cells 48 for pulse turbine power. Each of these paddle wheels 11a, 17, 18, and 19 teach the option of floating cores with open cells to paddle water or pulse turbine combustion, because each will provide pulse turbine combustion chambers without the floating core. Buoyant plates can be applied like buckyballs, which the preferred configuration taught in this invention. Plate 42 is the greatest diameter of the sphere and can have magnets inserted on the near the edge for bearing, power generator, breaking or motor drive functions. Gears, drive belts, and other drive systems can be mounted to plate 42. FlG. 48 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 15 with an air flap 89 mounted to buckyball sphere by hinge 88 which opens from wind on the right side and closes moving into the wind, closed in this FIGURE. FIG. 49 illustrates a perspective side plan view of FIG 15 with an air flap 89 which opens from wind on the right side and closes moving into the wind, flap is closed. FIG. 50 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 15 with an air flap 89 which opens from wind on the right side and closes moving into the wind, open in this FIG. It is understood that this air flap is mounted to all hexagons and similarly shaped to be mounted to pentagons surrounded by hexagons. Air cancellation screens (screens placed in front of homes in the path of a hurricane.) FIG. 72 illustrates a perspective view of a cylinder 50 with the buckyball sphere of FIG. 16 cut by Boolean sphere deference in FIG. 27 mounted in a cylinder 50 with bearings 54 inserted in a raceway 53 onto axle 55. Axle 55 is comprised of a bearing raceway 55 and is mounted inside cylinder 50 structural axle housing 58. As the gear 56 is driven it rotates bearing raceway 53, which 56 and bearing 53 are bolted together. Plate 51 can have a turbine propulsion drive, diesel, gas engine (or hybrid), and fuel cell energy generated electric motor mounted to it with any of the exhaust gases ported through the plate (not shown) to blow air through port 59 in FIG. 73. In FIG. 73 a solid sphere 52 is mounted to cylinder 50 with exhaust port 59. Open cells Ib, and Ia will paddle in the water to move a boat or ship. The inner surface of the sphere 52 has a clearance great enough for rotation clearance of the buckyball sphere, but small enough to build air pressure between the buckyball sphere and the inside sphere surface of sphere 52. Sphere 52 can extend around the buckyball far enough to hold it in place where no axle would be needed to hold the buckyball in place when air is blown into port 59 and water air bearing will form to rotate the sphere. This housing structure can be mounted into a larger cylinder and rotated 360 degrees 60 around a center axis perpendicular to a water craft to control the direction of travel.

Atmospheric buoyancy of vacuumed buckyball closed cell membrane frame structure:

In FIGURES 52 through 59 a complete departure from all prior art is taught in this innovation where strong enough gas tight materials (Mylar type) are applied in this buckyball sphere surfaces l 'bb and l 'b in FIG. 54 to withstand vacuuming out as much atmospheric gas molecules as possible from the buckyball sphere 16 closed cells Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, and pentagon Ip in FIGURES 56 and 57. A hard vacuum is not required but can be achieved with strong enough reinforced materials (carbon nano tubes and nano fabricated quality controlled fabrics enabling nano dimensional controls of vacuum tight seals). FIG. 52 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 34 and 35 buckyball poles 15 attach to the center point lxyz of a buckyball sphere 16 and five polar arrays of group in FIG 55 around that center point lxyz. FIG. 53 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 34 buckyball rods 15 attach to the center point lxyz of a buckyball sphere 16. FIG. 54 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 53 buckyball rods 15 attached to the center point lxyz of a buckyball sphere 16 (FIG. 56) with a vacuum tight film l 'bb and l 'b sealed around the rods 15. FIG. 55 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 54 buckyball rods 15 attach to the center point of a buckyball sphere 16 with a vacuum tight film l 'bb and l 'b sealed around the rods 15. Surfaces are offset by rotation to view inside and outside the closed cells. The preferred embodiment in this invention is for a flexible gas tight film material l'bb and l 'b to be ultrasonically, dialectically, or glue adhesive sealed around the poles (or rods made of carbon graphite composites) 15 to be mounted onto poles that are adjoined at the center point lxyz in a small cone as shown in FIG. 21 of the buckyball sphere 16 making a closed cell with a hexagon or pentagon surface, so as a collapsed pole assembly is forces open by separating poles 15 by gripping sphere pole end caps 14, moving the end caps 14 equidistance from the center of every hexagon and pentagon centers, a vacuum forms within closed cells forming an atmospherically buoyant buckyball. This vacuum task, spreading end caps 14 can be performed safely in high attitude aircraft to minimize compression stresses, followed by releasing the vacuumed buckyball into high altitude atmosphere satellite applications. If buckyballs are applied as satellites, a meteoroid resistant material can be tied to end caps 14, and well as inserting bars (not shown) to maintain the pressure between the poles 15 that maintain the vacuum. The closed cells can be divided further by making more buckyballs within buckyballs to increase flight safety, but weight is added. In FIGURES 57 through 59, a cylindrical baffle vacuum structure 20 with accordion folding elements 21 can be expanded empty into a vacuumed cylindrical baffle 20 by pulling each opposing end out as shown in FIG. 59 perspective rotated elevated end view of vacuumed baffle 20 and then held in the vacuumed position with an insert (not shown, but inside or outside the structure of 20). This expansion baffle 20 is useful to increase or decrease in length to vary the vacuum potential in order to change elevation. FIG. 57 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG. 56 vacuumed buoyant buckyball 16 inserted into a vacuumed expanded baffle flexible cylinder 20. The buckyball sphere added to the cylinder ends provide a conventional shaped fuselage (additional aerodynamic shaping can be made by smaller diameter baffle rings and shaped buckyball and be within the scope of this invention). These vacuumed vessels can be release from ground to carry a payload, including people. FIG. 56 illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 55 buckyball poles 15 extruded group attached to the center point 1 xyz of a buckyball sphere 16 with a vacuum tight film 1 'b and 1 'bb sealed around the poles 15 and array around that center point lxyz five times providing a vacuumed buoyant buckyball 16. Conventional atmospheric air buoyancy gas selection is also taught in this invention by filling independent closed cells of a closed cell buckyball with helium, hydrogen, or hot gases where the total material weight is less than the lift forces on the sphere. Wings, tail and other conventional aircraft propulsion and aerodynamic components can be added to this design FIG. 57. Viewed on a microscopic scale hurricane screen looks very rugged relative to air currents. As air flows past these surfaces, some of the molecules that try to maneuver through the miniscule screen openings get cancelled from other like air molecules rotating around the screen and convert their energy to increased air pressure. These molecules of air that were originally moving with the speed of the oncoming air flow are halted and brought to zero velocity right at the surface, called the no-slip condition. On a larger scale this effect is felt as a friction force tugging at the wing surface.

We can break it down even further. When the boundary layer begins forming at the leading edge, it is flowing smoothly with each microscopic layer of air flowing easily over the other like a deck of playing cards sliding over one another. This portion of the boundary layer produces very little drag force, but unfortunately it only lasts until the air racing across the airfoil begins slowing down. With non-laminar airfoils, this typically happens within five to twenty percent of the chord length. At that point, the laminar boundary layer will begin mixing with outside air and becoming filled with small eddies. These so-called turbulent boundary layers are usually quite stable, but produce higher drag than the laminar boundary layers do

In FIGURES 60 through 63 for our purposes, all diagrams and airfoil (Europeans a Profile) layouts will assume air movement from left to right by arrow 30. Subsonic wings cross-sectional airfoil shapes are round in the front and sharp in the back. Air flowing past wings provide a vertical force 33 called lift. This invention teaches how to add lift to the wing. Lift is the result of having higher air pressure 32 below the wing than you have above it. Air can only impart forces to solid objects via pressure 32 and friction 34. FIGURE 64 is an airfoil extruded straight (spanwise) to provide a wing with lift. We call this extruded shape a wing section. In FIG. 60 a wing profile 19 with top surfaces 17 and bottom surfaces 18 is illustrated where the wind moves across the wing from the left side in the illustration. When adding wings this invention teaches increased lift of any wing design is provided by replacing some the bottom wing surface materials 18 held in place by the wing frame element 19, with wind cancellation materials 18 commonly applied to in front of buildings during hurricane winds. This wind cancellation fabric 18 substantially slows accelerating wind, which under a wing 18 would substantially increase air pressure below the wing, providing wing lift (as the air travels faster over the top wing surface 17 it loses density relative to the bottom wing surface 18). The material 18 can be used to partially cover the surfaces of the baffle accordion joints 21 and buckyball surfaces to steer an airborne structure made according to this invention. FIG. 60 illustrates a side view of a symmetric aerodynamic wing airfoil (profile) where oncoming wind passes into wind cancellation materials are applied to the wing surfaces for adding air density and therefore more lift under the wing. FIG. 61 illustrates a side view of an aerodynamic wing airfoil (profile) in FIG. 60 where the nose is rotated up to some small angle-of- attack providing a force upwards while the dragging force increases slightly. FIG. 62 illustrates a side view of an aerodynamic wing airfoil (profile) with camber which produces lift even at zero degrees angle-of- attack because of the mean chord line reshaping the wing. In FIG. 62 the drag 34, lift 33, resultant 32, oncoming wind 30, angle of attack 31. are illustrated The air pressure along both the upper 35 and lower surfaces 36 can vary wildly, usually dropping much lower than ambient pressure, especially on top 35 if the wing section 40 is angled up 31 at all. For a lifting airfoil, the air above is typically accelerated higher than the air below. The air up front moves to fill the void of all that air pushed down behind the wing. In the Bernoulli's effect, when the air accelerates (speed), the air pressure drops. The end result is that the pressure differences between the lower and upper surface lifts the wing upward. To conclude the idea, lift comes from a combined effort of the wing being sucked upwards and the wing deflecting some of the air beneath it. The effects are so intrinsically linked together that we can calculate the lift force by simply measuring surface pressures around the wing section/airfoil. In FIG. 63 a wing section 40 exposed to an oncoming wind 30 generates a single united force 32, usually pointing up vertically and slightly backwards. We call this the resultant force 32. Lift 33 is the portion of that force that is perpendicular to the direction of travel, not the direction the airfoil is pointing. Drag 34 is the portion that is parallel to the direction of travel. See Figure 5 for an illustration. Extreme laminar flow airfoils work when flying past Mach 0.6 (about

450 mph), where conventional Moving the minimum pressure location significantly behind the leading edge. This resulted in an increased critical Mach number, which allowed jet-fighters to go a little bit faster by minimizing supersonic drag over the wings (even a subsonic airplane can experience pockets of supersonic airflow on top of the wing due to local accelerations). Air tight materials:

Lebow Company (http://www.lebowcompany.com/ Lebow Company 5960 Mandarin Ave., Goleta, CA 93117 U.S.A. Phone & fax: 805-964-7117). Using a carbon or Parylene-N® backing, ultrathin foil of metal or compounds can be made in any thickness from only a few atomic layers up. Backings of mesh or Parylene® will be required in this invention to build the strength of the film materials. According to Lebow Company single-layer foils of Aluminum (Al), Aluminum Oxide (A12O3), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Germanium (Ge), Gold (Au), Hafnium (Hf), Indium (In), Iron (Fe), Kapton®, Lead (Pb), Lithium Fluoride (LiF), Magnesium (Mg), Magnesium Fluoride (MgF2), Molybdenum (Mo), Mylar® (PET), Nickel (Ni), Niobium (Nb), Parylene N® (-C8H8-), Palladium (Pd), Platinum (Pt), Silicon (Si), Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Silver (Ag), Tantalum (Ta), Teflon® (-CF2CF2-), Tin (Sn), Titanium (Ti), Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Tungsten (W), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn), and Zirconium (Zr) up to 25μ thick (0.001 inch), on most frame sizes and shapes. In addition, most materials can be combined as multi-layer ultrathin foils, and linear arrays of several materials can be built up along slits for a hardened thicker seal around a valve stem where the vacuum is pulled on the buckyball bag that forms a vacuumed closed cell.

Lebow Company offers unmounted ultrathin foil from 2.0-25μ (0.00008- 0.001 inch) thick. Unmounted foil of Aluminum (Al), Beryllium (Be), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), Indium (In), Iron (Fe), Kapton®, Lead (Pb), Magnesium (Mg), Molybdenum (Mo), Mylar®, Nickel (Ni), Niobium (Nb), Palladium (Pd), Platinum (Pt), Silver (Ag), Tantalum (Ta), Teflon®, Tin (Sn), Titanium (Ti), Tungsten (W), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn), and Zirconium (Zr) is supplied cut to any required size up to 100mm x 100mm (4x4 inches).

This invention focuses on vacuum tight Beryllium (Be) 7.5-25μ thick foil, rolled of 99.8% Be to ±10% thickness tolerances. This invention teaches that the thinnest unsupported foils (0.02-25μ) technology can be layered into the production of ultrathin metal supported foils sealed onto closed vacuumed cells around buckyballs or other large light weight framed structure. Unit weight, mechanical or alpha particle thickness, and bending fatigue are three of the key elements that are considered after vacuum tight films are achieved. A metalization system for fabricating thin film coatings ranges from coating sub-millimeter films up to lmm (0.04 in.). Lebow uses electron beam heated sources to deposit thin films and foils of the worlds widest range of metals, oxides, sulfides, fluorides, chlorides, and glasses. Lebow can deposit films in thicknesses ranging from a few angstroms to several microns on almost anything: glass, plastic, ceramic, metal, even paper, rolls of plastic or micro-wires. Micro-wires and circuits of wires manufactured onto the inside of the film surface are taught in this invention to excite xenon (Xe) which is provided inside the vacuumed chamber to control lift by passing electricity across the micro-wires, xenon is polarized and spiraled between electrodes on the inner membrane surface, pressuring the inner walls of the vacuumed bag. Electric energy applied across the inner vacuum membrane circuits strings the xenon together electrically. Electricity applied to the xenon decreases buoyancy lift because the electric energy on the inside surface moves towards an energy balance state relative to the outside air mass forces. Xenon increases the inner membrane electrical efficiency by electrically stringing xenon between the gaps of the vacuum membrane circuits. The vacuum membrane circuit can be micro wires, carbon nano tubes, larger circuits formed from foil materials, sputtered metal ultra thin film circuits, and screen printing. This vacuumed membrane structural environment can be applied to all types of buoyant shapes by one skilled in the art and is within the scope of this invention. Xenon was selected in this invention, but other elements can be used to balance inside energy against outside air mass pressure. Electric energy in (stringing xenon across circuits), provides a method of decreasing buoyancy which is control of an airborne vacuum bag in this invention. The buckyball air craft has thirty two vacuum bags (12 pentagon extrusions and 20 hexagon extrusions each wired separately which can provide spin or directional forces via adding electricity to xenon. The aircraft can morph down in size for aerodynamic optimization and the xenon light emission can provide visual safety of the aircraft. The vacuum bag films can have solar cells and static electricity absorption integrated as energy sources. Moisture in the vacuum bag will clathrate around the xenon, further reducing the potential loss of a vacuum. The high density of xenon minimizes the weight impact on buoyancy relative to electrical potential of a small amount, which xenon weight and energy are moved around by the circuit pattern taught in this invention to balance the motion of an airborne vacuum bag in the x, y, and z direction of travel. Collapsing the volume that the vacuum bag displaces decreases air buoyancy and can be provided from mechanical movement of the frame (e.g. poles of a buckyball sphere formed from vacuum bags can be made of screw threads that control pole length or the poles can be moved as mechanical levers), inflatable frames, and piezoelectric tubes can stiffen to morph the frame.

Xenon gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless, nontoxic, monatomic, and chemically inert. The concentration of xenon gas in the atmosphere, by volume percent, is 8.7 x 10-6. Xenon gas is principally shipped and used in gaseous form for excimer lasers, light bulbs, window insulation, ion propulsion, medical applications, and in research and development laboratories. Hyperpolarized xenon gas with a high rate of polarization can be manufactured. Prior art of xenon is used in incandescent lighting. Because less energy can be used to produce the same unit of light output as a normal incandescent lamp, the filament doesn't have to work as hard and filament life is increased. Because of its high intensity light characteristics, xenon is used in the aviation field for flashing lights guiding pilots on runway approaches. The latest innovation in automotive headlamps is the arc-discharge headlamp. Xenon flash lamps are used in lasers to "energize" or start laser lights. Though rapid advances in laser technology over the past two decades have provided numerous sources of pulsed coherent radiation throughout the infrared and visible spectrum, few high-power ultraviolet sources were commercially available until the discovery of the excimer laser, many of which use a xenon "flash" to get them started. Xenon and lasers are also finding possible application in wastewater treatment through generation of ultraviolet light. Current systems rely upon mercury vapor lamps. The xenon flashlamp, first developed as an energy source for laser beams, produces more photons and sends them out at energy levels five or more times intense than mercury devices. Xenon makes it possible to obtain better x-rays with reduced amounts of radiation and, when mixed with oxygen, is used to enhance contrast in CT imaging and to determine blood flow. Plasma display panels (PDPs) using xenon as one of the fill gases may one day replace the large picture tube in televisions and computer monitors. The advent of HDTV, along with the flat-panel PDPs, promises to revolutionize the TV and computer display industry. Liquid xenon has been proposed for use in a calorimeter for sub-atomic particle detection. Many researchers around the world are involved in this research. As liquid xenon is roughly 500 times as dense as gases normally used in particle detectors, and its atoms are therefore more tightly packed, it promises to provide exquisite sensitivity and accuracy over 10 times greater than previous devices in pinpointing the positions of particles. Xenon is not actually consumed in the detection process, and is recycled, so, aside from the initial filling volume requirement, makeup losses for these types of devices are small. One of the newest fields to make its demands for xenon known is the aerospace industry. Although not a new idea, the use of xenon as a propellant for positioning thrusters on satellites has recently gained significant momentum. This invention presents the idea that the physical characteristics of xenon make it a major benefit to include inside of a buoyant vacuum bag which have "open" circuits on the inside of the bag membrane. This invention is not limited to buckyball type spheres, which string the electrical potential from the vacuum bag membrane circuit through the xenon to three dimensional electric connections, multiplying the energy potential inside a buoyant vacuum bag. Xenon can be neutralized with a magnetic field applied to the outside of the membrane to control its potential energy inside the vacuum bag. Any transparent elements on the surface of the vacuum bag membrane will emit light to the environment, so an airborne vacuum bag with energy applied to string xenon together would appear as a light emitting hovering aircraft. When the energy applied to the xenon is turned off, the buoyant aircraft would accelerate up to high elevations. Any light emited from xenon could be circuited to form graphic lettering for advertising.

In another embodiment of the invention, the present invention also teaches a method for adding mirror type reflectors and colored Mylar polymer reflectors referred to in industry as PET film (biaxially oriented) which reflects up to 99% of light, including much of the infrared spectrum. In manufacture, a film of molten PET is cast on a roll and subsequently stretched orthogonally to the direction of travel. One side is normally microscopically smooth, while the other side contains microscopic asperities, which promote adhesion of coatings and printing media. Mylar can be aluminized by sputtering a thin film of metal onto it. The result is much less permeable to gasses and Like aluminum foil, aluminized Mylar has a shiny reflective side and a dull side. Mylar does not tear easily, unlike tin foil and aluminum foil.

According to Wikipedia, (a free Internet encyclopedia): Biaxially- oriented polyethylene terephthalate (boPET) polyester film is used for its high tensile strength, chemical and dimensional stability, transparency, gas and aroma barrier properties and electrical insulation. A variety of companies manufacture boPET and other polyester films under different trade names. In the US and Britain, the most well- known trade names are Mylar (a trademarked name for a certain type of polyester film mad by DuPont) and Melinex. The concept and technology for the "metallization" of plastic sheeting:

Polyesters are "thermosetting" polymers... ie, once formed, subsequent heating won't melt them. Heat them enough and they just burn. This means that Mylar films cannot be heat sealed without a specialized selection. DuPont does make a variety of coated Mylars that are heat sealable (because the coating on the Mylar can melt). Mylar that is made from a metalized nylon aluminized biaxial nylon with a special coating (capron emblem) for heat sealing.

Mylar protects people from damaging light rays. Mylar has a highly reflective nature. Useful as an insulating material to reflect away heat and/or light, and as a light filtering element. Example specifications Mylar sheeting: :

Thickness: 0.5 mil

Dimensions: 56" x 84"

Reflectance: 90%; 0.4 to 15 micron range

Transmission: 10%; 0.4 to 15 micron range Polyethylene and nylon are "thermoplastic" polymers... ie, subsequent heating will melt them and subsequent cooling will resolidify them. This means that sheets of "foil balloon material" can be heat sealed together. Metalized nylon (or "foil") is often mistakenly called "Mylar". Other carbon nano tube fibers are being developed to apply in this invention as the vacuum tight membrane. This invention teaches applying backing materials in the vacuum bag membrane: Nanostructured Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites, High Toughness Ceramics Containing Carbon Nanotube Reinforcement, and Novel Clothing Nonwoven Liner Material - Nanofibers in Melt Blown Media. Nanostructured Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites

AEGIS TECHNOLOGY 3300 A Westminister Ave. Santa Ana, CA 92703 Phone: (800) 691-1668 Dr. Fei Zhou Title: Light Weight Material for Ballistic Armor Abstract: Weight reduction for present and future armor systems is critical to rapid deployment of military contingencies, and ultra-light weapon platforms will be the cornerstone for dominating the future battlefield. In general, Al-based alloys are the material candidate for structural applications where weight saving is of primary concern. However, the highest tensile strength of commercial Al-based alloys is in the range of 550-600 MPa, and usually does not exceed 700 MPa even by optimizing thermomechanical treatment or by other strengthening approaches. The technology of nanostructured materials is uniquely poised to revolutionize materials for advanced Army systems. We propose to develop and manufacture a novel class of ultra-high hardness and strength, high impact energy, light-weight, nanostructured metal matrix composites (NMMCs) that can be used for future lightweight ballistic armor package systems. The Nanostructured Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (NMMCs) are intended for lightweight structural materials that will improve the design and fabrication of future armor package systems with unprecedented weight savings (e.g., a decrease in 80% as compared to conventional materials), and for the development of the capability to design, optimize, and manufacture cost-effective armored vehicle transport systems with survivability and performance characteristics that exceed those of current systems. Nano Ceramic Armor

MATERIALS & ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER) CORP. 7960 S. KoIb Rd. Tucson, AZ 85706 Phone: (520) 574-1980 Dr. Raouf O. Loutfy Title: High Toughness Ceramics Containing Carbon Nanotube Reinforcement Abstract: A significant limitation of currently produced ceramic armor is its brittleness, often resulting in premature fracture. Recent research has focused on the addition of carbon nanotube reinforcements, whose toughening capabilities and energy absorbing characteristics have been demonstrated. MER is the leading producer of nanotubes, and has developed dispersion and processing techniques for incorporation into polymers and ceramic matrices. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) has also accomplished the same for polymers and alumina ceramic matrices. It is proposed that MER investigate nanotube-reinforced silicon carbide and boron carbide, while RPI as a subcontractor will investigate nanotube-reinforced alumina. MER' s and RPFs prior research will be instrumental in being able to quickly fabricate composites for extensive testing including fracture toughness, strength, hardness, and ballistic performance. This will result in the generation of a database relating nanotube microstructural characteristics and content to the final composite properties. In the Phase I option, composites with the best combination of properties will be tested in side-by-side testing with their monolithic counterpart to fully determine the effect of the nanotubes. Demonstration of reproducibility of fabrication with equal or superior ballistic performance and an improvement in mechanical properties would pave the way for more extensive evaluation and ultimately commercialization. Ceramic composites with improved mechanical properties would be enabling for a variety of applications including body armor, engine components, nozzles, kiln furniture, and essentially all applications where alumina, boron carbide, and silicon carbide materials are currently employed. Nanostructured membranes with hybrid nanofiber/nanoparticle morphology

STONYBROOK TECHNOLOGY & APPLIED RESEARCH, INC. P.O. Box 1336 Stony Brook, NY 11790 Phone: (631) 838-7796 Dr. Dufei Fang Title: Novel Clothing Nonwoven Liner Material - Nanofibers in Melt Blown Media Abstract: This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I Project aims to develop innovative key technology to combine the melt-blown process with Multi-Jet electrospinning process that can fabricate membranes with new microfiber/nanofiber hybrid morphology and can lead to a commercial scale-up process. The specific aims of this Phase I proposal are to implement several new designs to incorporate the Multi-Jet electrospinning process (patent pending) in the conventional melt-blown process. Complex and coupled processing parameters including novel spinneret assemblies, new electrode designs, and control of jet acceleration, transportation and manipulation will be considered. The unique MuI ti- Jet electrospinning has been developed by the PI from Stonybrook Technology and Applied Research (STAR), Inc. and scientists from the Chemistry Department in the State University of New York at Stony Brook (SUNYSB). This technology is capable of producing new nanostructured membranes with hybrid nanofiber/nanoparticle morphology, designed composition variations and 3D pattern formation. Non-woven protective clothing with functions of non-wetting and low absorption could be used in many situations. Thus it will have high potentials for commercialization

In FIGURES 74 through 81 a sphere is the shape replacing the hexagonal and pentagonal geometric locations. In FIG. 75 the full assembly is arrayed around the axis 6 five times. FIGS 77 through 81 are the components of hexagonal sphere, pentagonal sphere with tube structure and hexagonal axle.

In Figures 82 though 90 a single pole with a fastener is assembled into five wind turbine blade holders by connecting two regular hexagons fastened at an angle 74.75 degrees and then arrayed around a central pentagon that is held in place by 76 central hub/bearing race. Blades 73 and 74 are mounted to the poles at angles that can capture air or water to turn the assembly. The assembly 79 can be array up and axis to rotate on a column of air.

The present invention has been described in relation to a preferred embodiment and several alternate preferred embodiments. One of ordinary skill, after reading the foregoing specification, may be able to affect various other changes, alterations, and substitutions or equivalents thereof without departing from the concepts disclosed. It is therefore intended that the scope of the Letters Patent granted hereon be limited only by the definitions contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims

CLAIMS I/We claim:

1. A buckyball sphere apparatus to provide a wheel for mobility and turbine power comprising: a planer hexagon curve extruded to a center point providing six isosceles triangles with the shortest edge being one of the six planer hexagon curves forming a buckyball hexagon extrusion; a buckyball hexagon extrusion is one of twenty that array equidistant angles around a pentagon shape into an open cell buckyball sphere.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the planer hexagon curve is provided a surface to make a closed cell buckyball hexagon extrusion.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the planer pentagon curve is provided a surface to make a closed cell buckyball pentagon extrusion.

4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein twenty buckyball hexagon extrusion with surfaces on the planer hexagon curves and twelve planer pentagon curves are provided surfaces to make a closed cell buckyball sphere.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the planer hexagon curve is extruded out to a greater radial distance from the center point than the radial distance to closed cell buckyball sphere pentagon and hexagon surfaces providing a closed cell buckyball sphere within a larger open cell buckyball sphere.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the two opposing pentagons are provided from a planer pentagon curve extruded to a center point of a buckyball sphere forming a buckyball pentagon closed cell extrusion, which is an axle structural drive element that inserts into a pentagon open cell of a buckyball sphere.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the buckyball pentagon closed cell extrusion is cut to length from its corresponding center point to the closed cell length to fit a drive.

8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein fluid movement is captured by open cells driving the buckyball sphere around the pentagon axle mount.

9. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein an electric or mechanical drive rotates the closed cell sphere within a larger open cell sphere providing movement relative to the surface of the floating buckyball which drives the buckyball sphere around the pentagon axle mount.

10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein a hollow stationary open cell buckyball sphere is provided as a stationary fluid capture structure to direct fluid into the center point.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein a spherical Boolean difference cut around the center point of the buckyball sphere where a cavity is provided for insertion of a rotating turbine.