WO2009049496A1 - Procédé, dispositif et système d'interaction de données dans une station radio de base - Google Patents

Procédé, dispositif et système d'interaction de données dans une station radio de base Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009049496A1
WO2009049496A1 PCT/CN2008/001719 CN2008001719W WO2009049496A1 WO 2009049496 A1 WO2009049496 A1 WO 2009049496A1 CN 2008001719 W CN2008001719 W CN 2008001719W WO 2009049496 A1 WO2009049496 A1 WO 2009049496A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
data
node
radio
downlink
uplink
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2008/001719
Other languages
English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
Haiyu Ding
Xin Ma
Peng HE
Yan Qin
Jie Su
Yongxin Chen
Zhongbin Zheng
Original Assignee
China Mobile Communications Corporation
Research Institute Of Telecommunication Transmission Of Mii
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by China Mobile Communications Corporation, Research Institute Of Telecommunication Transmission Of Mii filed Critical China Mobile Communications Corporation
Priority to KR1020107007454A priority Critical patent/KR101111156B1/ko
Priority to JP2010525184A priority patent/JP5181148B2/ja
Publication of WO2009049496A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009049496A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
    • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
    • H04B7/2643—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using time-division multiple access [TDMA]
    • H04B7/2656—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using time-division multiple access [TDMA] for structure of frame, burst

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of communications technologies, and in particular, to a data interaction method, device, and system in a radio base station.
  • radio equipment control (REC) nodes and radio equipment (RE) nodes in a radio base station tend to be physically separated.
  • the RE node can be close to the antenna, and the REC node is conveniently located. Entry.
  • the REC node performs baseband signal processing, and each RE node converts between baseband and radio frequencies and transmits or receives information through one or more antennas.
  • the REC node is connected to multiple remote RE nodes via separate dedicated optical links and/or electrical links. Each link transmits data from the REC node to the RE node, and transmits data from the RE node to the REC node.
  • the data exchanged between the REC node and the RE node includes user data and control data.
  • the user data refers to user operation data transmitted from the radio base station to the user equipment (or from the user equipment to the radio base station).
  • the user data is transmitted in the plural form, so the user data in the plural form is also referred to as IQ data, where " ⁇ corresponds to the real or in-phase component of the complex signal, and "Q" corresponds to the imaginary or quadrature component of the complex signal.
  • a physical Ir link can transmit a plurality of IQ data streams, each IQ data stream corresponding to data of one antenna of one carrier (referred to as an antenna carrier (AxC)). An AxC is received or transmitted with an antenna through a carrier. The amount of user data is related.
  • the control data exchanged between the REC node and the RE node includes: operation and maintenance data (C&M data), synchronization data, and identification data (such as a frame number).
  • C&M data operation and maintenance data
  • the operation and maintenance data (C&M data) is used for operation management and maintenance of the communication interface between the REC node, the RE node, the REC node, and the RE node, including parameter configuration class messages, state management class messages, and alarm management class messages.
  • Various types of data such as version management classes.
  • Synchronous data refers to the interaction between the REC node and the RE node. Synchronization and timing information can be used to detect supergroups, frame boundaries, and associated numbers.
  • the IQ data and synchronization data of different antenna carriers can be multiplexed onto one Ir link by Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
  • TDM Time Division Multiplexing
  • CPRI Common Public Radio Interface
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • the RE node utilizes multiple antenna carriers.
  • the generated control data and user data interact between the REC node and the RE node through the transmission link.
  • the user data includes multiple data streams, and each data stream corresponds to data of a single carrier on a single antenna. Control data and user data are combined into a time division multiplexed (TDM) frame by time division multiplexing.
  • TDM time division multiplexed
  • the CPRI protocol specifies an interface line rate between the REC node and the RE node of 614.4 Mbps, 1.2288 Gbps, or 2.4576 Gbps.
  • a basic frame of a TDM consists of 16 words, each word occupies 16 bits, in a basic frame, The first word (16bit) is used to transfer control data, and the remaining words are used to transfer user data.
  • the data interaction between the REC node and the RE node can also be applied to the TD-SCDMA system.
  • TD-SCDMA systems in order to achieve better system performance, smart antenna technology needs to be supported.
  • three sectors/carriers need to be considered, and an 8-cell smart antenna is used per sector/carrier, that is, 24 IQ data streams, that is, 24AxC, need to be supported.
  • each data stream in the user data should use 16-bit bits.
  • the data structure between the REC node and the RE node is realized by using the frame structure of the CPRI protocol.
  • the control data occupies one word length in one basic frame, only 15 words are actually used to transmit user data, so that the number of data streams for transmitting user data is less than 24 Therefore, the typical smart antenna application scenario in the TD-SCDMA system cannot be satisfied; when the REC node and the RE node exchange data in the TD-SCDMA system, the rate at which the radio base station processes the data stream is relatively low, and the system performance is relatively poor. .
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a method, apparatus, and system for interworking data between a radio control node and a radio node to increase the rate of data flow between a radio control node and a radio node.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for interworking data between a radio equipment control node and a radio equipment node, where the data includes user data and control data, and the control data includes operation and maintenance data.
  • the radio equipment control node transmits downlink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment node in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe; the radio equipment node transmits uplink operation and maintenance to the radio equipment control node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe. data.
  • the embodiment of the present invention further provides a radio device control node that exchanges data with a radio device node, where the data includes user data and control data, and the control data includes operation and maintenance data, including:
  • a first sending module configured to transmit downlink operation and maintenance data to a radio node in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe
  • the first receiving module is configured to receive uplink operation and maintenance data transmitted by the radio node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • the embodiment of the present invention further provides a radio device node, which interacts with a radio device control node, where the data includes user data and control data, and the control data includes operation and maintenance data, including:
  • a second sending module configured to transmit uplink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment control node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe;
  • the second receiving module is configured to receive downlink operation and maintenance data transmitted by the radio equipment control node in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • An embodiment of the present invention further provides a radio base station system, including a radio equipment control node and a radio equipment node; the radio equipment control node and the radio equipment node exchange data, the data includes user data and control data, and the control Data includes operational maintenance data,
  • a radio equipment control node configured to transmit downlink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment node in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe
  • a radio equipment node configured to transmit uplink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment control node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • the radio equipment control node transmits downlink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment node in the uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA frame, so that the downlink operation and maintenance data transmission does not occupy the downlink time slot, and the control in the downlink time slot
  • the data does not contain operation and maintenance data, and only a small part of the bits are occupied in the entire downlink time slot; the radio equipment node transmits uplink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment control node in the downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA frame, so that the uplink operation and maintenance data is performed.
  • the transmission does not occupy the uplink time slot, and the control data in the uplink time slot does not include operation and maintenance data, and only a small part of the bits are occupied in the entire uplink time slot; thereby greatly improving the transmission rate of the user data, which can be made in the user data.
  • Each data stream uses 16 bits to achieve a better data dynamic range, and can ensure that in the smart antenna application scenario of TD-SCDMA, 8 antennas carry 3 carriers and support 24 data streams.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a basic frame in the background art
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between a basic frame and a WCDMA radio frame in the background art
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a TD-SCDMA subframe according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between a group and a TD-SCDMA frame according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a group in an operation and maintenance subchannel according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a group in an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a synchronization subchannel of each super group according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a radio device control node according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a radio device node according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a base station system of a radio device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • one TD-SCDMA frame is composed of two TD-SCDMA subframes.
  • one TD-SCDMA subframe includes a service time slot (TS0 ⁇ TS6) and an uplink pilot time slot ( UpPTS), downlink pilot time slot (DwPTS) and guard interval (GP); wherein the downlink service time slot and the downlink pilot time slot are used for transmitting downlink data, which are called downlink time slots; uplink service time slots and uplink pilot channels
  • the time slot is used to transmit uplink data, which is called an uplink time slot.
  • the data exchanged between the REC node and the RE node is partially separated and transmitted.
  • the specific treatment is as follows:
  • the operation and maintenance data in the control data is transmitted separately from the other control data.
  • the REC node transmits downlink operation and maintenance data to the RE node in the uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe; the RE node transmits the uplink operation and maintenance data to the REC node in the downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • the REC node and the RE node can exchange data through the interface, such as through the Ir interface or other interfaces that can be used to exchange data between the REC node and the RE node.
  • the REC node After the operation and maintenance data is separated from the control data, the REC node transmits the downlink user data and other control data other than the operation and maintenance data, such as the synchronization data and the identification data, to the RE node by using the downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe. (Frame number); The RE node transmits uplink user data and other control data other than operation and maintenance data, such as synchronization data and identification data, to the REC node by using the uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe. Due to the control data exchanged between the REC node and the RE node, the operation and maintenance data accounts for a large proportion of the entire control data.
  • the embodiment method separately transmitted on the slot can make the proportion of the control data in the TD-SCDMA subframe greatly decrease when the REC node and the RE node exchange data, so that more time slots are used for transmitting user data, so
  • the number of data streams for transmitting user data can be up to 24, which satisfies 3 sectors/carriers in the TD-SCDMA system, and each sector/carrier
  • a TD-SCDMA frame can be composed of multiple TDM supergroups, and a TDM supergroup can be composed of multiple TDM groups.
  • a specific example of the composition relationship between a group and a TD-SCDMA frame is that 64 or 32 groups (represented by a variable X) are combined into a super group of TDM (the frame number is represented by a variable Z). ), composed of 200 supergroups into one TD-SCDMA frame;
  • FIG. 4 shows a case where a group of 64 groups is combined into one super group of TDM, and a case where 32 groups are combined into one super group of TDM similar.
  • one super group occupies 50 microseconds
  • one TD-SCDMA frame occupies 10 milliseconds.
  • a specific example is that in the TD-SCDMA subframe, the downlink C&M Data is transmitted by using Tsl and UpPTS, and the uplink C&M Data is transmitted by using TsO and DwPTS.
  • downlink operational maintenance class data is allocated to 1024 subchannels. Each subchannel consists of a group of 768 bits, and the composition of each group is as shown in Figure 5.
  • uplink operational maintenance class data is allocated to 960 subchannels. Each subchannel consists of a group of 768 bits, and the composition of each group is as shown in Fig. 5.
  • the initial synchronization data is placed in C&M Data.
  • Data, and control data other than operation and maintenance data such as synchronization data, identification data (frame number) can be compressed to 1 bit, occupying the lowest bit in a word, and the remaining bits can be used to transmit user data, so that the user The data is significantly higher in the overall group.
  • the shaded portion shown in Figure 6 is the bit occupied by the control data other than the operation and maintenance data. Since the bit is located at the lowest bit of the lowest byte in the entire group, its impact on the user data transmission of the entire group is very small, which can be approximated as the entire group is used to transmit user data, so that the radio base station processes the data. The rate of flow is significantly faster.
  • the number of bytes contained in each word is represented by T
  • each word corresponds to an 8-bit byte
  • the value of T depends on the total data rate, which is called the Ir line bit rate. In this example, the total length of the word is 32 bits, that is, the value of T is 4, and the available data rate is 1228.8 Mbps.
  • Fig. 6 indicates the transmission order of a plurality of bits in the direction of the arrow. If “ABCDEFGH” is used to indicate each bit from low to high in a byte, after 8B/10B encoding, ten blocks “ABCDEI FGHJ" are transmitted as serial data streams starting from "A". That is, in the 8B/10B encoding, one code bit is added to the three highest bits, and the other code bit is added to the five lowest bits.
  • the case where the control data other than the operation and maintenance data shown in FIG. 6 occupies 1 bit is only a specific example in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • control data other than the operation and maintenance data may also be The lowest bit of other words in the group is occupied, for example, the least significant bits of different words are sequentially selected in the group for transmission of control data other than the operation and maintenance data.
  • the total number of least significant bits of the words occupied by the control data other than the operation and maintenance data in one group cannot exceed (15 bits), because when 16 bits are occupied, only 15 words of user data can be transmitted in one group. At this time, it is also unable to meet the requirements of 3 sectors/carriers in the TD-SCDMA system, and 8 units of smart antenna application scenarios per sector/carrier.
  • a threshold value may be set according to user requirements and system capabilities.
  • the total number of lowest bits of words occupied by control data other than operation and maintenance data in a group shall not exceed the threshold to satisfy the TD-SCDMA system. 3 sectors/carriers, 8 sectors of smart antenna application scenarios per sector/carrier. Of course, the threshold should not exceed 15.
  • a supergroup corresponds to 64 subchannels, the index of the subchannel ranges from 0 to 63, and the control word index (Ns) of the subchannels has four possible values - 0, 1, 2, and 3.
  • the synchronization subchannel of each super group is shown in Figure 7.
  • the synchronization and data included in the control word are detected by the RE node to realize synchronization and timing between the REC node and the RE node.
  • an embodiment of the present invention further provides a radio device control node, which interacts with a radio device node, and the interaction data includes user data and control data, and the control data includes operation and maintenance data, and the structure thereof is as shown in FIG. 8.
  • the first sending module 81 is configured to: transmit, in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe, downlink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment node;
  • the receiving module 82 is configured to receive uplink operation and maintenance data transmitted by the radio node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • control data further includes synchronization data and identification data.
  • the first sending module 81 is further configured to transmit downlink user data, synchronization data, and identification data to the radio node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • the first receiving module 82 is further configured to receive uplink user data, synchronization data, and identification data transmitted by the radio node in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • control data further includes synchronization data and identification data;
  • the first sending module 81 is further configured to transmit downlink synchronization data and identification data to the radio node in the lowest bit of the word in the group, the total number of the lowest bits.
  • the first receiving module 82 is further configured to receive uplink synchronization data and identification data transmitted by the radio node in the lowest bit of the word in the group, where the total number of the lowest bits does not exceed the set width. value.
  • the first sending module 81 is further configured to sequentially select the lowest bit of the different words in the group to transmit the downlink synchronization data and the identification data to the radio node.
  • the first receiving module 82 may also be used to sequentially in the group. Selecting the lowest bit of the different word to receive the uplink synchronization data and the identification data transmitted by the radio node; or, the first sending module 81 may further be configured to transmit the downlink synchronization data to the radio node in the lowest bit of the lowest word in the group.
  • Identification data The first receiving module 82 is further configured to receive uplink synchronization data and identification data transmitted by the radio node in the lowest bit of the lowest word in the group.
  • an embodiment of the present invention further provides a radio node, and a wireless device.
  • the data is exchanged between the control nodes of the electrical device, and the data of the interaction includes the user data and the control data, and the control data includes the operation and maintenance data.
  • the structure is as shown in FIG. 9 , and includes: a second sending module 91 and a second receiving module 92; a second sending module 91, configured to transmit uplink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment control node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe; and a second receiving module 92, configured to be in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe Receiving downlink operation and maintenance data transmitted by the radio equipment control node.
  • control data further includes synchronization data and identification data.
  • the second sending module 91 is further configured to transmit uplink user data, synchronization data, and identifiers to the radio device control node in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • the second receiving module 92 is further configured to receive downlink user data, synchronization data, and identification data transmitted by the radio control node in a downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • control data further includes synchronization data and identification data
  • the second sending module 91 is further configured to transmit uplink synchronization data and identification data to the radio device control node in the lowest bit of the word in the group, the lowest bit bit The total number does not exceed the set threshold
  • the second receiving module 92 is further configured to receive downlink synchronization data and identification data transmitted by the radio control node in the lowest bit of the word in the group, where the total number of the lowest bits does not exceed the setting. The value of the bar.
  • the second sending module 91 is further configured to sequentially select the lowest bit of the different words in the group to transmit the uplink synchronization data and the identification data to the radio control node; the second receiving module 92 may also be used in the group.
  • the lowest bit of the different words is sequentially selected to receive the downlink synchronization data and the identification data transmitted by the radio control node; or the second sending module 91 is further configured to transmit the uplink to the radio control node in the lowest bit of the lowest word in the group.
  • Synchronizing the data and the identification data; the second receiving module 92 is further configured to receive the downlink synchronization data and the identification data transmitted by the radio control node in the lowest bit of the lowest word in the group.
  • an embodiment of the present invention further provides a radio base station system, which is structured as shown in FIG. 10, including a radio device control node 101 and a radio device node 102; and an interaction between the radio device control node 101 and the radio device node 102.
  • Data interactive data including User data and control data
  • the control data includes operation and maintenance data
  • the radio equipment control node 101 is configured to transmit downlink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment node 102 in an uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe; the radio equipment node 102,
  • the uplink operation and maintenance data is transmitted to the radio equipment control node 101 in the downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • the storage medium can include: ROM, RAM, Disk or disc, etc.
  • the radio equipment control node transmits downlink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment node in the uplink time slot of the TD-SCDMA frame, so that the downlink operation and maintenance data transmission does not occupy the downlink time slot, and the control in the downlink time slot
  • the data does not contain operation and maintenance data, and only a small part of the bits are occupied in the entire downlink time slot; the radio equipment node transmits uplink operation and maintenance data to the radio equipment control node in the downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA frame, so that the uplink operation and maintenance data is performed.
  • the transmission does not occupy the uplink time slot, and the control data in the uplink time slot does not include operation and maintenance data, and only a small part of the bits are occupied in the entire uplink time slot; thereby greatly improving the transmission rate of the user data, which can be made in the user data.
  • Each data stream uses 16 bits to achieve a better data dynamic range, and can ensure that in the smart antenna application scenario of TD-SCDMA, 8 antennas carry 3 carriers and support 24 data streams.
  • the radio equipment control node transmits user data, synchronization data, and identification data to the radio equipment node in the downlink time slot of the TD-SCDMA subframe; the radio equipment node is in the TD-SCDMA subframe.
  • user data, synchronization data and identification data are transmitted to the radio equipment control node, thereby realizing synchronization and timing on the basis of ensuring the quality of the user data and ensuring the requirements of the smart antenna application scenario of the TD-SCDMA.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé d'interaction de données entre un nœud de commande d'équipement radio et un nœud d'équipement radio, les données incluant des données utilisateur et des données de commande, les données de commande incluant des données C & Q, un nœud de commande d'équipement radio transmettant des données C & Q en liaison descendante vers un nœud d'équipement radio dans l'intervalle temporel en liaison montante d'une sous-trame TD-SCDMA et un nœud d'équipement radio transmettant des données C & Q en liaison montante dans l'intervalle temporel en liaison descendante d'une sous-trame TD-SCDMA. L'invention concerne également un nœud de commande d'équipement radio, un nœud d'équipement radio et un système radio de station de base.
PCT/CN2008/001719 2007-10-12 2008-10-10 Procédé, dispositif et système d'interaction de données dans une station radio de base WO2009049496A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020107007454A KR101111156B1 (ko) 2007-10-12 2008-10-10 무선 기지국에서 대화식 데이터 교환 방법, 설비 및 시스템
JP2010525184A JP5181148B2 (ja) 2007-10-12 2008-10-10 無線基地局における対話型データ伝送方法、設備及びシステム

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN200710175822.3 2007-10-12
CN2007101758223A CN101409667B (zh) 2007-10-12 2007-10-12 无线电基站中的数据交互方法、设备及***

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WO2009049496A1 true WO2009049496A1 (fr) 2009-04-23

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KR20010000741A (ko) * 2000-10-17 2001-01-05 최성곤 유소아용 건강보조음료 조성물 및 그의 제조방법
WO2011144085A2 (fr) 2011-05-25 2011-11-24 华为技术有限公司 Procédé d'émission de données et noeud b
CN106899342B (zh) * 2016-12-27 2019-01-01 ***通信有限公司研究院 一种数据封装、传输方法及装置

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WO2006040653A1 (fr) * 2004-10-12 2006-04-20 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Communication entre un noeud de commande d'equipement radio et plusieurs noeuds d'equipement radio a distance
CN1860811A (zh) * 2003-09-30 2006-11-08 Lm爱立信电话有限公司 用于无线电基站中的无线电设备控制节点与远程无线电设备节点之间的通信的接口、装置及方法

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US7529215B2 (en) * 2003-11-17 2009-05-05 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Encapsulation of independent transmissions over internal interface of distributed radio base station
US7773578B2 (en) * 2004-07-13 2010-08-10 Utstarcom Telecom Co., Ltd. Packet transmission method for wireless signals in a wireless base station system
EP2131602B1 (fr) * 2007-03-28 2014-07-23 Fujitsu Limited Procédé pour une communication de données entre un équipement de commande radio et un équipement radio, équipement de commande radio et équipement radio

Patent Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1860811A (zh) * 2003-09-30 2006-11-08 Lm爱立信电话有限公司 用于无线电基站中的无线电设备控制节点与远程无线电设备节点之间的通信的接口、装置及方法
WO2006040653A1 (fr) * 2004-10-12 2006-04-20 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Communication entre un noeud de commande d'equipement radio et plusieurs noeuds d'equipement radio a distance

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KR101111156B1 (ko) 2012-02-27
CN101409667B (zh) 2011-08-24
JP5181148B2 (ja) 2013-04-10
CN101409667A (zh) 2009-04-15
JP2010539828A (ja) 2010-12-16
KR20100072234A (ko) 2010-06-30

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