WO2008132452A2 - Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts - Google Patents
Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008132452A2 WO2008132452A2 PCT/GB2008/001451 GB2008001451W WO2008132452A2 WO 2008132452 A2 WO2008132452 A2 WO 2008132452A2 GB 2008001451 W GB2008001451 W GB 2008001451W WO 2008132452 A2 WO2008132452 A2 WO 2008132452A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- zeolite
- catalyst
- transition metal
- zeolites
- small pore
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 262
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 186
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 175
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 162
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910002089 NOx Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052676 chabazite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;1,3,5,2,4,6$l^{2}-trioxadisilaluminane 2,4-dioxide;dihydroxide;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2].O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1.O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1 UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrogen dioxide Chemical compound O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052675 erionite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003949 liquefied natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N (D)-(+)-Pantothenic acid Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium formate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]C=O VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017119 AlPO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 241000269350 Anura Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 115
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 57
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 39
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 32
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 19
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 14
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- -1 Beta Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001603 clinoptilolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 6
- JYIBXUUINYLWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;calcium;potassium;silicon;sodium;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Na].[Al].[Si].[K].[Ca] JYIBXUUINYLWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052728 basic metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 4
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001657 ferrierite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- PFEOZHBOMNWTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylpentane Chemical compound CCC(C)CC PFEOZHBOMNWTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010757 Reduction Activity Effects 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012993 chemical processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-DODZYUBVSA-N 7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCC[C@H](O)C=C[C@H]1[C@H](O)CC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCCCCC(O)=O GMVPRGQOIOIIMI-DODZYUBVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCKCALBACATZGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N C([O-])([O-])=O.[NH4+].NC(=O)N.[NH4+] Chemical compound C([O-])([O-])=O.[NH4+].NC(=O)N.[NH4+] XCKCALBACATZGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021577 Iron(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003910 SiCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PZZYQPZGQPZBDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium silicate Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O PZZYQPZGQPZBDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003818 basic metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960001484 edetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012013 faujasite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001683 gmelinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052677 heulandite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/54—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/56—Nitrogen oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of converting nitrogen oxides in a gas, such as an exhaust gas of a vehicular lean-burn internal combustion engine, to nitrogen by contacting the nitrogen oxides with a nitrogenous reducing agent in the presence of a transition metal-containing zeolite catalyst.
- SCR Selective catalytic reduction
- nitrogenous compounds such as ammonia or urea
- SCR technology was first used in thermal power plants in Japan in the late 1970s, and has seen widespread application in Europe since the mid-1980s.
- SCR systems were introduced for gas turbines in the 1990s and have been used more recently in coal-fired powerplants.
- SCR applications include plant and refinery heaters and boilers in the chemical processing industry, furnaces, coke ovens, municipal waste plants and incinerators.
- NO x reduction systems based on SCR technology are being developed for a number of vehicular (mobile) applications in Europe, Japan, and the USA, e.g. for treating diesel exhaust gas.
- reaction (1) Several chemical reactions occur in an NH 3 SCR system, all of which represent desirable reactions that reduce NO x to nitrogen. The dominant reaction is represented by reaction (1).
- reaction (2) Competing, non-selective reactions with oxygen can produce secondary emissions or may unproductively consume ammonia.
- One such non-selective reaction is the complete oxidation of ammonia, shown in reaction (2).
- reaction (3) may lead to undesirable products such as N 2 O, as represented by reaction (3).
- Aluminosilicate zeolites are used as catalysts for SCR of NO x with NH 3 .
- One application is to control NO x emissions from vehicular diesel engines, with the reductant obtainable from an ammonia precursor such as urea or by injecting aramor ⁇ aper se.
- transition metals are incorporated into the aluminosilicate zeolites.
- the most commonly tested transition metal zeolites are Cu/ZSM-5, Cu/Beta, Fe/ZSM-5 and Fe/Beta because they have a relatively wide temperature activity window. In general, Cu-based zeolite catalysts show better low temperature NO x reduction activity than Fe-based zeolite catalysts.
- ZSM-5 and Beta zeolites have a number of drawbacks. They are susceptible to dealumination during high temperature hydrothe ⁇ al ageing resulting in a loss of acidity, especially with Cu/Beta and Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts. Both Beta- and ZSM-5-based catalysts are also affected by hydrocarbons which become adsorbed on the catalysts at relatively low temperatures and ar,e oxidised as the temperature of the catalytic system is raised generating a significant exotherm, which can thermally damage the catalyst. This problem is particularly acute in vehicular diesel applications where significant quantities of hydrocarbon can be adsorbed on the catalyst during cold-start; and Beta and ZSM-5 zeolites are also prone to coking by hydrocarbons.
- Cu-based zeolite catalysts are less thermally durable, and produce higher levels OfN 2 O than Fe-based zeolite catalysts. However, they have a desirable advantage in that they slip less ammonia in. use compared with a corresponding Fe-zeolite catalyst.
- aluminophosphate zeolites that contain transition metals demonstrate enhanced catalytic activity and superior thermal stability than aluminosilicate zeolite catalysts for SCR OfNO x with hydrocarbons (also known as lean NO x catalysis or "DeNOx catalysts" (e.g. Ishihara et ah, Journal of Catalysis, 169 (1997) 93)).
- DeNOx catalysts also known as lean NO x catalysis or "DeNOx catalysts” (e.g. Ishihara et ah, Journal of Catalysis, 169 (1997) 93).
- 2006/064805 discloses an electrical processing technology for treating diesel engine exhaust gas which utilizes corona discharge.
- a combination of a device for adding a NO x reducer (hydrocarbon or fuel) and a Cu-SAPO-34 NO x reducing catalyst can be disposed downstream of the electrical processing apparatus.
- NO x reducer hydrocarbon or fuel
- Cu-SAPO-34 NO x reducing catalyst can be disposed downstream of the electrical processing apparatus.
- WO 00/72965 discloses iron (Fe) exchanged zeolites for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen monoxide by ammonia for controlling NO x emissions from fossil-fuel power plants and engines.
- the Fe-exchanged, and optionally Fe-rare earth-exchanged, e.g. Fe-Ce-exchanged, zeolites suggested include: ZSM-5, mordenite, SAPO, clinoptilolite, chabazite, ZK-4 and ZK-5. No specific SAPO zeolites are identified and no experiment using SAPO zeolites is disclosed.
- WO '965 teaches that the disclosure has application to zeolites with a range of pore sizes, i.e.
- US patent no. 4,735,927 discloses an extruded-type NH 3 -SCR catalyst with stability to sulfur poisoning comprising a high surface area titania in the form of anatase and a natural or synthetic zeolite.
- the zeolite must be either in the acid form or thermally convertible to the acid form in the catalytic product.
- suitable zeolites include mordenite, natural clinoptilolite, erionite, heulandite, ferrierite, natural faujasite or its synthetic counterpart zeolite Y, chabazite and gmelinite.
- a preferred zeolite is natural clinoptilolite, which may be mixed with another acid stable zeolite such as chabazite.
- the catalyst may optionally include small amounts (at least 0.1% by elemental weight) of a promoter in the form of precursors of vanadium oxide, copper oxide, molybdenum oxide or combinations thereof (0.2 wt% Cu and up to 1.6 wt% V are exemplified).
- a promoter in the form of precursors of vanadium oxide, copper oxide, molybdenum oxide or combinations thereof (0.2 wt% Cu and up to 1.6 wt% V are exemplified).
- Extruded-type catalysts are generally less durable, have lower chemical strength, require more catalyst material to achieve the same activity and are more complicated to manufacture than catalyst coatings applied to inert monolith substrates.
- US patent no. 5,417,949 also discloses an extruded-type NH 3 -SCR catalyst comprising a zeolite having a constraint index of up to 12 and a titania binder. Intentionally, no transition metal promoter is present.
- Constraint Index is a test to determine shape-selective catalytic behaviour in zeolites. It compares the reaction rates for the cracking of n-hexane and its isomer 3-methylpentane under competitive conditions (see VJ. Frillette et al., J Catal. 67 (1991) 218)).
- US patent no. 5,589,147 discloses an ammonia SCR catalyst comprising a molecular sieve and a metal, which catalyst can be coated on a substrate monolith.
- the molecular sieve ⁇ useful in the invention is not limited to any particular molecular sieve material and, in general, includes all metallosilicates, metallophosphates, silicoaluminophosphates and layered and pillared layered materials.
- the metal is typically selected from at least one of the metals of Groups of the Periodic Table IIIA, IB, IIB, VA, VIA, VILA, VIIIA and combinations thereof.
- Examples of these metals include at least one of copper, zinc, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhodium, palladium, platinum, molybdenum, tungsten, cerium and mixtures thereof.
- intermediate pore size zeolites are preferred because they provide constrained access to and egress from the intracrystalline free space: "The intermediate pore size zeolites...have an effective pore size such as to freely sorb normal hexane...if the only pore windows in a crystal are formed by 8- membered rings of oxygen atoms, then access to molecules of larger cross-section than normal hexane is excluded and the zeolite is not an intermediate pore size material.” Only extruded Fe- ZSM-5 is exemplified.
- WO 2004/002611 discloses an NH 3 -SCR catalyst comprising a ceria-doped aluminosilicate zeolite.
- US 6,514,470 discloses a process for catalytically reducing NO x in an exhaust gas stream containing nitrogen oxides and a reductant material.
- the catalyst comprises an aluminium- silicate material and a metal in an amount of up to about 0.1 weight percent based on'the total weight of catalyst. All of the examples use ferrierite.
- US patent no. 4,961,917 discloses an NH 3 -SCR catalyst comprising a zeolite having a silica-to-alumina ratio of at least about 10, and a pore structure which is interconnected in all three crystallographic dimensions by pores having an average kinetic pore diameter of at least about 7 Angstroms and a Cu or Fe promoter.
- the catalysts are said to have high activity, reduced NH 3 oxidation and reduced sulphur poisoning.
- Zeolite Beta and zeolite Y are two zeolites that meet the required definition.
- US patent no. 3,895,094 discloses an NH 3 -SCR process using zeolite catalysts of at least 6 Angstrom intercrystalline.pore size. No mention is made of exchanging the zeolites with transition metals.
- Angstrom pore size zeolites of Na or H form Angstrom pore size zeolites of Na or H form.
- WO 02/41991 discloses metal promoted zeolite Beta for NH 3 -SCR, wherein the zeolite is pre-treated so as to provide it with improved hydrothermal stability.
- the invention provides a method of converting nitrogen oxides in a gas to nitrogen by contacting the nitrogen oxides with a nitrogenous reducing agent in the presence of a zeolite catalyst containing at least one transition metal, wherein the zeolite is a small pore zeolite containing a maximum ring size of eight tetrahedral atoms, wherein the at least one transition metal is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe 5 Co, Ce, Ni, Cu 5 Zn, Ga, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd 5 Ag 5 In, Sn 5 Re 5 Ir and Pt.
- zeolite catalyst containing at least one transition metal herein we mean a zeolite structure to which has been added by ion exchange, impregnation or isomorphous substitution etc. one or more metals.
- Transition metal-containing zeolite catalyst and “zeolite catalyst containing at least one transition metal” and similar terms are used interchangeably herein.
- zeolites by their Framework Type Codes we intend to include the "Type Material” and any and all isotypic framework materials.
- the "Type Material” is the species first used to establish the framework type).
- Table 1 lists a range of illustrative zeolite zeotype framework materials for use in the present invention.
- chabazite is to the zeolite material per se (in this example the naturally occurring type material chabazite) and not to any other material designated by the Framework Type Code to which the individual zeolite may belong, e.g. some other isotypic framework material.
- zeolite type materials such as naturally occurring (i.e. mineral) chabazite
- isotypes within the same Framework Type Code is not merely arbitrary, but reflects differences in the properties between the materials, which may in turn lead to differences in activity in the method of the present invention.
- chabazite naturally occurring (i.e. mineral) chabazite
- isotypes within the same Framework Type Code is not merely arbitrary, but reflects differences in the properties between the materials, which may in turn lead to differences in activity in the method of the present invention.
- the naturally occurring chabazite has a lower silica-to-alumina ratio than aluminosilicate isotypes such as SSZ-13, the naturally occurring chabazite has lower acidity than aluminosilicate isotypes such as SSZ-13 and the activity of the material in the method of the present invention is relatively low (see the comparison of Cu/naturally occurring chabazite with Cu/SAPO-34 in Example 13).
- the zeolite catalysts for use in the present invention can be coated on a suitable substrate monolith or can be formed as extruded-type catalysts, but are preferably used in a catalyst coating.
- a suitable substrate monolith can be formed as extruded-type catalysts, but are preferably used in a catalyst coating.
- the prior art does mention a few small pore zeolites containing at least one transition metal for converting nitrogen oxides in a gas to nitrogen with a nitrogenous reducing agent
- the prior art suggests using large, medium and small pore zeolites containing at least one transition metal, without distinction. Accordingly, we seek to exclude any specific small pore zeolites containing at least one transition metal that have been mentioned only in this context.
- the zeolite catalyst is not one of Co, Ga, Mn, In or Zn or any combination of two or more thereof/epistilbite (see US patent no. 6,514,470).
- the transition metal-containing small pore zeolite is not Cu/chabazite, Mo/chabazite, Cu-Mo/chabazite, Cu/erionite, Mo/erionite or Cu-Mo/erionite (see US patent no. 4,735,927).
- the transition metal-containing small pore zeolite is not Ce/erionite (see WO 2004/002611).
- the transition metal-containing small pore zeolite is not Fe/chabazite, Fe/ZK-5, Fe/ZK-4, Fe-rare-earth/chabazite, Fe-rare-earth/ZK-5 or Fe-rare- earth/ZK-4 (see WO 00/72965).
- WO 00/72965 discloses the use of Ce/SAPO zeolites and Ce-rare-earth/SAPO zeolites in general, it does not disclose any particular small pore SAPO zeolites with application in the present invention, such as SAPO- 17, SAPO- 18, SAPO-34, SAPO-35, SAPO-39, SAPO-43 and SAPO-56.
- the transition metal-containing small pore zeolite is not Fe/chabazite, (see Long et al. Journal of Catalysis 207 (2002) 274-285). Whilst, for the reasons given hereinabove, we do not believe that US patent no.
- the zeolite catalyst is not any one of copper, zinc, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhodium, palladium, platinum, molybdenum, cerium or mixtures thereof/any one of aluminosilicate chabazite, aluminosilicate erionite, aluminosilicate ZSM-34 and SAPO-34.
- the transition metal-containing zeolite catalyst is not LTA or Fe/CHA.
- chabazite is a small pore zeolite according to the definition adopted herein and that the Long et al. paper mentioned above reports that Fe/chabazite has the poorest activity of any of the catalysts tested. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, we believe that the poor performance of the Fe/chabazite in this study is due to two principal reasons. Firstly, natural chabazite can contain basic metal cations including potassium, sodium, strontium and calcium. To obtain an active material the basic metal cations need to be exchanged for e.g. iron cations because basic metals are a known poison of zeolite acid sites.
- iron ions can form metal complexes (coordination compounds) with suitable ligands in the ionic exchange medium.
- coordination compounds metal complexes
- suitable ligands in the ionic exchange medium.
- Long et al. use an aqueous FeCl 2 solution for ion exchange. Since the zeolite pores are relatively small, it is possible that a bulky co-ordination compound may not be able to gain access to the active sites located in the pores.
- Suitable substituent metals include one or more of, without limitation, As, B, Be, Co, Fe, Ga, Ge, Li, Mg, Mn, Zn and Zr.
- the small pore zeolites for use in the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of aluminosilicate zeolites, metal-substituted aluminosilicate zeolites and aluminophosphate zeolites.
- Aluminophosphate zeolites with application in the present invention include aluminophosphate (AlPO) zeolites, metal substituted zeolites (MeAh 0 O) zeolites, silico- aluminophosphate (SAPO) zeolites and metal substituted silico-aluminophosphate (MeAPSO) zeolites.
- AlPO aluminophosphate
- MeAh 0 O metal substituted zeolites
- SAPO silico- aluminophosphate
- MeAPSO metal substituted silico-aluminophosphate
- the invention extends to catalyst coatings and extruded-type substrate monoliths comprising both transition metal-containing small pore zeolites according to the invention and non-small pore zeolites (whether metallised or not) such as medium-, large- and meso-pore zeolites (whether containing transition metal(s) or not) because such a combination also obtains the advantages of using small pore zeolites per se.
- the catalyst coatings and extruded-type substrate monoliths for use in the invention can comprise combinations of two or more transition metal-containing small pore zeolites.
- each small pore zeolite in such a combination can contain one or more transition metals, each being • selected from the group defined hereinabove, e.g. a first small pore zeolite can contain both Cu and Fe and a second small pore zeolite in combination with the first small pore zeolite can contain Ce.
- transition metal-containing small pore zeolites are advantageous catalysts for SCR ofNO x with NH 3 .
- transition metal-containing small pore zeolite catalysts demonstrate significantly improved NO x reduction activity, especially at low temperatures. They also exhibit high selectivity to N 2 (e.g. low N 2 O formation) and good hydrothermal stability.
- small pore zeolites containing at least one transition metal. are more resistant to hydrocarbon inhibition than larger pore zeolites, e.g.
- a medium pore zeolite such as ZSM-5
- a large pore zeolite a zeolite having a maximum ring size of 12
- Beta a medium pore zeolite
- Small pore aluminophosphate zeolites for use in the present invention include SAPO-17, SAPO-18, SAPO-34, SAPO-35, SAPO-39, SAPO-43 and SAPO-56.
- the small pore zeolite is selected from the group of Framework Type Codes consisting of: ACO, AEI, AEN, AFN, AFT, AFX, ANA, APC, APD, ATT, CDO, CHA, DDR, DFT, EAB, EDI, EPI, ERI, GIS, GOO, IHW, ITE, ITW, LEV, KFI, MER, MON, NSI, OWE, PAU, PHI, RHO, RTH, SAT, SAV, SIV, THO, TSC, UEI, UFI, VNI, YUG and ZON.
- Framework Type Codes consisting of: ACO, AEI, AEN, AFN, AFT, AFX, ANA, APC, APD, ATT, CDO, CHA, DDR, DFT, EAB, EDI, EPI, ERI, GIS, GOO, IHW, ITE, ITW, LEV, KFI, MER, MON,
- Zeolites with application in the present invention can include those that have been treated to improve hydrothermal stability.
- Illustrative methods of improving hydrothermal stability include: ' (i) Dealumination by: steaming and acid extraction using an acid or complexing agent e.g. (EDTA - ethylenediaminetetracetic acid); treatment with acid and/or complexing agent; treatment with a gaseous stream of SiCl 4 (replaces Al in the zeolite framework with Si);
- small pore zeolites may minimise the detrimental effect of hydrocarbons by means of a molecular sieving effect, whereby the small pore zeolite allows NO and NH 3 to diffuse to the active sites inside the pores but that the diffusion of hydrocarbon molecules is restricted.
- the kinetic diameter of both NO (3.16A) and NH 3 (2.6A) is smaller than those of the typical hydrocarbons (C 3 H 6 ⁇ 4.5A, H-C 8 H 18 -4.30A and C 7 H 8 ⁇ 6.0A) present in, for example, diesel engine exhaust.
- the small pore zeolite catalysts for use in the present invention have a pore size in at least one dimension of less than 4.3 A.
- Illustrative examples of suitable small pore zeolites are set out in Table 1.
- Small pore zeolites with particular application for treating NO x in exhaust gases of lean- burn internal combustion engines, e.g. vehicular exhaust gases are set out in Table 2.
- Table 2 Preferred small pore zeolites for use in treating exhaust gases of lean-burn internal combustion engines.
- Small pore aluminosilicate zeolites for use in the present invention can have a silica-to- alumina ratio (SAR) of from 2 to 300, optionally 4 to 200 and preferably 8 to 150. It will be appreciated that higher SAR ratios are preferred to improve thermal stability but this may negatively affect transition metal exchange. Therefore, in selecting preferred materials consideration can be given to SAR so that a balance may be struck between these two properties.
- SAR silica-to- alumina ratio
- the gas containing the nitrogen oxides can. contact the zeolite catalyst at a gas hourly space velocity of from 5,000 hr "1 to 500,000 hr '1 , optionally from 10,000 hr "1 to 200,000 hr "1 .
- the small pore zeolites for use in the present invention do not include aluminophosphate zeolites as defined herein.
- the small pore zeolites (as defined herein) for use in the present invention are restricted to aluminophosphate zeolites (as defined herein).
- small pore zeolites for use in the present invention are aluminosilicate zeolites and metal substituted aluminosilicate zeolites (and not aluminophosphate zeolites as defined herein).
- Small pore zeolites for use in the invention can have three-dimensional dimensionality, i.e. a pore structure which is interconnected in all three crystallographic dimensions, or two- dimensional dimensionality, hi one embodiment, the small pore zeolites for use in the present invention consist of zeolites having three-dimensional dimensionality. In another embodiment, the small pore zeolites for use in the present invention consist of zeolites having two- dimensional dimensionality.
- the at least one transition metal is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Ce, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one transition metal is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Fe and Ce. In a particular embodiment, the at least one transition metal consists of Cu. In another particular embodiment, the at least one transition metal consists of Fe. In a further particular embodiment, the at least one transition metal is Cu and/or Fe.
- the total of the at least one transition metal that can be included in the at least one transition metal-containing zeolite can be from 0.01 to 20 wt%, based on the total weight of the zeolite catalyst containing at least one transition metal. In one embodiment, the total of the at least one transition metal that can be included can be from 0.1 tol 0wt%. In a particular embodiment, the total of the at least one transition metal that can be included is from 0.5 to 5wt%.
- a preferred transition metal-containing two dimensional small pore zeolite for use in the present invention consists of Cu/LEV, such as Cu/Nu-3, whereas a preferred transition metal- containing three dimensional small pore zeolite/aluminophosphate zeolite for use in the present invention consists of Cu/CHA, such as Cu/SAPO-34 or Cu/SSZ-13.
- Fe-containing zeolite catalysts are preferred, such as Fe-CHA, e.g. Fe/SAPO-34 or Fe/SSZ-13.
- the at least one transition metal can be included in the zeolite by any feasible method. For example, it can be added after the zeolite has been synthesised, e.g. by incipient wetness or exchange process; or the at least one metal can be added during zeolite synthesis.
- the zeolite catalyst for use in the present invention can be coated, e.g. as a washcoat component, on a suitable monolith substrate, such as a metal or ceramic flow through monolith substrate or a filtering substrate, such as a wall-flow filter or sintered metal or partial filter (such as is disclosed in WO 01/80978 or EP 1057519, the latter document describing a substrate comprising convoluted flow paths that at least slows the passage of soot therethrough).
- a suitable monolith substrate such as a metal or ceramic flow through monolith substrate or a filtering substrate, such as a wall-flow filter or sintered metal or partial filter (such as is disclosed in WO 01/80978 or EP 1057519, the latter document describing a substrate comprising convoluted flow paths that at least slows the passage of soot therethrough).
- the zeolites for use in the present invention can be synthesized directly onto the substrate.
- the zeolite catalysts according to the invention can be formed into an extruded-type flow through catalyst.
- washcoat compositions containing the zeolites for use in the present invention for coating onto the monolith substrate for manufacturing extruded type substrate monoliths can comprise a binder selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, (non zeolite) silica-alumina, naturally occurring clays, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , and SnO 2 .
- the nitrogen oxides are reduced with the reducing agent at a temperature of at least 100°C. In another embodiment, the nitrogen oxides are reduced with the reducing agent at a temperature from about 150°C to 750°C.
- the latter embodiment is particularly useful for treating exhaust gases from heavy and light duty diesel engines, particularly engines comprising exhaust systems comprising (optionally catalysed) diesel particulate filters which are regenerated actively, e.g. by injecting hydrocarbon into the exhaust system upstream of the filter, wherein the zeolite catalyst for use in the present invention is located downstream of the filter.
- the temperature range is from 175 to 550°C. hi another embodiment, the temperature range is from 175 to 400°C.
- the nitrogen oxides reduction is carried out in the presence of oxygen. In an alternative embodiment, the nitrogen oxides reduction is carried out in the absence of oxygen.
- Zeolites for use in the present application include natural and synthetic zeolites, preferably synthetic zeolites because the zeolites can have a more uniform: silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR), crystallite, size, crystallite morphology, and the absence of impurities (e.g. alkaline earth metals).
- SAR silica-to-alumina ratio
- crystallite size, crystallite morphology, and the absence of impurities (e.g. alkaline earth metals).
- the source of nitrogenous reductant can be ammor ⁇ aper se, hydrazine or any suitable ammonia precursor, such as urea ammonium carbonate, ammonium carbamate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate or ammonium formate.
- the method can be performed on a gas derived from a combustion process, such as from an internal combustion engine (whether mobile or stationary), a gas turbine and coal or oil fired power plants.
- a gas derived from a combustion process such as from an internal combustion engine (whether mobile or stationary), a gas turbine and coal or oil fired power plants.
- the method may also be used to treat gas from industrial processes such as refining, from refinery heaters and boilers, furnaces, the chemical processing industry, coke ovens, municipal waste plants and incinerators, coffee roasting plants etc.
- the method is used for treating exhaust gas from a vehicular lean burn internal combustion engine, such as a diesel engine, a lean-burn gasoline engine or an engine powered by liquid petroleum gas or natural gas.
- a vehicular lean burn internal combustion engine such as a diesel engine, a lean-burn gasoline engine or an engine powered by liquid petroleum gas or natural gas.
- the invention provides an exhaust system for a vehicular lean burn internal combustion engine, which system comprising a conduit for carrying a flowing exhaust gas, a source of nitrogenous reductant, a zeolite catalyst containing at least one transition metal ⁇ disposed in a flow path of the exhaust gas and means for metering nitrogenous reductant into a flowing exhaust gas upstream of the zeolite catalyst, wherein the zeolite catalyst is a small pore zeolite containing a maximum ring size of eight tetrahedral atoms, wherein the at least one transition metal is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe 3 Co, Ce, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Re, Ir and Pt.
- the small pore transition metal-containing zeolites for use in the exhaust system aspect of the present invention include any for use in the method according to the invention as described hereinabove.
- the zeolite catalyst is coated on a flow-through monolith substrate (i.e. a honeycomb monolithic catalyst support structure with many small, parallel channels running axially through the entire part) or filter monolith substrate such as a wall-flow filter etc., as described hereinabove.
- a flow-through monolith substrate i.e. a honeycomb monolithic catalyst support structure with many small, parallel channels running axially through the entire part
- filter monolith substrate such as a wall-flow filter etc., as described hereinabove.
- the zeolite catalyst is formed into an extruded-type catalyst.
- the system can include means, when in use, for controlling the metering means so that nitrogenous reductant is metered into the flowing exhaust gas only when it is determined that the zeolite catalyst is capable of catalysing NO x reduction at or above a desired efficiency, such as at above 100°C, above 15O 0 C or above 175°C.
- the determination by the control means can be assisted by one or more suitable sensor inputs indicative of a condition of the engine selected from the group consisting of: exhaust gas temperature, catalyst bed temperature, accelerator position, mass flow of exhaust gas in the system, manifold vacuum, ignition timing, engine speed, lambda value of the exhaust gas, the quantity of fuel injected in the engine, the position of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve and thereby the amount of EGR and boost pressure.
- suitable sensor inputs indicative of a condition of the engine selected from the group consisting of: exhaust gas temperature, catalyst bed temperature, accelerator position, mass flow of exhaust gas in the system, manifold vacuum, ignition timing, engine speed, lambda value of the exhaust gas, the quantity of fuel injected in the engine, the position of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve and thereby the amount of EGR and boost pressure.
- metering is controlled in response to the quantity of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas determined either directly (using a suitable NO x sensor) or indirectly, such as using pre-correlated look-up tables or maps - stored in the control means - correlating any one or more of the abovementioned inputs indicative of a condition of the engine with predicted NO x content of the exhaust gas.
- the control means can comprise a pre-programmed processor such as an electronic control unit (ECU).
- the metering of the nitrogenous reductant can be arranged such that 60% to 200% of theoretical ammonia is present in exhaust gas entering the SCR catalyst calculated at 1 :1 NH 3 /NO and 4:3 NH 3 /NO 2;
- an oxidation catalyst for oxidising nitrogen monoxide in the exhaust gas to nitrogen dioxide can be located upstream of a point of metering the nitrogenous reductant into the exhaust gas.
- the oxidation catalyst is adapted to yield a gas stream entering the SCR zeolite catalyst having a ratio of NO to NO 2 of from about 4:1 to about 1 :3 by volume, e.g. at an exhaust gas temperature at oxidation catalyst inlet of 250°C to 45O 0 C.
- the oxidation catalyst can include at least one platinum group metal (or some combination of these), such as platinum, palladium, or rhodium, coated on a flow-through monolith substrate.
- the at least one platinum group metal is platinum, palladium or a combination of both platinum and palladium.
- the platinum group metal can be supported on a high surface area washcoat component such as alumina, a zeolite such as an aluminosilicate zeolite, silica, non-zeolite silica alumina, ceria, zirconia, titania or a mixed or composite oxide containing both ceria and zirconia.
- a suitable filter substrate is located between the oxidation catalyst and the zeolite catalyst.
- Filter substrates can be selected from any of those mentioned above, e.g. wall flow filters.
- the filter is catalysed, e.g. with an oxidation catalyst of the kind discussed above, preferably the point of metering nitrogenous reductant is located between the filter and the zeolite catalyst.
- the means for metering nitrogenous reductant can be located between the oxidation catalyst and the filter. It will be appreciated that this arrangement is disclosed in WO 99/39809.
- the zeolite catalyst for use in the present invention is coated on a filter located downstream of the oxidation catalyst.
- the filter includes the zeolite catalyst for use in the present invention
- the point of metering the nitrogenous reductant is preferably located between the oxidation catalyst and the filter.
- control means meters nitrogenous reductant into the flowing exhaust gas . only when the exhaust gas temperature is at least 100°C, for example only when the exhaust gas temperature is from 150°C to 75O 0 C.
- a vehicular lean-burn engine comprising an exhaust system according to the present invention.
- the vehicular lean burn internal combustion engine can be a diesel engine, a lean-burn gasoline engine or an engine powered by liquid petroleum gas or natural gas.
- Figure 1 is a graph showing NO x conversion (at a gas hourly space velocity of 30,000 hr " l ) comparing transition metal-containing aluminosilicate catalysts with a transition metal- containing aluminophosphate/small pore zeolite catalyst after relatively moderate lean hydrothermal ageing performed on a laboratory reactor;
- Figure 2 is a graph showing N 2 O formation in the test shown in Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a graph showing NO x conversion (at a gas hourly space velocity of 100,000 hr '1 ) comparing Cu/Beta zeolite and Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts with a transition metal-containing aluminophosphate/small pore zeolite catalyst after relatively moderate lean hydrothermal ageing performed on a laboratory reactor;
- Figure 4 is a graph showing NO x conversion (at a gas hourly space velocity of 30,000 hr " l ) comparing transition metal-containing aluminosilicate catalysts with a transition metal- containing aluminophosphate/small pore zeolite catalyst after relatively severe lean hydrothermal ageing performed on a laboratory reactor;
- Figure 5 is a graph showing NO x conversion for fresh Cu/Zeolite catalysts;
- Figure 6 is a graph showing NO x conversion for aged Cu/Zeolite catalysts
- Figure 7 is a graph showing N 2 O formation for fresh Cu/Zeolite catalysts of Figure 5;
- Figure 8 is a graph showing N 2 O formation for aged Cu/Zeolite catalysts of Figure 6;
- Figure 9 is a graph showing the effect of adding HC species to Cu/zeolite catalysts during NH 3 SCR at 300°C; . ⁇
- Figure 10 is a graph showing hydrocarbon breakthrough following addition of hydrocarbon species to Cu/zeolite catalysts during NH 3 SCR at 30O 0 C;
- Figure 11 is a graph showing the adsorption profiles of n-octane at 150 0 C flowing through the Cu zeolite catalysts;
- Figure 12 is a graph of the temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of HC species to Cu/zeolite catalysts after HC adsorption at 150 0 C;
- Figure 13 is a graph similar to Figure 6 comparing NO x conversion activity for aged Cu/Sigma-1, Cu-SAPO-34, Cu/SSZ-13 and Cu/Beta;
- Figure 14 is a graph similar to Figure 8 comparing N 2 O formation for the aged Cu/zeolite catalysts of Figure 13;
- Figure 15 is a graph similar to Figure 13 comparing NO x conversion activity for aged Cu/ZSM-34, Cu/SAPO-34, Cu/SSZ-13 and Cu/Beta catalysts;
- Figure 16 is a graph comparing the NO x conversion activity of fresh and aged Cu-SAPO-
- Figure 17 is a graph comparing the NO x conversion activity of fresh samples of Cu/SAPO-34 with a Cu/naturally occurring chabazite type material
- Figure 18 is a bar chart comparing the NO x conversion activity of fresh Cu/SAPO-34 with that of two fresh Cu/naturally occurring chabazite type materials at two temperature data points;
- Figure 19 is a bar chart comparing the NO x conversion activity of aged Cu/Beta, Cu/SAPO-34, Fe/SAPO-34 and Fe/SSZ-13 catalysts at two temperature data points;
- Figure 20 is a bar chart comparing the hydrocarbon inhibition effect of introducing n- octane into a feed gas for fresh Fe/Beta and Fe/SSZ-13 catalysts;
- Figure 21 is a graph showing hydrocarbon breakthrough following the introduction of n- octane in the experiment of Figure 20;
- Figure 22 is a bar chart comparing the effect on NO x conversion activity for a fresh
- Figure 23 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an exhaust system according to the present invention.
- FIG 23 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an exhaust system according to the present invention, wherein diesel engine 12 comprises an exhaust system 10 according to the present invention comprising an exhaust line 14 for conveying an exhaust gas from the engine to atmosphere via tailpipe 15.
- an exhaust line 14 for conveying an exhaust gas from the engine to atmosphere via tailpipe 15.
- a platinum or platinum/palladium NO oxidation catalyst 16 coated on a ceramic flow-through substrate monolith.
- a ceramic wall- flow filter 18 Located downstream of oxidation catalyst 16 in the exhaust system is a ceramic wall- flow filter 18.
- An iron/small pore zeolite SCR catalyst 20 also coated on a ceramic flow-through substrate monolith is disposed downstream of the wall-flow filter 18.
- An NH 3 oxidation cleanup or slip catalyst 21 is coated on a downstream end of the SCR catalyst monolith substrate.
- the NH 3 slip catalyst can be coated on a separate substrate located downstream of the SCR catalyst.
- Means (injector 22) is provided for introducing nitrogenous reductant fluid (urea 26) from reservoir 24 into exhaust gas carried in the exhaust line 14. Injector 22 is controlled using valve 28, which valve is in turn controlled by electronic control unit 30 (valve control represented by dotted line).
- Electronic control unit 30 receives closed loop feedback control input from a NO x sensor 32 located downstream of the SCR catalyst-
- the oxidation catalyst 16 passively oxidises NO to NO 2 , particulate matter is trapped on filter 18 and is combusted in NO 2.
- NO x emitted from the filter is reduced on the SCR catalyst 20 in the presence of ammonia derived from urea injected via injector 22. It is also understood that mixtures of NO and NO 2 in the total NO x content of the exhaust gas entering the SCR catalyst (about 1 :1) are desirable for NO x reduction on a SCR catalyst as they are more readily reduced to N 2 .
- the NH 3 slip catalyst 21 oxidises NH 3 that would otherwise be exhausted to atmosphere. A similar arrangement is described in WO 99/39809.
- Example 1 Method of making fresh 5wt% Fe/BetaBeta or SAPO-34 or 3wt% SSZ-13 zeolite catalyst
- Beta zeolite, SAPO-34 or SSZ-13 was NH 4 + ion exchanged in a solution of NH 4 NO 3 , then filtered. The resulting material was added to an aqueous solution of Fe(NOs) 3 with stirring. The slurry was filtered, then washed and dried. The procedure can be repeated to achieve a desired metal loading. The final product was calcined.
- SAPO-34, SSZ-13, Sigma-1, ZSM-34, Nu-3, ZSM-5 and Beta zeolites were NH 4 + ion exchanged in a solution of NH 4 NO 3 , then filtered. The resulting materials were added to an aqueous solution of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 with stirring. The slurry was filtered, then washed and dried. The procedure can be repeated to achieve a desired metal loading. The final product was calcined.
- Example 4 Severe Lean Hydrothermal Ageing
- the catalysts obtained by means of Examples 1 and 2 were severely lean hydrothermally ⁇ 5 aged at 900°C for 1 hour in 4.5% H 2 O/air mixture.
- the catalysts obtained by means of Examples 1 and 2 were severely lean hydrothermally 10 aged at 900°C for a period of 3 hours in 4.5% H 2 O/air mixture.
- Example 8 Results for experiments shown in Figures 1 to 4 inclusive
- Figure 1 compares the NO x reduction efficiencies of a Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst against a series of aluminosilicate zeolite supported transition metal catalysts (Cu/ZSM-5, Cu/Beta and Fe/Beta) after a mild aging.
- Cu/SAPO-34 has improved low temperature activity for SCR OfNO x with NH 3 .
- Figure 2 compares the N 2 O formation over the catalysts. It is clear that the Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst produced lower levels OfN 2 O compared to the other two Cu-containing catalysts.
- the Fe- containing catalyst also exhibits low N 2 O formation, but as shown in Figure 1 , the Fe catalyst is less active at lower temperatures.
- Figure 3 compares the NO x reduction efficiencies of a Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst against a Cu/Beta catalyst tested at a higher gas hourly space velocity.
- the Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst is significantly more active than the Cu-Beta catalyst at low reaction temperatures.
- Figure 4 shows the NO x reduction efficiencies of a Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst and a series of aluminosilicate zeolite supported transition metal catalysts (Cu/ZSM-5, Cu/Beta, and Fe/Beta) after severe lean hydrothermal aging.
- Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst has superior hydrothermal stability.
- N 2 O formation measured for the fresh and aged catalysts is shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively.
- Figure 9 compares the effect of HC on Cu/zeolite catalysts where SAPO-34 and Nu-3 are used as examples of small pore zeolite materials.
- ZSM-5 and Beta zeolite are used as examples of a medium and large pore zeolite, respectively.
- Samples were exposed to different HC species (propene, n-octane and toluene) during NH 3 SCR reaction at 300°C.
- Figure 10 shows the corresponding HC breakthrough following HC addition.
- Figure 11 shows the adsorption profiles of n-octane at 150°C flowing through different
- Cu/SSZ-13, Cu/SAPO-34, Cu/Sigma-1 and Cu/Beta prepared according to Example 2 were aged in the manner described in Example 4 and tested according to Example 6.
- the results are shown in Figure 13, from which it can be seen that the NO x conversion activity of each of the severely lean hydrothermally aged Cu/SSZ-13, Cu/SAPO-34 and Cu/Sigma-1 samples is significantly better than that of the corresponding large-pore zeolite, Cu/Beta.
- Figure 14 it can be seen that Cu/Beta generates significantly more N 2 O than the Cu/small-pore zeolite catalysts.
- Cu/ZSM-34, Cu/SAPO-34, Cu/SSZ-13 and Cu/Beta prepared according to Example 2 were aged in the manner described in Example 3 and tested according to Example 6. The results are shown in Figure 15, from which it can be seen that the NO x conversion activity of each of the lean hydrothermally aged Cu/SSZ-13, Cu/SAPO-34 and Cu/ZSM-34 samples is significantly better than that of the corresponding large-pore zeolite, Cu/Beta.
- Cu/SAPO-34 and a Cu/naturally occurring chabazite type material having a SAR of about 4 were prepared according to Example 2 and the fresh materials were tested according to Example 6. The results are shown in Figure 17, from which it can be seen that the NO x conversion activity of the naturally occurring Cu/chabazite is significantly lower than Cu/SAPO- 34.
- Figure 18 is a bar chart comparing the NO x conversion activity of two fresh Cu/naturally occurring chabazite type materials prepared according to Example 2 at two temperature data points (200 0 C and 30O 0 C) 3 a first chabazite material having a SAR of about 4 and a second chabazite material of SAR about 7.
- Cu/SAPO-34 and Cu/Beta were prepared according to Example 2.
- Fe/SAPO-34 and Fe/SSZ-13 were prepared according to Example 1. The samples were aged according to
- Example 4 and the aged samples were tested according to Example 6.
- the NO x activity at the 350 0 C and 450°C data points is shown in Figure 19, from which it can be seen that the Cu/SAPO-34, Fe/SAPO-34 and Fe/SSZ-13 samples exhibit comparable or better performance than the Cu/Beta reference.
- Fe/SSZ-13 and Fe/Beta prepared according to Example 1 were tested fresh as described in Example 7, wherein n-octane (to replicate the effects of unburned diesel fuel in a,exhaust gas) was introduced at 8 minutes into the test.
- the results shown in Figure 20 compare the NOx conversion activity at 8 minutes into the test* but before n-octane was introduced into the feed gas (HC-) and 8 minutes after n-octane was introduced into the feed gas (HC+). It can be seen that the Fe/Beta activity dramatically reduces following n-octane introduction compared with Fe/SSZ-13. We believe that this effect results from coking of the catalyst.
- Fe/SSZ-13 prepared according to Example 1 was tested fresh, i.e. without ageing, in the manner described in Example 6. The test was then repeated using identical conditions, except in that the 350ppm NO was replaced with a mixture of 175ppm NO and 175ppm NO 2 , i.e. 350ppm total NO x . The results from both tests are shown in Figure 22, from which the significant improvement obtainable from increasing the NO 2 content OfNO x in the feed gas to 1 : 1 can be seen.
- the NOrNO 2 ratio can be adjusted by oxidising NO in an exhaust gas, e.g. of a diesel engine, using a suitable oxidation catalyst located upstream of the NH 3 -SCR catalyst.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (32)
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EP17189358.9A EP3278863B1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/aei-zeolite scr catalyst |
CN2008800217622A CN101730575B (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
EP19206118.2A EP3626329B1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Exhaust system comprising copper/zsm-34 zeolite scr catalyst and method of converting nitrogen oxides |
EP08762186.8A EP2150328B1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | SCR METHOD AND SYSTEM USING Cu/SAPO-34 ZEOLITE CATALYST |
EP17200920.1A EP3300791B1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
RU2009143682/05A RU2506989C2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Scr catalysts: transition metal/zeolite |
EP12177705.6A EP2517778B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/aei-zeolite scr catalyst |
JP2010504833A JP5777339B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal / zeolite SCR catalyst |
CA2685009A CA2685009C (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US12/597,707 US20100290963A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal / zeolite scr catalysts |
EP12177604.1A EP2517773B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Copper/LEV-zeolite SCR catalyst |
KR1020157010306A KR20150052335A (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
KR1020167033642A KR101965943B1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
MX2009011443A MX2009011443A (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts. |
EP21204033.1A EP3981502A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
DK08762186.8T DK2150328T5 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | SCR method and system with Cu / SAPO-34 zeolite catalyst |
BRPI0810133-7A BRPI0810133B1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | METHOD FOR CONVERTING NITROGEN OXIDES FROM A GAS TO NITROGEN, EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR A VEHICLE LOW-BURNING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, AND APPARATUS |
KR1020187011116A KR20180043406A (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
KR1020197000095A KR102089480B1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
EP12177690.0A EP2517776B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal/kfi-zeolite scr catalyst |
US13/164,150 US8603432B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2011-06-20 | Transition metal/zeolite SCR catalysts |
US13/567,705 US8906820B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2012-08-06 | Transition metal/zeolite SCR catalysts |
US13/567,698 US20120301379A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2012-08-06 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US13/567,703 US20120301380A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2012-08-06 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US13/567,692 US20120301378A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2012-08-06 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US14/552,161 US20150078968A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2014-11-24 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US14/587,613 US20150118114A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2014-12-31 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US14/587,653 US20150118121A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2014-12-31 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US14/587,793 US20150110682A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2014-12-31 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US14/587,709 US20150118115A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2014-12-31 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US15/252,376 US20160367939A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2016-08-31 | Transition metal/zeolite scr catalysts |
US15/991,565 US11478748B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2018-05-29 | Transition metal/zeolite SCR catalysts |
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GBPCT/GB2007/050216 | 2007-04-26 | ||
GBPCT/GB2007/050216 | 2007-04-26 |
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US10/597,707 A-371-Of-International US8277223B2 (en) | 2004-02-10 | 2005-01-31 | External defibrillator training apparatus and method |
US12/597,707 A-371-Of-International US20100290963A1 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-24 | Transition metal / zeolite scr catalysts |
US98759311A Continuation | 2007-04-26 | 2011-01-10 | |
US13/164,150 Continuation US8603432B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 | 2011-06-20 | Transition metal/zeolite SCR catalysts |
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EP (12) | EP3626329B1 (en) |
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CN (3) | CN102974391A (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0810133B1 (en) |
CA (2) | CA2939726C (en) |
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