WO2008082643A2 - Dosages diagnostiques annexes destiné à une cancérothérapie - Google Patents

Dosages diagnostiques annexes destiné à une cancérothérapie Download PDF

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WO2008082643A2
WO2008082643A2 PCT/US2007/026471 US2007026471W WO2008082643A2 WO 2008082643 A2 WO2008082643 A2 WO 2008082643A2 US 2007026471 W US2007026471 W US 2007026471W WO 2008082643 A2 WO2008082643 A2 WO 2008082643A2
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sample
nucleic acid
probe
cancer
bcl
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WO2008082643A3 (fr
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William E. Murray
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Abbott Laboratories
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
    • C12Q1/6841—In situ hybridisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/106—Pharmacogenomics, i.e. genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism

Definitions

  • This invention relates to diagnostic assays useful in classification of patients for selection of cancer therapy, and in particular relates to measurement of certain genomic biomarkers that allow identification of patients eligible to receive Bcl-2-family antagonist therapy and that permit monitoring of patient response to such therapy.
  • Cancers that are considered to be a single disease entity according to classical histopathological classification often reveal multiple genomic subtypes when subjected to molecular profiling. In some cases, molecular classification proved to be more accurate than the classical pathology.
  • the efficacy of targeted cancer drugs may correlate with the presence of a genomic feature, such as a gene amplification, Cobleigh, M. A., et al., "Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease", J. Clin.
  • Her-2 in breast cancer it has been demonstrated that detection of gene amplification provides superior prognostic and treatment selection information as compared with the detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the protein overexpression, Pauletti, G., et al., "Assessment of Methods for Tissue-Based Detection of the HER-2/neu Alteration in Human Breast Cancer: A Direct Comparison of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry", J. Clin. Oncol., 18: 3651-3664, 2000.
  • Lung cancer is an area of active research for new targeted cancer therapies. Lung malignancies are the leading cause of cancer mortality, which will result in approximately 160,000 deaths in the United States in 2006.
  • SCLC Small-cell lung carcinoma
  • NSCLC non-small-cell lung carcinomas
  • Bcl-2 protein family which are central regulators of programmed cell death.
  • the Bcl-2 family members that inhibit apoptosis are overexpressed in cancers and contribute to tumorigenesis.
  • Bcl-2 expression has been strongly correlated with resistance to cancer therapy and decreased survival.
  • the emergence of androgen independence in prostate cancer is characterized by a high incidence of Bcl-2 expression (> 40% of the cohort examined), see Chaudhary, K. S., et al., "Role of the Bcl-2 gene family in prostate cancer progression and its implications for therapeutic intervention" [Review], Environmental Health Perspectives 1999, 707, 49-57, which also corresponds to an increased resistance to therapy.
  • a compound called ABT-737 is a small-molecule inhibitor of the Bcl-2 family members Bcl-2, BcI-XL, and Bcl-w, and has been shown to induce regression of solid tumors, Oltersdorf, T., "An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours", Nature, 435: 677-681, 2005.
  • ABT-737 has been tested against a diverse panel of human cancer cell lines and has displayed selective potency against SCLC and lymphoma cell lines, Ibid.
  • ABT-737's chemical structure is provided by Oltersdorf et al. at p. 679.
  • Croce et al. discloses "MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are found in over one hundred distinct organisms, including fruit flies, nematodes and humans. miRNAs are believed to be involved in a variety of processes that modulate development in these organisms.
  • the miRNAs are typically processed from 60- to 70-nucleotide foldback RNA precursor structures, which are transcribed from the miRNA gene.
  • the RNA precursor or processed miRNA products are easily detected, and a lack of these molecules can indicate a deletion or loss of function of the corresponding miRNA gene.”
  • Croce et al. further describe the diagnosis of CLL or prostate cancer by "detecting reduction in miR15 or miR16 gene copy number, by determining miR15 or miR16 gene mutational status, or by detecting a reduction in the RNA transcribed from these genes”.
  • Calin et al. "Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), March 2, 2004, 101(9): 2999-3004, states that miR15 and miR16 are deleted or downregulated in about
  • Cimmino et al disclose that "miR-15 and miR-16 are natural antisense Bcl2 interactors that could be used for therapy in tumors overexpressing Bcl2", Id. at p. 13949, but do not disclose this therapy in small cell lung cancer. Cimmino et al. also do not disclose nor suggest any connection between miR-15 and miR-16 and use of other Bcl-2 family inhibitors, such as small molecule inhibitors. Cimmino et al. do not disclose nor suggest assessment of any other chromosome copy number change in cancer.
  • the invention provides companion diagnostic assays for classification of patients for cancer treatment which comprise assessment in a patient tissue sample of chromosomal copy number loss or gain at the chromosome 13ql4 locus of the miR-15a and miR-16-1 microRNA genes or the chromosome 1 Iq23.1 locus of the miR-34c microRNA gene.
  • the inventive assays include assay methods for identifying patients eligible to receive Bcl-2 family antagonist therapy and for monitoring patient response to such therapy.
  • the invention preferably comprises determining by fluorescence in situ hybridization the presence or absence of chromosomal copy number gain at the 13ql4 chromosomal locus or at the chromosome 1 Iq23.1 locus.
  • Patients classified as having copy number loss at the 13ql4 locus or the 1 Iq23 locus are eligible to receive anti-Bcl-2 family therapy, either as monotherapy or as combination therapy, because they are more likely to be respond to this therapy, while patients classified as having gain or normal copy number at 13ql4 or 1 Iq23.1 are more likely to not have Bcl-2 upregulation or to not have loss of Bcl-2 control and thus be non-responsive to Bcl-2 inhibitor therapy.
  • the invention comprises a method for identifying a patient as eligible to receive small molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor therapy, either as a monotherapy or as a combination therapy, comprising:
  • the copy number loss is preferably determined by a multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, for example, performed on a lung cancer tumor biopsy sample.
  • FISH multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization
  • Bcl-2 family inhibitors such as ABT-737 or ABT-263, or analogs thereof, or with small molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2.
  • the invention also comprises a method for monitoring a patient being treated with Bcl-2 family inhibitor therapy comprising: (a) providing a peripheral blood sample from a patient; (b) measuring levels in the peripheral blood sample of circulating tumor cells having decreased chromosomal copy number of 13ql4 or 1 Iq23.1; and (c) comparing the level of circulating tumor cells having decreased copy number relative to the patient baseline blood level of number of circulating tumor cells having the decreased copy number.
  • the invention further comprises a reagent kit for an assay for classification of a patient for cancer therapy, such as eligibility for Bcl-2 family inhibitor therapy, comprising a container comprising at least one nucleic acid probe capable of hybridizing under selected stringency conditions to a DNA sequence located within chromosome locus 13ql4 or 1 Iq23.1.
  • the reagent kits of the invention comprise in situ hybridization probes capable of identifying chromosomal copy number change at the chromosomal locus of each of 13ql4, I lq23.1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w.
  • the invention has significant capability to provide improved stratification of patients for cancer therapy, and in particular for small molecule Bcl-2 family inhibitor therapy.
  • the assessment of these biomarkers with the invention also allows tracking of individual patient response to the therapy.
  • the inventive assays have particular utility for classification of SCLC and lymphoma patients.
  • Figure 1 shows a plot of experimental quantitative PCR determination of chromosomal copy number on chromosome arm 18q in various SCLC cell lines sensitive and resistant to ABT-737.
  • Figure 2 depicts the relationship between the Bcl-2 gene copy number of SCLC cell lines and sensitivity of the cell lines to ABT-737.
  • Figure 3 shows classification of a 62 patient cohort of clinical SCLC samples by chromosome copy number of the Bcl-2 locus.
  • the invention is based on the discovery by Applicants of chromosome copy number changes in small cell lung cancer cell lines that correlate to therapy sensitivity.
  • Applicants correlated chromosome copy number gain at 18q21-q22 to sensitivity to a Bcl-2 family inhibitor.
  • the Bcl-2 gene in this locus is a key regulator of cell survival, and other genes in this locus such as NOXA also impact cell survival.
  • Chromosomal gain at 18q21-q22 can thus mark sensitivity to other cancer therapy, such as other chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
  • a "Bcl-2 family inhibitor” refers to a therapeutic compound of any type, including small molecule-, antibody-, antisense-, small interfering RNA-, or microRNA-based compounds, that binds to at least one of Bcl-2, BcI-XL, and Bcl-w, and antagonizes the activity of the Bcl-2 family related nucleic acid or protein.
  • the inventive methods are useful with any known or hereafter developed Bcl-2 family inhibitor, but are preferred for use with small molecule inhibitors.
  • Bcl-2 family inhibitor is ABT-737, N-(4-(4-((4'-chloro( 1 , 1 '-biphenyl)-2-yl)methyl)piperazin- 1 -yl)benzoyl)-4- (((1 R)-3-(dimethylamino)- 1 -((phenylsulfanyl)methyl)propyl)amino)-3- nitrobenzenesulfonamide, which binds to each of Bcl-2, BcI-XL, and Bcl-w.
  • ABT-263 Another small molecule Bcl-2 family inhibitor is ABT-263, N-(4-(4-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-l- cyclohex-l-en-l-yl)methyl)piperazin-l-yl)benzoyl)-4-(((lR)-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-l- ((phenylsulfanyl)methyl)propyl)amino)-3-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzenesulfonamide.
  • the chemical structure of ABT-263 is:
  • the assays of the invention have potential use with targeted cancer therapy.
  • the inventive assays are useful with therapy selection for small cell lung cancer and lymphoma patients, such as therapy with Bcl-2 family inhibitors.
  • the assays can be performed in relation to any cancer type in which copy number gain of Bcl-2, BcI-XL and Bcl-2 is involved.
  • Other examples of such cancers include solid tissue epithelial cancers, e.g. prostate, ovarian and esophageal cancer and squamous cell cancers of the rectum, esophagus, tonsils and gall bladder.
  • the invention is also applicable for any additional cancer type in which copy number change affects the microRNA loci 1 Iq23.1 or 13ql4 or in which the expression level of one or more of miR-15a, miR-16-1, or miR-34c is decreased.
  • inventive assays are performed on a patient tissue sample of any type or on a derivative thereof, including peripheral blood, tumor or suspected tumor tissues (including fresh frozen and fixed or paraffin embedded tissue), cell isolates such as circulating epithelial cells separated or identified in a blood sample, lymph node tissue, bone marrow and fine needle aspirates.
  • Bcl-2 (official symbol BCL2) means the human B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 gene
  • Bcl-xl official symbol BCL2L1
  • Bcl-w official symbol BCL2L2
  • NOXA official symbol PMAIPl
  • ABLl official symbol ABLl
  • RACl official symbol RACl
  • RASSF3 official symbol RASSF3
  • RAB22A official symbol RAB22A
  • BI-I or BAX inhibitor 1 (official symbol TEGT) means the human testis enhanced
  • miR-15a means the human microRNA gene, miR-15a, ID and Symbol in the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute database - hsa-mir-15a and HGNC:MIRN15A, located at chromosome 13ql
  • miR-16-1 means the human microRNA gene, miR-15a, ID and Symbol in the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute database - hsa-mir- 16-1 and HGNC: MIRN 16-1, and also located at chromosome 13ql
  • miR-34c means the human microRNA gene, miR-34c, ID and Symbol in the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute database - hsa-mir-34c and HGNC.MIRN34C, located at chromosome 1 Iq23.1.
  • Chromosomal loci cited herein are based on Build 35 of the Human Genome Map, as accessed through the University of California Santa Cruz Genome Browser.
  • reference to a chromosome locus or band, such as 18q21 refers to all of the loci or sub bands, for example, such as 18q21.1 orl8q21.3, within the locus or the band.
  • the invention comprises assessment in a patient tissue sample of chromosome copy number change at one or more of chromosome locus 13ql4, the locus of miR-15a and miR- 16-1, chromosome locus 1 Iq23.1, the locus of miR-34c, chromosome locus 18q21-q22, and chromosome locus 14ql l, preferably at either chromosome band 18q21-q22 or band 14ql l, and more preferably at both 18q21-q22 and 14ql 1.
  • Chromosome region 18q21-q22 encompasses the chromosomal DNA sequence of the Bcl-2 gene at 18q21.3 and the NOXA gene at 18q21.32.
  • Chromosome region 14ql l encompasses the chromosomal DNA sequence of the Bcl-w gene at 14ql 1.2. It is also within the invention to assess the chromosomal locus of the BcI-XL gene at 20ql 1.2. Applicants prefer, however, to assess the 18q21-q22 and 14ql 1 discriminant regions as gains of these loci were correlated to SCLC sensitivity to ABT-737, whereas gain of 20ql 1.2 showed no correlation to ABT-737 sensitivity.
  • genomic biomarkers were identified by Applicants through comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of 23 SCLC cell lines used to test Bcl-2 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo and investigation of their clinical significance. These genomic biomarkers are of particular interest for use in companion diagnostic assays to the use of ABT-737 BcI- 2 family inhibitor therapy against SCLC and lymphoma.
  • Zhao, X., et al. "Homozygous deletions and chromosome amplifications in human lung carcinomas revealed by single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis", Cancer Res., 65: 5561-5570, 2005 (hereafter referred to as Zhao et al.), reports on the genome-wide analysis of 5 SCLC cell lines and 19 SCLC patient tumors using IOOK SNP genotyping microarrays, Zhao et al. do not disclose chromosome copy number gain at 18q21-q22 nor at 14ql 1.
  • Applicants used a bioinformatics approach that identified regions of chromosomal aberrations that discriminate between cell line groups that were sensitive and resistant to ABT-737. This approach tested for statistical significance using Fisher's Exact Test to determine if a SNP identified through the CGH analysis shows preferential gain/loss in the sensitive or resistant group.
  • the copy number thresholds for amplifications and deletions used in this analysis were set at 2.8 and 1.5, respectively. Contiguous regions of probesets (SNPs) with low table and two-sided p-values were then subjected to further analysis.
  • SNPs probesets
  • One large region on chromosome 18q was of particular interest because of high copy numbers and low p-values. This region spans chromosomal bands 18q21.1 through 18q22.
  • Nucleic acid assay methods useful in the invention comprise detection of chromosomal DNA copy number changes by: (i) in situ hybridization assays to intact tissue or cellular samples, (ii) microarray hybridization assays to chromosomal DNA extracted from a tissue sample, and (iii) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other amplification assays to chromosomal DNA extracted from a tissue sample. Assays using synthetic analogs of nucleic acids, such as peptide nucleic acids, in any of these formats can also be used.
  • the assays of the invention are used to identify the chromosome copy number biomarkers for both predicting therapy response and for monitoring patient response to BcI- 2 family inhibitor therapy. Assays for response prediction are run before start of therapy and patients showing the chromosome copy number gains are eligible to receive Bcl-2 family inhibitor therapy. The copy number gain can also indicate resistance to other cancer therapy such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
  • the assay is run at the initiation of therapy to establish baseline levels of the biomarker in the tissue sample, for example, the percent of total cells or number of cells showing the copy number gain in the sample. The same tissue is then sampled and assayed and the levels of the biomarker compared to the baseline. Where the levels remain the same or decrease, the therapy is likely being effective and can be continued. Where significant increase over baseline level occurs, the patient may not be responding.
  • the invention comprises detection of the genomic biomarkers by hybridization assays using detectably labeled nucleic acid-based probes, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes or protein nucleic acid (PNA) probes, or unlabeled primers which are designed/selected to hybridize to the specific designed chromosomal target.
  • detectably labeled nucleic acid-based probes such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes or protein nucleic acid (PNA) probes
  • unlabeled primers are used in amplification assays, such as by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which after primer binding, a polymerase amplifies the target nucleic acid sequence for subsequent detection.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the detection probes used in PCR or other amplification assays are preferably fluorescent, and still more preferably, detection probes useful in "real-time PCR”.
  • Fluorescent labels are also preferred for use in situ hybridization but other detectable labels commonly used in hybridization techniques, e.g., enzymatic, chromogenic and isotopic labels, can also be used.
  • Useful probe labeling techniques are described in Molecular Cytogenetics: Protocols and Applications, Y.-S. Fan, Ed., Chap. 2, "Labeling
  • in situ hybrization is used to detect the presence of chromosomal copy number increase or gene amplification at either or both of the 18q21-q22 or 14ql 1 loci, or at the other novel genomic biomarker regions.
  • Probes for use in the in situ hybridization methods of the invention fall into two broad groups: chromosome enumeration probes, i.e., probes that hybridize to a chromosomal region, usually a repeat sequence region, and indicate the presence or absence of an entire chromosome, and locus specific probes, i.e., probes that hybridize to a specific locus on a chromosome and detect the presence or absence of a specific locus.
  • locus specific probe that can detect changes of the unique chromosomal DNA sequences at the interrogated locus such as 18q21-q22.
  • Methods for use of unique sequence probes for in situ hybridization are described in U.S. Patent 5,447,841, incorporated herein by reference.
  • a chromosome enumeration probe can hybridize to a repetitive sequence, located either near or removed from a centromere, or can hybridize to a unique sequence located at any position on a chromosome.
  • a chromosome enumeration probe can hybridize with repetitive DNA associated with the centromere of a chromosome.
  • Centromeres of primate chromosomes contain a complex family of long tandem repeats of DNA comprised of a monomer repeat length of about 171 base pairs, that are referred to as alpha- satellite DNA. Centromere fluorescence in situ hybridization probes to each of chromosomes 14 and 18 are commercially available from Abbott Molecular (Des Plaines, IL).
  • the preferred in situ hybridization probes employ directly labeled fluorescent probes, such as described in U.S. Patent 5,491,224, incorporated herein by reference.
  • U.S. Patent 5,491,224 also describes simultaneous FISH assays using more than one fluorescently labeled probe.
  • Use of a pair of fluorescent probes for example, one for the 18q21-q22 locus of Bcl-2 and one for the centromere of chromosome 18, or one for the 14ql l locus of Bcl-w and one for the centromere of chromosome 14, allows determination of the ratio of the gene locus copy number to the centromere copy number.
  • This multiplex assay can provide a more precise identification of copy number increase through determination on a cell-by- cell basis of whether gene amplification, ie. a ratio of the number of the gene locus probe signals to the centromere probe signals in each cell that is greater than 2, exists, or whether gain of the entire chromosome has occurred, ie. a ratio of the number of the gene locus probe signals to the centromere probe signals in each cell of 1/1 to less than 2/1, but with more than the normal number of two gene locus probe signals.
  • Samples that are classified as amplified from dual probe analysis with ratios of 2/1 or greater, or those having three or more gene locus probe signals, either in dual probe or single probe analysis, are identified as eligible for Bcl-2 family inhibitor therapy.
  • a potentially deleted locus such as 13ql4 or 1 Iq23.1
  • two probes one to the deletion locus and one to another region on the same chromosome to act as a control.
  • the 13ql4 locus of miR-15a/miR-16-l it is preferred to combine a probe to the 13ql4 locus, with a probe to another unique sequence locus on chromosome 13 as a control probe.
  • a probe to the centromere of chromosome 13 can not be used as a control because of cross-hybridization to the centromere of chromosome 21.
  • the ratio of the number of probe signals for the deletion locus to the control locus is determined, and samples that have ratios less than 1/1 are considered deleted for 13ql4, and identified as eligible for Bcl-2 inhibitor therapy.
  • a suitable control probe is the LSI® 13q34 Probe (available from Abbott Molecular, Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois and LSI® is a registered trademark of Abbott Molecular.)
  • the LSI 13q34 Probe is a 550 kb probe that hybridizes to the 13q34 region of chromosome 13 and includes the entire 26 kb Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1 gene (LAMPl) gene among others.
  • a suitable control probe for the 1 Iq23.1 locus is the . CEP® 11 Probe (available from Abbott Molecular, Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois, and CEP® is a registered trademark of Abbott Molecular.)
  • Useful locus specific probes can be produced in any manner and will generally contain sequences to hybridize to a chromosomal DNA target sequence of about 10,000 to about 1,000,000 bases long.
  • the probe will hybridize to a target stretch of chromosomal DNA at the target locus of at least 100,000 bases long to about 500,000 bases long, and will also include unlabeled blocking nucleic acid in the probe mix, as disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,756,696, herein incorporated by reference, to avoid non-specific binding of the probe. It is also possible to use unlabeled, synthesized oligomeric nucleic acid or peptide nucleic acid as the blocking nucleic acid or as the centromeric probe.
  • the probes include nucleic acid sequences that span the gene or microRNA and thus hybridize to both sides of the entire genomic coding locus of the gene or microRNA.
  • the probes can be produced starting with human DNA containing clones such as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) or the like.
  • BAC libraries for the human genome are available from Invitrogen and can be investigated for identification of useful clones. It is preferred to use the University of California Santa Cruz Genome Browser to identify DNA sequences in the target locus. These DNA sequences can then be used to to screen BAC libraries to identify useful clones.
  • BAC libraries are available from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, California) and the Roswell Park Cancer Center. The clones can then be labeled by conventional nick translation methods and tested as in situ hybridization probes.
  • the probes are designed to hybridize specifically under selected high stringency conditions to their designated target locus such as chromosome 13ql4 or 18q21.3. Suitable high stringency, hybridization conditions are disclosed in U.S.
  • fluorophores that can be used in the in situ hybridization methods described herein are: 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA), Texas RedTM (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR); 5-(and-6)-carboxy-X-rhodamine, lissamine rhodamine B, 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein; fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC); 7- diethylaminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, tetramethyl-rhodamine-5-(and-6)-isothiocyanate; 5-(and-6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine; 7-hydroxy-coumarin-3-carboxylic acid; 6- [fluorescein 5-(and-6)-carboxamido]hexanoic acid; N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a, 4a diaza-3-indacene
  • Probes can be viewed with a fluorescence microscope and an appropriate filter for each fluorophore, or by using dual or triple band-pass filter sets to observe multiple fluorophores. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,776,688 to Bittner, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. Any suitable microscopic imaging method can be used to visualize the hybridized probes, including automated digital imaging systems, such as those available from MetaSystems or Applied Imaging. Alternatively, techniques such as flow cytometry can be used to examine the hybridization pattern of the chromosomal probes.
  • the invention also comprises a composition comprising a probe to the 13ql4 locus and a probe to the 18q21-q22 locus of Bcl-2, a three probe composition including these two probes combined with a probe to the 14ql 1 locus of Bcl-w, and a four probe composition comprising these two probes with a control probe for the centromere of chromosome 18 and a locus specific probe for chromosome 13.
  • the invention further comprises a composition comprising a probe to the 1 Iq23.1 locus and a probe to the 18q21-q22 locus of Bcl-2, a three probe composition including these two probes combined with a probe to the 14ql 1 locus of Bcl-w, and a four probe composition comprising these two probes with a control probe to another locus on chromosome 18, preferably, for the centromere of chromosome 18, and a control probe to the centromere of chromosome 11.
  • a composition comprising a probe to the 1 Iq23.1 locus and a probe to the 18q21-q22 locus of Bcl-2, a three probe composition including these two probes combined with a probe to the 14ql 1 locus of Bcl-w, and a four probe composition comprising these two probes with a control probe to another locus on chromosome 18, preferably, for the centromere of chromosome 18, and a control probe to the centromere of chromosome 11.
  • the genomic copy number biomarkers can also be determined by quantitative PCR.
  • chromosomal DNA is extracted from the tissue sample, and is then amplified by PCR using a pair of primers specific to at least one of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl or Bcl-w, or specific to at least one of miR-15a, miR-16-1 or miR-34c, or by multiplex PCR, using multiple pairs of primers. Any primer sequence for the biomarkers can be used.
  • the copy number of the tissue is then determined by comparison to a reference amplification standard.
  • Microarray copy number analysis can also be used.
  • the chromosomal DNA after extraction is labeled for hybridization to a microarray comprising a substrate having multiple immobilized unlabeled nucleic acid probes arrayed at probe densities up to several million probes per square centimeter of substrate surface.
  • Multiple microarray formats exist and any of these can be used, including microarrays based on BACs and on oligonucleotides, such as those available from Agilent Technologies (Palo Alto, California), and Affymetrix (Santa Clara, California).
  • Agilent Technologies Pico Alto, California
  • Affymetrix Santa Clara, California
  • the tissue sample to be assayed by the inventive methods can comprise any type, including a peripheral blood sample, a tumor tissue or a suspected tumor tissue, a thin layer cytological sample, a fine needle aspirate sample, a bone marrow sample, a lymph node sample, a urine sample, an ascites sample, a lavage sample, an esophageal brushing sample, a bladder or lung wash sample, a spinal fluid sample, a brain fluid sample, a ductal aspirate sample, a nipple discharge sample, a pleural effusion sample, a fresh frozen tissue sample, a paraffin embedded tissue sample or an extract or processed sample produced from any of a peripheral blood sample, a tumor tissue or a suspected tumor tissue, a thin layer cytological sample, a fine needle aspirate sample, a bone marrow sample, a lymph node sample, a urine sample, an ascites sample, a lavage sample, an esophageal brushing sample, a bladder or lung wash
  • a patient peripheral blood sample can be initially processed to extract an epithelial cell population, and this extract can then be assayed.
  • a microdissection of the tissue sample to obtain a cellular sample enriched with suspected tumor cells can also be used.
  • the preferred tissue samples for use herein are peripheral blood, tumor tissue or suspected tumor tissue, including fine needle aspirates, fresh frozen tissue and paraffin embedded tissue, and bone marrow.
  • the tissue sample can be processed by any desirable method for performing in situ hybridization or other nucleic acid assays.
  • a paraffin embedded tumor tissue sample or bone marrow sample is fixed on a glass microscope slide and deparaffinized with a solvent, typically xylene.
  • a solvent typically xylene.
  • Useful protocols for tissue deparaffinization and in situ hybridization are available from Abbott Molecular Inc. (Des Plaines, Illinois). Any suitable instrumentation or automation can be used in the - performance of the inventive assays.
  • PCR based assays can be performed on the m2000 instrument system (Abbott Molecular, Des Plaines, IL). Automated imaging can be employed for the preferred fluorescence in situ hybridization assays.
  • the sample comprises a peripheral blood sample from a patient which is processed to produce an extract of circulating tumor cells which can then be interrogated for the presence of biomarkers related to response to a Bcl-2 family inhibitor, for example, those having increased chromosomal copy number of at least one of 18q21- q22 and 14ql l.2 or of chromosomal loss at 13ql4 or at I lq23.1.
  • the circulating tumor cells can be assessed for the presence of chromosomal copy number gain or loss by in situ hybridization.
  • the circulating tumor cells can be separated by immunomagnetic separation technology such as that available from Immunicon (Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania).
  • Immunicon's immunoseparation technology is included in the FDA approved CellSearch 1M Circulating Tumor Cell Kit which is intended for the enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTC) of epithelial origin (CD45-, EpCAM+, and cytokeratins 8, 18+, and/or 19+) in whole blood samples (CellSearch is a trademark of Immunicon).
  • CTC circulating tumor cells
  • CD45-, EpCAM+, and cytokeratins 8, 18+, and/or 19+ CD45-, EpCAM+, and cytokeratins 8, 18+, and/or 19+
  • CellSearch is a trademark of Immunicon.
  • the use of immunoseparation technology is also described in "Circulating Tumor Cells versus Imaging— Predicting Overall Survival in Metastatic Breast Cancer", G. T. Budd, et al., Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(21) 6403-6409.
  • the number of circulating tumor cells showing at least one copy number gain or of a chromosomal copy number loss is then compared to the baseline level of circulating tumor cells having increased copy number or chromosomal copy number loss determined preferably at the start of therapy. Increases in the number of such circulating tumor cells with gain or loss can indicate therapy failure.
  • Test samples can comprise any number of cells that is sufficient for a clinical diagnosis, and typically contain at least about 100 cells. In a typical FISH assay, the hybridization pattern is assessed in about 25-1,000 cells. Test samples are typically considered "test positive" when found to contain the chromosomal gain in a sufficient proportion of the sample. The number of cells identified with chromosomal copy number and used to classify a particular sample as positive, in general will vary with the number of cells in the sample. The number of cells used for a positive classification is also known as the cut-off value. Examples of cutoff values that can be used in the determinations include about 5, 25, 50, 100 and 250 cells, or 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50% and 60% of cells in the sample population.
  • a sample As low as one cell may be sufficient to classify a sample as positive.
  • a typical paraffin embedded tissue sample it is preferred to identify at least 30 cells as positive and more preferred to identify at least 20 cells as positive for having the chromosomal copy number gain.
  • detection in a typical paraffin embedded small cell lung cancer tissue of 30 cells having gain of 18q21 -q22 or loss of 13ql4 or I lq23.1 would be sufficient to classify the tissue as positive and eligible for treatment with a small molecule inhibitor, such as ABT-737 or ABT-263, or analogs thereof, or with an anti-sense therapeutic to, for example Bcl-2.
  • kits for the detection of the genomic biomarkers that comprise containers containing at least one probe specific for binding to at least one of 18q21-q22 or 14ql 1. These kits may also include containers with other associated reagents for the assay.
  • Preferred kits of the invention comprise containers containing, respectively, at least two FISH probes capable of binding specifically to each of 18q21-q22 and 14q21, and more preferred kits include a FISH probe to the Bcl-2 locus at 18q21.3.
  • the inventive kits can comprise nucleic acid probe analogs, such as peptide nucleic acid probes.
  • the inventive kits also comprise a container or containers comprising a probe to the 13ql4 locus and a probe to the 18q21-q22 locus of Bcl-2, a three probe composition including the 13ql4 and 18q21-q22 probes combined with a probe to the 14ql l locus of Bcl-w, and a four probe composition comprising 13ql4 and 18q21-q22 probes with a control probe for another locus on chromosome 18, preferably, the centromere of chromosome 18, and a locus specific probe for chromosome 13.
  • the inventive kits also comprise a container or containers comprising a probe to the 1 Iq23.1 locus and a probe to the 18q21-q22 locus of Bcl-2, a three probe composition including the I lq23.1 locus and 18q21-q22 probes combined with a probe to the 14ql l locus of Bcl-w, and a four probe composition comprising 1 Iq23.1 and 18q21-q22 probes with a control probe for the centromere of chromosome 18 and a a control probe for the centromere of chromosome 11.
  • SCLC cell lines were obtained from ATCC (Manassis, VA): NCI- H889, NCI-H1963, NCI-H1417, NCI-H146, NCI-H187, DMS53, NCI-H510, NCI-H1209, NCI-H526, NCI-H211, NCI-H345, NCI-H524, NCI-H69, NCI-H748, DMS79, NCI-H711, SHP77, NCI-446, NCI-H1048, NCI-H82, NCI-H196, SW1271, H69AR. All cells were cultured in the ATCC recommended media at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 . Genomic DNA was isolated from the cell lines using a DNAeasy kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA).
  • Genomic DNA from the SCLC cell lines was run on IOOK SNP genotyping array sets (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Each IOOK set consists of two 5OK arrays, Hind ⁇ ll and Xbal. Briefly, 250 ng of genomic DNA from each cell line was digested with the corresponding restriction enzyme (Hindlll or Xbal, New England Biolabs, Boston, MA). Adapters were ligated to the digested DNA, followed by PCR amplification with Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California). The PCR products were purified, fragmented, labeled, and hybridized to the SNP microarray according to the manufacturer's protocol.
  • the arrays were scanned, and the data were processed using the Affymetrix GTYPE software to create copy number (.cnt) files containing information on the inferred copy number for each probeset (SNP).
  • the GTYPE software generates an inferred copy number for each SNP by comparing the signal intensity for the sample with an internal data set from a healthy population, which is included in the GTYPE software.
  • the .cnt files contained combined information from both arrays in the set. These files were converted into ⁇ xt files and loaded into an internally developed software program for further analysis.
  • Applicants' program was used for the graphical display and analysis of multiple .txt files.
  • the data were displayed chromosome by chromosome as a histogram of copy number versus SNP' s ordered sequentially along the chromosome.
  • SNP For each SNP, the predicted cytogenetic band as well as any genes between this and the next adjacent SNP were reported.
  • the gene coordinates and cytogenetic band positions were inferred from the Build 35 of the Human Genome.
  • a summary file can be produced that contains the coordinates of all probesets on the microarray for that region (individual SNP' s) with the corresponding copy numbers, cytogenetic bands, gene IDs, names, and the coordinates of all the genes residing in the region (regardless of whether a gene is actually represented by SNP' s on the array).
  • contiguous SNP' s with a small p-value p- value ⁇ 0.08 were considered to be one region.
  • the frequency of copy number change was calculated and plotted for each probeset (SNP) on the microarray, using a threshold of >2.8 copies for copy number gains and of ⁇ 1.5 copies for copy number losses. The cell lines were then classified as sensitive and resistant to
  • Primers were designed using the Vector NTI software (Invitrogen) and tested to ensure amplification of single discrete bands with no primer dimers. All primers were synthesized by IDT (Coraville, Iowa). Two independent forward and reverse primer pairs were used for each of the six loci within the 18q21-q22 discriminant region. The primer sequences used are listed in pairs with each pair's approximate location from the 18p terminus, with the forward primers having odd Sequence Identification Numbers (SEQ ID NO's) and the reverse primers having even SEQ ID NO's, and were:
  • the copy number for each locus evaluated was determined by establishing the normalized qPCR output for the sample and dividing this value by the normalized qPCR output of a control genomic DNA (Clontech, Mountain View, California) and multiplying this value by two.
  • Each qPCR copy number estimate is the average value for two independent primer sets (mean CV 11.5%).
  • This LSI Bcl-2 FISH probe contains two probes labeled in different fluorescent colors that hybridize adjacent to each side of the Bcl-2 locus at 18q21.3, but does not hybridize to any of the genomic sequence of Bcl-2.
  • the slides were deparaffinized for 10 minutes in Xylol, rinsed in 95% EtOH, air-dried, incubated in a Pretreatment Solution (Abbott Molecular) for 15 minutes at 8O 0 C, rinsed in water, incubated in a Protease Buffer (Abbott Molecular) for 2.5 to 5 hours, rinsed in water, dehydrated for 3 min each in 70, 80, and 95% EtOH, and air-dried. 10 ⁇ l of the probe mix was applied onto the slide, and the slide was covered, sealed, heated to 72 0 C for 5 minutes, and hybridized overnight at 37 0 C in a wet chamber.
  • the slides were then washed with a wash buffer containing 2xSSC and 0.3% NP40 (pH 7-7.5) for 2 minutes at 75 0 C, rinsed in water at room temperature, air-dried, mounted with a DAPI solution and a 24x50 mm coverslip, and examined under an epifluorescence microscope. For each tissue sample, the range of red and green FISH signals corresponding to the Bcl-2 locus was recorded. An average copy number per spot was then calculated based on the minimal and maximal number of FISH signals per cell nucleus in each tissue spot. Copy number groups were then built according to the following criteria:
  • Table 1 summarizes all copy number abnormalities that Applicants identified as (i) present in >40% of the tested cell lines, and (ii) present in >40% of the 19 SCLC tumors from the dataset of Zhao et al., and (iii) as not previously reported in the literature, including not reported by Zhao et al.
  • the list of identified novel aberrations includes gains of 2q, 6p, 7p, 9q, l ip, Hq, 12p, 12q, 13q, 14q, 17q, 18q, 2Op, 2Oq, 21q, and 22q and losses of 10q21.1. All of these were confirmed by real-time qPCR in selected cell lines.
  • the 23 SCLC cell lines were tested for sensitivity to ABT-737 using the procedure described in Oltersdorf, T., "An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours", Nature, 435: 677-681, 2005, with a cell line classified as sensitive if its EC50 ⁇ 1 ⁇ M and as resistant if its EC50 > 10 ⁇ M.
  • the sensitive cell line group consisted of NCI-H889, NCI-H1963, NCI-H1417, NCI-H146, NCI-H187, DMS 53, NCI-H510, NCI- H209, NCI-H526, NCI-H211, NCI-H345, and NCI-H524 and the resistant cell line group was comprised of NCI-H82, NCI-H196, SW1271, and H69AR.
  • the top discriminating aberration represents a long region of chromosome 18, starting at nucleotide position 45704096 and ending at nucleotide position 74199087 and spanning the chromosomal bands 18q21.1 through 18q22.1 (nucleotide positions are from Build 35 of the Human Genome Map).
  • the Bcl-2 gene (p-value 0.04), the target of ABT-737, is located within the 18q21-q22 discriminant region at 18q21.3, which led to investigation of whether the sensitivity of a cell line to the drug may be determined by the amplification status of the Bcl-2 gene.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between the Bcl-2 gene copy number and the sensitivity of the SCLC cell lines. The cell lines are arranged from left to right in the order of decreasing sensitivity to the drug, as determined by the EC 50 values for the cell lines from Oltersdorf, T., et al., "An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours", Nature, 435: 677-681, 2005.
  • the copy number for each cell line in Figure 2 is the average of the copy numbers for 17 SNP' s within the Bcl-2 gene measured by the IOOK mapping array set.
  • the copy number for the NOXA and Bcl-w genes was the number determined for at least three continguous SNP' s surrounding their gene loci. It is clear from the plot that the sensitivity of the SCLC cell lines correlates with the Bcl-2 copy number. The most sensitive lines (H889, H1963, H1417, and H146) have the highest Bcl-2 copy number (4 or 5 copies).
  • NOXA apoptosis-related gene
  • the relative expression of the 18q genes in the ABT-737 sensitive and resistant SCLC cell lines was profiled with expression microarrays as described above.
  • the 12 most sensitive cell lines and four resistant lines were analyzed for expression of all genes located on the discriminant region on 18q21-q22 and present on the Affymetrix U133A microarray used.
  • the genes in the amplified region were found overexpressed in the sensitive lines relative to the resistant ones.
  • the finding of overexpression of the 18q21-q22 genes implies a significant degree of correlation between gene amplification and gene overexpression.
  • the Bcl-2 copy number in SCLC tumors using FISH with a commercially available Bcl-2 locus probe set did not contain any of the Bcl-2 gene sequence itself, the probe used contain sequences that hybridize on both sides of the gene, and a continguous copy number increase seen with both parts of this probe is believed by Applicants to include a gain of the Bcl-2 locus also.
  • Copy number gains were seen in 48% of the cohort, with low-level amplifications of the Bcl-2 gene present in 40% of the patients (25 out of 62) and high-level amplifications in 8% of the tumors (5 out of 62). This finding is consistent with the copy number data from the SCLC cell lines, as most copy number changes in the cell lines were also low-level gains.
  • the miR-15/miR-16 gene cluster has been mapped to human chromosome 13ql4.
  • a copy number change such as a deletion, or a mutation in the miR-15 or miR-16 genes can be detected by determining the copy number, structure or sequence of these genes in tissue from a subject suspected of having cancer, and comparing this with the copy number, structure or sequence of these genes in a sample of unaffected tissue from the subject, or in a sample of tissue from a normal control. Such a comparison can be made by any suitable technique. It is preferred to detect the copy number change by fluorescence in situ hybridization, as discussed above.
  • Deletions or mutations of the miR15 or miR16 genes can also be detected by amplifying a fragment of these genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and analyzing the amplified fragment by sequencing or by electrophoresis to determine if the sequence and/or length of the amplified fragment from the subject's DNA sample is different from that of the control DNA sample.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • Suitable reaction and cycling conditions for PCR amplification of DNA fragments can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • RT-PCR Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • RT-PCR Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • RT-PCR for miR-15a and miR-16-1 is described in Published US Patent Application 20040152112: "One microliter of cDNA was used for each amplification reaction using the Advantage2 PCR kit (Clontech), with 10 pmol of each gene-specific primer for 35 cycles of 94.degree. C. for 20 seconds, 65. degree. C. for 30 seconds, 68. degree. C. for 1 minute.”
  • Suitable primer sequences are listed in US Patent Application 20040152112, Table 1.
  • the RT-PCR products can be separated by any suitable technique and analyzed by standard procedures such as gel electropheresis.
  • the miR15 and miR16 nucleic acid probes can be designed based upon the published sequence of the miR15a and miR16-l microRNAs as described in Lagos- Quintana et al. (2001), Science 294:853-858, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the nucleotide sequence of the miR15a microRNA is
  • Suitable probes for detecting miR15 and miR16 DNA by southern or northern blot assay are, respectively:
  • SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28 can also be used in southern or northern blot assays for miR15 or miR16 DNA.
  • the miR15 and miR16 precursor RNAs are also described in Lagos-Quintana et al. and the sequences of the miR15 and miR16 precursor RNAs are given in SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 30:
  • AAAAGGUGCAGGCCAUAUUGUGCUGCCUCAAAAAUACAAGG SEQ ID NO. 29
  • microarray assays for detection of microRNA's can be used, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 20050277139, 1. Bentwich et al., "Methods and apparatus for the detection and validation of microRNAs", published December 15, 2005.
  • the microarray hybridization assay and a RT-PCR assay for the measurement of microRNA expression disclosed in . D. Corney et al., Can. Res. 2007; 67: (18), 8443-8437, September 15, 2007, can also be used.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de classification de patients souffrant d'un cancer habilités à recevoir une cancérothérapie avec un inhibiteur de petite molécule de Bcl-2 consistant à déterminer la présence ou l'absence dans un échantillon tissulaire de patient du statut de l'étendue de copies chromosomiques au niveau du locus 13q14 comprenant le microRNA's miR-15a et miR-16-1ou au niveau du locus chromosomique 11q23.1 comprenant le microRNA miR-34c. La classification de patients cancéreux basée sur la présence ou l'absence de perte ou de gain 13q14 permet de mieux sélectionner les patients qui vont recevoir une chimiothérapie avec un inhibiteur Bcl-2 de petite molécule de type N-(4-(4-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,5-diméthyl-1-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoyl)-4-(((1R)-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-((phenylsulfanyl)methyl)propyl)amino)-3-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzenesulfonamide et de surveiller la réaction du patient à cette thérapie.
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WO2011048499A1 (fr) * 2009-10-19 2011-04-28 Stichting Het Nederlands Kanker Instituut Prédiction d'une réaction à un traitement contre le cancer par hybridation génomique comparative par jeux ordonnés d'échantillons
WO2011048498A3 (fr) * 2009-10-19 2011-06-23 Stichting Het Nederlands Kanker Instituut Différenciation de tumeurs associées à brca2 et de tumeurs sporadiques par hybridation génomique comparative par jeux ordonnés d'échantillons
WO2011068863A1 (fr) * 2009-12-04 2011-06-09 Abbott Laboratories Polythérapie pour le traitement du cancer et dosages diagnostiques destinés à être utilisés dans celle-ci
WO2012038837A3 (fr) * 2010-09-20 2012-05-18 Stichting Het Nederlands Kanker Instituut Procédés de prévision d'une réponse à une thérapie anticancéreuse chez des patients cancéreux
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