WO2008044062A1 - Antenne multifaisceau à sélection de fréquence et polarisation - Google Patents

Antenne multifaisceau à sélection de fréquence et polarisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008044062A1
WO2008044062A1 PCT/GB2007/050559 GB2007050559W WO2008044062A1 WO 2008044062 A1 WO2008044062 A1 WO 2008044062A1 GB 2007050559 W GB2007050559 W GB 2007050559W WO 2008044062 A1 WO2008044062 A1 WO 2008044062A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna
selective
dielectric
lens
selective surface
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2007/050559
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English (en)
Inventor
John Thornton
Philip Haines
Original Assignee
Hollycroft Associates
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hollycroft Associates filed Critical Hollycroft Associates
Publication of WO2008044062A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008044062A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H01Q15/08—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0053—Selective devices used as spatial filter or angular sidelobe filter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/062—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens for focusing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H01Q25/007—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns using two or more primary active elements in the focal region of a focusing device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching

Definitions

  • the invention relates to antennas and in particular to the problem of selecting microwave signals of different frequencies, bandwidth and polarisation. It relates also particularly to multi-beam antennas.
  • antennas are used, i.e. they are large compared to the wavelength of the radio or microwave signal. Such antennas are directive, i.e. they have a narrow beam and exhibit gain.
  • Antennas using reflectors which are illuminated by a primary feed - typically a waveguide horn - are very common and well established.
  • a very common type of reflector antenna is the parabolic dish which is often used for satellite applications such as broadcast television.
  • a dish antenna however generally only works well with a single primary feed, since the parabolic dish exhibits a single focus, and hence a single beam can be used with a single source of signals e.g. a geostationary satellite. It is possible to add further primary feeds in proximity to the focus of a parabolic dish, producing additional beams over a narrow range of scan angles e.g. about 20 degrees, but efficiency will reduce with increasing scan angle.
  • a reflector antenna is generally not suitable.
  • a solution is offered by the Luneburg lens antenna, which is a spherical dielectric lens with varied refractive index.
  • a variant uses a dielectric hemisphere lens in conjunction with a reflective (metal) plate. Such an antenna can produce multiple beams by using multiple feeds placed around the outside of the lens, or a mechanically steered beam could be used. Further variants may use a constant refractive index lens (where the focussing efficiency tends to be low), or a number of discrete dielectric layers (where the efficiency can be high).
  • a number of discrete feeds may be used in the region close to the focal point of an antenna: the technique is well established for reflector antennas.
  • a multiple frequency (e.g. 12 GHz, 20 GHz, & 30 GHz) hemisphere lens antenna is required, the use of a FSS is problematic because the feed is generally placed close to the edge of the lens and there is a lack of space for placing the FSS components.
  • a solution to a similar problem has been put forward whereby a spherical or Luneburg lens is divided by an FSS and the two feeds placed on opposite sides of the FSS - this requires for a full spherical lens structure.
  • the concepts apply equally to discrimination of polarisation as well as frequency.
  • the present invention overcomes the problem of separating out frequencies (or polarisations) using a hemisphere lens geometry. It arises, in part, from the observation that it is convenient to arrange for the different signals to emerge from the lens structure at different locations, but that it is not particularly critical how those locations are related. It is sufficient that, for example, two foci are separated in space by a distance sufficient to allow two primary feeds to be placed side-by-side without their colliding. This then allows for existing primary feed designs (these typically being single band or dual band) to be used, and obviates the need to deploy a tri-band feed.
  • the invention relates to a modification of the hemisphere lens ground plane region so as to spatially separate different signals. Brief Description of Drawings.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a side view of a first embodiment of a single beam antenna comprising a lens, feed and selective surface.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a side view of a second embodiment of a single beam antenna comprising a lens, plurality of feeds, selective surface, dielectric wedge and ground plane.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a side view of a third embodiment of a multiple beam antenna comprising a lens, plurality of feeds, selective surface, dielectric wedge and ground plane.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a side view of a fourth embodiment of a single beam antenna comprising a segmented lens, plurality of feeds, two frequency selective surfaces of opposite type, two ground planes.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a side view of a fifth embodiment where additional dielectric wedges, selective surfaces and feeds are added to the structure described under the second embodiment.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a short dielectric cylinder or spherical segment, various dielectric wedges which may be formed from such a cylindrical or spherical segment, and a stratified dielectric sphere whose radial dielectric distribution closely resembles that of the wedges.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a top view of an antenna array where the array element is one of the hemispherical lens antennas with feeds and selective surfaces, and where the elements are connected to a power distribution circuit, and shows the geometry for beam steering in one axis for example azimuth.
  • Figure 8 illustrates a side section of an antenna array illustrated in Figure 7 and shows a geometry for beam steering in one axis, for example, in elevation.
  • Figure 9 illustrates a modified dielectric and reflective plane region which is stepped, or zoned, so as to reduce the maximum thickness of the dielectric layer.
  • Figure 10 illustrates the stepped dielectric region of Figure 9 in more detail by illustrating a region where material is removed.
  • Figure 11 illustrates sketches of the stepped ground planes and dielectric regions of
  • an antenna 1,2,5,20 comprises an electromagnetic dielectric lens 1 which is either hemispherical or approximately hemispherical or a segment of a hemisphere, at least one first antenna feed 5 and at least one frequency and/or polarisation selective surface element 2 located on the plane face of the hemisphere lens.
  • the frequency and/or polarisation selective element 2 may be a frequency selective surface, or may be a polariser, or may be a surface or stratified group of surfaces which combines
  • Such a surface is typically realised as a periodic surface comprising a metalised pattern as documented by 'Frequency Selective Surfaces', by B.A.Munk, published by Wiley & Sons Inc. 2000.
  • the hemispherical lens may be a Luneburg lens, a constant-index lens, or a stepped- index lens, and when used in conjunction with a reflective surface 2 acts to yield a focus at the location of the feed 5.
  • the selective surface 2 is a frequency selective surface, it serves to reflect a signal of a chosen frequency bandwidth which is illustrated as following the path 9-10-5, where 9 is the direction of maximum gain of the antenna or boresight, 5 is the antenna feed, and 10 is the centre of the hemisphere lens plane outer surface.
  • 9 is the direction of maximum gain of the antenna or boresight
  • 5 is the antenna feed
  • 10 is the centre of the hemisphere lens plane outer surface.
  • rays exist also in all other parts of the hemisphere lens, and the above serves to illustrate the relationship between the angles of the antenna boresight, feed, and selective surface.
  • the selective surface 2 is a frequency selective surface
  • those signals outside of the frequency range at which the selective surface acts as a reflector, i.e. frequencies at which the surface is approximately transparent, are not reflected by the surface and pass into region 20 i.e. they follow the path 9-10-21 and those signals may be further manipulated in region 20.
  • the region 20 comprises an absorptive material, in which case the frequency and polarisation response of the antenna, and hence that of the radar cross section of the antenna, is dominated by the frequency and polarisation response of the selective surface 2.
  • this property can be advantageous, since the radar cross section can be minimised by careful design of the selective surface, for example a very narrow band frequency response. This overcomes a problem encountered with electrically large reflector antennas which have a large radar cross section which can be undesirable.
  • the region 20 comprises a further dielectric region 4 and a reflective surface 3.
  • the dielectric region 4 is a wedge shaped segment from a cylinder, or a spherical segment, whose radial dielectric profile matches that of the hemisphere lens 2 i.e. it may have a constant index or stepped index.
  • a second antenna feed 6 is then added at an angular distance b where it is clear from principles of geometrical optics that the angle b equals twice the angle a, where the angle a is the angle between the selective surface 2 and the reflective surface 3.
  • This invention then comprises a multi-frequency and multi- polarisation antenna, and overcomes the problem of manufacturing wide -bandwidth antenna feeds.
  • the hemisphere lens 1 is approximately hemispherical, i.e. this allows that when lens 1 and wedge 4 are electromagnetically coupled they form a combined lens which is hemispherical.
  • the invention differs from 'multi-beam antenna' invented by Ebling, James P and
  • Rebeiz, Gabriel (publication numbers WO2004010534, WO0137374) in that said invention comprised a pair of hemisphere lens antennas in conjunction with a selective surface, while the present invention comprises a single hemisphere lens and at least one selective surface and combinations of other components which may include: absorptive region, a reflective plane and dielectric wedges.
  • the present invention for a given electrical aperture size, occupies approximately half the physical volume of 'multi-beam antenna' of Ebling and Rebeiz and also is more easily mounted on a plane surface due to the essentially hemispherical geometry.
  • an antenna for satellite communications where the antenna is required to work at several frequency bands, for example in Ku band typically 10-14 GHz, and at K or Ka band, typically where a link at close 20 GHz is required e.g. a downlink from a satellite and a link at close to 30 GHz is required e.g. an uplink to a satellite.
  • Ku band typically 10-14 GHz
  • K or Ka band typically where a link at close 20 GHz is required e.g. a downlink from a satellite and a link at close to 30 GHz is required e.g. an uplink to a satellite.
  • the invention overcomes this problem.
  • a further advantage of the invention is that it has very wide scanning ability, i.e.: a plurality of feeds may be placed at various points around the outer edge of the hemisphere lens so as to produce a plurality of beams in the manner of a Luneburg antenna.
  • a single antenna terminal may be required to communicate with a satellite at the three frequency bands described (Ku band and 20 GHz and 30 GHz) and may also be required to communicate with a second satellite spaced at an angular distance away from the first satellite and using either the same three frequency bands or a subset of these three frequency bands, or indeed some other bands.
  • the antenna could utilise commercially available feeds, for example Ku band Low Noise Block feeds, and Ka band transceiver feeds where these combine transmit and receive functionality, for example respectively at 30 GHz and 20 GHz.
  • the exact angle b between the feeds and hence the signals which are spatially discriminated by frequency is not particularly critical, and needs only to be sufficiently large to place the two feeds without their colliding with one another, hence the dielectric layer 4 needs be made only as thick as necessary to achieve this spatial separation of the feeds and this dimension may typically be of the order of 50 millimetres since a typical antenna primary feed has such an aperture diameter.
  • an additional feed 13 or plurality of feeds 13 and 14 are added at an angular distance c away from the first feed 5 or plurality of feeds 5 and 6.
  • the feeds now act in clusters, i.e. where feeds at 5 and 6 serve to generate a combined antenna beam at spatial direction 9 and the feeds at 13 and 14 serve to generate a combined antenna beam at spatial direction 15.
  • the relative angular separation between feed cluster 5 and 6 and feed cluster 13 and 14 is the same as the angular separation c between antenna beams 9 and 15.
  • These locations may be chosen arbitrarily and typically in practice to generate beams at pre-determined directions and by way of example the beams point at two or more satellites in geostationary orbits.
  • the scanning ability of the antenna i.e. its ability to produce focussed beams over a wide range of angles, is a feature of the hemisphere lens.
  • the selective surface allows different frequencies or polarisations to be discriminated from within a beam which points in a given direction. This selectivity is a consequence of the geometry of the selective surface 2 combined with the dielectric wedge 4 and reflective plane 12.
  • the antenna comprises spherical lens segments 20, 21 and 26.
  • Segment 20 is substantially hemispherical but is not a complete hemisphere.
  • Segments 21 and 26 are also segments from a hemisphere.
  • Surfaces 22 and 27 are reflective surfaces. The segments are so arranged that when segment 20 is electromagnetically coupled to segment 21 and elec- tromagnetically isolated from segment 26, a complete hemispherical electromagnetic lens is formed. In this case, antenna feed 5 yields a main radiation lobe at direction 9.
  • the segments are also so arranged that when segment 20 is electromagnetically isolated from segment 21 and electromagnetically coupled to segment 26, a complete hemispherical electromagnetic lens is also formed and in this case antenna feed 6 yields a main radiation lobe at direction 9.
  • the electromagnetic coupling or isolation between the segments is achieved using selective surfaces 23 and 24, and where these are of opposite type i.e.: a signal exhibiting a certain frequency bandwidth or a certain electromagnetic polarisation to which surface 23 is transparent, should be reflected by surface 24. This signal is also reflected by the surface 22.
  • surfaces 22 and 24 form a continuous reflective plane surface which delineates the planar surface of the hemisphere comprising segments 20 and 21.
  • the signal which experiences focussing by the combined hemisphere lens 20 and 21 is associated with a main radiation lobe at direction 9 and the antenna feed 5.
  • surface 23 is transparent to a particular frequency range, for example 20-30 GHz, and surface 24 is reflective to this frequency range.
  • feed 5 yields a radiation lobe at direction 9 for this frequency range.
  • surface 23 be reflective for another frequency range, for example 10-14 GHz, and surface 24 transparent to this frequency range, feed 6 yields a radiation lobe at direction 9 for this frequency range.
  • This example functionality is equivalent to that described in embodiments 2 to 4 i.e. discrimination of certain frequencies (or polarisations, or both frequency and polarisation) and which allows the use of existing (or future) antenna feeds.
  • An advantage of the fifth embodiment compared to embodiments 2 to 4 is that the signals which are discriminated exhibit focussing by an electromagnetic lens which retains a hemispherical shape for both discriminated signals, whereas in embodiments 2 to 4 it is apparent that at least one of the discriminated signals experiences focussing by an approximately hemispherical lens.
  • the antenna comprises a hemispherical lens or a variant as described under the first embodiment or a variant as described under the fourth embodiment, and a plurality of dielectric wedges and selective surfaces as described under the second embodiment or dielectric wedges and selective surfaces of opposite type as described under the fourth embodiment, and a plurality of feeds, where each feed is associated with one of the selective surfaces and where each feed operates over a certain range of frequencies and polarisations which are reflected by the selective surface associated with that feed. Feeds may be used singularly or in clusters in any number or combination so as to generate multiple antenna beams.
  • dielectric wedges and selective surfaces While any number of dielectric wedges and selective surfaces may be used, an example is shown in Figure 5, where dielectric lens 1 and selective surface 2 are associated with feed 5 which forms a main radiation lobe at direction 9 as described under the first embodiment.
  • Dielectric wedge 4 and selective surface 30 are associated with feed 6.
  • Dielectric wedge 32 and selective surface 33 are associated with feed 31.
  • Further dielectric wedges, selective surfaces, and feeds may be added. It is clear that the angles between any two feeds e.g. b and g are twice the value of the angles between the selective surfaces associated with the feeds e.g. respectively, angles a and/.
  • Figure 6 shows sketches of the various types, where these may take the form of segments of a short cylinder or spherical segment 40.
  • the short cylinder or spherical segment 40 may have uniform dielectric constant or radially stepped dielectric constant or continuously radially varied dielectric constant.
  • segment 40 is a segment of a sphere
  • said sphere may have uniform dielectric constant, or radially stepped dielectric constant, or continuously radially varied dielectric constant in the manner of a Luneburg lens.
  • a case where the sphere has stepped dielectric constant is shown by way of example as concentric dielectric layers 51,52,53,54.
  • the segment 40 would then be that illustrated as a cross section through layers 51,52,53,54, i.e. region 61 in Figure 6.
  • the cross-section of region 61 is delineated by points 62,63,64,65.
  • segment 40 which is characterised also by dimensions height h and diameter D, where h is less than D
  • segment 40 resembles, to a close approximation, a short cylinder.
  • segment 40 may be more easily manufactured from cylindrical i.e. disc- like sections rather than spherical layers 51,52,53,54.
  • This observation is described in some detail to show that while the ideal geometry of the hemisphere lens antenna retains spherical surfaces which are continuous at dielectric boundaries, or boundaries between dielectric materials and air, the dielectric wedges may be more easily fabricated where they take the form of cylindrical or disk- like components.
  • feeds or clusters of feeds in any of the combinations described in embodiments 1 to 5 are mechanically actuated and/or electrically switched so as to change the direction of the antenna boresight.
  • This gives rise to a steerable antenna beam which may combine properties of both electronic and mechanical steering, such as may be useful to maintain a communications or radar signal between locations which are moving with respect to each other.
  • a steerable antenna beam which may combine properties of both electronic and mechanical steering, such as may be useful to maintain a communications or radar signal between locations which are moving with respect to each other.
  • such examples might be a fixed ground terminal which communicates with a satellite in a non-geostationary orbit, or a moving vehicle which communicates with a satellite or a terrestrial base station or another vehicle, and in particular where a plurality of antenna beams and radio frequencies are required to be discriminated.
  • a plurality of the antennas described in embodiments 1 to 5 may be combined so as to produce an antenna whose aperture area, and therefore aperture gain, is greater than that of each individual antenna.
  • Such a technique, or device is commonly called an array antenna and is a well established technique within the microwave and antenna industry.
  • the individual antenna is called an antenna element, or element, and the input/output from each element is combined using a power combining network typically to combine all the elements' powers at a single input/output port.
  • FIG. 7 shows four antenna elements each comprising 70,71,72 of the type described in embodiments 1 to 5 mounted above selective surface 73.
  • two feeds 71 and 72 which discriminate between two states of electromagnetic polarisation or frequency according to the second embodiment, are associated with each dielectric lens 70.
  • Each antenna feed 71 has a port, or connector, where at a microwave transmission line may be connected.
  • Such transmission lines 602 may be combined, for example as shown, in a parallel combiner network via power dividers 600 to yield a single input/output port 601.
  • the second group of antenna feeds 72 may similarly be combined.
  • a high gain, single beam antenna can be formed from an array of individual antennas.
  • the higher gain thus offered allows for higher performance communications links than would be the case for single antenna elements.
  • Such an antenna would be particularly useful for a mechanically steered antenna, such as might be used on a vehicle.
  • Figure 7 represents a top view of the installation and the azimuth steering angular coordinate is shown where 75 is the pivot point which would typically be placed in the centre of the array antenna.
  • the fabrication costs of the antenna are likely to be advantageous compared to the fabrication of a single lens antenna of equivalent aperture area.
  • the height of the antenna can be less than that of a single lens or reflector antenna.
  • Figure 8 shows, by way of example, a geometry for the element substantially equivalent to the second embodiment, i.e. lens 70 is placed above selective surface 73 above dielectric wedge 75 above reflective plane 74 where an antenna beam at spatial direction 76 is discriminated into electromagnetic signals of two frequencies or polarisations (or combinations thereof) at feeds 71 and 72.
  • said components 70,73,75,74 are together rotated in elevation, and feed elements 71 and 72 remain fixed with respect to a chassis structure 85, elevation scanning of the antenna beam will take place.
  • point 80 is the centre of the hemisphere lens planar face and by way of example this is illustrated in Figure 8 also as being the pivotal axis for the elevation steering mechanism.
  • line 84-80-82 represents the vertical centre line for the non-steered condition and the antenna beam falls at direction 76.
  • Pivot 80 is a line running perpendicular to the plane of the diagram.
  • a mechanical elevation steering angle s is applied between vertical line 80-82 (non-steered condition) and line 80-83 (steered condition), that is, all of components 70,73,75,74 are rotated clockwise about pivot 80, the antenna beam moves to elevation direction 81 i.e. it scans through elevation angle t. It is apparent from geometrical optics that antenna scan angle t is double the value of the angle of mechanical movement s.
  • antenna feeds 71 and 72 are not moved with respect to a fixed chassis structure 85. This is in contrast to the 'Datron' antenna where the lens antennas are fixed with respect to a base plate and the antenna feeds, with the associated power combiner, are moved with respect to the lenses, and on scanning to high elevation angles the feeds hence partially block the aperture, leading to loss.
  • an advantage of the present invention is that due to the offset feed geometry (feeds 71 and 72 in Figure 8 are placed an angular distance away from the vertical position 80) the antenna can scan to the zenith without the feeds incurring aperture blockage.
  • a further advantage of the present invention is that high performance, low loss rigid waveguide can be used for the power combiner network.
  • This is shown schematically as waveguides 90 and 91, which respectively combine power from/to arrays of feeds 90 to transceiver unit 92, and array of feeds 71 to transceiver unit 93.
  • waveguide components and feeds are all fixed rigidly to a chassis structure 85. Chassis structure 85 is rotated in azimuth to perform azimuth beam steering. A flexible cable, rotary joint, or a wireless technique may then be used to connect radio transceiver units 92,93 to another part of the vehicle on which the antenna is mounted.
  • the antenna described in the seventh embodiment can discriminate different frequency bands and/or polarisations in a manner substantially equivalent to embodiments 1 to 5.
  • Beam steering is achieved by mechanically steering in elevation the lens/selective surface sub-chassis with respect to a main chassis 85, and by rotating chassis 85 in azimuth.
  • the ability to use rigid waveguide power combiners is advantageous where high microwave frequencies are used (e.g. greater than 20 GHz) and where large arrays are required (e.g. greater than 2 elements).
  • additional feeds may be placed in proximity of the lens edge, each at a pre-determined focal position, so as to produce a multi-beam steerable antenna.
  • the antenna feeds are fixed with respect to each other and produce beams which similarly have a fixed angular relationship with respect to each other.
  • Such a multi-beam steerable antenna is particularly useful where a moving vehicle requires to maintain communications links with multiple geostationary satellites, since said satellites have an approximately constant angular relationship to each other when viewed from a ground station or moving ground station.
  • the selective functionality described in the second embodiment is achieved using a modified dielectric wedge region 102 and ground plane region 101.
  • the ground plane region 101 is constructed as a series of steps where each maintains the same angle b with selective plane 2.
  • the purpose of this embodiment is to reduce the maximum thickness of dielectric region 102 in a manner similar to a 'zoned' or Fresnel dielectric lens. By way of example, three such 'zones' are illustrated.
  • the selectivity arising from discrete antenna beams associated with feeds 5 and 6 is achieved in an equivalent manner as in the second embodiment, i.e. the angle b between the selective surface 2 and the majority of the area of the ground plane region 101 gives rise to the angular separation of the two antenna beams.
  • the geometry is described in more detail in Figure 10 which shows by way of example the three dielectric wedge and ground plane zones of Figure 9.
  • the zoned dielectric region 102 is a section taken from the original dielectric wedge 4 of Figure 2, whose dielectric distribution is explained in Figure 6 (the wedge 4 is a section from the short dielectric cyliner 40 in Figure 6.)
  • dielectric region 102 can be envisaged as resulting from the removal of volume 402 (drawn hatched in Figure 10) from wedge 4.
  • the segment cross-section 401 is repeated for each of the three zones, each of which is associated with a lower ground plane (reflective plane) 403.
  • Each ground plane zone 403 maintains the same angle with selective surface 2 of Figure 2.
  • maximum dielectric zone thickness t is less than the maximum thickness s for the non- zoned equivalent: this feature reduces antenna mass and minimises the deviation from hemispherical geommetry that is introduced by the dielectric wedge 4 in Figure 2 i.e. the difference in path length in the wedge region experienced across different parts of the wedge region is reduced in the eighth embodiment compared to the second embodiment.
  • the length of the sloped ground plane zone 403 should preferrably be at least several wavelengths at the frequency of operation.
  • the change in dielectric thickness at each step which is the same as the 'height' (as viewed in Figure 11) 403 at each ground plane step, should preferrably be less than one wavelength at the frequency of operation.
  • Figure 11 shows further sketches of the components, where surface 500 is a selective surface which is placed conformally to the plane face of a dielectric hemisphere lens, and a non-zoned reflective surface 501 is placed at an angle with respect to the selective surface 500, as described above for the second embodiment.
  • the geommetry for the zoned case is illustrated where by way of example three reflective zones 502 are placed each at the same angle with respect to selective surface 500.
  • the zoned dielectric regions 503 are inserted in the region between the selective surface 500 and the zoned reflective planes as arrowed in the sketch.
  • the upper surface 505 is a continuous surface which is then conformal to the selective surface 500.
  • the zoned dielectric region may be fabricated as a single, combined component 504, or as discrete components 503.
  • the lower surfaces of dielectric components 503 are evidently discontinous (illustrated here by way of example as three plane surfaces oriented with respect to selective upper surface 505 by a common angle) and these discontinuous surfaces are conformal to the reflective surfaces 502.
  • the sketches in Figure 11 are illustrative and intended to aid understanding.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne une antenne qui comprend une lentille diélectrique sensiblement hémisphérique (1) qui est couplée par l'intermédiaire de surfaces à sélection de fréquence et/ou polarisation (2) à des régions diélectriques supplémentaires (4) afin de distinguer de façon spatiale les fréquences et/ou polarisations d'intérêt à partir de l'intérieur d'un faisceau d'antenne unique (9), permettant ainsi l'utilisation de sources d'antenne (5, 6) établies (ou futures). Lesdites régions diélectriques (2) sont des segments sensiblement en forme de cale de sphères ou cylindres, et peuvent être supportées par des surfaces planes réflectives qui se trouvent à un angle par rapport à la surface à sélection. Les composants de forme hémisphérique et en forme de cale peuvent posséder un indice de réfraction qui est constant ou qui comporte une variation radiale. En variante, la région diélectrique est absorptive afin de contrôler la surface équivalente radar de l'antenne. Toutes les variantes présentent une géométrie sensiblement hémisphérique avec un plan réflectif étendu (3), plutôt qu'une géométrie sensiblement sphérique. L'invention fondamentale entraîne des variantes supplémentaires, y compris des antennes multifaisceaux, orientables et réseaux.
PCT/GB2007/050559 2006-10-11 2007-09-18 Antenne multifaisceau à sélection de fréquence et polarisation WO2008044062A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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GB0620130A GB2442796A (en) 2006-10-11 2006-10-11 Hemispherical lens with a selective reflective planar surface for a multi-beam antenna
GB0620130.5 2006-10-11

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WO2008044062A1 true WO2008044062A1 (fr) 2008-04-17

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