WO2007084021A2 - Compositions et procédés de diagnostic de l'infection par vih-2 - Google Patents

Compositions et procédés de diagnostic de l'infection par vih-2 Download PDF

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WO2007084021A2
WO2007084021A2 PCT/PT2007/000004 PT2007000004W WO2007084021A2 WO 2007084021 A2 WO2007084021 A2 WO 2007084021A2 PT 2007000004 W PT2007000004 W PT 2007000004W WO 2007084021 A2 WO2007084021 A2 WO 2007084021A2
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polypeptide
protein
recombinant
hiv
seq
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PCT/PT2007/000004
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WO2007084021A3 (fr
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Nuno Taveira
Maria Helena De Sousa Barroso
José Maria MARCELINO
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Instituto De Medicina Molecular
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56983—Viruses
    • G01N33/56988—HIV or HTLV
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
    • C12N2740/00011—Details
    • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
    • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
    • C12N2740/16111—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV concerning HIV env
    • C12N2740/16122—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/005—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from viruses
    • G01N2333/08—RNA viruses
    • G01N2333/15—Retroviridae, e.g. bovine leukaemia virus, feline leukaemia virus, feline leukaemia virus, human T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma virus
    • G01N2333/155—Lentiviridae, e.g. visna-maedi virus, equine infectious virus, FIV, SIV
    • G01N2333/16—HIV-1, HIV-2
    • G01N2333/162—HIV-1, HIV-2 env, e.g. gp160, gp110/120, gp41, V3, peptid T, DC4-Binding site
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2469/00—Immunoassays for the detection of microorganisms
    • G01N2469/20—Detection of antibodies in sample from host which are directed against antigens from microorganisms

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of infectious disease.
  • this invention relates to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) peptides and their use in the development of a diagnostic test for HIV-2 infection.
  • HIV-2 human immunodeficiency virus type 2
  • the human immunodeficiency virus is the etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and related disorders [Barre-Sinoussi et al, Science, 220:868-870 (1983); and R. C. Gallo et al, Science, 220:865-867 (1984)].
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • Both serotypes of the virus, HIV-I and HIV-2 evade the immune system surveillance by multiple mechanisms including the inhibition of immune responsiveness through deletion of T helper CD4+ cells and extensive variation of envelope glycoproteins [W.C. Koff and D. F. Hoth, Science 241:426-432 (1988)].
  • HIV-2 Human immunodeficiency virus type 2
  • the second AIDS virus isolated from West African subjects in 1985 [Clavel et al, Science 233:343-346 (1986)]
  • is now present on all continents [Kanki et al, AIDS in Africa, 2 nd ed. Kluer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 74-103 (2002); Kulkarni et al, Virology 337:68-75 (2005)].
  • the highest prevalence of HIV- 2 in West Africa is found in Guinea-Bissau, where prevalence rates between 5-10 % of the adult urban population have been reported [van der Loeff et al, AIDS 13:S69-84 (1999)].
  • the highest prevalence of HIV-2 outside West Africa is found in Portugal where a prevalence rate of 3.4 % has been reported among AIDS cases [Comisso Nacional de Luta Contra a Sida, Documento SIDA 133/CVEDT (2004)].
  • HIV-2 is naturally resistant to the (Non- nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) and may be less susceptible to Zidovudine (AZT) and some protease inhibitors (PIs), specially amprenavir and nelfmavir [Parkin et al, Antivir. Ther. 9:3-12 (2004); Reid et al, Virology 336:251-264 (2005); Witvrouw et al, Antivir. Ther. 9:57-65 (2004)].
  • NRTI Non- nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  • Infection with HIV-I is usually associated with a vigorous humoral immune response to the gpl20 and gp41 envelope glycoproteins and the core/matrix proteins p24 and pl7, encoded by the env and gag genes [J. Schupbach, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7 ed., American Society for Microbiology, pp. 847-870 (1999)].
  • the kinetics of the anti-gp41 and anti-gpl20 antibody responses is similar, although anti-gp41 is usually detected earlier than anti-gpl20 [Binley et al, J. Virol. 71:2799-2809 (1997); Parekh et al, AIDS Rev.
  • the magnitude of the gpl20 binding antibody response depends on the level of antigenic stimulation (viral load) and may be correlated with the immune functions and viremia control in chronically HIV-I infected subjects interrupting antiretroviral treatment [Trkola et al, Blood 104:1784-1792 (2004)]. Consistent with these observations, loss of antibody response to viral antigens (seroreversion) has occurred in HIV-I infected subjects following complete virologic suppression by antiretroviral therapy [Jurriaans et al, AIDS 18:1607-1608 (2004); Kassutto et al, Clin. Infect. Dis. 40:868-873 (2005)]. No studies has directly addressed these issues in HIV-2 infection.
  • First generation HIV screening tests use viral lysate as antigen while second, third and fourth generation Ag-Ab combination assays use recombinant proteins and/or peptides as antigens on the solid phase [J. Schupbach, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7 th ed., American Society for Microbiology, pp. 847-870 (1999)]. Most of the current serodiagnostic assays are mixed tests detecting anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 antibodies. [0008] There remains a need in the art for an effective, highly sensitive, and highly specific rapid diagnostic test for HIV-2. There also remains a need for a simple, quick, cost-effective diagnostic test to differentiate between single infection with HIV-2 and co-infection with HIV-I and HIV-2. The following invention provides a basis for such tests and significantly aims to fill the needs in this field.
  • an infection By analyzing the immune response in a subject to certain proteins expressed by viruses such as HIV, an infection can be appropriately diagnosed and particular treatment regimes can be chosen and administered to the subject.
  • the present invention is based, in part, upon the discovery that gp36 glycoprotein and the C2-C3 envelope protein are specific markers for HIV- 2 infection, both of which generate an immune response in an infected subject. This discovery has been exploited to provide, at least in part, an invention that allows for the use of recombinant gp36 polypeptide and recombinant C2-C3 polypeptide to detect the presence of anti-gp36 and anti-C2-C3 antibodies in a subject. The presence of anti-gp36 antibodies and anti-C2-C3 antibodies is indicative of HIV-2 infection.
  • the invention provides a recombinant gp36 protein.
  • the protein includes at least one ectopic polypeptide linked to a gp36 polypeptide or peptide fragment thereof in which the gp36 polypeptide or peptide fragment thereof includes at least 30 amino acids from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the ectopic polypeptide is selected from glutathione sulfur transferase, poly-histidine tags, maltose-binding protein, HA-tags, c-Myc tags, and FLAG peptides. In particular embodiments, the ectopic polypeptide is at least one poly-histidine tag.
  • the gp36 polypeptide includes at least 35 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the gp36 polypeptide includes at least 40 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1. In particular embodiments, the gp36 polypeptide includes at least 45 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the gp36 polypeptide includes at least 50 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1. In still more particular embodiments, the gp36 polypeptide includes at least 55 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1. In yet more particular embodiments, the gp36 polypeptide is at least 95% homologous to the amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:1. [0013] In some embodiments, the recombinant gp36 protein also includes a peptide linker sequence linking the gp36 polypeptide or fragments thereof to at least one ectopic polypeptide. [0014] In another aspect, the invention provides a polypeptide that includes at least 30 amino acids from the amino acid sequence of the C2-C3 envelope protein of HIV-2 represented as SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the polypeptide is at least 35 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide is at least 40 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. In particular embodiments, the polypeptide is at least 45 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. In more particular embodiments, the polypeptide is at least 50 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. In yet more particular embodiments, the polypeptide is at least 95% homologous to the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2.
  • the polypeptide also includes at least one ectopic polypeptide linked to the C2-C3 polypeptide so as to form a recombinant C2-C3 protein.
  • the ectopic polypeptide is selected from glutathione sulfur transferase, poly- histidine tags, maltose-binding protein, HA-tags, c-Myc tags, and FLAG peptides.
  • the ectopic polypeptide is at least one poly-histidine tag.
  • the C2-C3 polypeptide includes at least 35 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the C2-C3 polypeptide includes at least 40 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. In certain embodiments, the C2-C3 polypeptide includes at least 45 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. In particular embodiments, the C2-C3 polypeptide includes at least 50 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. In more particular embodiments, the C2-C3 polypeptide includes at least 55 amino acids of SEQ ID N0:2. In still more particular embodiments, the C2-C3 polypeptide is at least 95% homologous to the amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the recombinant C2-C3 protein also includes a peptide linker sequence linking the C2-C3 polypeptide or fragments thereof to at least one ectopic polypeptide.
  • the invention provides a biological assay.
  • the biological assay includes a recombinant gp36 protein and a recombinant C2-C3 protein immobilized on a solid substrate.
  • the recombinant gp36 protein includes at least one ectopic polypeptide linked to a gp36 polypeptide or fragment thereof from SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the ectopic polypeptide is selected from glutathione sulfur transferase, poly-histidine tags, maltose-binding protein, HA-tags, c-Myc tags, and FLAG peptides.
  • the ectopic polypeptide includes a poly-histidine tag.
  • the recombinant C2-C3 protein includes at least one ectopic polypeptide linked to a C2-C3 polypeptide or fragment thereof from SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the ectopic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of glutathione sulfur transferase, poly-histidine tags, maltose-binding protein, HA-tags, c-Myc tags, and FLAG peptides.
  • the ectopic polypeptide includes a poly-histidine tag.
  • the recombinant gp36 protein is a poly-histidine-tagged gp36 polypeptide, the gp36 polypeptide being the amino- acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the recombinant C2-C3 protein is a poly-histidine-tagged C2-C3 polypeptide, the C2-C3 polypeptide being an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the solid substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass, polystyrene, PVDF membrane, nylon, and nitrocellulose.
  • a method of detecting or diagnosing HIV-2 in a subject includes the step of contacting a recombinant gp36 protein and a recombinant C2-C3 protein with a fluid sample, which is isolated from a subject. The method then includes the step of specifically binding anti-gp36 antibodies and anti-C2-C3 antibodies that may be present in the fluid sample with the recombinant gp36 protein and the recombinant C2-C3 protein. The antibodies bound to the recombinant gp36 protein and the recombinant C2- C3 protein are then detected, which corresponds to the level of anti-gp36 and anti-C2-C3 antibodies in the fluid sample. If anti-gp36 antibodies and anti-C2-C3 antibodies are present and detected in the fluid sample, then HIV-2 is indicated.
  • the presence of anti-gp36 antibodies and the presence of anti-C2- C3 antibodies are detected by secondary antibodies that specifically bind to human IgG or human IgA.
  • the secondary antibodies are labeled with a label selected from radiolabels, chemiluminescent labels, and fluorescent labels.
  • the recombinant gp36 protein and the recombinant C2-C3 protein are immobilized on a solid substrate.
  • the solid substrate is one of glass, polystyrene, PVDF membrane, nylon, and nitrocellulose.
  • the presence of anti-gp36 antibodies and anti-C2-C3 antibodies is detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  • the presence of anti-gp36 antibodies and anti-C2-C3 antibodies is detected by immunoblot, dot blot, or protein microarray.
  • the method also includes the step of comparing the level of anti-C2-C3 antibodies detected in the fluid sample to a level of anti-C2-C3 antibodies detected in a control sample that is uninfected with HIV-2. In these embodiments, the presence of HIV-2 is indicated if the level of anti-C2-C3 antibodies detected in the fluid sample is greater than the level of anti-C2-C3 antibodies detected in the control sample.
  • the invention provides a kit for diagnosing or detecting HIV-2 in a subject.
  • the kit includes a recombinant gp36 protein, a recombinant C2-C3 protein, and a detection means to detect anti-gp36 and anti-C2-C3 antibodies.
  • the recombinant gp36 protein includes an ectopic polypeptide and a gp36 polypeptide or fragment thereof of SEQ ID NO:l.
  • the ectopic polypeptide is selected from glutathione sulfur transferase, poly-histidine tags, maltose-binding protein, HA-tags, c-Myc tags, and FLAG peptides.
  • the ectopic protein includes a poly-histidine tag.
  • the recombinant C2-C3 protein includes at least one ectopic polypeptide linked to a C2-C3 polypeptide or fragment thereof from SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the ectopic polypeptide is selected from glutathione sulfur transferase, poly- histidine tags, maltose-binding protein, HA-tags, c-Myc tags, and FLAG peptides.
  • the ectopic polypeptide includes a poly-histidine tag.
  • the recombinant gp36 protein is a poly-histidine-tagged gp36 polypeptide, the gp36 polypeptide being the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1
  • the recombinant C2-C3 protein is a poly-histidine-tagged C2-C3 polypeptide, the C2-C3 polypeptide being an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the recombinant gp36 protein and the recombinant C2-C3 protein are immobilized on a solid support.
  • the solid substrate is selected from glass, polystyrene, PVDF membrane, nylon, and nitrocellulose.
  • the detection means are labeled secondary antibodies that specifically bind to IgG and/or IgA.
  • a vaccine for treating or preventing a HIV-2 infection includes a gp36 polypeptide, or peptide fragments thereof, and/or a C2-C3 polypeptide, or polypeptide subsequence thereof.
  • the vaccine also includes at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vaccine component.
  • the gp36 polypeptide or peptide fragments is a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In other embodiments, the gp36 peptide fragments is at least ten amino acids long. In still other embodiments, the gp36 peptide fragments includes a hapten. In certain other embodiments, the C2-C3 polypeptide or peptide fragments is a polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. In more embodiments, the C2-C3 peptide fragments is at least ten amino acids long. In some embodiments, the C2-C3 peptide fragments includes a hapten. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable vaccine component is an adjuvant.
  • the invention provides a biological assay.
  • the biological assay includes a recombinant gp36 protein consisting of a gp36 polypeptide linked to a poly-histidine- tag, the gp36 polypeptide being the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the biological assay also includes a recombinant C2-C3 protein linked to a poly-histidine-tag, the C2-C3 polypeptide being an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the recombinant gp36 protein and the recombinant C2-C3 protein are immobilized on a solid support.
  • the invention provides a method of detecting or diagnosing HIV-2 in a subject.
  • the method includes a step of contacting a recombinant gp36 protein and a recombinant C2-C3 protein with a fluid sample isolated from a subject.
  • the next step of the method includes allowing the anti-gp36 antibodies and anti-C2-C3 antibodies that are present in the fluid sample to specifically bind with the recombinant gp36 protein and the recombinant C2- C3 protein.
  • the presence of anti-gp36 antibodies and anti-C2-C3 antibodies in the fluid sample is then detected.
  • the method includes the step of comparing the level of anti-C2-C3
  • Figure IA is a graphic representation of the reactivity of HIV-I and HIV-2 plasma to rg ⁇ 36 antigen as determined by S/CO [optical density of the sample (OD sam pi e ) divided by the OD cut - o ff (optical density of HIV-seronegative samples + 3 standard deviations)].
  • Figure IB is a graphic representation of the reactivity of HIV-I and HIV-2 plasma to rpC2-C3 antigen as determined by S/CO.
  • Figure 1C is a graphic representation of the reactivity of HIV-2 plasma to rgp36 and rpC2-C3 as determined by S/CO.
  • Figure ID is a graphic representation of low responders (LR) and high responders (HR) to rpC2-C3 antigen as determined by S/CO.
  • Figure 2 is a graphic representation of the Spearman rank correlation statistical test comparing the S/CO of rpC2-C3 to S/CO of rpg36.
  • the present invention provides HIV-2 peptides useful in the development of an HIV-2 ELISA.
  • the invention also provides a method to differentiate HIV-I and HIV-2 in co-infected individuals. Further, the invention may provide a method to discriminate acute verus chronic infection and discern the timeline of infection HIV-2 positive subjects.
  • the present ⁇ wention is based, in part, upon the discovery that gp36 glycoprotein and the C2-C3 envelope protein are specific markers for HIV-2 infection, both of which generate an immune response in an infected subject.
  • ectopic polypeptide refers to a sequence of at least 5 or more amino acids that is fused to a particular protein or polypeptide sequence, but that is not associated, fused, linked, or covalently bound to the particular protein or polypeptide sequence as that protein or polypeptide sequence is found naturally.
  • Recombinant refers to an artificial sequence resulting from the combining of two other DNA sequences in a plasmid.
  • Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by different genetically modified organisms following insertion of the relevant DNA into their genome.
  • the term “linked” refers to the combination of two or more genetic sequences or two or more protein sequences so that the resulting genetic product or protein product will be a combination of the individual genes or proteins.
  • the term “specifically bind(s)” refers to the interaction between an antigen or epitope and its receptor or between two complimentary proteins.
  • HIV-2 refers to the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 which is the second of two serotype for HIV. It is closely related to HIV-I and has also been found to cause AIDS. Although HIV-I and HIV-2 are similar in their viral structure, modes of transmission, and disease manifestation, HIV-2 is less aggressive than HIV-I and has a marked lower sensitivity to antiretroviral pharmaceuticals compared to HIV-I.
  • the present invention discloses two HIV-2 peptides and their use in the development of a specific and sensitive ELISA diagnostic test.
  • the following peptides, rgp36 and rpC2-C3 derived from HIV-2ALI have been found to bind antibodies specific for HIV-2.
  • six immunogenic regions were identified in the HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins; three in gpl25 (aa 234-248 in C2; 296-337 in V3; 472-507 in C5) and three in the g ⁇ 36 ectodomain (aa 573-595; 634-649; and 644-658) [de Wolf et al, J. Gen. Virol.
  • Table 1 shows the sequences associated with the C2-C3 and gp36 peptides. In certain embodiments, the entire sequence of the C2-C3 polypeptide and the gp36 polypeptide is used. In other embodiments, peptide fragments are used. The peptides have lengths of 5 amino acids, 10 amino acids, 15 amino acids, 20 amino acids, 25 amino acids, 30 amino acids, 35 amino acids, 40 amino acids, 45 amino acids, 50 amino acids, 55 amino acids, 60 amino acids, 65 amino acids, 70 amino acids, 75 amino acids, 80 amino acids, 85 amino acids, or any length greater than 85 amino acids or less than 5 amino acids.
  • the present invention also provides a means to differentiate HIV-I and HIV-2 in co- infected individuals. Dual HIV-I and HIV-2 seroreactivity is relatively frequent in countries where both HIV-I and HIV-2 are endemic such as Portugal (1.4%), Guinea-Bissau (0.7%), Senegal (0.4%) and India (up to 2%) [Holmgren et al, AIDS 17:241-253 (2003); Laurent et al, AIDS 17:1811-1816 (2003); Comisso Nacional de Luta Contra a Sida, Documento SIDA 133/CVEDT (2004); Paranjape et al, Indian J. Med. Res. 106:207-211 (1997)]. However, the true rate of dual infections in these countries is generally unknown.
  • EIA enzyme immunoassay
  • the present invention discloses an assay, ELISA-HIV2, which enables the independent detection and characterization of the antibody response of HIV-2 subjects to the recombinant proteins, rpC2-C3 and rgp36, derived respectively from the gpl25 and the gp36 ectodomain of the envelope glycoprotein of the primary isolate HIV-2 ALL
  • the clinical specificity of the assay was assessed with seronegative samples. There was no reactivity to the rpC2-C3 and rgp36 polypeptides.
  • the 100% specificity of the ELISA-HIY2 assay compares favorably to the specificity of the two licensed HIV-2 serological diagnosis assays ( ⁇ 92%) [Azevedo-Pereira et al, J.
  • rpC2-C3 may comprise epitopes which are more antigenic than the corresponding regions in HIV-2 strains SBL6669, ROD, NIHZ and ST, all of which are laboratory-adapted isolates. Therefore, antibodies present in the infected immune sera may recognize the HIV-2ALI antigen better.
  • the reported rate of dual HIV-I / HIV-2 seropositivity is 1.4% but the true rate of dual infections is unknown [Comisso Nacional de Luta Contra a Sida, Documento SIDA 133/CVEDT (2004)].
  • the criteria used for Western Blot confirmation of HIV infection is reactivity against two envelope glycoproteins [Gueye-Ndiaya, A., AIDS in Africa, 2 nd ed. Kluer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, p ⁇ .121-138 (2002)].
  • the ELISA-HIV2 assay as described in this invention was a competant confirmatory assay for HIV-2 infection since all Western Blot positive samples were also positive in ELISA-HIV2. Moreover, all five indeterminate samples in the Western Blot assay were HIV-2 negative in the ELISA-HIV2 assay. One indeterminate sample was dually HIV-I /HIV-2 seroreactive in Peptilav 1 -2. Therefore, the ELISA-HIV2 assay is an excellent alternative to the confirmatory HIV-2 Western Blot assays.
  • Antibodies to the envelope gp41 develop early in HIV-I infection while antibodies to the V3 region of g ⁇ l20 develop later in infection [Parekh et al, AIDS Rev. 3:183-193 (2001)]. Therefore, the different antibody responses to rpC2-C3 may be due to the timing of infection. Further testing of longitudinal specimens from seroconvertors will permit one of ordinary skill in the art to study the kinetics of antibody responses to this envelope protein and to assess the usefulness of this information to date the timing of HIV-2 infection. Peptide Modification and Purification
  • the peptide may contain amino acids with charged side chains, such as acidic and basic amino acids.
  • these peptides may contain one or more D-amino acid residues in place of one or more L-amino acid residues provided that the incorporation of the one or more D-amino acids does not abolish all or so much of the activity of the peptide that it cannot be used in the compositions and methods of the invention.
  • Incorporating D-amino acids in place of L-amino acids is favorable as it may provide additional stability to a peptide.
  • the peptides may be capped at the amino or carboxy terminus.
  • Preferred amino terminal capping groups include a lipoic acid moiety, which can be attached by an amide linkage to the c-amino group of the amino terminus of a peptide.
  • Another example of an amino terminal capping group useful in the peptides described herein is an acyl group, which can be attached in an amide linkage to the ⁇ -amino group of the amino terminal amino acid residue of a peptide.
  • the amino terminal capping group may be a lysine residue or a polylysine peptide, where the polylysine peptide consists of two, three, or four lysine residues, which can prevent cyclization, crosslinking, or polymerization of the peptide compound.
  • longer polylysine peptides may also be used.
  • Another amino capping group that may be used in the peptides described in the invention is an arginine residue or a polyarginine peptide, where the polyarginine peptide consists of two, three, or four arginine residues, although longer polyarginine peptides may also be used.
  • the peptide compounds described herein may also be a peptide containing both lysine and arginine, where the lysine and arginine containing peptide is two, three, or four residue combinations of the two amino acids in any order, although longer peptides that contain lysine and arginine may also be used.
  • Lysine and arginine containing peptides used as amino terminal capping groups in the peptide compounds described herein may be conveniently incorporated into whatever process is used to synthesize the peptide compounds to yield the derived peptide compound containing the amino terminal capping group.
  • the peptides may contain a carboxy terminal capping group.
  • the primary purpose of this group is to prevent intramolecular cyclization or inactivating intermolecular crosslinking or polymerization.
  • a carboxy terminal capping group may provide additional benefits to the peptide, such as enhanced efficacy, reduced side effects, enhanced antioxidative activity, and/or other desirable biochemical properties.
  • An example of such a useful carboxy terminal capping group is a primary or secondary amine in an amide linkage to the carboxy terminal amino acid residue. Such amines may be added to the Q-carboxyl group of the carboxy terminal amino acid of the peptide using standard amidation chemistry.
  • these peptide compounds may contain one or more D-amino acid residues in place of one or more L-amino acid residues provided that the incorporation of the one or more D-amino acids does not abolish all or so much of the activity of the peptide compound that it cannot be used in the compositions and methods of the invention. Incorporating D-amino acids in place of L-amino acids is favorable as it may provide additional stability to a peptide compound.
  • conservative amino acid substitution in the sequence of the peptides may be performed.
  • Amino acid substitution may be performed insofar as the exchange of amino acid residues occurs from within one of the following groups of residues: Group 1, representing the small aliphatic side chains and hydroxyl group including Ala, GIy, Ser, Thr, and Pro; Group 2, representing OH and SH side chains including Cys, Ser, Thr and Tyr; Group 3, representing residues which have carboxyl containing side chains such as GIu, Asp, Asn and Gm; Group 4, representing basic side chains including His, Arg and Lys; Group 5, representing hydrophobic side chains including He, VaI 5 Leu, Phe and Met; and Group 6, representing aromatic side chains including Phe, Trp, Tyr and His.
  • the invention also provides for a peptide in a monovalent state.
  • the composition may be as a free peptide or a single peptide fragment coupled to a carrier molecule.
  • the peptides may also be used as conjugates having more than one peptide fragment bound to a single carrier molecule.
  • the carrier may be a biological carrier such as a glycosaminoglycan, a proteoglycan, or albumin, or it may be a synthetic polymer such as a polyalkyleneglycol or a synthetic chromatography support.
  • Other carriers include ovalbumin and human serum albumin, other proteins, and polyethylene glycol.
  • Still other carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, non-albumin serum proteins, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene- polyoxypropylene-block polymers, and wool fat.
  • buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, diso
  • peptidomimetic compounds may be designed based upon the amino acid sequences of the peptides of the current invention.
  • the peptidomimetic compounds herein are synthetic compounds with three-dimensional conformation substantially similar to the three- dimensional conformation of the selected peptides of the invention.
  • the peptide motif provides the peptidomimetic compound with the ability to suppress an immune response in a manner qualitatively identical to that of the peptide fragment from which the peptidomimetic was derived.
  • the peptidomimetic compounds might have additional characteristics that enhance their therapeutic utility, such as increased cell permeability and a prolonged biological half-life.
  • the backbone of the peptidomimetics are partially or completely non-peptide, but their side groups are identical to the side groups of the amino acid residues that occur in the peptide on which the peptidomimetics are based.
  • Several types of chemical bonds e.g., ester, thioester, thioamide, retroamide, reduced carbonyl, dimethylene and ketomethylene bonds, are known in the art to be generally useful substitutes for peptide bonds in the construction of protease- resistant peptidomimetics.
  • the peptide can also be dimerized wherein the dimer comprises a disulfide bond.
  • the peptide can be any of the following: pegilated, heterologous, labeled with a detectable marker, linked to a solid phase substrate or conjugated at a free amine group with a polyalkylene glycol.
  • the peptides in the following invention can be prepared using recombinant DNA technology in which a DNA sequence coding for the polypeptide is linked to an expression vector and used to transform an appropriate host cell. The transformed host cell is cultured and the polypeptide is expressed. The polypeptide is then recovered from the culture.
  • the peptides in the current invention can be synthesized using standard methods known in the art.
  • Direct synthesis of the peptides of the invention may be accomplished using solid-phase peptide synthesis, solution-phase synthesis or other conventional means.
  • solid-phase synthesis a suitably protected amino acid residue is attached through its carboxyl group to an insoluble polymeric support, such as a cross- linked polystyrene or polyamide resin.
  • a protected amino acid refers to the presence of protecting groups on both the amino group of the amino acid, as well as on any side chain functional groups.
  • side chain protecting groups are that they are generally stable to the solvents, reagents, and reaction conditions used throughout the synthesis and are removable without affecting the final peptide product.
  • stepwise synthesis of the polypeptide is carried out by the removal of the N-protecting group from the initial carboxy terminal and coupling it to the next amino acid in the sequence of the polypeptide.
  • the carboxyl group of the incoming amino acid can be activated to react with the N-terminus of the bound amino acid by formation into a reactive group such as formation into a carbodiimide, a symmetric acid anhydride, or an active ester group such as hydroxybenzotriazole or pentafmorophenyl esters.
  • the solid-phase peptide synthesis methods include both the BOC and FMOC methods, which utilizes tert-butyloxycarbonyl, and 9-fluorenylmethloxycarbonyl as the ⁇ -amino protecting groups, respectively, both well-known by those of skill in the art (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.; Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1995).
  • the peptides may also be prepared and stored in a salt form.
  • Various salt forms of the peptides may also be formed or interchanged by any of the various methods known in the art, e.g., by using various ion exchange chromatography methods.
  • Cationic counter ions that may be used in the compositions include, but are not limited to, amines, such as ammonium ions, metal ions, especially monovalent, divalent, or trivalent ions of alkali metals including sodium, potassium, lithium, cesium; alkaline earth metals including calcium, magnesium, barium; transition metals such as iron, manganese, zinc, cadmium, molybdenum; other metals like aluminum; and possible combinations of these.
  • Anionic counter ions that may be used in the compositions described below include chloride, fluoride, acetate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, citrate, ascorbate, sorbate, glutarate, ketoglutarate, and possible combinations of these.
  • Trifluoroacetate salts of peptide compounds described here are typically formed during purification in trifluoroacetic acid buffers using high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although usually not suited for in vivo use, trifluoroacetate salt forms of the peptides described in this invention may be conveniently used in various in vitro cell culture studies, assays or tests of activity or efficacy of a peptide compound of interest.
  • the peptide may then be converted from the trifluoroacetate salt by ion exchange methods or synthesized as a salt form that is acceptable for pharmaceutical or dietary supplement compositions.
  • Peptides according to the invention may also be prepared commercially by companies providing peptide synthesis as a service (e.g., BACHEM Bioscience, Inc., King of Prussia, Pa.; AnaSpec, Inc., San Jose, California). Automated peptide synthesis machines, such as manufactured by Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems, also are available.
  • the peptides useful in the methods of the present invention are purified once they have been isolated or synthesized by either chemical or recombinant techniques.
  • Standard methods for purification purposes can be used, including reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an alkylated silica column such as C 4 -, C 2 - or C 18 -silica.
  • HPLC reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
  • a gradient mobile phase of increasing organic content is generally used to achieve purification, for example, acetonitrile in an aqueous buffer, usually containing a small amount of trifmoroacetic acid.
  • ion-exchange chromatography can also be used to separate peptide compounds based on their charge. The degree of purity of the peptide compound may be determined by the identification of a major large peak on HPLC.
  • a preferred level of purity results from a peptide that produces a single peak that is at least 95% of the input material on an HPLC column. More is a polypeptide that produces a single peak that is at least 97%, to 99.5% of the input material on an HPLC column.
  • the peptides from the present invention can be used to formulate vaccine compositions useful in preventing transmission of HIV-2.
  • Such vaccine compositions contain an HIV peptide, fragment or analog of the invention, combinations thereof or multivalent peptide constructs of the invention.
  • Such a vaccine composition may contain the HIV peptide or construct according to the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent suitable for administration as a composition for prophylactic treatment of HIV infections.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers as described above, facilitate administration of the proteins but are physiologically inert and/or nonharmful.
  • This vaccine composition may contain one, or preferably more than one, non- transmissible HIV peptide, fragment and/or peptide constructs of the invention which is associated with non-transmission status. Such a vaccine may be useful in uninfected individuals to induce protective titers of neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies.
  • a vaccine composition may contain a cocktail of both individual peptides rgp36 and rpC2-C3.
  • multiple copies of a single HIV peptide of this invention, or multiple copies of more than one of these peptides may be employed in a single construct.
  • the peptides may be fused in frame to each other, or via a linker.
  • multiple HIV peptides of this invention may be present in a multivalent peptide construct which contains multiple copies of one or both of the peptides of this invention fused or linked to an inert carrier, to another protein, or to a lysine core.
  • An alternative, desirable vaccine composition may contain a conventional bio-expression vector, such as an adenovirus, poliovirus, vaccinia virus or retrovirus, into which the sequences of one or both of the HIV peptides, or functional fragments thereof are inserted under the control of the viral expression regulatory sequences [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,209].
  • a conventional bio-expression vector such as an adenovirus, poliovirus, vaccinia virus or retrovirus
  • Such viral vector compositions can be employed to deliver effective doses of the vaccine as a therapeutic agent to an infected subject or as a prophylactic composition to a seronegative individual.
  • the vaccine composition may further contain adjuvants, preservatives, chemical stabilizers, or other antigenic proteins.
  • stabilizers, adjuvants, and preservatives are optimized to determine the best formulation for efficacy in the vaccinee.
  • Suitable preservatives include chlorobutanol, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sulfur dioxide, propyl gallade, the parabens, ethyl vanillin, glycerin, phenol, parachlorophenol.
  • One or more of the above described vaccine components may be admixed or adsorbed with a conventional adjuvant.
  • the adjuvant is used as a non-specific irritant to attract leukocytes or enhance an immune response.
  • Such adjuvants include, among others, mineral oil and water, BCG, aluminum hydroxide, Avridine, L121/squalene, D-lactide-polylactide/glycoside, muramyl dipeptide, killed Bordetella, saponins, as Quil A.
  • Suitable amounts of the active ingredient can be determined by one of skill in the art based upon the level of immune response desired.
  • the vaccine composition contains between 1 ng to 1000 mg peptide and more preferably, 0.05 mg to 1 mg per mL, whether a single HFV peptide of the invention or a combination of these peptides or peptide constructs is employed.
  • Antigens to other pathogens such as measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines, may be combined in a vaccine composition of the invention.
  • Suitable doses of the vaccine composition of the invention can be readily determined by one of skill in the art. Generally, a suitable dose is between 0.1 to 5 mL of the vaccine composition. Further, depending upon the subject being treated, i.e. weight, age, sex and general health, the dosage can also be determined readily by one of skill in the art.
  • the present invention also provides a prophylactic method entailing administering to a subject an effective amount of such a composition.
  • a vaccine composition of the invention could be administered either to a pregnant HIV-infected woman or an HIV-infected woman of child-bearing age.
  • the vaccine will be administered once, or preferably, more frequently depending on the likelihood of exposure to the virus. Where desirable, boosters may be administered.
  • the vaccine may be administered by any suitable route. However, parenteral administration, particularly intramuscular, and subcutaneous, is the preferred route. Also preferred is the oral route of administration.
  • the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions useful in providing passive immunity against HIV. Such compositions are useful for administration to subjects anticipating risk of exposure to the HIV virus, e.g., prior to surgery or for health-care workers.
  • the vaccines described herein may further contain other active ingredients including, for example, biological response modifiers, such as interleukins, colony stimulating factors, especially GM-CSF, IFNs, and other immunostimulatory cytokines, as well as preservatives, or chemical stabilizers.
  • Suitable dosages can be determined by the attending physician, with reference to the discussion herein relating to appropriate doses for the therapeutic and vaccinal compositions of the invention.
  • the composition administration may be by any appropriate route and repeated as necessary.
  • the peptides from the present invention can also be used to generate antibodies capable of recognizing and binding naturally-occurring HIV epitopes when the virus or particles thereof are present in a biological fluid of a subject.
  • These antibodies may be generated by conventional means utilizing the peptides of this invention (See, e.g., PCT Application WO91/04273).
  • polyclonal antibodies may be generated by conventionally stimulating the immune system of a selected animal with one or both of the above-identified peptides, or multivalent constructs, allowing the immune system to produce natural antibodies thereto, and collecting these antibodies from the animal's blood or other biological fluid.
  • High titer polyclonal antibodies may be obtained by using the multivalent constructs described above as antigens. The resulting antibodies are capable of binding the selected HIV antigen as it appears in the biological fluids of an infected subject.
  • the peptides of the present invention may also be used to generate antibodies that can be used as templates to generate anti-idiotype antibodies having the internal image of the neutralizing epitope structure contained in the peptide sequence. These antibodies, polyclonal or monoclonal, can then be used in vaccine formulations or in active immunotherapy. Accordingly, the present invention also includes monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that carry the internal image of the peptides, as well as methods for generating these antibodies
  • hybridoma cell lines expressing desirable MAbs may be generated by well-known conventional techniques, e.g. Kohler and Milstein, and using available tumor cell lines.
  • Recombinant antibodies may be generated using known techniques for their production
  • Desirable high-titer antibodies may also be generated by applying known recombinant techniques to the monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies developed to these antigens [see, e.g., British Patent Application. GB2188638A;
  • peptides, fragments and antibodies of this invention are thus useful as diagnostic reagents and vaccine components useful in the prophylaxis of HIV.
  • the peptides and antibodies thereto may be associated with a diagnostic label, a chemical moiety, a toxin, another protein or peptide, provided that the peptide associated with such a molecule is characterized by substantially the same biological activity as the original peptide.
  • AU plasma samples used in this study were obtained from Portuguese hospitals. The samples were collected according to the country guidelines and relevant institutional policies.
  • HIV seropositivity was determined by using the licensed kit VIDAS HIV DUO (Bio-Merieux). HIV-I and HIV-2 differentiation was done by
  • EXAMPLE 2 Cloning and expression of rgp36 and rpC2-C3 polypeptides [0089] Using pSK7.3 plasmid as template, which contains HIV-2ALI env gene (55), a PCR was performed with primers Hepit 11 (5'-TTTAGATACTGTGCACC-S ') and Hepit 12 (5'- TTAGTCCACATATATAC-3') to obtain a C2-C3 env fragment with 497- ⁇ b (positions 661 to 1157 in HIV-2ALI env). Thermal cycling conditions were as follows: denaturation 94°C, 1 min; annealing 60°C, 1 min; extension 72°C, 1 min for 45 cycles.
  • This culture was inoculated into 1000 ml of Luria's broth and incubated again at 37 °C with shaking until cells reached an optical density (600 nm) of 0.6. Isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside was added to a final concentration of 1 niM, and the expression was induced during 2 hours. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6000 rpm/ 10 minutes and the biomass was resuspended and homogenized in 40 ml of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, 0.02 M sodium phosphate and 0.5 M NaCl, pH 7.8.
  • Polystyrene immune modules microwells (Maxisorp; Nalgen Nunc International), were independently coated (100 ⁇ l/well) with each recombinant polypeptide at a concentration of 2.5 ⁇ g/ml in 0.05 M bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.4 and incubated overnight at 4 0 C. After one wash with 0.01 M Tris and 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4 (TBS), micro wells were blocked with 1% gelatine (Bio-Rad) during 1 h.
  • TBS buffer 100 ⁇ l of 1/100 dilution of each HIV positive and negative plasma samples in TBS containing 0.05 % Tween-20 (TBS-T), 0.1% gelatine and 5% goat serum (Sigma-Aldrich) was added and incubated 1 h at room temperature (RT). After washing five times with TBS-T, a 1 :2000 dilution of goat anti-human immunoglobulin G (Fc specific) conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (Sigma-Aldrich) in TBS-T was added and incubated for 1 h at RT.
  • TBS-T 0.05 % Tween-20
  • goat serum Sigma-Aldrich
  • the color was developed using p-nitrophenilphosphate (p-NPP Tablets, Sigma-Aldrich) as chromogenic substrate and the optical density (OD) was measured with an automated microplate reader LP 400 (Bio-Rad) at 405 nm against a reference wavelength of 620 nm.
  • the results of the assay are expressed quantitatively as OD ci ⁇ cal sam p le (s)/OD 0Ut- off(co) ratios. For ratio values >1 the sample is considered as seroreaetive.
  • EXAMPLE 5 PCR amplification and viral load
  • Proviral DNA was extracted from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the Wizard R Genomic DNA Purification kit (Promega).
  • nested PCR was used to amplify a 409-bp fragment from the C2-C3 env region, using outer primer pairs JAl 67 and JA170 and inner primers JA168 and JA169, and a 582-bp fragment from the pl7 gag region, using outer primer pairs JAl 52 and JAl 55 and inner primers JAl 53 and JAl 54.
  • Thermal cycling conditions for PCR and primer numbers and positions have been described previously (32).
  • HIV-2 nested PCR was used to amplify a 378-bp fragment from the HIV-2 C2-C3 env gene region (positions 6949 to 7327 in HIV-2ALI) as described elsewhere (4).
  • the amplified PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel.
  • the recombinant histidinated polypeptides rgp36 and rpC2-C3 were expressed in E. coli and purified to 95% homogeneity. Final concentrations of 7 and 3.4 mg/1 were obtained for rgp36 and rpC2-C3, respectively.
  • the immunoreactivity of rgp36 and rpC2-C3 was determined by Western blot analysis with a panel often HIV-2 or HIV-I seropositive samples and nine seronegative samples from Portugal. All HIV-2 samples reacted with rgp36 and rpC2-C3, whereas none of the HIV-I or seronegative samples did.
  • a microplate ELISA assay was developed using rgp36 and rpC2-C3 polypeptides as independent capture antigens.
  • a panel of 106 HIV-2 positive samples was used to determine the clinical sensitivity of the ELISA-HIV2 assay. All 106 samples reacted with rgp36 and 99 (93.4%) samples reacted also with rpC2-C3 (Fig. IA and Fig. IB). The 100% clinical sensitivity and specificity obtained with rgp36 indicates that the ELISA-HIV-2 assay can be used in the serological detection of HIV-2 infection. [0096] Mean S/CO ratio was significantly higher for the rgp36 antigen compared to rpC2-C3 (8.27; SD, 1.49 vs. 4.89; SD, 2.51; PO.0001) (Fig. 1C).
  • HIV-2 subjects could be clustered into high (HR) and low (LR) immune responders according to the level of antibodies to rpC2-C3 (Fig. ID).
  • HR high
  • LR low
  • the PCR amplification results were 100% concordant with the ELIS A-HI V2 results in four subjects which were, therefore, considered as HIV-2 infected. The remaining three subjects were HIV-I infected judging by the negative ELISA-HIV2 and HIV-2 PCR results, and positive HIV- 1 PCR reactions and plasma viral load. Therefore, the ELISA-HIV2 assay can be used to discriminate between HIV-I and HIV-2 infections in dually seroreactive subjects. [0098] Western blot confirmatory results are considered positive when 2 Env bands are present (19).

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne deux peptides du VIH-2 convenant au diagnostic de l'infection par le VIH-2. L'invention concerne également un test ELISA sensible permettant de détecter l'infection par le VIH-2 et des procédés permettant de distinguer entre individus mono-infectés par VIH-2 et individus doublement infectés (VIH-1 et VIH-2).
PCT/PT2007/000004 2006-01-17 2007-01-17 Compositions et procédés de diagnostic de l'infection par vih-2 WO2007084021A2 (fr)

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WO2013178737A1 (fr) * 2012-05-30 2013-12-05 Bio-Rad Innovations Procédé pour diagnostiquer et différencier des infections par le vih-2
US20150168406A1 (en) * 2012-05-30 2015-06-18 Bio-Rad Innovations Method for diagnosing and differentiating hiv-2 infections
JP2015518156A (ja) * 2012-05-30 2015-06-25 ビオ−ラド・イノベーションズ Ｈｉｖ−２感染を診断および区別する方法
US9689873B2 (en) * 2012-05-30 2017-06-27 Bio-Rad Innovations Method for diagnosing and differentiating HIV-2 infections

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