WO2007022688A1 - Regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor and its fuel ball disposition method - Google Patents

Regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor and its fuel ball disposition method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007022688A1
WO2007022688A1 PCT/CN2006/001964 CN2006001964W WO2007022688A1 WO 2007022688 A1 WO2007022688 A1 WO 2007022688A1 CN 2006001964 W CN2006001964 W CN 2006001964W WO 2007022688 A1 WO2007022688 A1 WO 2007022688A1
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fuel
core
ball
graphite
plane
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PCT/CN2006/001964
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
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Jiafu Tian
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Jiafu Tian
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C1/00—Reactor types
    • G21C1/04—Thermal reactors ; Epithermal reactors
    • G21C1/06—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated
    • G21C1/07—Pebble-bed reactors; Reactors with granular fuel
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a regular bed modular type air-cooled gas cooled reactor and a method for arranging the same, which belong to the field of nuclear reactor technology. Background technique
  • the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is an internationally recognized advanced nuclear reactor type with good safety, high efficiency and wide application. Due to the use of high temperature resistant ceramic coated particles as fuel, inert gas is used as a coolant, graphite is a moderator and core structure material, so that it can generate high temperatures above 950 degrees, not only high efficiency power generation, but also in coal Gasification, liquefaction, hydrogen production, etc. have broad application prospects.
  • Modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactors are characterized by miniaturization and inherent safety. In the event of loss of coolant accidents, heat and heat radiation can still be used to dissipate waste heat, keeping fuel and core intact, and fundamentally discharging the core. The possibility of baking. At the same time, a simple and efficient system for direct-cycle power generation of helium gas turbines with a modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is proposed, which makes the small module reactor economically competitive with large-scale nuclear power plants, and has received extensive attention. Internationally known as the fourth generation of advanced nuclear energy systems.
  • Modular air-cooled gas reactors are available in two designs.
  • One is a prismatic fuel reactor based on the original US technology.
  • the commercial 600 MW reactor, designed for the United States, Russia, and Japan, is called a block reactor.
  • the main feature is that a large graphite block containing fuel particles is stacked to form a reactor core, and the reactor is periodically shut down for fuel replacement.
  • the other is a spherical fuel element stack based on the original German technology. It is currently a commercial 400 MW reactor designed mainly in South Africa and China, referred to as a pebble bed reactor.
  • the main feature is a 60 mm diameter fuel ball made of fuel particles and graphite, and a large number of fuel balls form a core in a random stack. In reactor operation, the fuel ball is continuously added from the top and continuously discharged from the bottom, eliminating the need to shut down the fuel for replacement.
  • the ball bed pile has the advantages of simple core structure, low fuel element cost, suitable for mass production, high strength, good stability, convenient transportation and storage, and deep fuel consumption. But the irregularly stacked fuel balls move from top to bottom in the core. The best power and temperature distribution cannot be obtained. Although the fuel ball passes through the core more than 10 times before it becomes spent fuel, the axial and radial power unevenness coefficients are large, making it within the limited volume of the modular reactor. The maximum output thermal power of the reactor can only reach about 400 MW. In addition, when the ball bed core coolant has a large flow resistance, when the helium gas turbine is used for direct cycle power generation, the high efficiency measures for reducing the temperature difference and increasing the flow rate are limited, so the net power generation efficiency is only about 41%. The block type reactor not only has a thermal power output of 600 megawatts, but also has a net power generation efficiency of about 47%. The output of the two modular enthalpy-temperature gas-cooled reactors differs a lot. Summary of the invention
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor and a fuel ball arrangement method thereof, which have the main advantages of having a ball bed pile, and can reduce the circulation resistance of the coolant and improve the power output.
  • the regular bed modular type air-cooled gas reactor proposed by the invention comprises a fuel ball core, a graphite block reflection layer, a control rod, an absorption ball, a steel pressure vessel; the graphite block reflection layer is placed in a steel pressure vessel
  • the core is placed in a cavity formed by the reflective layer of the graphite block, the core is a solid column or a hollow column, and the core and the graphite block are provided with a crucible;
  • the control rod or the absorption ball is placed In the graphite reflective layer; characterized in that the fuel spheres are arranged in a square on a horizontal plane in the cavity of the graphite reflective layer, and the depression formed at the center of each of the four spheres becomes the position of the next layer of the sphere, and the layer is accumulated to form a regular bed.
  • the lower end of the regular bed is a graphite reflective layer.
  • the center distance of adjacent fuel balls on any horizontal surface of the regular bed is D, 1. 03d ⁇ D ⁇ 1.21d, where d is the diameter of the fuel sphere between the fuel spheres.
  • a through hole penetrating the core up and down is formed.
  • the core when the core is a solid column, there are two kinds of surface of the graphite block reflective layer on the side wall of the core, the first type is a plane, and the second type is a vertical convex on the plane.
  • the horizontal spacing between the ribs or the bosses, the ribs or the bosses is the center distance D of the fuel balls, and the first plane and the second plane are spaced apart from each other, and the normal angle of the two planes is 45 degrees, from the side
  • the core of the wall is a quasi-octagonal, polygonal or quasi-cylindrical column.
  • the core when the core is a hollow column, there are two kinds of surface of the graphite block reflective layer on the inner and outer sidewalls of the core, the first type is a plane, and the second type is a vertical plane.
  • the horizontal spacing between the protruding ribs or the bosses, the ribs or the bosses is the center distance D of the fuel balls, and the first plane and the second plane are spaced apart from each other, and the normal angle of the two planes is 45 degrees
  • the core section surrounded by the side wall is a ring-shaped quasi-octagonal shape, a ring-shaped polygon or a ring-shaped quasi-circular shape.
  • the surface of the graphite reflective layer cavity bottom plate is a plane, and a concave, convex or square grid corresponding to the square arrangement of the fuel balls is distributed on the plane.
  • the graphite block reflective layer adjacent to the core fuel ball is a graphite ball.
  • the loading and unloading corresponding to the annular core is opened on the top cover of the pressure vessel Hole.
  • the invention also proposes a fuel ball arrangement method for a regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, wherein 2 to 5 first fuel-burning depth fuel balls are arranged in the inner region of the annular core, and the outer zone is provided with 2 to 5 Two fuel-burning fuel balls, the center of the fuel zone is set to the remaining third fuel-burning depth.
  • the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor designed by the invention and the fuel ball arrangement method thereof have the following advantages compared with the existing ball bed pile and the block type pile -
  • the core fuel ball adopts a regular arrangement method, and each ball has a fixed position, so that an optimal power and temperature distribution can be obtained, and a high output power is obtained.
  • the regular bed reactor core designed by the present invention is a structure similar to "crystal", which has the flexibility and stability of the twist, allowing the coolant to flow from a single vertical flow to a multi-flow or horizontal flow, thus being significant Reduce the flow resistance of the ball bed and improve energy conversion efficiency.
  • the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention and the fuel ball arrangement method thereof have the main advantages of the existing ball bed pile, the single type of spherical fuel element is convenient for development and low-cost mass production, and the structural strength of the fuel ball High, good radiation stability, easy to transport and store under shielding conditions, fuel ball can be measured by fuel consumption to achieve more uniform deep burnup when discharged.
  • the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention has a higher density of regular bed packing than the ball bed pile, and partially compensates for the loss of neutron economy caused by continuous material refueling.
  • a portion of the fast neutron strong irradiation zone uses a graphite ball reflective layer to reduce and avoid the replacement of the graphite block.
  • the regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor of the present invention operates in the same batch refueling mode as the block type reactor, but the equipment required for loading and unloading the spherical fuel element is simple, and the shutdown time required for loading and unloading is short.
  • the fuel loading and unloading of the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention is carried out under shutdown and low temperature and low pressure conditions, so that it is not necessary to maintain the loading and unloading equipment and system in the reactor operation compared with the pebble bed reactor;
  • the bottom discharge makes the bottom structure simple and the pressure vessel size is reduced.
  • the existing ball bed stack requires separate ball flow experiments for core designs of different sizes and shapes.
  • the regular bed in the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention has a fixed ball. Position, therefore, does not require these experiments, nor does it need to couple the flow characteristics of this fuel ball into the neutron design and thermal hydraulic design, simplifying the pre-engineering experiments and design.
  • the regular bed modular air-cooled reactor of the present invention utilizes a through-hole through the core to obtain an accurate measurement of the 'axial and radial neutron fluence rate distribution of the actual core at the start of the reactor. , for boosting power and correcting calculations Very beneficial.
  • Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of a regular bed modular temperature gas cooled reactor
  • Figure 2a is an eighth view of a section of a circular octagonal core
  • Figure 2b is a longitudinal section of B-B in Figure 2a;
  • Figure 3 is a quarter view of a solid cylindrical octagonal core section
  • Figure 4 is an eighth-eighth plastic ball model of a ring-shaped octagonal core
  • Figure 5 is a cross section of a ring-shaped core of a modular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor
  • Figure 6 is a longitudinal section of the ball unloader
  • Figure 7a is a cross section of the radial zone divider
  • Figure 7b is a D-D longitudinal section of Figure 7;
  • Figure 7c is a longitudinal section of E-E in Figure 7.
  • 1a, b, c, d, e, a is the longitudinal section of the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor hollow column core of the invention; b is the beginning of discharge; c is discharge completion; d is the use of radial area
  • d is the diameter of the fuel sphere; D is the horizontal spacing of the fuel sphere and the protruding rib; 22 is the through hole extending through the whole bed; 23 is the plane side wall; 24 is convex on the plane The side wall of the rib; 25 is a fuel ball; 26 is a graphite block bottom plate; 27 is a spherical recess on the graphite block bottom plate; 28 is a protruding rib.
  • a is a quasi-octagonal shape
  • b is a quasi-circular shape
  • c is a quasi-octagonal shape with a graphite ball side reflection layer
  • d is a quasi-circular shape with a graphite ball side reflection layer
  • 29 is a pressure vessel top cover loading and unloading material The hole corresponds to the position.
  • Fig. 6 30 is a cone head; 31 is a bulb; 32 is a bracket.
  • the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor proposed by the invention has the structure shown in FIG. 1 and includes a fuel ball core 6 and 21.
  • the graphite block reflection layers 19 and 20 are placed in a steel pressure vessel 9; the cores 6 and 21 are placed in a cavity formed by the graphite block reflection layers 19 and 20, and the core is a solid column 21, as shown in Fig. Shown, or hollow column 6, as shown in Figure la, the core and graphite block reflective layer is placed in the ruthenium.
  • the control rod 7 or the absorbing pellet 4 is placed in the graphite reflective layers 19 and 20; it is characterized in that the fuel spheres 25 are arranged in a square on a horizontal plane in the cavity of the graphite reflective layer, and the depression formed at the center of each of the four balls becomes the next one.
  • the position of the layer ball, the layer is accumulated to form a regular bed, and the lower end of the regular bed is a graphite reflection layer.
  • the center distance of adjacent fuel balls on any horizontal surface of the regular bed is D, 1. 03d ⁇ D ⁇ 1. 21d, where d is the fuel ball 25
  • the diameter forms a through hole 22 penetrating the core up and down between the fuel balls.
  • the core when the core is a solid column 21, there are two kinds of surfaces of the graphite block reflective layer on the core side wall, the first type is a plane 23, and the second type Vertical projection ribs 28 or bosses are distributed on the plane 24, and the horizontal spacing between the ribs or the projections is the center distance D of the fuel ball, and the first type of flat surface and the second type of plane 24 are spaced apart from each other.
  • the normal angle of the plane is 45 degrees
  • the core surrounded by the side wall is a quasi-octagonal, polygonal or quasi-circular column, as shown in FIG.
  • the core when the core is a hollow column shape 6, there are two kinds of surfaces of the graphite block reflection layer on the inner and outer sidewalls of the core, and the first type is a plane 23,
  • the two types are vertical projection ribs 28 or bosses distributed on the plane 24, and the horizontal spacing between the ribs or the bosses is the center distance D of the fuel balls, and the first plane 23 and the second plane 24 are spaced apart from each other,
  • the normal angle of the plane is 45 degrees
  • the core section surrounded by the side wall is a ring-shaped quasi-octagon, a ring-shaped polygon or a ring-shaped quasi-circle, as shown in FIG.
  • the surface of the graphite reflective layer cavity bottom plate 26 is a plane, and a depression 27, a boss or a square mesh corresponding to the square arrangement of the fuel balls is distributed on the plane. grid.
  • the graphite block reflective layer adjacent to the core fuel ball may be graphite balls 5, 8, 17, 18.
  • a loading and unloading hole 14 corresponding to the annular core is opened on the top of the pressure vessel.
  • the invention also proposes a fuel ball arrangement method for a regular bed modular type air-cooled gas-cooled reactor. As shown in FIG. 7a, 2 to 5 first fuel-burning depth fuel balls are arranged in the inner region C of the annular core. The outer zone A is provided with 2 to 5 fuel balls of the second fuel consumption depth, and the central zone B is provided with the remaining fuel balls of the third fuel consumption depth.
  • the core fuel ball adopts a batch refueling operation mode of all loading and one discharging at a time, and each Each ball has a fixed position.
  • the three radial directions of B, C, C Partitioning as shown in Figure 7a, deliver fuel balls of different burnup depths to achieve lower maximum fuel temperatures and higher power output.
  • the loading and unloading of the fuel balls in the design of the present invention is accomplished by openings in the top of the pressure vessel.
  • eight holes are provided.
  • the top opening corresponds to the center position 29 of the one-eighth annular core, and the ball discharger 11 is operated by the top opening.
  • the cone head 30 of the ball unloader 11 is rotated and lowered, the air flow through the ball tube 31 allows the balls to be conveyed one by one.
  • the regular bed reactor core designed by the present invention is a "crystallized" structure with flexibility and stability, both from internal temperature and pressure fluctuations, temperature and radiation caused by fuel spheres and structural materials.
  • the finite deformation, or the strong influence from the outside (such as earthquakes) will not cause changes in the density and regular arrangement of the core ball bed, and will not have a reactive effect.
  • This adaptability and stability allows the coolant to pass through the core from different directions, while existing pebble bed stacks only allow flow from top to bottom that coincides with the ball's own direction of gravity.
  • a regular bed allows a single vertical flow to be multi-process, such as moving up and down from the center, or from top to bottom (left in Figure la), or horizontally, as from the periphery of the ring core to the center ( Figure la right). Both multi-flow and horizontal flow can significantly reduce the flow resistance of the ball bed, thereby improving energy conversion efficiency.
  • the design of the invention allows the graphite block reflective layer adjacent to the fuel sphere to be composed of graphite spheres of the same diameter as the fuel sphere, for example:
  • Part of the upper and lower reflective layers may be composed of graphite spheres 5 and 8, which do not affect the vertical flow of the coolant (Fig. ).
  • part of the inner and outer reflective layers of the annular core may also be composed of graphite balls 17 and 18 (Fig. la right and Figs. 5c and d). Because the graphite reflective layer adjacent to the core region is exposed to strong fast neutrons, it is necessary to consider replacing the graphite block during the reactor operating life.
  • the graphite ball In the fast neutron strong irradiation area, the graphite ball is used as the reflective layer, which can reduce or avoid the replacement of the graphite block and improve the utilization rate of the reactor.
  • the graphite ball and the fuel ball need to be unloaded and loaded at the same time, increasing the number of loading and unloading of each ball.
  • the separator 16 is composed of a perforated plate 34 and a thin bundle 33.
  • the hole on the perforated plate is larger than the diameter of the ball, and the lower end of the thin bundle is inserted into the inter-ball through hole 22 to radially isolate the core into a plurality of zones.
  • the separator is lifted up to a new position to ensure that different fuel balls or graphite balls can be added in the radial direction as the axial packing increases.
  • the regular bed reactor designed by the present invention can also be loaded with a visible light source or a certain radiation source in a pressure vessel and loaded into a detector to perform scanning monitoring during the formation of a regular bed.
  • a visible light source or a certain radiation source in a pressure vessel and loaded into a detector to perform scanning monitoring during the formation of a regular bed.
  • This Local vibration methods such as local airflow impact, separator vibration or falling ball impact can be used.
  • the irregular ball has a strong self-healing ability, and it is easy to restore the regular arrangement. Scanning monitoring is carried out to ensure that the rules are stacked smoothly.
  • the core dimensions of one embodiment of the modular air-cooled gas cooled reactor of the present invention are as follows: As shown in Figure 2b, the fuel ball diameter d is 60 awake and the fuel ball center distance D is 70 mm. As shown in Fig. 5a, the quasi-octagonal ring core has an outer plane size of 4610 and an inner plane size of 2950. The equivalent outer diameter is 4790 legs and the equivalent inner diameter is 3010 mm. The core height is 8003 ran, and 513,064 fuel balls are loaded. As shown on the left of Figure la, the heights of the upper and lower graphite ball reflectors 8 and 5 are 610 ram, and a total of 78,264 graphite balls are loaded.
  • the modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is designed with the inherent safety of relying on heat transfer and heat radiation to dissipate heat through the pressure vessel in an accidental state where the coolant is lost, keeping the maximum temperature of the fuel not exceeding 1600 degrees.
  • the embodiment of the regular bed modular tempering air cooled reactor of the present invention will have the main advantages of a spherical fuel element, with less coolant flow resistance and over existing ball bed stacks and blocks. The maximum heat power of the pile makes it more economically competitive.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
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  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)

Abstract

A regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor and its fuel ball disposition method in the field of nuclear reactor technology. In the reactor,heluim is arranged inside the graphite block reflector. The control rod and the absorbing small ball are positioned inside the graphite block reflector. Fuel balls are arranged on the level of the graphite block reflector hollow cavity,in the form of square array,the center cave formed by each four balls can be used as the location of the second layer ball so as to form the regular bed,and the up end and the bottom end of the bed are graphite block reflectors.

Description

规则床模块式髙温气冷堆及其燃料球布置方法 技术领域  Regular bed modular type air-cooled gas pile and fuel ball arrangement method thereof
本发明涉及一种规则床模块式髙温气冷堆及其燃 I球布置方法， 属于核反应堆技术 领域。 背景技术  The invention relates to a regular bed modular type air-cooled gas cooled reactor and a method for arranging the same, which belong to the field of nuclear reactor technology. Background technique
高温气冷堆是国际上公认的安全性好、发¾效率高、用途广泛的先进核反应堆堆型。 由于采用耐高温的陶瓷型涂敷颗粒为燃料， 惰性气体氦为冷却剂， 石墨为慢化剂和堆芯 结构材料， 使它可以产生 950度以上的高温， 不仅高效率发电， 而且在煤的气化和液化、 制氢等方 有广泛的应用前景。  The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is an internationally recognized advanced nuclear reactor type with good safety, high efficiency and wide application. Due to the use of high temperature resistant ceramic coated particles as fuel, inert gas is used as a coolant, graphite is a moderator and core structure material, so that it can generate high temperatures above 950 degrees, not only high efficiency power generation, but also in coal Gasification, liquefaction, hydrogen production, etc. have broad application prospects.
在上 ½纪 90年代出现的模块式髙温气冷堆， 使这项技术取得较大进展。模块式高温 气冷堆以小型化和固有安全性为特征， 在丧失冷却剂的事故情况下， 仍可依靠热传导和 热辐射散出余热， 保持燃料和堆芯完整， 从根本上排出了堆芯焙化的可能性。 与此同时， 还提出了与模块式高温气冷堆相配合的***简单而高效地氦气透平直接循环发电技术， 使小型模块堆具有与大型核电站相比的经济竞争力， 受到广泛重视， 被国际上称为第四 代先进核能***。  The modular air-cooled reactor that emerged in the 1990s made great progress in this technology. Modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactors are characterized by miniaturization and inherent safety. In the event of loss of coolant accidents, heat and heat radiation can still be used to dissipate waste heat, keeping fuel and core intact, and fundamentally discharging the core. The possibility of baking. At the same time, a simple and efficient system for direct-cycle power generation of helium gas turbines with a modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is proposed, which makes the small module reactor economically competitive with large-scale nuclear power plants, and has received extensive attention. Internationally known as the fourth generation of advanced nuclear energy systems.
模块式髙温气冷堆有两种设计， 一种是以原美国技术为基础的棱柱型燃料堆型， 目 前以美国、 俄罗斯、 日本为主设计的商用 600兆瓦反应堆， 简称块型堆。 主要特征是以 包含燃料颗粒的大型石墨块堆砌组成反应堆堆芯， 周期性的停堆更换燃料。  Modular air-cooled gas reactors are available in two designs. One is a prismatic fuel reactor based on the original US technology. The commercial 600 MW reactor, designed for the United States, Russia, and Japan, is called a block reactor. The main feature is that a large graphite block containing fuel particles is stacked to form a reactor core, and the reactor is periodically shut down for fuel replacement.
另一种是以原德国技术为基础的球形燃料元件堆型， 目前以南非、 中国为主设计的 商用 400兆瓦反应堆， 简称球床堆。主要特征是用燃料颗粒和石墨制成 60毫米直径的燃 料球， 大量的燃料球以无规则堆积方式形成堆芯。 在反应堆运行中， 燃料球由顶部连续 添加， 从底部连续卸出， 不需要停堆更换燃料。  The other is a spherical fuel element stack based on the original German technology. It is currently a commercial 400 MW reactor designed mainly in South Africa and China, referred to as a pebble bed reactor. The main feature is a 60 mm diameter fuel ball made of fuel particles and graphite, and a large number of fuel balls form a core in a random stack. In reactor operation, the fuel ball is continuously added from the top and continuously discharged from the bottom, eliminating the need to shut down the fuel for replacement.
另外， 在上世纪 80年代模块堆概念出现前， 在美国专利 USP5，051，230中， 提出了 另一种添加燃料球方法的球床堆。 每次停堆换料只填满部分空腔， 其中燃料数量达到反 应堆运行的初始需要量， 反应堆运行后向空腔剩余部分连续添加燃料球， 运行中不卸出 燃料球， 至空腔全部填满后停堆， 一次性的卸出全部燃料。 其中提出填入空腔中的燃料 球可以是无规则堆积形式， 也可以是规则堆积形成规则床。  In addition, prior to the advent of the modular stack concept in the 1980s, another ball bed stack with a fuel ball method was proposed in U.S. Patent No. 5,051,230. Each time the refueling is filled, only part of the cavity is filled, wherein the amount of fuel reaches the initial requirement of the reactor operation. After the reactor is operated, the fuel ball is continuously added to the remaining part of the cavity, and the fuel ball is not discharged during the operation, and the cavity is completely filled. After the full stop, stop the whole fuel in one time. It is proposed that the fuel balls filled in the cavities may be in the form of random packing or regular stacking to form a regular bed.
球床堆具有堆芯结构简单， 燃料元件成本低、 适于批量生产、 强度高、 稳定性好、 便于输送和贮存、可达到深燃耗等优点。但无规则堆积的燃料球在堆芯中从上向下移动， 不能获得最佳功率和温度分布，尽管燃料球在成为乏燃料之前平均通过堆芯次数在 10次 以上， 但轴向和径向功率不均匀系数都很大， 使得在模块式反应堆的有限体积内， 反应 堆的最大输出热功率只能达到 400兆瓦左右。 再加上球床堆芯冷却剂流动阻力大， 采用 氦气透平直接循环发电时， 减小温差增大流量的高效率措施受到限制， 因此其净发电效 率仅为 41 %左右。 而块型堆不仅热功率输出为 600兆瓦， 其净发电效率也在 47 %左右， 两种模块式髙温气冷堆电功率输出相差很多。 发明内容 The ball bed pile has the advantages of simple core structure, low fuel element cost, suitable for mass production, high strength, good stability, convenient transportation and storage, and deep fuel consumption. But the irregularly stacked fuel balls move from top to bottom in the core. The best power and temperature distribution cannot be obtained. Although the fuel ball passes through the core more than 10 times before it becomes spent fuel, the axial and radial power unevenness coefficients are large, making it within the limited volume of the modular reactor. The maximum output thermal power of the reactor can only reach about 400 MW. In addition, when the ball bed core coolant has a large flow resistance, when the helium gas turbine is used for direct cycle power generation, the high efficiency measures for reducing the temperature difference and increasing the flow rate are limited, so the net power generation efficiency is only about 41%. The block type reactor not only has a thermal power output of 600 megawatts, but also has a net power generation efficiency of about 47%. The output of the two modular enthalpy-temperature gas-cooled reactors differs a lot. Summary of the invention
本发明的目的是提出一种规则床模块式高温气冷堆及其燃料球布置方法， 达到具有 球床堆的主要优点， 又能降低冷却剂循环阻力和提高功率输出的目的。  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is to provide a regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor and a fuel ball arrangement method thereof, which have the main advantages of having a ball bed pile, and can reduce the circulation resistance of the coolant and improve the power output.
本发明提出的规则床模块式髙温气冷堆， 包括燃料球堆芯、 石墨块反射层、 控制棒、 吸收小球、 钢制压力容器； 所述的石墨块反射层置于钢制压力容器内； 所述的堆芯置于 石墨块反射层形成的空腔内， 堆芯为实心柱状或空心柱状， 堆芯和石墨块反射层中置有 氦； 所述的控制棒或吸收小球置于石墨反射层中； 其特征在于燃料球在石墨反射层空腔 内的水平面上， 成正方形排列， 每 4个球中心形成的凹陷成为次一层球的位置， 以此层 层累积形成规则床， 规则床上下端为石墨反射层。  The regular bed modular type air-cooled gas reactor proposed by the invention comprises a fuel ball core, a graphite block reflection layer, a control rod, an absorption ball, a steel pressure vessel; the graphite block reflection layer is placed in a steel pressure vessel The core is placed in a cavity formed by the reflective layer of the graphite block, the core is a solid column or a hollow column, and the core and the graphite block are provided with a crucible; the control rod or the absorption ball is placed In the graphite reflective layer; characterized in that the fuel spheres are arranged in a square on a horizontal plane in the cavity of the graphite reflective layer, and the depression formed at the center of each of the four spheres becomes the position of the next layer of the sphere, and the layer is accumulated to form a regular bed. The lower end of the regular bed is a graphite reflective layer.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 规则床中任意一个水平面上相邻燃料球的中心距 为 D， 1. 03d<D< 1. 21d，其中 d为燃料球直径，在燃料球之间形成上下贯穿堆芯的通孔。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, the center distance of adjacent fuel balls on any horizontal surface of the regular bed is D, 1. 03d<D< 1.21d, where d is the diameter of the fuel sphere between the fuel spheres. A through hole penetrating the core up and down is formed.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 堆芯为实心柱状时， 堆芯侧壁的石墨块反射层的 表面有两种， 第一种为平面， 第二种为平面上分布有垂直的凸出肋条或凸台， 肋条或凸 台之间的水平间距为燃料球的中心距 D，第一种平面和第二种平面互相间隔，两种平面的 法线夹角为 45度， 由该侧壁围成的堆芯为准八角形、 多边形或准圆形柱状。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, when the core is a solid column, there are two kinds of surface of the graphite block reflective layer on the side wall of the core, the first type is a plane, and the second type is a vertical convex on the plane. The horizontal spacing between the ribs or the bosses, the ribs or the bosses is the center distance D of the fuel balls, and the first plane and the second plane are spaced apart from each other, and the normal angle of the two planes is 45 degrees, from the side The core of the wall is a quasi-octagonal, polygonal or quasi-cylindrical column.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 堆芯为空心柱状时， 堆芯内、 外侧壁的石墨块反 射层的表面有两种， 第一种为平面， 第二种为平面上分布有垂直的凸出肋条或凸台， 肋 条或凸台之间的水平间距为燃料球的中心距 D，第一种平面和第二种平面互相间隔，两种 平面的法线夹角为 45度， 由该侧壁围成的堆芯截面为环状准八角形、环状多边形或环状 准圆形。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, when the core is a hollow column, there are two kinds of surface of the graphite block reflective layer on the inner and outer sidewalls of the core, the first type is a plane, and the second type is a vertical plane. The horizontal spacing between the protruding ribs or the bosses, the ribs or the bosses is the center distance D of the fuel balls, and the first plane and the second plane are spaced apart from each other, and the normal angle of the two planes is 45 degrees, The core section surrounded by the side wall is a ring-shaped quasi-octagonal shape, a ring-shaped polygon or a ring-shaped quasi-circular shape.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 石墨反射层空腔底板的表面为平面， 在平面上分 布有与燃料球的正方形排列相应的凹陷、 凸台或正方形网格。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, the surface of the graphite reflective layer cavity bottom plate is a plane, and a concave, convex or square grid corresponding to the square arrangement of the fuel balls is distributed on the plane.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 与堆芯燃料球相邻的石墨块反射层为石墨球。 上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 在压力容器顶盖上， 开有与环形堆芯对应的装卸 料孔。 In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, the graphite block reflective layer adjacent to the core fuel ball is a graphite ball. In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, the loading and unloading corresponding to the annular core is opened on the top cover of the pressure vessel Hole.
本发明还提出了规则床模块式高温气冷堆的燃料球布置方法， 在环状堆芯的内区设 置 2〜5个第一种燃耗深度的燃料球， 外区设置 2〜5个第二种燃耗深度的燃料球， 中心 区设置其余的第三种燃耗深度的燃料球。 本发明设计的规则床模块式高温气冷堆及其燃料球布置方法， 与现有的球床堆和块 型堆相比有如下优点- The invention also proposes a fuel ball arrangement method for a regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, wherein 2 to 5 first fuel-burning depth fuel balls are arranged in the inner region of the annular core, and the outer zone is provided with 2 to 5 Two fuel-burning fuel balls, the center of the fuel zone is set to the remaining third fuel-burning depth. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor designed by the invention and the fuel ball arrangement method thereof have the following advantages compared with the existing ball bed pile and the block type pile -
1、 本发明设计中堆芯燃料球采用规则的布置方法， 每个球都有固定的位置， 因此可 以获得最佳的功率和温度分布， 有较高的输出功率。 1. In the design of the present invention, the core fuel ball adopts a regular arrangement method, and each ball has a fixed position, so that an optimal power and temperature distribution can be obtained, and a high output power is obtained.
2、 本发明设计的规则床反应堆堆芯是一种类似"结晶"的结构， 具有髙度的适应性 和稳定性， 允许冷却剂从单一垂直方向流程变成多流程或水平方向流动， 因而显著地减 少球床流动阻力， 提高能源转换效率。  2. The regular bed reactor core designed by the present invention is a structure similar to "crystal", which has the flexibility and stability of the twist, allowing the coolant to flow from a single vertical flow to a multi-flow or horizontal flow, thus being significant Reduce the flow resistance of the ball bed and improve energy conversion efficiency.
3、本发明的规则床模块式高温气冷堆及其燃料球布置方法， 具有已有球床堆的主要 优点， 单一品种的球形燃料元件便于研制和低成本的批量生产， 燃料球的结构强度高、 辐照稳定性好， 便于在屏蔽条件下的输送和贮存， 燃料球可经过燃耗测量使其卸出时达 到更均匀的深燃耗。  3. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention and the fuel ball arrangement method thereof have the main advantages of the existing ball bed pile, the single type of spherical fuel element is convenient for development and low-cost mass production, and the structural strength of the fuel ball High, good radiation stability, easy to transport and store under shielding conditions, fuel ball can be measured by fuel consumption to achieve more uniform deep burnup when discharged.
4、本发明的规则床模块式高温气冷堆与球床堆相比， 规则床堆积密度高， 在部分程 度上补偿了不能连续换料引起的中子经济性上的损失。  4. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention has a higher density of regular bed packing than the ball bed pile, and partially compensates for the loss of neutron economy caused by continuous material refueling.
5、 本发明的规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 部分快中子强辐照区采用石墨球反射层， 减少和避免了石墨块的更换。  5. In the regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor of the present invention, a portion of the fast neutron strong irradiation zone uses a graphite ball reflective layer to reduce and avoid the replacement of the graphite block.
6、本发明的规则床模块式高温气冷堆虽然以与块型堆相同的批换料方式运行， 但球 形燃料元件装卸所需的设备简单， 装卸所需停堆时间短。  6. The regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor of the present invention operates in the same batch refueling mode as the block type reactor, but the equipment required for loading and unloading the spherical fuel element is simple, and the shutdown time required for loading and unloading is short.
7、 本发明的规则床模块式高温气冷堆的燃料装卸是在停堆和低温低压条件下进行， 因此与球床堆相比， 不需要在反应堆运行中维护装卸设备和***； 不需要堆底卸料， 使 堆底结构简单， 压力容器尺寸减小。  7. The fuel loading and unloading of the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention is carried out under shutdown and low temperature and low pressure conditions, so that it is not necessary to maintain the loading and unloading equipment and system in the reactor operation compared with the pebble bed reactor; The bottom discharge makes the bottom structure simple and the pressure vessel size is reduced.
8、 已有的球床堆对不同尺寸和不同形状的堆芯设计， 都需要单独进行球流实验， 本 发明的规则床模块式高温气冷堆中的规则床， 每个球都有固定的位置， 因此不需要这些 实验， 也不需要将这种燃料球的流动特性耦合到中子设计及热工水力设计中， 简化了工 程前期的实验和设计。  8. The existing ball bed stack requires separate ball flow experiments for core designs of different sizes and shapes. The regular bed in the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of the present invention has a fixed ball. Position, therefore, does not require these experiments, nor does it need to couple the flow characteristics of this fuel ball into the neutron design and thermal hydraulic design, simplifying the pre-engineering experiments and design.
9、 本发明的规则床模块式髙温气冷堆， 利用贯穿堆芯的通孔， 在反应堆启动时， 可 以获得实际堆芯的'轴向和径向中子注量率分布的精确测量值， 对提升功率和校正计算工 具十分有利。 附图说明 9. The regular bed modular air-cooled reactor of the present invention utilizes a through-hole through the core to obtain an accurate measurement of the 'axial and radial neutron fluence rate distribution of the actual core at the start of the reactor. , for boosting power and correcting calculations Very beneficial. DRAWINGS
图 1 为规则床模块式髙温气冷堆纵剖面；  Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of a regular bed modular temperature gas cooled reactor;
图 2a为环状八角形堆芯截面的八分之一视图；  Figure 2a is an eighth view of a section of a circular octagonal core;
图 2b 为图 2a中 B- B纵剖面；  Figure 2b is a longitudinal section of B-B in Figure 2a;
图 3 为实心柱状八角形堆芯截面的四分之一视图；  Figure 3 is a quarter view of a solid cylindrical octagonal core section;
图 4为环状八角形堆芯的八分之一塑料球模型；  Figure 4 is an eighth-eighth plastic ball model of a ring-shaped octagonal core;
图 5 为规则床模块式高温气冷堆环状堆芯横剖面；  Figure 5 is a cross section of a ring-shaped core of a modular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor;
图 6为卸球机纵剖面；  Figure 6 is a longitudinal section of the ball unloader;
图 7a为径向区域分隔器横剖面；  Figure 7a is a cross section of the radial zone divider;
图 7b 为图 7中 D— D纵剖面；  Figure 7b is a D-D longitudinal section of Figure 7;
图 7c 为图 7中 E— E纵剖面。  Figure 7c is a longitudinal section of E-E in Figure 7.
图 la，b, c, d，e中， a为本发明的规则床模块式高温气冷堆空心柱状堆芯纵剖面； b 为卸料开始； c为卸料完成； d为使用径向区域分隔器的装料； e 为本发明的规则床模块 式高温气冷堆实心柱状堆芯纵剖面； 1是停堆冷却***； 2是吸收小球卸料机； 3是冷却 剂出口联箱； 4是吸收小球控制***； 5是下石墨球反射层； 6是规则床空心柱状堆芯； 7 是控制棒； 8是上石墨球反射层； 9是压力容器； 10是压力容器顶盖； 11是卸球机； 12 是吸收小球贮存器； 13是控制棒驱动机构； 14是装卸料孔； 15是装球机； 16是径向区 域分隔器； 17是石墨球内侧反射层； 18是石墨球外侧反射层； 19 是外石墨块反射层； 20是内石墨块反射层； 21 是规则床实心柱状堆芯。  1a, b, c, d, e, a is the longitudinal section of the regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor hollow column core of the invention; b is the beginning of discharge; c is discharge completion; d is the use of radial area The charging of the separator; e is the vertical column profile of the solid bed column type high temperature gas-cooled reactor of the present invention; 1 is the shutdown cooling system; 2 is the absorption ball unloader; 3 is the coolant outlet header; 4 is the absorption ball control system; 5 is the lower graphite ball reflection layer; 6 is the regular bed hollow column core; 7 is the control rod; 8 is the upper graphite ball reflection layer; 9 is the pressure vessel; 10 is the pressure vessel top cover; 11 is the ball unloader; 12 is the absorption ball reservoir; 13 is the control rod drive mechanism; 14 is the loading and unloading hole; 15 is the ball loading machine; 16 is the radial zone divider; 17 is the graphite ball inner reflection layer; It is a graphite sphere outer reflection layer; 19 is an outer graphite block reflection layer; 20 is an inner graphite block reflection layer; 21 is a regular bed solid columnar core.
图 2a、图 2b和图 3中， d为燃料球直径； D 为燃料球及凸出肋条的水平间距； 22是 贯穿全床的通孔； 23 是平面侧壁； 24是平面上有凸出肋条的侧壁； 25是燃料球； 26是 石墨块底板； 27是石墨块底板上的球形凹陷； 28是凸出肋条。  In Fig. 2a, Fig. 2b and Fig. 3, d is the diameter of the fuel sphere; D is the horizontal spacing of the fuel sphere and the protruding rib; 22 is the through hole extending through the whole bed; 23 is the plane side wall; 24 is convex on the plane The side wall of the rib; 25 is a fuel ball; 26 is a graphite block bottom plate; 27 is a spherical recess on the graphite block bottom plate; 28 is a protruding rib.
图 5中， a为准八角形； b为准圆形； c为有石墨球侧反射层的准八角形； d为有石 墨球侧反射层的准圆形； 29是压力容器顶盖装卸料孔对应位置。  In Fig. 5, a is a quasi-octagonal shape; b is a quasi-circular shape; c is a quasi-octagonal shape with a graphite ball side reflection layer; d is a quasi-circular shape with a graphite ball side reflection layer; 29 is a pressure vessel top cover loading and unloading material The hole corresponds to the position.
图 6中， 30是圆锥机头； 31 是输球管； 32是支架。  In Fig. 6, 30 is a cone head; 31 is a bulb; 32 is a bracket.
图 7a，b, c中， A，B，C为被分隔的径向区； 33是细棒束； 34是多孔板。 具体实施方式  In Figures 7a, b, c, A, B, C are divided radial zones; 33 is a thin bundle; 34 is a perforated plate. detailed description
本发明提出的规则床模块式高温气冷堆， 其结构如图 1所示， 包括燃料球堆芯 6及 21、 石墨块反射层 19及 20、 控制棒 7、 吸收小球 4、 钢制压力容器 9。 石墨块反射层 19 及 20置于钢制压力容器 9内； 所述的堆芯 6及 21置于石墨块反射层 19及 20形成的空 腔内， 堆芯为实心柱状 21， 如图 le所示， 或空心柱状 6， 如图 la所示， 堆芯和石墨块 反射层中置有氦。 控制棒 7或吸收小球 4置于石墨反射层 19及 20中； 其特征在于燃料 球 25在石墨反射层空腔内的水平面上， 成正方形排列， 每 4个球中心形成的凹陷成为次 一层球的位置， 以此层层累积形成规则床， 规则床上下端为石墨反射层。 The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor proposed by the invention has the structure shown in FIG. 1 and includes a fuel ball core 6 and 21. Graphite block reflective layers 19 and 20, control rod 7, absorbent pellet 4, and steel pressure vessel 9. The graphite block reflection layers 19 and 20 are placed in a steel pressure vessel 9; the cores 6 and 21 are placed in a cavity formed by the graphite block reflection layers 19 and 20, and the core is a solid column 21, as shown in Fig. Shown, or hollow column 6, as shown in Figure la, the core and graphite block reflective layer is placed in the ruthenium. The control rod 7 or the absorbing pellet 4 is placed in the graphite reflective layers 19 and 20; it is characterized in that the fuel spheres 25 are arranged in a square on a horizontal plane in the cavity of the graphite reflective layer, and the depression formed at the center of each of the four balls becomes the next one. The position of the layer ball, the layer is accumulated to form a regular bed, and the lower end of the regular bed is a graphite reflection layer.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 如图 2b所示， 规则床中任意一个水平面上相邻燃 料球的中心距为 D， 1. 03d<D<1. 21d， 其中 d为燃料球 25直径， 在燃料球之间形成上 下贯穿堆芯的通孔 22。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, as shown in FIG. 2b, the center distance of adjacent fuel balls on any horizontal surface of the regular bed is D, 1. 03d<D<1. 21d, where d is the fuel ball 25 The diameter forms a through hole 22 penetrating the core up and down between the fuel balls.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 如图 le所示， 堆芯为实心柱状 21时， 堆芯侧壁 的石墨块反射层的表面有两种，第一种为平面 23，第二种为平面 24上分布有垂直的凸出 肋条 28或凸台，肋条或凸台之间的水平间距为燃料球的中心距 D,第一种平 ¾ 23和第二 种平面 24互相间隔， 两种平面的法线夹角为 45度， 由该侧壁围成的堆芯为准八角形、 多边形或准圆形柱状， 如图 3所示。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, as shown in FIG. l, when the core is a solid column 21, there are two kinds of surfaces of the graphite block reflective layer on the core side wall, the first type is a plane 23, and the second type Vertical projection ribs 28 or bosses are distributed on the plane 24, and the horizontal spacing between the ribs or the projections is the center distance D of the fuel ball, and the first type of flat surface and the second type of plane 24 are spaced apart from each other. The normal angle of the plane is 45 degrees, and the core surrounded by the side wall is a quasi-octagonal, polygonal or quasi-circular column, as shown in FIG.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 如图 la所示， 堆芯为空心柱状 6时， 堆芯内、 外 侧壁的石墨块反射层的表面有两种，第一种为平面 23，第二种为平面 24上分布有垂直的 凸出肋条 28或凸台， 肋条或凸台之间的水平间距为燃料球的中心距 D, 第一种平面 23 和第二种平面 24互相间隔， 两种平面的法线夹角为 45度， 由该侧壁围成的堆芯截面为 环状准八角形、 环状多边形或环状准圆形， 如图 5所示。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, as shown in FIG. 1A, when the core is a hollow column shape 6, there are two kinds of surfaces of the graphite block reflection layer on the inner and outer sidewalls of the core, and the first type is a plane 23, The two types are vertical projection ribs 28 or bosses distributed on the plane 24, and the horizontal spacing between the ribs or the bosses is the center distance D of the fuel balls, and the first plane 23 and the second plane 24 are spaced apart from each other, The normal angle of the plane is 45 degrees, and the core section surrounded by the side wall is a ring-shaped quasi-octagon, a ring-shaped polygon or a ring-shaped quasi-circle, as shown in FIG.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 如图 2b所示， 石墨反射层空腔底板 26的表面为 平面， 在平面上分布有与燃料球的正方形排列相应的凹陷 27、 凸台或正方形网格。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, as shown in FIG. 2b, the surface of the graphite reflective layer cavity bottom plate 26 is a plane, and a depression 27, a boss or a square mesh corresponding to the square arrangement of the fuel balls is distributed on the plane. grid.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 如图 la，图 le及图 5所示， 与堆芯燃料球相邻的 石墨块反射层可以为石墨球 5， 8， 17, 18。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor, as shown in Figs. la, Fig. and Fig. 5, the graphite block reflective layer adjacent to the core fuel ball may be graphite balls 5, 8, 17, 18.
上述规则床模块式高温气冷堆中， 在压力容器顶盖上， 开有与环形堆芯对应的装卸 料孔 14。  In the above-mentioned regular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, a loading and unloading hole 14 corresponding to the annular core is opened on the top of the pressure vessel.
本发明还提出了规则床模块式髙温气冷堆的燃料球布置方法， 如图 7a所示， 在环状 堆芯的内区 C设置 2〜5个第一种燃耗深度的燃料球， 外区 A设置 2〜5个第二种燃耗深 度的燃料球， 中心区 B设置其余的第三种燃耗深度的燃料球。  The invention also proposes a fuel ball arrangement method for a regular bed modular type air-cooled gas-cooled reactor. As shown in FIG. 7a, 2 to 5 first fuel-burning depth fuel balls are arranged in the inner region C of the annular core. The outer zone A is provided with 2 to 5 fuel balls of the second fuel consumption depth, and the central zone B is provided with the remaining fuel balls of the third fuel consumption depth.
本发明设计的底板和侧壁所形成的空腔中， 当球从顶部无规则落入时， 将自动形成 规则排列， 如图 4所示的规则床模型。  In the cavity formed by the bottom plate and the side wall of the present invention, when the ball falls irregularly from the top, a regular arrangement is automatically formed, as shown in the regular bed model shown in FIG.
本发明设计中堆芯燃料球采用一次全部装入和一次全部卸出的批换料运行方式， 每 个球都有固定的位置， 在平衡堆芯装入燃料时， 按照轴向和径向最佳功率和温度分布的 要求， 在不同的轴向高度上， 向 、 B、 C的三个径向分区， 如图 7a所示， 配送不同燃耗 深度的燃料球， 以便获得较低的最大燃料温度和较高的功率输出。 In the design of the invention, the core fuel ball adopts a batch refueling operation mode of all loading and one discharging at a time, and each Each ball has a fixed position. When balancing the core into the fuel, according to the axial and radial optimum power and temperature distribution requirements, at different axial heights, the three radial directions of B, C, C Partitioning, as shown in Figure 7a, deliver fuel balls of different burnup depths to achieve lower maximum fuel temperatures and higher power output.
本发明设计中燃料球的装入和卸出均通过压力容器顶盖上的开孔完成。 本发明的一 个实施例中开有 8个孔， 如图 5所示， 顶部开孔对应八分之一环状堆芯的中心位置 29， 由顶部开孔操控卸球机 11。 如图 6所示， 在卸球机 11的圆锥机头 30转动并下降时， 通 过输球管 31， 氦气流可将球一个接一个的输送出去。  The loading and unloading of the fuel balls in the design of the present invention is accomplished by openings in the top of the pressure vessel. In one embodiment of the invention, eight holes are provided. As shown in Figure 5, the top opening corresponds to the center position 29 of the one-eighth annular core, and the ball discharger 11 is operated by the top opening. As shown in Fig. 6, when the cone head 30 of the ball unloader 11 is rotated and lowered, the air flow through the ball tube 31 allows the balls to be conveyed one by one.
本发明设计的规则床反应堆堆芯是一种类似 "结晶"的结构， 具有髙度的适应性和 稳定性， 无论是来自内部温度和压力的波动， 温度和辐照引起的燃料球和结构材料的有 限变形， 还是来自外部的强烈影响 （如地震等） 都不会造成堆芯球床密度和规则排列的 变化， 不会产生反应性影响。 这种适应性和稳定性允许冷却剂从不同方向通过堆芯， 而 现有球床堆只能允许从上至下与球的自身重力方向相重合的流动。 规则床则允许将单一 垂直方向流程变成多流程， 如从中心向上下， 或从上下向中心 （图 la左）， 或者变成水 平方向流动， 如从环状堆芯的***向中心流动 （图 la右）。 多流程和水平流向都能显著 地减少球床流动阻力， 从而提高能源转换效率。  The regular bed reactor core designed by the present invention is a "crystallized" structure with flexibility and stability, both from internal temperature and pressure fluctuations, temperature and radiation caused by fuel spheres and structural materials. The finite deformation, or the strong influence from the outside (such as earthquakes) will not cause changes in the density and regular arrangement of the core ball bed, and will not have a reactive effect. This adaptability and stability allows the coolant to pass through the core from different directions, while existing pebble bed stacks only allow flow from top to bottom that coincides with the ball's own direction of gravity. A regular bed allows a single vertical flow to be multi-process, such as moving up and down from the center, or from top to bottom (left in Figure la), or horizontally, as from the periphery of the ring core to the center ( Figure la right). Both multi-flow and horizontal flow can significantly reduce the flow resistance of the ball bed, thereby improving energy conversion efficiency.
本发明设计中允许将邻近燃料球区的石墨块反射层由与燃料球同样直径的石墨球组 成， 譬如： 部分上下反射层可由石墨球 5及 8组成， 不影响冷却剂垂直流动（图 la左）。 当冷却剂水平流动时， 环状堆芯的部分内外侧反射层也可以由石墨球 17及 18组成 （图 la右及图 5c和 d)。 因为邻近堆芯区的石墨反射层， 受到较强快中子辐照， 在反应堆运 行寿期中需要考虑更换石墨块。 在快中子强辐照区采用石墨球做反射层， 则可减少或避 免石墨块的更换问题， 提高了反应堆利用率。 但在换料操作时， 石墨球和燃料球需要同 时卸出和装入， 增加了每次球的装卸数量。  The design of the invention allows the graphite block reflective layer adjacent to the fuel sphere to be composed of graphite spheres of the same diameter as the fuel sphere, for example: Part of the upper and lower reflective layers may be composed of graphite spheres 5 and 8, which do not affect the vertical flow of the coolant (Fig. ). When the coolant flows horizontally, part of the inner and outer reflective layers of the annular core may also be composed of graphite balls 17 and 18 (Fig. la right and Figs. 5c and d). Because the graphite reflective layer adjacent to the core region is exposed to strong fast neutrons, it is necessary to consider replacing the graphite block during the reactor operating life. In the fast neutron strong irradiation area, the graphite ball is used as the reflective layer, which can reduce or avoid the replacement of the graphite block and improve the utilization rate of the reactor. However, during the refueling operation, the graphite ball and the fuel ball need to be unloaded and loaded at the same time, increasing the number of loading and unloading of each ball.
为了给本发明设计的规则床反应堆装球， 还可以设计如图 Id所示的装球机， 由压力 容器顶盖开孔操控的装球机 15,装球机下端还可以安装径向区域分隔器 16。如图 7所示， 分隔器 16由多孔板 34和细棒束 33组成， 多孔板上的孔大于球直径， 细棒束下端***球 间通孔 22， 将堆芯径向隔离成多区， 以保证不同的燃料球或石墨球进入相应的区域。 当 多孔板下空间被球填满后， 分隔器向上提升到新位置， 以保证随着轴向堆积的升高， 径 向可以加入不同的燃料球或石墨球。  In order to load the regular bed reactor designed for the present invention, it is also possible to design a ball loading machine as shown in Figure Id, a ball loading machine 15 controlled by a pressure vessel top cover opening, and a radial area separation at the lower end of the ball loading machine. 16. As shown in FIG. 7, the separator 16 is composed of a perforated plate 34 and a thin bundle 33. The hole on the perforated plate is larger than the diameter of the ball, and the lower end of the thin bundle is inserted into the inter-ball through hole 22 to radially isolate the core into a plurality of zones. To ensure that different fuel balls or graphite balls enter the corresponding area. When the space under the perforated plate is filled by the ball, the separator is lifted up to a new position to ensure that different fuel balls or graphite balls can be added in the radial direction as the axial packing increases.
本发明设计的规则床反应堆， 还可以在压力容器内装入可见光光源或某种射线源， 并装入探测器， 在规则床形成过程中实施扫描监测。 当大量的球同时落入时， 有可能在 局部出现相互挤靠的无规则球， 从扫描成像中很容易发现贯穿全床的通孔 22被遮挡。这 时可以采用局部振动法， 如局部气流冲击、 分隔器振动或下落球的冲击等， 无规则球有 较强的自愈能力， 很容易恢复规则排列。 实施扫描监测可保证规则堆积地顺利进行。 The regular bed reactor designed by the present invention can also be loaded with a visible light source or a certain radiation source in a pressure vessel and loaded into a detector to perform scanning monitoring during the formation of a regular bed. When a large number of balls fall at the same time, it is possible to locally appear irregular balls that are pressed against each other, and it is easy to find that the through holes 22 extending through the entire bed are blocked from scanning imaging. This Local vibration methods such as local airflow impact, separator vibration or falling ball impact can be used. The irregular ball has a strong self-healing ability, and it is easy to restore the regular arrangement. Scanning monitoring is carried out to ensure that the rules are stacked smoothly.
本发明设计的模块式髙温气冷堆的一个实施例的堆芯尺寸如下： 如图 2b所示， 燃料 球直径 d为 60 醒， 燃料球中心距 D为 70 mm。 如图 5a所示， 准八角形环状堆芯的外平 面尺寸为 4610删， 内平面尺寸为 2950賺， 其当量外径为 4790腿， 当量内径为 3010 mm。 堆芯高为 8003 ran, 共装入燃料球 513064个。 如图 la左所示， 上下石墨球反射层 8及 5 高度均为 610 ram, 共装入石墨球 78264个。  The core dimensions of one embodiment of the modular air-cooled gas cooled reactor of the present invention are as follows: As shown in Figure 2b, the fuel ball diameter d is 60 awake and the fuel ball center distance D is 70 mm. As shown in Fig. 5a, the quasi-octagonal ring core has an outer plane size of 4610 and an inner plane size of 2950. The equivalent outer diameter is 4790 legs and the equivalent inner diameter is 3010 mm. The core height is 8003 ran, and 513,064 fuel balls are loaded. As shown on the left of Figure la, the heights of the upper and lower graphite ball reflectors 8 and 5 are 610 ram, and a total of 78,264 graphite balls are loaded.
模块式高温气冷堆的设计原则是在失去冷却剂的事故状态下， 依靠热传导和热辐射 通过压力容器散发佘热，保持燃料最高温度不超过 1600度的设计限值，具有固有安全性。 在同样的条件下， 本发明设计的规则床模块式髙温气冷堆的实施例， 将具有球形燃料元 件的主要优点， 并有较小的冷却剂流动阻力和超过现有球床堆和块型堆的最大热功率， 从而更具经济竞争力。  The modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is designed with the inherent safety of relying on heat transfer and heat radiation to dissipate heat through the pressure vessel in an accidental state where the coolant is lost, keeping the maximum temperature of the fuel not exceeding 1600 degrees. Under the same conditions, the embodiment of the regular bed modular tempering air cooled reactor of the present invention will have the main advantages of a spherical fuel element, with less coolant flow resistance and over existing ball bed stacks and blocks. The maximum heat power of the pile makes it more economically competitive.

Claims

权利要求书 Claim
1、一种规则床模块式髙温气冷堆， 该气冷堆包括燃料球堆芯、石墨块反射层、控 制棒、 吸收小球、 钢制压力容器； 所述的石墨块反射层置于钢制压力容器内； 所述的 堆芯置于石墨块反射层形成的空腔内， 堆芯为实心柱状或空心柱状， 堆芯和石墨块反 射层中置有氦； 所述的控制棒或吸收小球置于石墨反射层中； 其特征在于燃料球在石 墨反射层空腔内的水平面上， 成正方形排列， 每 4个球中心形成的凹陷成为次一层球 的位置， 以此层层累积形成规则床， 规则床上下端为石墨反射层。 1. A regular bed modular tempering air cooled reactor comprising a fuel ball core, a graphite block reflective layer, a control rod, an absorption pellet, a steel pressure vessel; and the graphite block reflective layer is placed In the steel pressure vessel; the core is placed in a cavity formed by the reflective layer of the graphite block, the core is a solid column or a hollow column, and the core and the graphite block reflective layer are provided with a crucible; The absorption ball is placed in the graphite reflective layer; the fuel ball is arranged in a square on a horizontal plane in the cavity of the graphite reflective layer, and the depression formed at the center of each of the four balls becomes the position of the next layer of the ball, thereby layering The regular bed is formed cumulatively, and the lower end of the regular bed is a graphite reflective layer.
2、 如权利要求 1所述的规则床模块式高温气冷堆， 其特征在于所述的规则床中任 意一个水平面上相邻燃料球的中心距为 D, 1. 03d<D<1. 21d, 其中 d为燃料球直径， 在燃料球之间形成上下贯穿堆芯的通孔。  2. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of claim 1 wherein the center distance of adjacent fuel balls on any one of said regular beds is D, 1. 03d < D < 1. 21d Where d is the diameter of the fuel sphere, and a through hole penetrating the core up and down is formed between the fuel spheres.
3、如权利要求 1所述的规则床模块式高温气冷堆，其特征在于堆芯为实心柱状时， 堆芯侧壁的石墨块反射层的表面有两种， 第一种为平面， 第二种为平面上分布有垂直 的凸出肋条或凸台，肋条或凸台之间的水平间距为燃料球的中心距 D，第一种平面和第 二种平面互相间隔， 两种平面的法线夹角为 45度， 由该侧壁围成的堆芯为准八角形、 多边形或准圆形柱状。  3. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor according to claim 1, wherein when the core is a solid column, the surface of the graphite block reflective layer of the core side wall has two types, the first type being a plane, The two are vertical protruding ribs or bosses distributed on the plane, and the horizontal spacing between the ribs or the bosses is the center distance D of the fuel ball, and the first plane and the second plane are spaced apart from each other, and the two planes are The angle of the wire is 45 degrees, and the core surrounded by the side wall is a quasi-octagonal, polygonal or quasi-circular column.
4、如权利要求 1所述的规则床模块式高温气冷堆，其特征在于堆芯为空心柱状时， 堆芯内、 外侧壁的石墨块反射层的表面有两种， 第一种为平面， 第二种为平面上分布 有垂直的凸出肋条或凸台，肋条或凸台之间的水平间距为燃料球的中心距 D,第一种平 面和第二种平面互相间隔， 两种平面的法线夹角为 45度， 由该侧壁围成的堆芯截面为 环状准八角形、 环状多边形或环状准圆形。  4. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor according to claim 1, wherein when the core is a hollow column, the surface of the graphite block reflective layer on the inner and outer sidewalls of the core has two types, and the first type is a flat surface. The second type is a vertical protruding rib or a boss distributed on the plane, and the horizontal interval between the ribs or the boss is the center distance D of the fuel ball, and the first plane and the second plane are spaced apart from each other, and the two planes are The normal angle is 45 degrees, and the core section surrounded by the side wall is a ring-shaped quasi-octagon, a ring-shaped polygon or a ring-shaped quasi-circle.
5、 如权利要求 1所述的规则床模块式高温气冷堆， 其特征在于石墨反射层空腔底 板的表面为平面， 在平面上分布有与燃料球的正方形排列相应的凹陷、 凸台或正方形 网格。  5. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the graphite reflective layer cavity bottom plate is a plane, and a depression, a boss or a groove corresponding to the square arrangement of the fuel balls is distributed on the plane. Square grid.
6、如权利要求 1所述的规则床模块式高温气冷堆， 其特征在于与堆芯燃料球相邻 的石墨块反射层为石墨球。  The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of claim 1 wherein the graphite block reflective layer adjacent the core fuel ball is a graphite ball.
7、如权利要求 1所述的规则床模块式高温气冷堆，其特征在于在压力容器顶盖上， 开有与环形堆芯对应的装卸料孔。  7. The regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor of claim 1 wherein the pressure vessel top cover is provided with a loading and unloading opening corresponding to the annular core.
8、一种规则床模块式高温气冷堆的燃料球布置方法， 其特征在于环状堆芯的内区 设置 2~5个第一种燃耗深度的燃料球， 外区设置 2〜5个第二种燃耗深度的燃料球， 中心区设置其余的第三种燃耗深度的燃料球。  8. A fuel ball arrangement method for a modular bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor, characterized in that 2 to 5 fuel balls of the first type of fuel consumption are disposed in the inner region of the annular core, and 2 to 5 outer zones are provided. The second fuel-burning depth of the fuel ball, the center area is set to the remaining third fuel-burning depth of the fuel ball.
PCT/CN2006/001964 2005-08-26 2006-08-04 Regular bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor and its fuel ball disposition method WO2007022688A1 (en)

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