WO2006131755A1 - Heating apparatus and method - Google Patents

Heating apparatus and method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006131755A1
WO2006131755A1 PCT/GB2006/002128 GB2006002128W WO2006131755A1 WO 2006131755 A1 WO2006131755 A1 WO 2006131755A1 GB 2006002128 W GB2006002128 W GB 2006002128W WO 2006131755 A1 WO2006131755 A1 WO 2006131755A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heating apparatus
heat exchange
fluid
exchange means
heat
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2006/002128
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
William Dewhurst
Original Assignee
Microwave Energy Converters Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Microwave Energy Converters Limited filed Critical Microwave Energy Converters Limited
Publication of WO2006131755A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006131755A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
    • H05B6/80—Apparatus for specific applications
    • H05B6/802—Apparatus for specific applications for heating fluids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to heating apparatus and a method of heating.
  • Water heaters and heaters for liquids generally comprise heat exchanger devices which locate within an amount of the liquid.
  • the heat exchanger devices are generally provided with energy to heat up and this heat is then exchanged or transferred into the liquid or water.
  • the process for heating the heat exchanger device are generally inefficient.
  • Microwave radiation may be used in heating apparatus and is frequently used to heat food.
  • the object In order for microwaves to heat an object the object must not be substantially transparent to microwave radiation. In particular, non- polar liquids and the like cannot be directly heated by microwave radiation.
  • heating apparatus for heating a fluid comprising radiating means and heat exchange means wherein the heat exchange means is arranged, in use, to be in communication with a fluid to be heated and wherein the radiating means is arranged, in use, to heat the heat exchange means by radiation and for the fluid to be heated by the heat exchange means.
  • the fluid may be substantially transparent to radiation.
  • the heat exchange means is arranged to absorb radiation.
  • the heat exchange means comprises a susceptor.
  • the fluid is arranged, in use, to be solely or at least predominantly heated by heat from the heat exchange means rather than directly from the radiation of the radiation means.
  • the heat exchange means ⁇ may comprise a heat exchange plate and preferably comprises a plurality of heat exchange plates.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise three or four or at least five heat exchange plates.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise seven or less than seven heat exchange plates.
  • the fluid comprises a liquid.
  • the liquid may comprise a polar liquid.
  • the liquid may comprise a non- polar liquid.
  • the liquid may comprise water.
  • the liquid may comprise an acid.
  • the liquid may comprise an alkali.
  • the liquid may comprise a paraffin.
  • the heat exchange means is located within a vessel.
  • the vessel is substantially transparent to radiation and more preferably to microwaves.
  • the vessel may comprise polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) .
  • the fluid to be heated is arranged, in use, to flow through the . vessel and preferably flows over the heat exchange means and preferably the fluid is in direct contact with the heat exchange means .
  • the fluid may be sprayed onto the heat exchange means.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise fluid injection means to inject fluid into a vessel.
  • the heat exchange means comprises silicon carbide .
  • the heating apparatus may comprise fluid distribution means.
  • the fluid distribution means may comprise spray means which may spray the fluid onto the heat exchange means .
  • the radiating means is arranged to produce microwave energy.
  • the radiation means comprises a microwave source.
  • the radiating means may be arranged to be controlled by control means.
  • the control means may be arranged to produce pulsed microwaves from the radiating means.
  • the control means may comprise sensor means.
  • the sensor means may comprise temperature sensor means.
  • the temperature sensor means may comprise one or more temperature sensors .
  • the or each temperature sensor may be arranged, in use, to sense the temperature of the fluid.
  • the or each temperature sensor may comprise a thermostat.
  • the radiating means may comprise power means.
  • the power means may comprise an electric power supply.
  • the power means may be arranged to convert AC to DC in order to supply the radiating means with a DC supply.
  • the vessel may comprise a fluid inlet and preferably comprises a fluid outlet.
  • the vessel may comprise a cylinder.
  • the vessel may comprise a pressurised vessel.
  • the heating apparatus comprises fluid flow means.
  • the fluid flow means may comprise a pump.
  • the fluid flow means is arranged, in use, to cause a fluid to flow through the vessel.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise central heating apparatus which may be arranged for use as domestic central heating apparatus and/or commercial space heating apparatus .
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to heat a polar liquid.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to heat a non-polar liquid.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to heat a hostile liquid.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to distil a liquid.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to desalinate a liquid.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged for use in liquid food preparation.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged for use in the preparation and/or production of chemicals.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged for use in the preparation and/or production of pharmaceuticals .
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to produce steam.
  • the radiating means comprises at least one magnetron and preferably comprises a plurality of magnetrons.
  • the heat exchange means comprises silicon carbide .
  • the heat exchange means may comprise a semi-conductor material.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise a zeolite.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise quartz.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise ferrite.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise carbon black.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise graphite.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise magnetite.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise granite.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise a combination of materials.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise a laminated material, and, for example, the heat exchange means may comprise a layer of a first material and a layer of a second material.
  • the first material may have a different thermal property compared to the second material .
  • the vessel comprises a substantially heat resistant material.
  • the vessel comprises a substantially rigid material.
  • the vessel is substantially transparent to radiation .
  • the radiating means may comprise a microwave source.
  • the power of the microwave source may be greater than 10 Watts and preferably is greater than 50 Watts and more preferably is greater than 100 Watts.
  • the power of the microwave source may be substantially 150 Watts.
  • the power of the microwave source may be 7.5kWatts.
  • the power of the microwave source may be 15 kWatts.
  • the power of the microwave source may be 50 kWatts or lOOkWatts.
  • the frequency of the radiation produced by the radiating means may be in the region of 2000MHz to 3000MHz.
  • the frequency of the radiation produced by the radiation may be substantially in the region of 900 to 1000MHz.
  • the frequency of the radiation produced may be substantially 912MHz.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise a fluid reservoir.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise a plurality of magnetrons .
  • each magnetron can be individually controlled.
  • the heating apparatus comprises control means.
  • control means individually controls the or each magnetron.
  • the output of the or each magnetron may be individually controlled.
  • a method of heating a fluid comprising heating heat exchange means with radiation produced by radiation means, the heat exchange means being arranged in communication with the fluid to be heated in order for the fluid to be heated by the heat exchange means .
  • the method may comprise heating water.
  • the method may comprise the fluid flowing through a vessel having the heat exchange means located herein.
  • the method may comprise pumping the fluid through the vessel.
  • the method may comprise the heat exchange means absorbing microwaves in order for the temperature of the exchange means to increase.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of heating apparatus .
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of heating apparatus.
  • Figure 3 is an electrical layout of an embodiment of heating apparatus.
  • Figure 4 is a layout of an embodiment of heating apparatus .
  • Figure 5 is a schematic view of a desalination plant incorporating an embodiment of heating apparatus .
  • heating apparatus 10 includes radiating means in the form of a microwave source 12.
  • the microwave source 12 comprises at least one magnetron and in preferred embodiments comprises a number or series of magnetrons.
  • the heating apparatus 10 includes a chamber or vessel 14 which is arranged to contain a fluid 15 to be heated therein.
  • the present invention will be described for use with heating water although it is acknowledged that other fluids (for example acids, alkalis, polar liquids, non- polar liquids, paraffin etc) could be used with the present invention.
  • the vessel may comprise a cylinder which is pressurised to withstand pressurised fluids.
  • the vessel 14 includes a fluid inlet 16 and a fluid outlet 18.
  • the heating apparatus 10 also includes fluid flow means in the form of a pump 17 in order to cause the water to flow through the inlet 16 and through the vessel 14 and out through the outlet 18.
  • the heating apparatus 10 includes a fluid reservoir 50.
  • the heating apparatus 10 includes heat exchange means in the form of a heat exchange plate.
  • the heat exchange means comprises three exchange plates 20, 22, 24.
  • the number and shape of the heat exchange plate (s) 20, 22, 24 may vary depending upon the size of the vessel 14, the nature of the fluid, the use of the heating apparatus 10, the temperature to be transferred to the fluid 15 and other associated parameters.
  • the heat exchange means may comprise two or three or up to seven heat exchange plates.
  • the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 comprise a susceptor material.
  • the material of the heat exchange plates absorbs microwaves which causes the heat exchange plates to heat up.
  • the microwaves cause molecular agitation in the heat exchange plates thereby increasing the temperature of the heat exchange plates. Accordingly, as microwaves are emitted from the radiating source 12, the microwaves cause the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 to heat up.
  • the walls of the vessel 14 comprise a material which is heat resistant, rigid and strong and also is substantially transparent to radiation, and in particular microwaves.
  • the walls of the vessel 14 comprises polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) .
  • PTFE polytetrafluroethylene
  • other suitable material may be used, for example other similar polymers. These are usually made of a material which is transparent or at least substantially transparent to microwaves.
  • the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 each comprise a susceptor material and, accordingly, the microwaves cause the heat exchange plates to heat up.
  • the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 comprise silicon carbide.
  • susceptor materials which could be substituted in place of silicon carbide and these include zeolite, quartz, ferrite, carbon black, graphite, magnetite and granite.
  • the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 may comprise combinations of materials and the material may be combined in layers to produce laminated heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24.
  • the layers in the laminated heat exchange plates may comprise different materials having different properties, for example one layer may be transparent to microwaves whereas another layer may absorb microwaves. In particular, the thermal properties of the layers may be different.
  • the heat exchange plates may comprise a layer of silicon carbide, a layer of cooper sulphide and a layer of carbon fibre.
  • the outer layers may be arranged to heat quickly but only to a certain maximum temperature whereas one or more inner layers may be arranged to heat up to a greater temperature but not as rapidly. This may enable the apparatus to heat the water substantially instantaneous.
  • the vessel 14 may comprise a heat exchange plate of a first susceptor material and ' a heat exchange plate of a second susceptor material.
  • the pump 17 causes the water to flow through the inlet 16 into the vessel 16.
  • the magnetron (s) is powered in order to emit microwaves .
  • the microwaves cause the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 to rapidly heat up and this heat is immediately transferred to the water flowing thereover.
  • the heated water then flows out through the fluid outlet 18 and can be used for domestic central heating purposes, for example by flowing through radiators, etc.
  • the heat transfer by direct contact between the water and the heat exchange plates is very efficient even when the water is constantly flowing over the heat exchange plates .
  • the temperature of the heat exchange plates caused by the microwaves may increase exponentially and uncontrolled this may cause the material of the heat exchange plates to be in "thermal runaway".
  • the fTowing water cools the plates and also enables extremely high temperatures to be achieved.
  • the heating apparatus contains control means in order to control the heating apparatus 10.
  • the control means comprises temperature sensors in the form of thermostats 30 in order for the control means to increase or decrease the output of the magnetron in order to subsequently increase or decrease the heating of the water.
  • the heating apparatus 10 includes a power supply 40 which supplies electricity to the or each magnetron.
  • the power supply transforms an AC source to DC in order to supply the magnetron with DC electricity.
  • the magnetron has an output of 150 Watts and the microwaves have a frequency of 2540 MHz. These parameters produce a temperature rise in the water from 2O 0 C to 167 0 C in approximately 3 seconds. A further time period of 4/7 second may produce a rise to 180 0 C.
  • the present invention provides a method and apparatus which is more efficient and quicker than prior art direct electric heating devices or oil/gas devices.
  • One principle of the present invention is that solid semi- conductor plates (susceptors) , in a suitable enclosure
  • the heat exchanger is of a unique design and uses microwave energy to stimulate silicon carbide (SiC) elements within the exchanger cavity in order to produce heat. Liquids passing over the SiC plates in the heat exchanger are heated to the required temperature, by contact with the SiC plates and by radiation of the microwave energy.
  • SiC silicon carbide
  • the microwave energy is pulsed on and off by a means of switching circuits controlled by the various temperature thermostats and may be administered by a microprocessor. Accordingly, if a liquid is passed across the plates which have been irradiated to reach a very high temperature, heat is transferred to the liquid.
  • the control of the heating of the liquid may be effected by variation of the microwave energy or the flow rate. This principle will allow non-polar liquids and various chemical solutions e.g. acids, to be heated effectively and cheaply compared with the present methods utilised.
  • the present invention has a competitive edge over the prior art by being able to heat non-polar liquids efficiently and polar liquids quicker than the current simple microwave systems. Also the present invention has the ability to heat hostile liquids which would attack certain metal heating pipes. In addition, this type of "process intensification" generally leads to a reduction in the size of the required process vessel which can lead to reductions in its capital cost.
  • the present invention also has an improved environmental effect relative to the prior art.
  • the electricity energy generated for the present invention may be generated in a power station where emissions can be controlled and cleaned whereas domestic oil/gas burners may not be as tightly controlled and cleaned.
  • the electricity may be generated 5 hydraulically or through wind power.
  • the heating apparatus may be used in a desalination plant wherein the electricity to power the apparatus may be provided through hydraulic electricity generating means 10 (e.g. hydro electric generator) or through a wind turbine.
  • the water may be sprayed on to the heat exchanger plates which may increase the efficiency of the desalination process .
  • the heating apparatus may be used in the petrochemical industry in order to heat liquids that cannot be heated directly by microwaves.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged to heat paraffin or other non-polar liquids .
  • the heating apparatus may be used to heat acids or alkalis and in particular liquids which may react with standard heating apparatus particularly incorporating metals.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise a number of magnetrons in order to adjust and control the temperature.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise eight small magnetrons in order to adjust and control the temperature.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise eight small magnetrons in order to adjust and control the temperature.
  • the heating apparatus may comprise eight small magnetrons. In order to initially heat up the system all eight magnetrons may be powered. However, once the required temperature has been reached, only one magnetron may be powered. The reduction in the number of the powered magnetrons from eight to one may be gradual. Accordingly, the power can be saved and this is more economical. In addition, any number of the magnetrons may be powered in order to vary and control the temperature. In one example, each magnetron may be 750 Amps.
  • a central heating system 200 comprise eight magnetrons 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208.
  • Water is supplied to the system through ??? water inlet 210 and into an inlet manifold ???.
  • Four conduits 212 direct the water to the first four magnetrons 201, 202, 203, 204 in order to cool the magnetrons.
  • Four further conduits 214 then direct the water to the second four magnetrons 205, 206, 207, 208 again to cool the magnetrons.
  • the water, now warmed, is then directed through an outlet manifold 215 and to a water circulator 217 directs the water into a PTFE water ch??? 216 within a microwave cavity 218 where the water is heated, as previously described.
  • the water then flows through an outlet conduit 220.
  • the system includes a pressure meter 222.
  • the system includes a fill point 224 including two valves 226, 228.
  • the system includes central means 230 in order to selectively individually control the eight magnetrons.
  • the control means may also comprise a thermal cut out 232 and an emergency stop 234.
  • Fans 236 may also be used to cool the system.
  • the central means may also comprise a thermostat 238 to enable a user to control the temperature, for example between 3OC to 80C.
  • the system may comprise a maximum of 45 amps and my have a maximum power output of 6 kilowatts.
  • the embodiment comprise and8 kilo Watt water heater comprising eight individual kilowatt magnetrons.
  • the heating apparatus may be arranged for use in a desalination plant in order to provide water from salt water, and more particularly to produce drinking water from seawater and other brackish water supplies.
  • a desalination plant in order to provide water from salt water, and more particularly to produce drinking water from seawater and other brackish water supplies.
  • the use of solar, wind, power and other renewable energy sources will give an efficiency over and above the current systems of reverse osmosis and distillation using accepted technology.
  • the apparatus may be portable in order for use in remote locations .
  • the apparatus may be of particular use in certain places. For example Australia, the Middle East, Africa and developing countries.
  • a desalination plant 100 includes filters 102, 104 in order to pre-treat the feed water 106 and in particular comprises a coarse filter 102 and a fine filter 104 in order to remove insoluble particles. These may comprise conventional filters.
  • the feed water 106 may comprise seawater direct from the sea or from boreholes at sea level. The use of boreholes is preferred for both seawater and brackish water as the filtering effects of the strata is beneficial to the input filtering systems. However, normal pipeline intakes can be used.
  • the feed water 106 is sprayed into the vessel 108 of the heating apparatus 110.
  • the heating apparatus 110 comprises an auxiliary tank 112 into which the brine falls.
  • the feed water 106 when sprayed onto the susceptor device creates steam at high pressure. The deposition of any type of scaling on the susceptors is eliminated (or at least minimised) by the explosive action of creating steam.
  • the brine 114 is directed away from the auxiliary tank 112 and returned to the feed water.
  • the brine may be applied to the land as irrigation and feed since, for example, brackish water may contain low salt but high plant nutrients.
  • the power to create the microwave energy is preferably renewable, for example solar power or wind power.
  • renewable energy sources may be used.
  • conventional power sources may be used.
  • the or each magnetron may be cooled using a sealed water or coolant system which could be cooled by the incoming feed water. This also gives the advantage of preheating the feed water 106 input to the heating apparatus 110.
  • the water produced is then directed away, by a water outlet 120.
  • the remaining low pressure steam 122 is directed to a low pressure turbine generator 124 which also produces both power output and water.
  • the power supply control system 130 allows the varying of the input power, as self generated power is made available .
  • the desalination plant 100 may be of any suitable size.
  • a mobile or portable version could be used which may be of particular benefit in emergencies in order to quickly be located at the specific location (for example a remote location) to produce high quality germ free and clear drinking water from many differing feed water inputs .
  • the heating apparatus may be used in numerous suitable systems.
  • the heating apparatus is capable for use as an inline heater feeding system providing "instant" hot water to one or more taps .
  • the heating apparatus may also provide heating at the same time.
  • the heating apparatus may be powered by a battery, solar energy, wind energy, water energy or by petrol or diesel.
  • the heating apparatus is capable of producing a range of temperatures from 20°C to 500"C.
  • the heating apparatus may be used to sterilize a fluid since microwave energy destroys bacteria.
  • the use of multiple magnetrons enable an efficient control of the energy required to achieve a given temperature at a given flow rate.
  • the heat generated by the magnetrons is used to preheat the input fluid by using this low temperature liquid to cool the magnetrons through means of a cooling jacket.
  • the heating apparatus may be scaled up or down, for example for use as a stand-alone heater or a large scale steam producer.
  • the heating apparatus may be used to heat auto vehicles and other transport, for example boats.
  • the susceptors may have a second purpose or may be multipurpose. Firstly, the susceptors assist in the heating of the fluid in a polar situation. Secondly, the susceptors act as the primary heater in a non-polar fluid. The susceptors will also act as a safety device in the event of no fluid being present by absorbing all the microwave energy and stepping reflected waves destroying the magnetrons before the power is turned off. Finally, the susceptors balance the magnetrons.
  • the susceptors may be plates arranged to slow down the flow rate and give a further control to the heating process .
  • the heating apparatus may be used in liquid food preparation where control and low running costs are important.
  • the microwave energy creates heat at both the susceptors and equally across the liquid in a polar liquid.
  • the heating apparatus may be used for the production of steam for various purposes, for example steam engines, cleaning etc.
  • the heating apparatus may be used in the pharmaceutical or chemical industries where control is important.
  • the heating apparatus may be used for the desalination of water.
  • the heating apparatus may be used for the distillation of fluids for the purpose of separation of various elements, liquids or substances.
  • the heating apparatus may be used to separate oil and water and may be of particular use in the Marine Industry.
  • the heating apparatus may be used to provide hot water in vending machines .

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  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

Heating apparatus (10) includes radiating means in the form of a microwave source comprising at least one magnetron. A vessel (17) contains fluid (15) to be heated. Heat exchange means comprising a susceptor material are arranged to be heated by microwaves in order to heat the fluid.

Description

HEATING APPARATUS AND METHOD
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to heating apparatus and a method of heating.
Background to the Invention
Water heaters and heaters for liquids generally comprise heat exchanger devices which locate within an amount of the liquid. The heat exchanger devices are generally provided with energy to heat up and this heat is then exchanged or transferred into the liquid or water. The process for heating the heat exchanger device are generally inefficient. In addition, there is generally a significant amount of time required in order to heat up the water .or liquid since there is an initial time involved in heating the heat exchange devices and a further time involved in the heat being transferred from the heat exchange devices to the water or other liquid.
Microwave radiation may be used in heating apparatus and is frequently used to heat food. In order for microwaves to heat an object the object must not be substantially transparent to microwave radiation. In particular, non- polar liquids and the like cannot be directly heated by microwave radiation.
It is an aim of the present invention to overcome at least one problem associated with the prior art whether referred to herein or otherwise. Summary of the Invention
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided heating apparatus for heating a fluid comprising radiating means and heat exchange means wherein the heat exchange means is arranged, in use, to be in communication with a fluid to be heated and wherein the radiating means is arranged, in use, to heat the heat exchange means by radiation and for the fluid to be heated by the heat exchange means.
The fluid may be substantially transparent to radiation.
The heat exchange means is arranged to absorb radiation.
Preferably the heat exchange means comprises a susceptor.
Preferably the fluid is arranged, in use, to be solely or at least predominantly heated by heat from the heat exchange means rather than directly from the radiation of the radiation means.
The heat exchange means ■ may comprise a heat exchange plate and preferably comprises a plurality of heat exchange plates. The heat exchange means may comprise three or four or at least five heat exchange plates. The heat exchange means may comprise seven or less than seven heat exchange plates.
Preferably the fluid comprises a liquid. The liquid may comprise a polar liquid. The liquid may comprise a non- polar liquid. The liquid may comprise water. The liquid may comprise an acid. The liquid may comprise an alkali. The liquid may comprise a paraffin.
Preferably the heat exchange means is located within a vessel. Preferably the vessel is substantially transparent to radiation and more preferably to microwaves. The vessel may comprise polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) .
Preferably, in use, the fluid to be heated is arranged, in use, to flow through the. vessel and preferably flows over the heat exchange means and preferably the fluid is in direct contact with the heat exchange means .
The fluid may be sprayed onto the heat exchange means.
The heating apparatus may comprise fluid injection means to inject fluid into a vessel.
Preferably the heat exchange means comprises silicon carbide .
The heating apparatus may comprise fluid distribution means. The fluid distribution means may comprise spray means which may spray the fluid onto the heat exchange means .
Preferably the radiating means is arranged to produce microwave energy.
Preferably the radiation means comprises a microwave source. The radiating means may be arranged to be controlled by control means. The control means may be arranged to produce pulsed microwaves from the radiating means. The control means may comprise sensor means. The sensor means may comprise temperature sensor means. The temperature sensor means may comprise one or more temperature sensors . The or each temperature sensor may be arranged, in use, to sense the temperature of the fluid. The or each temperature sensor may comprise a thermostat.
The radiating means may comprise power means. The power means may comprise an electric power supply. The power means may be arranged to convert AC to DC in order to supply the radiating means with a DC supply.
The vessel may comprise a fluid inlet and preferably comprises a fluid outlet.
The vessel may comprise a cylinder.
The vessel may comprise a pressurised vessel.
Preferably the heating apparatus comprises fluid flow means. The fluid flow means may comprise a pump.
Preferably the fluid flow means is arranged, in use, to cause a fluid to flow through the vessel.
The heating apparatus may comprise central heating apparatus which may be arranged for use as domestic central heating apparatus and/or commercial space heating apparatus . The heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to heat a polar liquid.
The heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to heat a non-polar liquid.
The heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to heat a hostile liquid.
The heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to distil a liquid.
The heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to desalinate a liquid.
The heating apparatus may be arranged for use in liquid food preparation.
The heating apparatus may be arranged for use in the preparation and/or production of chemicals.
The heating apparatus may be arranged for use in the preparation and/or production of pharmaceuticals .
The heating apparatus may be arranged, in use, to produce steam.
Preferably the radiating means comprises at least one magnetron and preferably comprises a plurality of magnetrons.
Preferably the heat exchange means comprises silicon carbide . The heat exchange means may comprise a semi-conductor material.
The heat exchange means may comprise a zeolite.
The heat exchange means may comprise quartz.
The heat exchange means may comprise ferrite.
The heat exchange means may comprise carbon black.
The heat exchange means may comprise graphite.
The heat exchange means may comprise magnetite.
The heat exchange means may comprise granite.
The heat exchange means may comprise a combination of materials. The heat exchange means may comprise a laminated material, and, for example, the heat exchange means may comprise a layer of a first material and a layer of a second material. The first material may have a different thermal property compared to the second material .
Preferably the vessel comprises a substantially heat resistant material.
Preferably the vessel comprises a substantially rigid material.
Preferably the vessel is substantially transparent to radiation . The radiating means may comprise a microwave source. The power of the microwave source may be greater than 10 Watts and preferably is greater than 50 Watts and more preferably is greater than 100 Watts. The power of the microwave source may be substantially 150 Watts.'
The power of the microwave source may be 7.5kWatts. The power of the microwave source may be 15 kWatts. The power of the microwave source may be 50 kWatts or lOOkWatts.
The frequency of the radiation produced by the radiating means may be in the region of 2000MHz to 3000MHz.
The frequency of the radiation produced by the radiation may be substantially in the region of 900 to 1000MHz. The frequency of the radiation produced may be substantially 912MHz.
The heating apparatus may comprise a fluid reservoir.
The heating apparatus may comprise a plurality of magnetrons . Preferably each magnetron can be individually controlled.
Preferably the heating apparatus comprises control means. Preferably the control means individually controls the or each magnetron. The output of the or each magnetron may be individually controlled.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of heating a fluid comprising heating heat exchange means with radiation produced by radiation means, the heat exchange means being arranged in communication with the fluid to be heated in order for the fluid to be heated by the heat exchange means .
The method may comprise heating water.
The method may comprise the fluid flowing through a vessel having the heat exchange means located herein. The method may comprise pumping the fluid through the vessel.
The method may comprise the heat exchange means absorbing microwaves in order for the temperature of the exchange means to increase.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings that follow, in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of heating apparatus .
Figure 2 is a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of heating apparatus.
Figure 3 is an electrical layout of an embodiment of heating apparatus.
Figure 4 is a layout of an embodiment of heating apparatus . Figure 5 is a schematic view of a desalination plant incorporating an embodiment of heating apparatus .
Description of the Preferred Embodiments
As shown in Figure 1, heating apparatus 10 includes radiating means in the form of a microwave source 12. In particular, the microwave source 12 comprises at least one magnetron and in preferred embodiments comprises a number or series of magnetrons.
The heating apparatus 10 includes a chamber or vessel 14 which is arranged to contain a fluid 15 to be heated therein. The present invention will be described for use with heating water although it is acknowledged that other fluids (for example acids, alkalis, polar liquids, non- polar liquids, paraffin etc) could be used with the present invention. The vessel may comprise a cylinder which is pressurised to withstand pressurised fluids.
The vessel 14 includes a fluid inlet 16 and a fluid outlet 18. The heating apparatus 10 also includes fluid flow means in the form of a pump 17 in order to cause the water to flow through the inlet 16 and through the vessel 14 and out through the outlet 18. The heating apparatus 10 includes a fluid reservoir 50.
The heating apparatus 10 includes heat exchange means in the form of a heat exchange plate. In the preferred embodiment (as shown in Figure 1) the heat exchange means comprises three exchange plates 20, 22, 24. However, the number and shape of the heat exchange plate (s) 20, 22, 24 may vary depending upon the size of the vessel 14, the nature of the fluid, the use of the heating apparatus 10, the temperature to be transferred to the fluid 15 and other associated parameters. The heat exchange means may comprise two or three or up to seven heat exchange plates.
The heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 comprise a susceptor material. In particular, the material of the heat exchange plates absorbs microwaves which causes the heat exchange plates to heat up. The microwaves cause molecular agitation in the heat exchange plates thereby increasing the temperature of the heat exchange plates. Accordingly, as microwaves are emitted from the radiating source 12, the microwaves cause the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 to heat up. The walls of the vessel 14 comprise a material which is heat resistant, rigid and strong and also is substantially transparent to radiation, and in particular microwaves. In the preferred embodiment the walls of the vessel 14 comprises polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) . However, other suitable material may be used, for example other similar polymers. These are usually made of a material which is transparent or at least substantially transparent to microwaves.
The heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 each comprise a susceptor material and, accordingly, the microwaves cause the heat exchange plates to heat up. In the preferred embodiment, the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 comprise silicon carbide. However, there are a number of other susceptor materials which could be substituted in place of silicon carbide and these include zeolite, quartz, ferrite, carbon black, graphite, magnetite and granite. In addition, in alternative embodiments, the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 may comprise combinations of materials and the material may be combined in layers to produce laminated heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24. The layers in the laminated heat exchange plates may comprise different materials having different properties, for example one layer may be transparent to microwaves whereas another layer may absorb microwaves. In particular, the thermal properties of the layers may be different. In one embodiment, the heat exchange plates may comprise a layer of silicon carbide, a layer of cooper sulphide and a layer of carbon fibre. The outer layers may be arranged to heat quickly but only to a certain maximum temperature whereas one or more inner layers may be arranged to heat up to a greater temperature but not as rapidly. This may enable the apparatus to heat the water substantially instantaneous. In another alternative embodiment, the vessel 14 may comprise a heat exchange plate of a first susceptor material and ' a heat exchange plate of a second susceptor material.
In use, the pump 17 causes the water to flow through the inlet 16 into the vessel 16. The magnetron (s) is powered in order to emit microwaves . The microwaves cause the heat exchange plates 20, 22, 24 to rapidly heat up and this heat is immediately transferred to the water flowing thereover. The heated water then flows out through the fluid outlet 18 and can be used for domestic central heating purposes, for example by flowing through radiators, etc. The heat transfer by direct contact between the water and the heat exchange plates is very efficient even when the water is constantly flowing over the heat exchange plates . The temperature of the heat exchange plates caused by the microwaves may increase exponentially and uncontrolled this may cause the material of the heat exchange plates to be in "thermal runaway". However, the fTowing water cools the plates and also enables extremely high temperatures to be achieved.
The heating apparatus contains control means in order to control the heating apparatus 10. The control means comprises temperature sensors in the form of thermostats 30 in order for the control means to increase or decrease the output of the magnetron in order to subsequently increase or decrease the heating of the water.
The heating apparatus 10 includes a power supply 40 which supplies electricity to the or each magnetron. In particular, the power supply transforms an AC source to DC in order to supply the magnetron with DC electricity. The magnetron has an output of 150 Watts and the microwaves have a frequency of 2540 MHz. These parameters produce a temperature rise in the water from 2O0C to 1670C in approximately 3 seconds. A further time period of 4/7 second may produce a rise to 1800C.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus which is more efficient and quicker than prior art direct electric heating devices or oil/gas devices.
One principle of the present invention is that solid semi- conductor plates (susceptors) , in a suitable enclosure
(initially PTFE) , produce significant amounts of heat when exposed to microwave power. The heat exchanger is of a unique design and uses microwave energy to stimulate silicon carbide (SiC) elements within the exchanger cavity in order to produce heat. Liquids passing over the SiC plates in the heat exchanger are heated to the required temperature, by contact with the SiC plates and by radiation of the microwave energy.
In order to control the heating of the SiC plates the microwave energy is pulsed on and off by a means of switching circuits controlled by the various temperature thermostats and may be administered by a microprocessor. Accordingly,, if a liquid is passed across the plates which have been irradiated to reach a very high temperature, heat is transferred to the liquid. The control of the heating of the liquid may be effected by variation of the microwave energy or the flow rate. This principle will allow non-polar liquids and various chemical solutions e.g. acids, to be heated effectively and cheaply compared with the present methods utilised.
The present invention has a competitive edge over the prior art by being able to heat non-polar liquids efficiently and polar liquids quicker than the current simple microwave systems. Also the present invention has the ability to heat hostile liquids which would attack certain metal heating pipes. In addition, this type of "process intensification" generally leads to a reduction in the size of the required process vessel which can lead to reductions in its capital cost.
The present invention also has an improved environmental effect relative to the prior art. The electricity energy generated for the present invention may be generated in a power station where emissions can be controlled and cleaned whereas domestic oil/gas burners may not be as tightly controlled and cleaned.
In addition, the electricity may be generated 5 hydraulically or through wind power.
The heating apparatus may be used in a desalination plant wherein the electricity to power the apparatus may be provided through hydraulic electricity generating means 10 (e.g. hydro electric generator) or through a wind turbine. The water may be sprayed on to the heat exchanger plates which may increase the efficiency of the desalination process .
15 Alternatively, the heating apparatus may be used in the petrochemical industry in order to heat liquids that cannot be heated directly by microwaves. For example, the heating apparatus may be arranged to heat paraffin or other non-polar liquids .
20
The heating apparatus may be used to heat acids or alkalis and in particular liquids which may react with standard heating apparatus particularly incorporating metals.
25. The heating apparatus may comprise a number of magnetrons in order to adjust and control the temperature. For example, in a central heating system the heating apparatus may comprise eight small magnetrons in order to adjust and control the temperature. For example, in a central
30 heating system the heating apparatus may comprise eight small magnetrons. In order to initially heat up the system all eight magnetrons may be powered. However, once the required temperature has been reached, only one magnetron may be powered. The reduction in the number of the powered magnetrons from eight to one may be gradual. Accordingly, the power can be saved and this is more economical. In addition, any number of the magnetrons may be powered in order to vary and control the temperature. In one example, each magnetron may be 750 Amps.
As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, a central heating system 200 comprise eight magnetrons 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208. Water is supplied to the system through ??? water inlet 210 and into an inlet manifold ???. Four conduits 212 direct the water to the first four magnetrons 201, 202, 203, 204 in order to cool the magnetrons. Four further conduits 214 then direct the water to the second four magnetrons 205, 206, 207, 208 again to cool the magnetrons. The water, now warmed, is then directed through an outlet manifold 215 and to a water circulator 217 directs the water into a PTFE water ch??? 216 within a microwave cavity 218 where the water is heated, as previously described. The water then flows through an outlet conduit 220. The system includes a pressure meter 222. In addition, the system includes a fill point 224 including two valves 226, 228.
The system includes central means 230 in order to selectively individually control the eight magnetrons.
The control means may also comprise a thermal cut out 232 and an emergency stop 234. Fans 236 may also be used to cool the system. The central means may also comprise a thermostat 238 to enable a user to control the temperature, for example between 3OC to 80C. The system may comprise a maximum of 45 amps and my have a maximum power output of 6 kilowatts. However, in the example shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, the embodiment comprise and8 kilo Watt water heater comprising eight individual kilowatt magnetrons.
The heating apparatus may be arranged for use in a desalination plant in order to provide water from salt water, and more particularly to produce drinking water from seawater and other brackish water supplies. The use of solar, wind, power and other renewable energy sources will give an efficiency over and above the current systems of reverse osmosis and distillation using accepted technology.
The apparatus may be portable in order for use in remote locations .
The apparatus may be of particular use in certain places. For example Australia, the Middle East, Africa and developing countries.
As shown in Figure 5, a desalination plant 100 includes filters 102, 104 in order to pre-treat the feed water 106 and in particular comprises a coarse filter 102 and a fine filter 104 in order to remove insoluble particles. These may comprise conventional filters. The feed water 106 may comprise seawater direct from the sea or from boreholes at sea level. The use of boreholes is preferred for both seawater and brackish water as the filtering effects of the strata is beneficial to the input filtering systems. However, normal pipeline intakes can be used. The feed water 106 is sprayed into the vessel 108 of the heating apparatus 110. The heating apparatus 110 comprises an auxiliary tank 112 into which the brine falls. The feed water 106 when sprayed onto the susceptor device creates steam at high pressure. The deposition of any type of scaling on the susceptors is eliminated (or at least minimised) by the explosive action of creating steam.
The brine 114 is directed away from the auxiliary tank 112 and returned to the feed water. Alternatively, in particular when the feed water comprises brackish water, the brine may be applied to the land as irrigation and feed since, for example, brackish water may contain low salt but high plant nutrients.
In conventional desalination plants there is a risk that microorganisms and algae may be produced causing blockage problems in pipe work. With the use of high power microwaves in accordance with the present invention, the risks are eliminated (or at least minimised) due to cell disruption caused by this high power-alternating source of energy.
The power to create the microwave energy is preferably renewable, for example solar power or wind power. A combination of renewable energy sources may be used. Alternatively or in addition, conventional power sources may be used.
The or each magnetron may be cooled using a sealed water or coolant system which could be cooled by the incoming feed water. This also gives the advantage of preheating the feed water 106 input to the heating apparatus 110.
Once generated high pressure steam 116 is directed into a high pressure turbine- generator 118. This has a dual function of cooling the steam down to water by extracting the energy and producing electricity which may be used to reduce the input power required.
The water produced is then directed away, by a water outlet 120.
The remaining low pressure steam 122 is directed to a low pressure turbine generator 124 which also produces both power output and water.
The power supply control system 130 allows the varying of the input power, as self generated power is made available .
The desalination plant 100 may be of any suitable size. In addition, a mobile or portable version could be used which may be of particular benefit in emergencies in order to quickly be located at the specific location (for example a remote location) to produce high quality germ free and clear drinking water from many differing feed water inputs .
The heating apparatus may be used in numerous suitable systems.
The heating apparatus is capable for use as an inline heater feeding system providing "instant" hot water to one or more taps . The heating apparatus may also provide heating at the same time.
The heating apparatus may be powered by a battery, solar energy, wind energy, water energy or by petrol or diesel.
The heating apparatus is capable of producing a range of temperatures from 20°C to 500"C.
The heating apparatus may be used to sterilize a fluid since microwave energy destroys bacteria.
The use of multiple magnetrons enable an efficient control of the energy required to achieve a given temperature at a given flow rate.
The heat generated by the magnetrons is used to preheat the input fluid by using this low temperature liquid to cool the magnetrons through means of a cooling jacket.
The heating apparatus may be scaled up or down, for example for use as a stand-alone heater or a large scale steam producer.
There will be no (or minimal) lime scale problems as with rod heaters, since as scale appears the microwave energy will penetrate this with no loss of energy.
The heating apparatus may be used to heat auto vehicles and other transport, for example boats.
The susceptors may have a second purpose or may be multipurpose. Firstly, the susceptors assist in the heating of the fluid in a polar situation. Secondly, the susceptors act as the primary heater in a non-polar fluid. The susceptors will also act as a safety device in the event of no fluid being present by absorbing all the microwave energy and stepping reflected waves destroying the magnetrons before the power is turned off. Finally, the susceptors balance the magnetrons.
The susceptors may be plates arranged to slow down the flow rate and give a further control to the heating process .
The heating apparatus may be used in liquid food preparation where control and low running costs are important.
The microwave energy creates heat at both the susceptors and equally across the liquid in a polar liquid.
Accordingly, 100% conversion of microwave energy to heat is ensured.
The heating apparatus may be used for the production of steam for various purposes, for example steam engines, cleaning etc.
The heating apparatus may be used in the pharmaceutical or chemical industries where control is important.
As previously described, the heating apparatus may be used for the desalination of water.
The heating apparatus may be used for the distillation of fluids for the purpose of separation of various elements, liquids or substances. In particular, the heating apparatus may be used to separate oil and water and may be of particular use in the Marine Industry.
The heating apparatus may be used to provide hot water in vending machines .
Attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed concurrently with or previous to this specification in connection with this application and which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of all such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference.
All of the features disclosed in this specification
(including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all- of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.
Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative ' features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
The invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment (s) . The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) , or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Claims

Claims
1. Heating apparatus for heating a fluid comprising radiating means and heat exchange means wherein the heat exchange means is arranged, in use, to be in communication with a fluid to be heated and wherein the radiating means is arranged, in use, to heat the heat exchange means by radiation and for the fluid to be heated by the heat exchange means .
2. Heating apparatus according to claim 1 in which the fluid is substantially transparent to radiation.
3. Heating apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 in which the heat exchange means is arranged to absorb radiation.
4. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the heat exchange means comprises a susceptor.
5. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the fluid is arranged, in use, to be solely or at least predominantly heated by heat from the heat exchange means rather than directly from the radiation of the radiation means.
6. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the fluid comprises a liquid.
7. Heating apparatus according to claim 6 in which the liquid may comprise a polar liquid.
8. Heating apparatus according to claim 6 in which the liquid may comprise a non-polar liquid.
9. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which in use, the fluid to be heated is arranged, in use, to flow through a vessel and over the heat exchange means and wherein the fluid is in direct contact with the heat exchange means .
10. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the fluid is sprayed onto the heat exchange means.
11. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the heat exchange means comprises silicon carbide.
12. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the radiating means is arranged to produce microwave energy.
13. Heating apparatus according to any preceding claim in which the heating apparatus comprises central heating apparatus .
14. A method of heating a fluid comprising heating heat exchange means with radiation produced by radiation means, the heat exchange means being arranged in communication with the fluid to be heated in order for the fluid to be heated by the heat exchange means.
15. Heating apparatus substantially as herein described with reference to, and as shown in, any of the accompanying drawings .
16. A method of heating a fluid substantially as herein described with reference to, and as shown it, any of the accompanying drawings .
PCT/GB2006/002128 2005-06-09 2006-06-09 Heating apparatus and method WO2006131755A1 (en)

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Cited By (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2239995A1 (en) * 2009-04-07 2010-10-13 Christian Zignani Device for heating a fluid for household or industrial use or for heating premises, using microwaves as its energy source
WO2014207700A2 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 PIZZETTI, Alberto Illuminating microwave heater, with energy recovery
WO2016157230A1 (en) 2015-03-27 2016-10-06 SARTONI, Stefano Heating and illuminating device with energy recovery
IT201600103161A1 (en) * 2016-10-14 2018-04-14 Ruggiero Defente "APPARATUS FOR HEATING LIQUIDS"
US20210009337A1 (en) * 2019-07-09 2021-01-14 Environmental Lubricants Manufacturing, Inc. Apparatus and process for incorporation of susceptors into vessels
US11438976B2 (en) 2020-02-04 2022-09-06 Qwave Solutions, Inc. Apparatuses, systems, and methods for heating with electromagnetic waves

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US4114011A (en) * 1976-07-12 1978-09-12 Thermatron, Inc. Microwave heating method and apparatus
WO1993000781A1 (en) * 1991-06-21 1993-01-07 Ipctisa S.R.L. A microwave heating method and a relative microwave heating device

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2239995A1 (en) * 2009-04-07 2010-10-13 Christian Zignani Device for heating a fluid for household or industrial use or for heating premises, using microwaves as its energy source
WO2014207700A2 (en) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 PIZZETTI, Alberto Illuminating microwave heater, with energy recovery
WO2016157230A1 (en) 2015-03-27 2016-10-06 SARTONI, Stefano Heating and illuminating device with energy recovery
IT201600103161A1 (en) * 2016-10-14 2018-04-14 Ruggiero Defente "APPARATUS FOR HEATING LIQUIDS"
US20210009337A1 (en) * 2019-07-09 2021-01-14 Environmental Lubricants Manufacturing, Inc. Apparatus and process for incorporation of susceptors into vessels
US11691801B2 (en) * 2019-07-09 2023-07-04 Environmental Lubricants Manufacturing, Inc. Apparatus and process for incorporation of susceptors into vessels
US11438976B2 (en) 2020-02-04 2022-09-06 Qwave Solutions, Inc. Apparatuses, systems, and methods for heating with electromagnetic waves

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