WO2006088154A1 - 細胞分離方法及び装置 - Google Patents
細胞分離方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006088154A1 WO2006088154A1 PCT/JP2006/302872 JP2006302872W WO2006088154A1 WO 2006088154 A1 WO2006088154 A1 WO 2006088154A1 JP 2006302872 W JP2006302872 W JP 2006302872W WO 2006088154 A1 WO2006088154 A1 WO 2006088154A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
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- G02B21/365—Control or image processing arrangements for digital or video microscopes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M47/00—Means for after-treatment of the produced biomass or of the fermentation or metabolic products, e.g. storage of biomass
- C12M47/04—Cell isolation or sorting
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cell comprising a target cell or a target cell, wherein a single cell or a group of cells having two or more cell forces is arranged at a specific position on a substrate, and depending on the shape, size or cell marker of the cell Group and a non-target cell or a cell group containing a non-target cell, and the non-target cell or a cell group containing the non-target cell is irradiated with a laser beam to selectively kill or dysfunction the non-target cell.
- the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for separating target cells.
- a cell sorter has been widely used as an apparatus for selectively separating cells.
- these devices have the feature of being capable of mass and high-speed processing.
- these devices are capable of chemical or biochemical treatment of cells, or treatment under conditions that are undesirable for cells.
- There are problems such as necessity.
- a cell separation method using magnetic beads to which an antibody that selectively binds to a specific cell is bound has been devised. This separation method is intended for analysis, diagnosis, and treatment with extremely low cell recovery. It is not preferable as a cell separation method.
- a system that has been devised to selectively kill cells by irradiating specific cells in a cell group with laser light (see Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1).
- Patent Literature l WO0lZ40454, Method and Apparatus for selectivly tarting ting specific cells within a cell population
- Non-patent literature l Niemz M. H. Laser— tissue interaction: Fundamentals and applications. Springer— Verlag, 1996
- the present invention distinguishes target cells and non-target cells from cell populations consisting of different types of cells by the shape, size, or cell-specific label of individual cells or cell groups contained in the cell population.
- the present invention provides a cell separation method and apparatus for separating target cells by selectively irradiating non-target cells with physical energy to kill or damage non-target cells.
- a cell population composed of a target cell and a non-target cell is defined as a single cell or a group of cells composed of two or more cells, and is used at a specific position or region using a substrate on which cell attachment regions are arranged.
- the target cell is killed or induced to have a dysfunction.
- the inventors have found that cells can be separated with high efficiency, and have completed the present invention.
- a single cell or a cell group having two or more cell forces is arranged at a specific position on the substrate, and the shape, size or cell of the cell constituting the single cell or cell group is determined.
- the marker distinguishes the target cell or a group of cells including the target cell from the non-target cell or a group of cells including the non-target cell, and places the non-target cell or the cell group including the non-target cell at the position or region where the cell is disposed.
- the present invention also relates to a cell separation method in which non-target cells are selectively killed or impaired by irradiating a laser beam.
- the present invention arranges a single cell or a group of cells having two or more cell forces at a specific position on a substrate, and the shape, size or cell strength of the cells constituting the single cell or cell group.
- the target cell or a group of cells containing the target cell and the non-target cell or non-target cell The cells are identified from the cell group including the vesicle, and the non-target cell or the cell group including the non-target cell is irradiated with a laser beam to selectively kill or dysfunction the non-target cell.
- the present invention relates to a cell separation method for culturing only target cells.
- the present invention provides a mechanism for arranging a single cell or a group of cells having two or more cell forces at a specific position on a substrate, and shapes the arranged single cell or cells constituting the cell group.
- a mechanism for discriminating between a target cell or a cell group containing a target cell and a cell group containing a non-target cell or a non-target cell according to size or a cell marker, and a cell group including a non-target cell or a non-target cell The present invention relates to a cell separation device having a mechanism for irradiating a position or region with laser light.
- the method and apparatus of the present invention that is, the target cell and the non-target cell force are removed from the cell population by killing or dysfunctional non-target cell using laser light, and only the target cell is efficiently removed.
- the method and apparatus for separating them will be described in detail below.
- a cell contained in a cell population in which a target cell and a non-target cell are mixed is defined as a single cell or a cell group having two or more cell forces. Place it at a specific position on the material.
- a cell group including a non-target cell or a non-target cell is identified by the shape, size, or cell marker of the cell included in the arranged single cell or cell group, and selective to the identified position or region.
- the target cells are selectively separated by selectively killing or dying the non-target cells by irradiating them with laser light.
- a method for obtaining a target cell by culturing a cell group in which a non-target cell is killed or dysfunctional under conditions suitable for the target cell as necessary forms part of the present invention. Is.
- the target cell is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include chondrocytes derived from a cell population containing mesenchymal stem cells by TGF- ⁇ (transforming growth factor
- the non-target cell is not particularly limited.
- the non-target cell can be divided into a target cell (ie, chondrocyte) in the above-described cell division induction system from a cell population containing mesenchymal stem cells. Examples thereof include cells that have not been transformed, cells that have been separated into cells other than the target cells, and the like.
- a target cell ie, chondrocyte
- Examples thereof include cells that have not been transformed, cells that have been separated into cells other than the target cells, and the like.
- a cell adhesion surface by a cell adhesion substance is patterned on a substrate having a cell non-adhesion surface.
- a method of forming a cell non-adherent surface with a cell non-adherent substance so that the cell adhesive surface is exposed in a pattern on a substrate having a cell adhesive surface can be mentioned.
- the base material having a non-cell-adhesive surface is not particularly limited as long as cells do not adhere to or adhere to it, but examples of the material include glass, silicon compounds, and non-cell-adhesive properties. It is preferable that a polymer (for example, a resin such as polystyrene) is also configured. Further, the surface of the base material may be a surface film having a hydrophilic polymer force or a modified one. Examples of the hydrophilic polymer include polybutyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, polydimethylacrylamide, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, and a copolymer of monomers constituting these, cellulose, and the like. The powers listed are not limited to these. Examples of the non-cell-adhesive substance include the same materials as those used for the base material having the non-cell-adhesive surface.
- the material of the cell-adhesive substance and the base material having a cell-adhesive surface is not particularly limited as long as the cell adheres and adheres thereto.
- Examples thereof include adhesive proteins and derivatives thereof, temperature-sensitive polymers, photocurable rosins, and other cell-adhesive polymers (for example, polysaccharides).
- a method for fixing a cell-adhesive polymer described in JP-A-7-308186 and a method described in JP-A-2002-355026 are described. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, a method of imparting a cell-adhesive polymer pattern to the substrate surface by an inkjet method.
- the substrate is When reactive functional groups such as glass or hydroxyl groups, amino groups, and thiol groups are present on the surface, alcohol, halogenated alkyls, and organic silane compounds are applied to the substrate surface by a method such as stamping to make them hydrophobic. A method of adding a substituent can also be used.
- a method for forming a cell-adhesive surface on a substrate having a non-cell-adhesive surface includes physical vapor deposition methods such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition methods, and electrochemical coating production methods such as plating.
- a method of modifying the surface with the metal oxide to be formed can be used.
- the metal oxide is preferably titanium oxide but is not particularly limited.
- cell adhesion proteins represented by gelatin, collagen, fibronectin, laminin or derivatives of fragments of these proteins are adsorbed or immobilized on the cell adhesion surface, and then used for lj.
- a temperature typified by poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) described in JP-A-4-094679 is disclosed.
- a pattern forming method using a sensitive polymer can also be used.
- the cell-adhesive surface formed by the present polymer is reduced to a non-cell-adherent surface as a result of a decrease in the hydrophobicity of the polymer layer coated at a certain temperature or lower.
- the present invention collects target cells that are non-killed or dysfunctional after the treatment, and cultures the target cells under suitable conditions.
- the formation of a cell-adhesive surface with a temperature-sensitive polymer is a particularly preferred form in that it does not require the use of trypsin or the like in the recovery of the substrate material.
- a method for forming a non-cell-adhesive surface on a substrate having a cell-adhesive surface so that the cell-adhesive surface is exposed in a pattern on the substrate having a cell-adhesive surface a method disclosed in A method for fixing a cell non-adhesive polymer described in JP-A No. 7-308186, a cell non-adhesive surface comprising a silicon compound on a cell adhesive substrate described in JP-A No. 11-151086 Examples thereof include a method of fixing, a method of forming a microwell having a cell-adhesive surface base material produced by a photocurable resin as a bottom surface, and the like.
- the photocurable resin used in the production of the microwell is not particularly limited as long as it has low cell adhesion and has cell compatibility after curing with light.
- Examples thereof include a photocurable resin in which a cationic photopolymerization initiator is contained in a compound having an oxetane ring and an epoxy group-containing compound described in JP-A-10-168165.
- the size is preferably 20 m 2 — 400 m 2, and when a cell group consisting of two or more cells is placed.
- the size is preferably 200 ⁇ m 2 — 1000 ⁇ m 2 ⁇ .
- Examples of the shape of the cell adhesion surface include a circle and a rectangle.
- the sealed cell culture apparatus includes a structure and apparatus for circulating the culture solution.
- a cell group including a non-target cell or a non-target cell is identified from a single cell or a group of cells arranged at a specific position on the substrate, and the non-target cell or the non-target cell is included.
- a method for selectively irradiating a position or region of a cell group with laser light to separate target cells will be described.
- a cell group including a non-target cell or a non-target cell is identified by the shape, size or cell marker of the cell, and these non-target cells Alternatively, the position of the cell group including the non-target cell is identified.
- Identification by cell shape, size or cell marker is performed by microscopic observation or fluorescent microscopic observation of cells with fluorescent labeling.
- the shape of the cell is discriminated into a spherical shape, a spindle shape, a stone paving shape, a dendritic shape or the like based on a microscope observation image or a fluorescence microscope observation image obtained by fluorescently labeling the cells.
- the cell size is identified by the short diameter, the long diameter, or a combination of both based on a microscopic observation image or a fluorescent microscopic observation image obtained by fluorescently labeling the cell.
- Methods for identifying by cell markers include direct or indirect fluorescence labeling using antibodies, peptides, lectins, sugar chains, etc. that selectively bind to marker molecules present in non-target cells, and non-target cell membrane selective binding dyes. Etc. are used.
- a step of causing a marker molecule to recognize a cell is required for identification by a cell marker, it is preferable to identify by a cell shape and size.
- identifying by cell shape and size more accurate quantification is possible using image analysis software.
- An observation image of a single cell or a group of cells is captured by a CCD camera, transmitted to an image processing device such as a personal computer, and a single cell existing at this position with reference to the cell placement position of the used base material.
- an image processing device such as a personal computer
- the observation image is captured and the image information is stored in the image processing device. Repeat the transfer and scan the entire area of the substrate on which the cells are arranged. This repetition is performed by moving the stage on which the base material is installed in the XY direction, moving an image observation apparatus such as a CCD camera in the XY direction, or a combination thereof.
- a halogen lamp light source an LED light source or an LD light source is used as a light source for image observation using transmitted light
- a halogen lamp light source or an LED light source is used as a light source for fluorescent image observation.
- an LD light source is used, and in acquiring a fluorescence observation image, an absorption filter or a spectroscope is used in order to cut out diffused excitation light other than the observation fluorescence wavelength.
- a laser beam is selectively irradiated to a non-target cell or a group of cells containing the non-target cell, Death or cell dysfunction.
- laser light irradiation there are spot irradiations to areas where non-target cells or cell groups containing non-target cells exist, or there are cell groups containing non-target cells or non-target cells.
- a laser beam irradiation with a pattern according to the pattern of the region to be used is used.
- the laser light is transmitted to an image processing device such as a personal computer through a lens system or transferred to a storage device as necessary, and irradiated to a non-target cell or a non-target cell arrangement position.
- the entire adherent surface of the cell or cell group is irradiated with laser light by a combination of lens systems, depending on the cells of the substrate or the adherent surface of the cell group used. Adjust the spot diameter so that
- an electric motor represented by a galvano mirror Laser scanning with a mirror, or a combination of both.
- laser irradiation can be performed more efficiently by combining methods using electric mirrors (galvanomirrors) described in JP-A-4-334544.
- a motorized mirror such as a Carpano mirror
- a scanning lens such as an f ⁇ lens
- Patterned laser light irradiation can simultaneously irradiate a plurality of non-target cells or areas where non-target cells exist, and includes non-target cells or non-target cells with high efficiency. Laser irradiation to the cell group becomes possible. In addition, even with this patterned laser irradiation, a combination of a galvano mirror and a ⁇ lens enables a wide range of cell treatments without moving the stage on which the substrate is placed. Embodiment.
- an element in which a plurality of mirrors that can be changed independently such as a digital mirror device (DMD), is arranged, and the light intensity is controlled by controlling the phase of light.
- DMD digital mirror device
- a light modulation element or a liquid crystal filter is used.
- the laser irradiated to the non-target cell or the cell group containing the non-target cell has sufficient energy intensity to kill the cell or induce dysfunction, and the adjacent target cell.
- the strength is adjusted so as not to affect the target cell group.
- the laser light source to be used is not particularly limited as long as it has a necessary laser intensity, such as an excimer laser, a solid state laser, a semiconductor laser, etc., but multi-photon absorption due to nonlinear optical effects is induced by laser irradiation, and is induced in cells.
- the laser light source has a high repetition rate.
- the upper limit of the pulse width of the laser light to be irradiated is preferably lOnsec or less, more preferably 5 nsec or less, still more preferably lnsec or less, and the lower limit is preferably 50 fsec or more. More preferably, it is lOOf sec or more.
- the repetition frequency of the pulse laser light source is preferably a high repetition laser light source in order to increase the processing efficiency.
- the laser has an output of 1 to 20 W, a pulse width of 100 fsec to 10 nsec, and a repetition of 20 to 50 kHz.
- the energy applied to the cells or cell groups is adjusted by the laser irradiation time and the laser output.
- the irradiation time of the laser beam is more preferably controlled by a shutter.
- the acousto-optic modulator can process at a high speed of about 35 to 50 MHz, which is faster than the laser repetition frequency. For this reason, the processing speed for killing or dysfunctional cells depends on the repetition frequency of the laser light source.
- the wavelength of the laser beam used is not particularly limited, but a wavelength of 30 Onm to 1 lOOnm is preferred!
- a wavelength of 30 Onm to 1 lOOnm is preferred.
- more effective cell death or dysfunction can be realized by adding a compound such as a dye that absorbs light of the same wavelength to the cell culture medium.
- the power exemplified by the Alla red additive when using 532 nm laser light is not limited to this.
- the intensity of the irradiated laser beam can be adjusted by an optical element.
- an optical element Concrete Specifically, there are a method using an ND filter; a method using a 1Z2 ⁇ wave plate and a polarizing beam splitter; and a method using an acousto-optic modulator ( ⁇ ).
- the method using the ND filter is made of a material that absorbs a certain amount of light or a material that reflects, and an ND filter that does not change the light for components other than the light intensity is used as a laser optical axis. Install it on top to reduce light.
- the polarization direction of the laser light linearly polarized by the 1Z2 ⁇ wavelength plate is changed, and the light transmitted and reflected by the polarized beam splitter is reflected.
- the intensity of the laser beam is changed by changing the ratio of the laser beam.
- the modulation signal (ultrasonic wave) given to the element is used.
- non-target cells can be selectively killed or impaired, and target cells can be isolated.
- the target cell can be obtained by culturing a cell group in which the non-target cell is killed or dysfunctional under suitable conditions for the target cell.
- the cell separation device of the present invention has a mechanism for arranging a single cell or a group of two or more cell forces at a specific position on a substrate, and forms a single cell or a cell constituting the cell group.
- a mechanism for discriminating between a target cell or a cell group containing a target cell and a cell group containing a non-target cell or a non-target cell by size or a cell marker, and a cell group including a non-target cell or a non-target cell It is an apparatus comprising a mechanism for irradiating a position or region with laser light.
- the mechanism which controls each said mechanism collectively can be provided as needed.
- the cell separation device emits laser light in accordance with a pattern in which the identified cells or cell groups are arranged at the positions where the identified non-target cells or cell groups including the non-target cells are arranged.
- the cell separation device has a mechanism for irradiating a laser beam at a position where the identified non-target cell or a cell group including the non-target cell is arranged according to the pattern in which the cell or the cell group is arranged.
- a mechanism that also has an element force that deflects the patterned laser beam, and a scan for imaging the deflected laser beam to a position where a cell or a group of cells is arranged It is preferable that a mechanism including a lens is provided.
- FIG. 1 is one embodiment of the cell separation device of the present invention.
- the cell separation apparatus also has four system forces: (1) cell observation system, (2) laser light source and optical system, (3) cell manipulation system, and (4) control system.
- the mechanism for arranging the cells, the mechanism for identifying the cells, and the mechanism for irradiating the laser beam are as follows: (3) Cell manipulation system, (1) Cell observation system, (2) Laser light source and optical system, respectively. Corresponding.
- the cell observation system of (1) is equipped with a microscope for observing cells, and the microscope is equipped with a CCD camera for capturing a microscopic observation image.
- a fluorescent light source for observing cells labeled with a fluorescent dye is attached.
- the observation image of the cell is taken into the personal computer through the CCD camera, and the target cell and the non-target cell are discriminated and their location or area is specified.
- the cell observation system is equipped with a base stage that can be electrically controlled so that cells can be observed over the entire area of the substrate on which the cells are arranged.
- the laser light source and the optical system of (2) are equipped with a laser light source having a sufficient output for killing cells or dysfunction by laser irradiation.
- This laser beam is provided with a shutter on the optical axis to irradiate as necessary.
- the laser beam to irradiate was recognized in the microscope field of view and was recognized! It was introduced into the microscope through a galvano mirror, which is an electric mirror, so that it can be focused even at the position of the deviation. The As a result, the focused irradiation position of the laser light can be scanned in XY, but the image of the microscope field of view is formed.
- the laser condensing position and condensing diameter at the position are adjusted by a lens outside the microscope.
- cells are seeded in a culture vessel in which a cell adhesion surface formed in a pattern on a cell non-adhesion surface is arranged, and the cells are arranged on the pattern.
- a motorized stage is installed to move the culture vessel in the XY direction.
- a pump for supplying, collecting or circulating a cell seeding solution, a culture solution, a cell recovery solution, and the like is connected to the culture container in which the cells are arranged.
- control system of (4) an image of the observed cell is taken in, and the presence of the target cell and the non-target cell is recognized for each patterned region.
- the angle of the galvanometer mirror and the lens position outside the microscope are adjusted so that a single laser beam is emitted to the area where non-target cells are present.
- control system performs shutter control, light source intensity control, and the like.
- FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the cell separation device of the present invention.
- the cell separation apparatus also has four system forces: (1) cell observation system, (2) laser light source and optical system, (3) cell manipulation system, and (4) control system.
- the cell observation system of (1) there is a CCD camera for observing cells and a fluorescent light source for recognizing the cells.
- the culture vessel is observed through a scanning lens f ⁇ lens and a galvanometer mirror.
- the state of the cell inside can be recognized.
- scanning the galvanometer mirror it is possible to observe a wide range without moving the stage.
- the laser light source and optical system of (2) after the laser beam from the laser light source is magnified by a lens so as to have a uniform intensity distribution, it is made parallel light by another lens.
- the system is combined.
- the expanded uniform beam is shaped using a DMD element or phase modulation element according to the recognized patterned area.
- beam irradiation is performed at once on all recognized specific areas within the patterned area being observed.
- the beam deflected by the galnon mirror can pass through the f0 lens, and the laser beam can be imaged on the plane where the cells exist.
- a shutter is installed on the optical axis.
- cells are seeded in a culture vessel in which a cell adhesion surface formed in a pattern on a cell non-adhesion surface is arranged, and the cells are arranged on the pattern.
- a motorized stage is installed to move the culture vessel in the XY direction.
- a pump for supplying, collecting or circulating a cell seeding solution, a culture solution, a cell recovery solution, and the like is connected to the culture container in which the cells are arranged. In such a cell manipulation system, culture, observation, and laser treatment are performed simultaneously.
- Example 1 In the control system of (4), as in Example 1 described later, an image of the cell being observed is captured, and the presence of target cells and non-target cells is recognized for each patterned region. The recognition result is analyzed, and the shape of the beam to be shaped is calculated so that all areas where non-target cells are recognized are irradiated simultaneously. This calculation result is sent to the element that forms the beam and adjusted so that the beam is irradiated in an arbitrary shape. In order to observe the entire observation area, the area that can be recognized in one field of view is sequentially scanned by the galvanometer mirror. This allows observation and laser irradiation without changing the state of the cells.
- non-target cells are selectively removed from a cell population in which different types of cells are mixed, thereby subjecting the target cells to chemical or physical treatment. It is possible to separate target cells in a highly efficient manner.
- the cells or cell groups separated by this method and apparatus are suitable for cell function 'gene analysis, function analysis of substances using cells, or use in the medical field using cells.
- Mesenchymal cells were separated from bone marrow cells as follows.
- the fluorescent dye phycoerythrin (PE) -labeled anti-CD34 antibody was added to the microwell, and fluorescence was observed to identify CD34 positive cells.
- PE phycoerythrin
- These wels were irradiated with 355 nm laser light.
- the laser irradiation intensity was 155 WZcm 2 and irradiation was performed over the entire area in the microwell for 10 seconds.
- non-target cells are selectively removed from a cell population in which different types of cells are mixed, thereby subjecting the target cells to chemical or physical treatment. It is possible to separate target cells in a highly efficient manner.
- the cells or cell groups separated by this method and apparatus are suitable for cell function 'gene analysis, function analysis of substances using cells, or use in the medical field using cells.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of the configuration of the cell separation device of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of the configuration of the cell separation device of the present invention.
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA002599043A CA2599043A1 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2006-02-17 | Method and apparatus for separating cells |
EP06714013A EP1849861A4 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2006-02-17 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING CELLS |
JP2007503756A JPWO2006088154A1 (ja) | 2005-02-18 | 2006-02-17 | 細胞分離方法及び装置 |
IL185207A IL185207A0 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2007-08-12 | Method and apparatus for separating cells |
US11/893,372 US20080057558A1 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2007-08-15 | Method and apparatus for separating cells |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP2005-042378 | 2005-02-18 | ||
JP2005042378 | 2005-02-18 |
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US11/893,372 Continuation US20080057558A1 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2007-08-15 | Method and apparatus for separating cells |
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WO2006088154A1 true WO2006088154A1 (ja) | 2006-08-24 |
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EP (1) | EP1849861A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2006088154A1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101208426A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2599043A1 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL185207A0 (ja) |
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ZA (1) | ZA200706641B (ja) |
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JP2010081884A (ja) * | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-15 | Sony Corp | サンプリング装置及びサンプリング方法 |
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WO2011125615A1 (ja) * | 2010-04-02 | 2011-10-13 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 細胞分別方法、細胞培養基材、および細胞分別装置 |
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- 2006-02-17 EP EP06714013A patent/EP1849861A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN101208426A (zh) | 2008-06-25 |
EP1849861A1 (en) | 2007-10-31 |
ZA200706641B (en) | 2008-06-25 |
CA2599043A1 (en) | 2006-08-24 |
JPWO2006088154A1 (ja) | 2008-07-03 |
US20080057558A1 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
EP1849861A4 (en) | 2009-02-18 |
IL185207A0 (en) | 2008-01-06 |
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