WO2006079091A1

WO2006079091A1 - Methods of providing long-term stability to biocompatible optical dyes and bodily fluids

Info

Publication number: WO2006079091A1
Application number: PCT/US2006/002581
Authority: WO
Inventors: Richard B. Dorshow; Muthunadar P. Periasamy
Original assignee: Mallinckrodt Inc.
Priority date: 2005-01-24
Filing date: 2006-01-23
Publication date: 2006-07-27

Abstract

In one regard, the present invention is directed to methods of preserving optical stability of optical dyes and contrast agents such as visible and infrared dyes (e.g., cyanine dyes, indocyanine dyes, and fluorescein dyes, as well as their derivatives and bioconjugates). The dye may be disposed in container including a biocompatible solvent and/or a blood component. This beneficially results in the dye being capable of fluorescing even after being stored for months and/or years. In another regard, the invention is directed to preserving bodily fluids, such as blood, for months and even years. In this regard, the biological fluid is stored in an environment including at least one biocompatible optical dye. In still another regard, the present invention is directed to a formulation including an optical dye, a blood component, and optionally a biocompatible solvent. These formulations may be characterized (at least by some) as exhibiting prolonged optical stability.

Description

METHODS OF PROVIDING LONG-TERM STABILITY TO BIOCOMPATIBLE OPTICAL DYES AND BODILY FLUIDS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the long-term stabilization and storage of optical dyes and their bioconjugates in bodily fluids such as blood, and the stabilization and storage of blood upon addition of such dyes and/or dye bioconjugates to the blood.

BACKGROUND

The use of optical dyes for clinical disease monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy has been limited by their poor stability in solution. The FDA-approved dye, indocyanine green (ICG), is an example of such an instable dye. Degradation of the dye in solution is dependent upon such factors as solvent composition, temperature, light exposure, and the like.¹ Indeed, quantum dot research has become a particular area of interest partly due to the goal of overcoming such stability problems of conventional dyes.²

Various non-covalent interaction concepts have been applied in attempts to stabilize ICG. Several cationic, anionic, and neutral polymers have been non-covalently bound to ICG and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. For instance, it was found that a non-covalent interaction between ICG and sodium polyaspartate (PASP) produced an enhanced fluorescent stability of the dye in aqueous solution. This enhanced stability was demonstrated by measuring the blood clearance time profile of the ICG-PASP conjugate in vivo over a 24 day time period employing noninvasive fluorescence detection methodology.³

The instrumentation and procedure for fluorescence detection of blood clearance time profiles has been well-reported previously.^4'6 The clearance time profiles of both ICG and the ICG-PASP non- covalent bioconjugate measured on the day of formulation are shown in Figure Ia. This is designated as day 0. The ICG-PASP result is essentially the same as the ICG only (i.e. control) curve. These two aqueous formulations were kept in clear bottles on a lab bench under normal laboratory lighting conditions. The clearance time profiles were determined again, using new rats, each day for four consecutive days. The day 2 result is shown in Figure Ib. The ICG alone formulation has lost most of its fluorescence. In contrast, the ICG-PASP formulation retained nearly all of its initial fluorescence. By day 4, the ICG alone yielded no measurable signal. The ICG-PASP was subsequently measured at Day 8, 16, and 24 (by which time the sample volume was depleted). A strong signal remained even at day 24 as depicted in Figure 1 c.

Further investigation into the polyaspartic acid stabilization of ICG has been reported.⁷ At least one patent has been issued covering this phenomenon.⁸ However, it is an objective of the present

Page I of U invention to provide other and even longer term stability to optical dyes and optical dye-containing contrast agents.

SUMMARY Accordingly, the present invention is directed to achieving desirable long term stability results involving optical dyes. In particular, a first aspect of the invention is directed to preserving optical stability of an optical dye, such as a biocompatible optical dye, by disposing the dye in contact with blood or a blood component of an animal. For instance, the dye may be placed and/or stored in a container in an environment that includes blood or a blood component. Incidentally, a "blood component" herein refers to any component of animal (e.g., a mammal) blood, such as, but not limited to plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and various blood proteins (e.g., albumin, fibrinogen, globulin).

Optical dyes appropriate for this first aspect of the invention include infrared dyes such as cyanine and indocyanine dyes, derivatives of such dyes, and bioconjugates of such dyes and derivatives. Incidentally, an "infrared dye" herein refers to a dye that fluoresces upon exposure to at least one wavelength of light found in the infrared range of the light energy spectrum. In one group of embodiments, the optical dye is an indocyanine dye biocoηjugate (which includes bioconjugates of indocyanine dyes and indocyanine dye derivatives). For example, one embodiment utilizes cytate (bioconjugate including the peptide octreotate and the indocyanine dye derivative cypate) as the dye, while another embodiment utilizes cybesin (bioconjugate including cypate and the peptide bombesin) as the dye. Other optical dyes, such as visible dyes (e.g., fluorescein dye, derivatives and bioconjugates described herein), as well as various organic dyes and contrast agents known in the art, may also be utilized with this first aspect of the invention. Incidentally, a "visible dye" herein refers to a dye that fluoresces upon exposure to at least one wavelength of light found in the visible range of the light energy spectrum. While not always the case, it is generally desirable that the optical dye utilized with this first aspect of the invention be biocompatible (i.e., not having a significant injurious and/or toxic affect upon biological function when introduced into an animal (e.g., mammal, such as a human)). In some embodiments of the first aspect, the dye is placed and/or stored in a container that includes a biocompatible solvent and a blood component. The biocompatible solvent utilized may be any appropriate solvent, such as one or more of DMSO, water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and glycerol. One particularly preferred embodiment of this first aspect is direct to placing/storing the dye in solution that includes both DMSO and a blood component (e.g., a blood protein such as albumin, fibrinogen, or globulin).

One benefit of this first aspect of the present invention is that the optical dye that is stored in the blood or blood component may be said to maintain its ability to fluoresce for a significant amount of time due, at least in part, to the environment in which the dye is stored. For instance, as a result of storing the dye in the blood or blood component (and optionally, a biocompatible solvent), the dye may exhibit fluorescence excitation and emission capabilities months and even years after the dye was initially placed in contact with the blood or blood component. Indeed, this first aspect of the invention may be said to enable the dye to be stored without losing significant fluorescence ability for a duration of at least about 1 month in one embodiment, at least about 3 months in another embodiment, at least about 6 months in still another embodiment, at least about 9 months in yet another embodiment, at least about 12 months in another embodiment, at least about 18 months in still another embodiment, at least about 24 months in yet another embodiment, and at least about 30 months in still yet another embodiment.

A second aspect of the invention is also directed to a method of prolonging one or more optical properties (e.g., optical stability) of an optical dye. In the method of this second aspect, the dye is stored in a solution that includes a biocompatible solvent. Examples of appropriate biocompatible solvents include solvents such as DMSO, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and glycerol. One preferred biocompatible solvent for this second aspect of the invention is DMSO. Optical dyes appropriate for this second aspect of the invention preferably include visible dyes (e.g., fluorescein dye, fluorescein dye derivatives, and fluorescein dye bioconjugates). For example, one embodiment utilizes flutate

(bioconjugate including fluorescein dye and octreotate - see S. Achilefu et al., product of Scheme 1 and Compound 3 of Table 1, p. 2005)^u as the dye. As another example, another embodiment utilizes flubesin (bioconjugate including fluorescein dye and bombesin- see S. Achilefu et al., Compounds 17- 19 of Table 3, p. 2006)" as the dye. Other optical dyes known in the art may also benefit from the long-term optical stability provided by this second aspect of the invention.

This second aspect of the invention may be said to beneficially enable optical dyes to maintain their ability to fluoresce for significant durations of time due to the biocompatible solvents) in which the dyes are stored. For instance, as a result of storing a dye in a solution including DMSO, the dye may exhibit fluorescence excitation and emission capabilities months and even years after the dye was initially placed in contact with the solution. Accordingly, this second aspect of the invention may be said to enable the dye to be stored without losing significant fluorescence ability for a duration of at least about 1 month in one embodiment, at least about 3 months in another embodiment, at least about 6 months in still another embodiment, at least about 9 months in yet another embodiment, at least about 12 months in another embodiment, at least about 18 months in still another embodiment, at least about 24 months in yet another embodiment, and at least about 30 months in still yet another embodiment. Yet a third aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of storing biological fluid (i.e., bodily fluid). In this third aspect, the biological fluid is stored in an environment including at least one biocompatible optical dye. This method of storing biological fluid has been found to be useful for successfully preserving biological fluids for significant durations of time. The biological fluid stored in accordance with this third aspect of the invention may be any appropriate biological fluid including, but not limited to, blood. Indeed, in some embodiments, the biological fluid is blood or a biocompatible solution including at least one blood component. The dye(s) used in this third aspect of the invention may be any appropriate dye(s) including, but not limited to one or both infrared and visible dyes such as, but not limited to, cyanine, indocyanine and fluorescein, as well as derivatives and bioconjugates thereof. In one group of embodiments, the dye is a dye bioconjugate (which includes bioconjugates of the dyes themselves as well as bioconjugates of the dye derivatives). For instance, in one embodiment, the dye is cytate, while cybesin is the dye in another embodiment. Incidentally, "dye bioconjugate" or the like herein refers to a compound including a dye molecule and at least one biomolecule such as a peptide (e.g., hydrophilic peptide, bombesin, octreotate, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, and the like), a saccharide, or other known biomolecule. The biological fluid/dye mixture of this third aspect of the invention may optionally include biocompatible solvents such as, but not limited to, DMSO, water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and glycerol.

Still a fourth aspect of the invention is directed to a formulation that includes a blood component and an optical dye (which includes dye derivatives and conjugates). Some embodiments of this fourth aspect also include a biocompatible solvent such as any of the biocompatible solvents mentioned above with regard to the first three aspects of the invention. The formulations of this fourth aspect tend to beneficially exhibit prolonged stability. For instance, the optical dye portion of the formulation may be stored for a significant duration of time (such as any of the durations described above with regard to the first three aspects) and may be capable of fluorescing (e.g., exhibiting optical stability) even after that storage period. As another example, the blood component portion of the formulation may be stored for a significant duration of time (such as any of the durations described above with regard to the first three aspects) and remain substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the formulation (e.g., does not significantly separate or settle out in the formulation).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure Ia is a graph illustrating clearance time profiles of ICG and ICG-PASP measured on the day of formulation.

Figure Ib is a graph illustrating clearance time profiles of ICG and ICG-PASP two days after formulation.

Figure Ic is a graph illustrating a clearance time profile of ICG-PASP 24 days after formulation. Figure 2 is a structural representation of the peptide-dye bioconjugate, cytate.

Figure 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a fluorescence imaging apparatus.

Figure 4 shows fluorescence images of four vials including various substances at initial formulation.

Figure 5 shows fluorescence images of three vials taken 48 months after initial formulation. Figure 6 shows a fluorescence image of a vial containing cybesin and blood taken 30 months after initial formulation.

Figure 7 shows fluorescence images of four vials taken 30 months after initial formulation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Biocompatible optical dyes, in general, exhibit poor photostability in aqueous solution. This is especially true at the high concentrations needed for bolus administration in a clinical application. Previously, it has been shown that by using particular macromolecular additives, the stability of aqueous dye solutions may be enhanced from several hours to an order of several days. The present invention provides procedures for enabling unexpected long-term stability on the order of months and even years for optical dyes such as infrared dyes and visible dyes (including derivatives and conjugates of those classes of dyes).

Referring to Figure 2, the dye-peptide conjugate known as cytate is an indocyanine-type dye attached to the peptide octreotate. Cytate has been shown to exhibit excitation and emission in the near infrared (e.g., excitation at about 780 nm and emission at about 830 nm). In addition, cytate has been shown to target somatostatin receptor rich tumors (e.g., tumors grown in rats from the CA20948 tumor line) and provide unambiguous contrast for optical imaging. The preparation of cytate, as well as its tumor targeting and imaging capabilities with regard to rats, has been reported previously.⁹'¹⁰ In those previous reports, tumor to normal tissue ratios of greater than 20 were originally determined.

In the experiment relating to Figure 4, a freshly prepared aqueous solution of cytate was mixed with blood (from a rat) in a small glass bottle (vial 3). Several control samples were also prepared and are shown as vials 1 , 2 and 4. In particular, vial 1 included a dilute aqueous solution (i.e., much less than 1 mg/mL) of indocyanine green (ICG). Vial 2 included cytate in a solution of DMSO/water with a 10/90 ratio by volume respectively. Vial 4 included rat blood alone. With regard to the preparation of the vials 1-4, each of the small, glass vials 1-4 of ~10-mL volume were essentially filled with water or rat blood. Small aliquots of dye compounds were introduced into some of the vials (as described above), and the vials were then tightly sealed with screw caps.

Still referring to Figure 4, an optical image of each of the vials 1-4 was taken (using an imaging assembly like that shown in Figure 3) soon after the respective mixtures were prepared and bottled. The aqueous solution of cytate in vial 2 and the cytate/blood mixture in vial 3 exhibited significant fluorescence. By contrast, the rat blood in vial 4 exhibited practically no fluorescence, and the dilute ICG in vial 1 fluoresced slightly. After the initial optical images of Vials 1-4 (with the mixtures still disposed therein) were taken, the vials 1-4 were stored for over three years (i.e., at least about 36 months) at room temperature with ordinary exposure to lab lights.

The imaging assembly 10 utilized to conduct the above-described experiments is shown in Figure 3 and may be characterized as a noninvasive, continuous wave fluorescence imaging system. With regard to this imaging assembly 10, a laser diode 12 (wavelength of 780 nm and nominal power of 40 mW) was utilized to emit light into a fiber optic bundle 14. A defocusing lens 16 in position after the bundle 14 was utilized to expand a light beam emitted from the bundle 14 so as to span a sufficient area to project on a significant portion of an object to be imaged 30 (e.g., shown here as a rat). The laser power at an output end of the bundle 14 was approximately one-half of the laser power at an input end of the bundle 14. The imaging assembly 10 also included a detector 18 that included a 12 bit CCD camera 20 having a lens 22 attached. An 830 nm interference filter 24 was mounted in front of the CCD input lens 22 such that only emitted fluorescent light from the contrast agent was imaged and displayed on the monitor 26. Images were acquired and processed using a processor 28 loaded with Win View software from Princeton Instruments.

Referring to Figure 5, after the over three year storage period, some of the vials were re-imaged using an imaging assembly similar to the one of Figure 3. The imaging assembly utilized to provide the image of Figure 5 was different that the imaging assembly 10 in that it was equipped with a different CCD camera, a different fiber optic delivery system, and an upgraded version of the WinView software. Further, the imaging system utilized to generate Figure 5 performed a background subtraction to get rid of the underlying table in the displayed image. In any event, Figure 5 shows fluorescent images of a plurality of vials (and the contents thereof) including the vial 3 from Figure 4. Vial 7 contains a dilute aqueous solution of cypate, which is a derivative of indocyanine dye that is linked to the peptide octreotate to form the dye-peptide bioconjugate cytate. The contents of the vial 7 were initially formulated around the same time as the contents of the vial 3 and serve as a control. A vial of water W is disposed between vials 3 and 7 in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows that, even after being stored for at least 36 months, the content of vial 3 (cytate of the cytate/blood mixture) still fluoresces when exposed to near infrared light. By contrast, any fluorescence from the aqueous cypate solution in the vial 7 is hardly, if at all, noticeable. The results of the above-described experiments indicate that the dye-peptide conjugate cytate retains its fluorescence on the time scale of years when stored in rat blood. In a similar experiment, cybesin (bioconjugate including the indocyanine dye derivative cypate attached to the peptide octreotate) was placed (along with rat blood) in a vial. The vial was stored for about 30 months. After that time, a fluorescence image of the content of the vial was generated utilizing the imaging system described in regard to Figure 5. As shown in Figure 6, even after about 30 moths of storage in rat blood, the cybesin in the vial fluoresced when exposed to near infrared light. These results indicate that the dye-peptide conjugate cybesin also retains its fluorescence on the time scale of years when stored in rat blood.

Figure 7 illustrates a fluorescence image from yet a third storage experiment. In this experiment, each of four vials included different contents, and the vials (with the contents sealed therein) were stored for about 30 months. One vial (labeled "water") only had water disposed therein. The second vial (labeled "flubesin") included flubesin in a 25% DMSO aqueous solution at a concentration of about lmg/ml. The third vial (labeled "Gsg-flubesin") included gsg-flubesin {see S. Achilefu et al., Compounds 22-23 of Table 3, p. 2006) in a 25% DMSO aqueous solution at a concentration of about lmg/ml. Finally, the fourth vial (labeled "Bis-gsg flubesin") included Bis-gsg flubesin {see S. Achilefu et al., Compound 24 of Table 3, p. 2006) in a 25% DMSO aqueous solution at a concentration of about lmg/ml. Herein, "gsg" refers to "glycine-serine-glycine". The fluorescence images of Figure 7 show that the dyes in the "flubesin," "Gsg-flubesin," and "Bis-gsg fiubesin" vials all fluoresced even after being stored in DMSO solutions for about 30 months. However, the control vial ("water") did not fluoresce, A degree or level of florescence for the three vials having contents that did fluoresce varied. Specifically, the contents of the "flubesin" vial fluoresced with greater intensity that the contents of the "Gsg-flubesin" vial, which fluoresced with greater intensity than the contents of the "Bis-gsg flubesin" vial. While the dye and the dye conjugates all fluoresced after about 30 months, it should be noted that the dye fluoresced with greater intensity than the dye conjugates. Regardless of which one of the vials fluoresced with the greatest intensity, the ability of the dyes to fluoresce after a duration of approximately 30 months was quite unexpected. Referring back to the results of the experiments related to Figures 4-6, the blood in the vials that included the biocompatible optical dyes (e.g., cytate and cybesin) was still liquid, substantially uniform (i.e., not separated out), and unpetrified. By comparison, the blood in the vial that contained only blood (vial 4) was solidified, separated, and petrified. Based on the results of those experiments, it may be said that optical dyes such as indocyanine dye-derived bioconjugates may be utilized to effectively preserve blood for durations of several years or more.

Those skilled in the art will now see that certain modifications can be made to the invention herein disclosed with respect to the various aspects and exemplary embodiments, without departing from the spirit of the instant invention. And while the invention has been described above with respect to various aspects and exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is adapted to numerous rearrangements, modifications, and alterations, and all such arrangements, modifications, and alterations are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.

REFERENCES

The following references may be cited herein and are hereby incorporated in this disclosure in their entireties.

1. M.L.Landsman, G. Kwant, G.A. Mook, and W.G. Zijlstra, "Light absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green," J. Appl, Physiol, Vol. 40, 575-583 (1976).

2. A.M. Smith and S. Nie, "Chemical analysis and cellular imaging with quantum dots," Analyst, Vol. 129, 672- 677 (2004).

3. R. Rajagopalan, P. Uetrecht, J.E. Bugaj, S.A. Achilefu, and R.B. Dorshow, "Stabilization of the optical tracer agent indocyanine green using noncovalent interactions," Photochemistry and Photobiobgy, Vol. 71, 347-350 (2000).

4. R.B. Dorshow, J.E. Bugaj, B.D. Burleigh, J.R. Duncan, M.A. Johnson, and W.B. Jones, " Noninvasive fluorescence detection of hepatic and renal function," Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 3, 340-345 (1998). 5. R.B. Dorshow and J.E. Bugaj, "Non-Invasive Fluorescence Detection of Physiological Function," Optical Diagnostics of Biological Fluids III, A. Priezzhev, T. Asakura, and J.D. Briers, Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3252, 124-130 (1998).

6. R.B. Dorshow, J.E. Bugaj, S.A. Achilefu, R. Rajagopalan, and A.H. Combs, "Monitoring Physiological Function by Detection of Exogenous Fluorescent Contrast Agents," Optical

Diagnostics of Biological Fluids IV, A. Priezzhev and T. Asakura, Editors, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3599, 2-8 (1999).

7. J.-.M.I. Maarek, D.P. Holschneider, and J. Harimoto, "Fluorescence of indocyanine green in blood: intensity dependence on concentration and stabilization with sodium polyaspartate," Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiobgy B: Biology, Vol. 65, 157-164 (2001).

8. R. Rajagopalan, J.E. Bugaj, R.B. Dorshow, S. Achilefu, "Non-covalent bioconjugates useful for diagnosis and therapy," US Patent No. 6,423,547 (July 23, 2002).

9. S. Achilefu, R.B. Dorshow, J.E. Bugaj, and R. Rajagopalan, "Novel Receptor-Targeted Fluorescent Contrast Agents for In Vivo Tumor Imaging," Investigative Radiology, Vol. 35, 479 (2000).

10. J.E. Bugaj, S. Achilefu, R.B. Dorshow, and R. Rajagopalan, "Novel Fluorescent Contrast Agents for Optical Imaging of In Vivo Tumors Based on a Receptor-Targeted Dye-Peptide Conjugate

Platform," Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 6, 122-133 (2001).

11. S. Achilefu, H.N. Jimenez, R.B. Dorshow, J.E. Bugaj, E.G. Webb. R.R. Wilhelm, R. Rajagopalan, J. Johler, and J.L. Erion, "Synthesis, In Vitro Receptor Binding, and In Vivo Evaluation of Fluorescein and Carbocyanine Peptide-Based Optical Contrast Agents," Journal of Medicinal

Chemistry, Vol. 45, 2003-2015 (2002).

Claims

What is claimed is:

I. A method of preserving optical stability of an optical dye, the method comprising: disposing the dye in contact with a blood component.

2. A method, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: the dye is an infrared dye.

3. A method, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein: the dye is selected from the group consisting of indocyanine dyes, indocyanine dye derivatives, and indocyanine dye bioconjugates.

4. A method, as claimed in Claim 2, wherein: the dye is cytate, cybesin, or a combination thereof.

5. A method, as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein: the blood component is selected from the group consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood proteins.

6. A method, as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein: the blood component is a blood protein selected from the group consisting albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin.

7. A method, as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein: the dye is capable of fluorescing after the dye is in contact with the blood component for at least about 30 days.

8. A method of prolonging optical stability of an optical dye, the method comprising: storing the dye in an environment comprising a blood component and a biocompatible solvent.

9. A method, as claimed in Claim 8, wherein: the biocompatible solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and glycerol.

10. A method, as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, wherein: the dye is an infrared dye.

I 1. A method, as claimed in any one of Claim or 9, wherein: the dye is selected from the group consisting of indocyanine dye, indocyanine dye derivatives, and indocyanine dye bioconjugates.

12. A method, as claimed in any one of Claims 8-11, wherein: wherein the dye is capable of fluorescing after the dye is stored in the bodily fluid for at least about 30 days.

13. A method, as claimed in any one of Claims 8-12, wherein: the blood component is selected from the group consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood proteins.

14. A method, as claimed in any one of Claims 8-12, wherein: the blood component is a blood protein selected from the group consisting albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin.

15. A method of prolonging optical stability of an optical dye, the method comprising: storing the dye in a solution comprising a biocompatible solvent selected from the group consisting of DMSO, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and glycerol, wherein the dye is a visible dye.

16. A method, as claimed in Claim 15, wherein: the dye is selected from the group consisting of fluorescein dyes, fluorescein derivatives, and fluorescein bioconjugates.

17. A method, as claimed in Claim 15, wherein: the dye is flubesin, flutate, or a combination thereof.

18. A method, as claimed in any one of Claims 15-17, wherein: the dye is capable of fluorescing after the dye is stored in the solution for at least about 30 days.

19. A method of storing biological fluid, the method comprising: storing the biological fluid in an environment including an optical dye.

20. A method, as claimed in Claim 19, wherein: the biological fluid is blood or a fluid including a blood component.

21. A method, as claimed in Claim 19 or 20, wherein: the dye is an infrared dye.

22. A method, as claimed in any one of Claims 19-21, wherein: the dye is selected from the group consisting of indocyanine dye, indocyanine dye derivatives, and indocyanine dye bioconjugates.

23. A method, as claimed in any one of Claims 19-22, wherein: the storing comprises disposing the biological fluid in a solution comprising the dye and a biocompatible solvent.

24. A method, as claimed in Claim 23, wherein: the biocompatible solvent is selected from the group consisting of DMSO, water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and glycerol.

25. A formulation, comprising: a blood component; and an optical dye.

26. A formulation, as claimed in Claim 26, further comprising: a biocompatible solvent.

27. A formulation, as claimed in Claim 25 or 26, wherein: the optical dye exhibits optical stability for at least about 30 days.