WO2006073713A1 - Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions - Google Patents
Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006073713A1 WO2006073713A1 PCT/US2005/045293 US2005045293W WO2006073713A1 WO 2006073713 A1 WO2006073713 A1 WO 2006073713A1 US 2005045293 W US2005045293 W US 2005045293W WO 2006073713 A1 WO2006073713 A1 WO 2006073713A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- feed
- nozzle assembly
- sprays
- nozzles
- liquid
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/008—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals for liquid waste
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/26—Nozzle-type reactors, i.e. the distribution of the initial reactants within the reactor is effected by their introduction or injection through nozzles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J4/00—Feed or outlet devices; Feed or outlet control devices
- B01J4/001—Feed or outlet devices as such, e.g. feeding tubes
- B01J4/002—Nozzle-type elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00119—Heat exchange inside a feeding nozzle or nozzle reactor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
- F23D2900/11001—Impinging-jet injectors or jet impinging on a surface
Definitions
- This invention relates to feed nozzles, and more particularly to feed nozzles for a variety of gas/liquid reactions, including chemical synthesis reactions and also combustion and other oxidation reactions in which the feed nozzle is part of a burner apparatus.
- a variety of related industries employ reaction of a gas/liquid system to effect a desired end result. These include, for example, the waste-reduction industry, the chemical manufacturing industry, the gas manufacturing industry, and energy-related industries that rely upon combustion as the energy source. Each of these industries commonly effects this reaction by means of fine atomization of streams of one or more liquids, frequently within a zone of increased temperature, hi the case of gasification reactions, both the atomization and the higher temperature serve to promote the liquid-to- gas phase change that improves mixing at a molecular or near-molecular level, thereby promoting the desired final result.
- This mixing may be of one or more liquid compounds or compositions with a specific gas, such as air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, steam, an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, or a combination thereof.
- reactor vessel For each of the above types of reactions, the atomization generally takes place within a reactor vessel of some type.
- One common type of reactor vessel is the refractory-lined, generally cylindrical vessel used for "burning" liquid chemical waste, which is frequently a mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons. Because many of these are chlorinated compounds, the term “R-CIs” is often used to describe them.
- the same type of combustion reaction is accomplished as in a simple internal combustion engine, for example, where the atomized liquid stream mixes with oxygen in a high temperature zone, and a desirably high conversion results in the final hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide products, with a minimum of residual carbon (“soot").
- Other types of reactor vessels are used for a wide variety of chemical synthesis operations, according to the needs of the starting and desired final products.
- a spray's drop size average such as the "Sauter mean diameter” (SMD).
- SMD the average drop size having the same surface to volume ratio as the overall spray.
- the spray can be characterized by its "volume median diameter" ("Dv").
- Dv volume median diameter
- This method describes a drop diameter which is greater than a given proportion of the spray. For example, if a spray is described as having a "Dv 9 o" of a certain diameter, it means that approximately 90 percent of the spray volume is in drops smaller than that diameter.
- a "Dv 50 " of a certain diameter means that approximately 50 percent of the volume of liquid is in drops smaller than that diameter. Because drops follows what is called the "D squared Law" of drop evaporation, where the evaporation time is proportional to the square of the drop size, one of the best indicators of nozzle performance is the spray's D ⁇ 9 0- Optimized nozzle systems also exhibit a directly proportional relationship between the spray's D ⁇ 9o and the SMD of the drops, hi view of these relationships, then, the SMD can be used to provide a clear characterization of any spray.
- Burner refers to an apparatus that comprises both a feed means, such as a nozzle, and a means of mixing the liquid feed stream with a gas, such as oxygen, in a high temperature environment to promote combustion of the feed stream.
- a feed means such as a nozzle
- a gas such as oxygen
- a feed nozzle assembly includes a plurality of feed nozzles, suitable to atomize at least one liquid feed stream to form sprays, the feed nozzles being positioned such that the sprays impinge upon one another.
- the result of this impingement is that the Sauter mean diameter of the drops of the impinged sprays is substantially less than, or equal to, the Sauter mean diameter of the drops prior to impingement.
- the arrangement of the nozzles which includes selection of an appropriate number of nozzles, can be optimized to ensure desired feed volume within a given time period without unacceptable sacrifice of conversion rate.
- the invention is a method for reaction of a gas/liquid reaction system wherein the described feed nozzle assembly is employed.
- the invention is an improvement in a burner apparatus for reaction of a gas/liquid reaction system comprising a feed nozzle assembly that is located along a central axis and employs a plurality of feed nozzles suitable to atomize at least one liquid feed stream to form sprays, the feed nozzles being positioned such that the sprays impinge upon one another such that the Sauter mean diameter of the drops of the impinged sprays is substantially the same as, or less than, the Sauter mean diameter of the drops prior to impingement.
- the inventive burner apparatus also includes a moderator gas feed area, an oxygen feed area, a mixed moderator gas/oxygene feed area, or a combination thereof, located annular to the feed nozzle assembly.
- annular cooling area may also be included. These annular feed areas may be configured such that the exterior barrier of each annular feed area extends beyond the exterior barrier of the enclosed annular feed area, and the innermost annular area has an exterior barrier extending beyond the centrally-located feed nozzle assembly. This feature ensures that the sprays emitted by the feed nozzles pass first through a cap environment created by the innermost annular feed area.
- the invention is a method of gasifying a liquid waste stream using the improved burner apparatus.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a profile view of one embodiment of the burner apparatus, incorporating the inventive feed nozzle assembly, and shown as fed by a single liquid feed stream.
- Fig. 2 is a cross-section of another embodiment of a feed nozzle assembly, as incorporated into the inventive burner apparatus, wherein the feed nozzle assembly is fed by more than one liquid feed stream.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of an end-on cross-section of an array of seven nozzles within a feed nozzle assembly housing.
- the inventive feed nozzle assembly is a simple but extremely effective means to circumvent the problems associated with use of just one feed nozzle, while surprisingly teaching away from the accepted wisdom that convergence of "sprays", i.e., atomized liquid feed streams, unacceptably and automatically increases drop size, thereby promoting poor conversion and overall process performance. It has now been found that, by appropriate adjustment of the number of feed nozzles and the positioning thereof relative to one another, and taking into account the characteristics of each feed nozzle as to maximum feed velocity, aperture configuration and resulting spray pattern, the sprays can be impinged in such a way so as to balance the impact destruction and coalescence of the drops, and thereby ensure desirable drop size for the given operation while at the same time maximizing potential feed stream input rate.
- Impingement obviously requires at least two sprays which overlap at some point in their trajectories within the reactor vessel. For many purposes it is desirable to ensure that this overlap occurs as soon after entry into the reactor vessel as possible, in other words, as close to the feed nozzle apertures as possible. This maximizes the mixing of the liquid feed stream or streams (which may be the same or different) with at least one gaseous feed stream, such as oxygen, and also incidentally reduces the need for a larger reactor vessel. Thus, it is preferred in the present invention that the feed nozzles be located closely proximate or even in some direct contact with one another. Adjustment of the distance is a matter of routine design analysis, to determine the optimum balance of pressure and velocity against any gas phase turbulence which could tend to increase coalescence by increasing the incidence of low velocity collisions.
- the relative positions of the feed nozzles can be used to increase or decrease the impingement area.
- the feed nozzles can be angled toward one another, as in Fig. 1 , such that their apertures are closer together than are those nozzle portions distal to each corresponding aperture.
- Routinely employed engineering analysis and modeling will help to determine an optimal orientation, but where this angled orientation is selected, the nozzles' positioning can be at essentially any relative angle from about zero degrees (parallel nozzles) to about 90 degrees (directly facing one another). More preferred is an angle between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees, and most preferred is an angle of from about 40 degrees to 50 degrees.
- the angle be down- facing. Nonetheless, an upward angle can also be employed, and may increase the resulting ratio of impact destruction to coalescence by increasing the number of collisions per drop.
- orientation of the nozzles may, however, desirably take into account the spray pattern of any given nozzle.
- Each nozzle exhibits a characteristic (and in some cases, adjustable) spray pattern.
- Such pattern may be a so-called “hollow-cone” or “solid-cone” configuration, or may be described as forming a fan or flattened cone shape, or a hollow or solid cylindrical shape. Other configurations may also be employed.
- Nozzles may be of the pressure-swirl or other type. While the needs of a given liquid feed stream, including its purity, self-polymerization potential, and other characteristics, may dictate a preference for a particular configuration, a majority of commercially-available industrial pressure-swirl nozzles exhibit the "hollow- cone" pattern, and therefore such is preferred herein as a matter of convenience only.
- the "cone" diameter will vary according to distance from the feed nozzle, of course, but the angle of the cone at the aperture is, in many commercial models, approximately 80 degrees. Thus, for illustrative purposes only, such is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
- nozzles having broad cone spray patterns may be capable of being positioned even at angles away from one another (i.e., with the aperture of the nozzles being farther apart than the nozzle portions distal to the corresponding apertures, as in Fig. 2), yet still obtain at least some impingement.
- the drops of the pre-impingement sprays exhibit an SMD of less than or equal to about 500 microns, which implies that the SMD of the drops of the impinged sprays is substantially the same.
- substantially means within a range of ⁇ 5 percent.
- the drops of a pre-impingement spray have an SMD of, for example, 300 microns
- the drops of the impinged spray would desirably fall in the range of less than or equal to 300 microns, plus or minus 15 microns. It is also desirable to take into account the surface tension of the liquid feed stream materials, since lower surface tension fluids tend to coalesce less, and therefore exhibit generally lower Sauter mean diameters both before and after impingement. (0021) It should be noted that impingement may alter the shape of the impinged spray area(s).
- Fig. 3 shows the maximized packing for seven nozzles, including six nozzles positioned as an array around a seventh central nozzle.
- the number of nozzles be from 2 to about 100, with 3 to 25 being more preferred for ease of manufacture.
- the skilled artisan can envision many variations on this theme, including, for example, an array of three or four nozzles around a central nozzle; three nozzles arranged in a triangular pattern; or a larger number of nozzles arrayed radially or in rows or columns.
- liquid stream feed nozzles annularly around a central gaseous stream feed.
- the present invention specifically requires neither symmetry nor asymmetry of the arrangement, but at least some impingement of at least two sprays. Where angling of nozzles toward one another is selected, an overall concave design, such as that illustrated in Fig. 1 , with the central nozzle recessed relative to the surrounding, annularly-arrayed nozzles, may be particularly effective.
- two or more liquid reactants may be fed simultaneously into a synthesis vessel, to produce the desired product in reaction with a gas; or, alternatively, two or more liquid waste streams, that may technically be reactive, can be fed simultaneously into a waste-burner vessel, without encountering a prohibitive level of undesired reaction, if any.
- a single feed nozzle defined herein to mean the pressure-producing housing containing at least one flow conduit connection that runs from the liquid feed stream source to the aperture, may, when fitted with more than one flow conduit connection and thus more than one aperture, accomplish the same goal. Such is further exemplified in Fig.
- a particular advantage of the invention is that it may be employed where incompatible liquid feed streams are to be fed into a reactor.
- incompatible refers to feed streams that react to produce an undesirable reaction product. An example of this is monomers that polymerize to form a polymer that may foul the equipment in an undesirable manner, or that may produce a product that has an undesirable environmental consequence.
- compatible refers to feed streams that, though they may react, do not produce a reaction product that is, for any reason, undesirable or that may, in fact, be a desirable reaction product.
- a further advantage of the present invention relates to start-up problems.
- conversion rates for single nozzle reactor systems are poor upon start-up because of changes in drop size relating to the necessary pressure ramp-up.
- drop size likewise stabilizes, but during ramp-up, all of the problems associated with oversized drops, including poor gas/liquid reaction, poor conversion, fouling and the like, may occur.
- the nozzles may be started in a desired sequence, with the effect of the impingement to break up drops used to offset at least a portion of the poorer atomization within a single nozzle that occurs during the pressure ramp-up.
- inventive feed nozzle assembly may be incorporated in an inventive burner apparatus.
- inventive burner apparatus Such apparatuses are particularly suited to use in waste-burning, with the liquids that are destined for destruction being desirably mixed in their atomized, spray condition with one or more gases.
- gases may be air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, steam, an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, or a combination thereof.
- the inventive burner apparatus provides a means to effectively accomplish this mixing, by including the inventive feed nozzle assembly in a location that forms a central axis, and with discrete gas feed areas arranged annular thereto.
- the innermost annular area may be a moderator gas feed area.
- Such a moderator gas may be any of the above-identified gases, but is frequently steam which conveniently moderates the temperature under which the gasification may take place.
- oxygen feed area refers to gaseous feeds that include any proportion of oxygen, and thus includes air feeds as well as those that contain generally from 1 to 100 weight percent oxygen.
- a particularly desirably feature of the inventive burner apparatus relates to the exterior barriers of the annular areas. As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig.
- the exterior barriers may be successively extended such that mixing of the liquid feeds with each gaseous feed is maximized and turbulent flow, that may interfere with mixing, is minimized.
- the first exterior barrier is extended beyond the end of the feed nozzle assembly, such that the gas feed of the innermost annular feed area may tend to form a "cap environment", i.e., an area where primarily only the sprays from the feed nozzles and the gas being fed through the innermost annular area are mixed.
- a "cap environment" may be controlled in such a way as to afford some protection to, or otherwise benefit, the feed nozzle assembly and thereby potentially lengthen feed nozzle assembly, and therefore burner, life.
- an annular cooling means which may be disposed external to any or all of the annular feed areas, may provide desirable temperature control.
- a traditional water jacket in which cool or cold water is fed into an open or closed loop-type jacketing on a continuous basis, with the water removing heat from the apparatus prior to its being routed away from the apparatus.
- a water jacket may form the final external "layer" of the burner apparatus.
- FIG. 1 is a partial cross-section of a profile view of a burner apparatus of the present invention comprising the feed nozzle assembly of the present invention.
- the feed nozzle assembly 12 is shown situated at essentially the center of an impliedly cylindrical burner apparatus 15. Looking first to the feed nozzle assembly, it is seen that three separate nozzles are shown, 18, 21 and 24. Each nozzle has a nozzle body 27, head 30 and aperture 33.
- the aperture 33 is in fluid communication with a feed stream conduit 36 via a nozzle conduit 39, which is in turn in fluid communication with a liquid feed stream source (not shown).
- External to the feed nozzle assembly's wall 42 is an annular area which constitutes a first moderator gas feed area 45.
- This annular moderator gas feed area 45 has a first moderator gas exterior barrier 48, which extends beyond the nozzle apertures 33.
- the next annular area is the oxygen feed area 54. Again, this is surrounded by its oxygen feed area barrier 57, which extends beyond the moderator gas feed area barrier 48.
- the next annulus is a second moderator gas feed area 60 with its second moderator gas feed area barrier 63 extending beyond the immediately precedent oxygen feed area barrier 57.
- a cooling means barrier 66 which can be, for example, a water jacket.
- Hollow-cone sprays 69, 72 and 75 have been drawn to indicate the extensive spray impingement accomplished by the angling of nozzles 18 and 24 inward toward central nozzle 21.
- Labeled arrows indicate the introduction of a liquid feed stream into the central feed conduit 36; of moderator gas into the moderator gas feed areas 45 and 60; of oxygen into oxygen feed area 54; and of water into the cooling means barrier 66.
- a moderator gas cap environment 78 through which hollow-cone sprays 69, 72 and 75 must pass.
- FIG. 2 shows a variation on the embodiment of Fig 1. Again, it is a cross- section of the burner apparatus of the present invention, again incorporating a feed nozzle assembly 112, also of the present invention, but with some modification thereof.
- the nozzles are denoted as 118, 121 and 124.
- the interior features include one central feed conduit 127 and one annular feed conduit 130.
- annular feed conduit 130 is in fluid communication, via channel 133, with nozzle 118 and its aperture 136, but that central feed conduit 127 is in fluid communication via central channel 139 with nozzle 121 and its aperture 142 and, via branch feed channel 145, also with nozzle 124 and its aperture 148.
- annular moderator gas feed area 157 and its moderator gas feed area barrier 160 further indicates an annular moderator gas feed area 157 and its moderator gas feed area barrier 160; an annular oxygen feed area 163 and its oxygen feed area barrier 166; and, exterior thereto, an annular cooling means 169.
- Labeled arrows indicate the introduction of two different feeds, R-Cl #1 and R-Cl #2, into the central feed conduit 127 and annular feed conduit 130, respectively, as well as of moderator gas into the annular moderator gas feed area 157, oxygen into the annular oxygen feed area 163, and water into the annular cooling means 169.
- Sprays emitted at nozzle apertures 136, 142 and 148 must pass through moderator gas cap environment 173 before mixing with oxygen.
- FIG. 3 is a simple schematic drawing of an end-on cross-section of an array of seven nozzles, such as could be employed within a feed nozzle assembly 201.
- the smallest circles represent channels 204 within a nozzle, such as would correspond to 133 in Fig. 2.
- the larger circles represent the exterior cross section 207 of the nozzle heads themselves, and the largest, and encompassing, circle represents the exterior wall 213 of the feed nozzle assembly 201. (0033)
- the description, drawings and examples discussed hereinabove are intended to provide to the skilled practitioner the general concepts, means and methods necessary to understand the present invention and, when combined with a level of understanding typical of those skilled in the art, to practice it.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN2005800459721A CN101098750B (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions |
MX2007008241A MX2007008241A (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions. |
EP05854080A EP1835992A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions |
CA002592775A CA2592775A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions |
BRPI0518090-2A BRPI0518090A (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | feed medium for a gas / liquid reaction system, method for the reaction of a gas-liquid reaction system, burner equipment for the reaction of a gas-liquid reaction system and method for gasifying a stream of liquid tailings |
AU2005323240A AU2005323240B2 (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions |
JP2007550377A JP2008526490A (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas / liquid reaction |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/030,925 | 2005-01-06 | ||
US11/030,925 US20060147853A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-01-06 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006073713A1 true WO2006073713A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
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ID=36129729
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2005/045293 WO2006073713A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 | 2005-12-14 | Feed nozzle assembly and burner apparatus for gas/liquid reactions |
Country Status (9)
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US (1) | US20060147853A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1835992A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008526490A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101098750B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005323240B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0518090A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2592775A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2007008241A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006073713A1 (en) |
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- 2005-12-14 CA CA002592775A patent/CA2592775A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-14 BR BRPI0518090-2A patent/BRPI0518090A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-14 EP EP05854080A patent/EP1835992A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-14 MX MX2007008241A patent/MX2007008241A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-12-14 CN CN2005800459721A patent/CN101098750B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US7575612B2 (en) | 2005-10-31 | 2009-08-18 | General Electric Company | Methods and systems for gasification system waste gas decomposition |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1835992A1 (en) | 2007-09-26 |
CN101098750B (en) | 2011-06-15 |
MX2007008241A (en) | 2007-08-17 |
CA2592775A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
AU2005323240A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
CN101098750A (en) | 2008-01-02 |
JP2008526490A (en) | 2008-07-24 |
BRPI0518090A (en) | 2008-10-28 |
US20060147853A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
AU2005323240B2 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
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