WO2005124683A2 - Vorrichtung und verfahren für die streustrahlungskorrektur in der projektionsradiographie, insbesondere der mammographie - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren für die streustrahlungskorrektur in der projektionsradiographie, insbesondere der mammographie Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005124683A2 WO2005124683A2 PCT/EP2005/052744 EP2005052744W WO2005124683A2 WO 2005124683 A2 WO2005124683 A2 WO 2005124683A2 EP 2005052744 W EP2005052744 W EP 2005052744W WO 2005124683 A2 WO2005124683 A2 WO 2005124683A2
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- 238000002601 radiography Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 67
- 238000009607 mammography Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000000342 Monte Carlo simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 60
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 52
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 43
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
- A61B6/482—Diagnostic techniques involving multiple energy imaging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
- G06T5/73—Deblurring; Sharpening
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/027—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis characterised by the use of a particular data acquisition trajectory, e.g. helical or spiral
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4035—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the source being combined with a filter or grating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4291—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the detector being combined with a grid or grating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/50—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications
- A61B6/502—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for diagnosis of breast, i.e. mammography
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
- G06T2207/10116—X-ray image
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/30—Subject of image; Context of image processing
- G06T2207/30004—Biomedical image processing
- G06T2207/30068—Mammography; Breast
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for projection radiography with a radiation source, a detector and an evaluation unit arranged downstream of the detector, which approximately determines the scattering material distribution of the object to be examined on the basis of the projection data supplied by the detector and which reads scattering information as a function of the scattering material distribution from a data memory and correcting the projection data with regard to the scattered radiation component on the basis of the scatter information.
- the invention further relates to a method with scattered radiation correction for projection radiography and a method for obtaining scattered information.
- the scattered radiation generated in the object to be photographed leads to a deterioration in the image quality, by a reduction in the contrast, by an increase in noise, and finally in terms of the quality of image postprocessing.
- techniques with a single energy spectrum that is to say with a single voltage of the X-ray tube, or the dual energy method with two voltage values are known in mammography. In both cases, it is necessary to compensate for the scattered radiation; with the dual energy This is also because the proportion of scattered radiation is different for both energy spectra.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of specifying a device and method with which an improved scattered radiation correction can be carried out compared to the prior art.
- the projection images supplied by a detector are analyzed in an evaluation unit.
- an attempt is made to distribute the scattering material, typically the proportions of
- Glandular and adipose tissue approximately to determine an object to be examined.
- scatter information is read from a data memory.
- the scattered information can then be used to correct the projection images with regard to the scattered radiation component contained in the projection images become. It is essential that the scatter information read from the data memory has been determined in advance by a Monte Carlo simulation, which takes into account the multiple interaction of the photons with the object to be examined.
- the procedure is not restricted to special cases and does not require drastic simplifications or approximations, such as, for example, a simplified acquisition geometry, monochromaticity of the radiation, simplifications of the physical model or a Taylor development according to the approximation order. or something similar.
- the scatter material distribution is determined specifically for different image areas of the projection image. To carry out the scatter radiation correction in an image area, the
- scatter information for scatter radiation correction is used in the area of the object edges of the object to be examined, which information takes into account the special geometric conditions in the area of the object edge.
- the scatter information is preferably obtained on the assumption that the scatter material distribution is homogeneous along the radiation direction. In the context of mammography in particular, such an assumption leads to only slight deviations from the actual scattered radiation distribution.
- the calculation of the specific scatter information assigned to an image area can also be carried out on the assumption that the object to be examined is also homogeneously structured in the transverse direction to the beam. This simplifies the calculation of the scatter information.
- the scatter material distribution is determined by evaluating the ratio of incident radiation intensity to the unscattered primary radiation in an image area, the values for the primary radiation being determined by a scatter radiation correction based on scatter information that is assigned to a characteristic homogeneous scatter material distribution.
- the processing steps carried out by the evaluation unit can also be carried out iteratively.
- the calculated primary radiation components serve to refine the approximate calculation of the scattered radiation components and in this way to achieve improved values for the primary radiation.
- the scattered radiation correction need not be carried out with the full resolution of the detector. Occasionally, it may be sufficient to carry out the scattered radiation correction at selected support points and to interpolate between the determined scattered radiation correction values at the selected support points.
- Figure 1 shows the structure of a mammography device in which a breast is compressed between two compression plates and X-rayed;
- FIG. 2 shows a representation of a simplified structure of the breast to be examined, which structure is assumed for the calculation of the scattered radiation correction;
- FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of a method carried out for the scattered radiation correction
- FIG. 4 shows a representation of the tissue distribution of a breast assumed for the calculation of a simple scattered radiation spreading function
- FIG. 5 shows the structure of the breast to be examined, which structure is assumed for the calculation of an exact scattered radiation propagation function.
- FIG. 1 shows the structure of a mammography device 1 in which X-radiation 3 is generated with the aid of a radiation source 2.
- the divergence of the X-ray radiation 3 is optionally limited with the aid of a collimator 4, which is indicated in FIG. 1 by a single beam diaphragm.
- mator 4 can also be designed in such a way that a large number of x-rays which run almost parallel to one another are generated.
- Such a collimator 4 can be designed, for example, as a pinhole.
- the mammography device 1 also has compression plates 5, between which a breast 6 is compressed.
- the x-ray radiation 3 passes through the compression plates 5 and the breast 6 and generally traverses an air gap 7 before the x-ray radiation 3 strikes an x-ray detector 8 which comprises a multiplicity of individual detector elements 9, the so-called detector pixels.
- the portion of the X-ray radiation 3 that passes through the breast 6 without interaction with the breast 6 is also referred to as
- primary radiation 10 The portions of the x-ray radiation 3 which hit the x-ray detector 8 after at least one scatter within the breast 6 are called secondary radiation 11.
- the term scatter should be understood to mean any type of interaction between the X-ray radiation 3 and the material of the breast 6, by means of which a change in the direction of propagation of the photons of the X-ray radiation 3 is effected.
- the secondary radiation 11 can significantly falsify the structure of the breast 6 imaged by the primary radiation 10, it is advantageous if the secondary radiation 11 can be removed from the projection images of the breast 6 recorded by the x-ray detector 8.
- an evaluation unit 12 connected downstream of the x-ray detector 8 carries out a scattered radiation correction.
- model assumptions are made about the structure of the breast 6, which are shown in FIG. 2.
- the tissue structure of the mamma 6 is essentially composed of Druid and adipose tissue composed, by a homogeneous tissue distribution can be described along the direction of propagation of the X-rays 3.
- FIG. 2 different breast areas 13, 14 and 15 are shown in the breast 6 in FIG. 2, the different hatching of which is intended to illustrate different proportions of fatty and glandular tissue along the direction of propagation of the X-rays 3.
- this represents a simplification that does not lead to serious deviations from the actual scatter distribution.
- a projection image 17 which reproduces the primary radiation 10 and secondary radiation 11 arriving on the X-ray detector 8.
- the projection image 17 is subjected to a data reduction 18, in which different tissue areas 13, 14 and 15 are each assigned specific tissue distributions.
- information about the geometric relationships, in particular the edges of the mamma 6, can be obtained.
- a scattered radiation correction 21 can then be carried out with the aid of the SBSFs 20 and an estimate for the primary radiation 10.
- the correction values generated as part of the scattered radiation correction 21 can be applied directly to the projection images 17 if the scattered radiation correction has been calculated for each of the detector pixels 9 of the X-ray detector 8. Because of the slight variation in the scattered radiation across the X-ray detector 8, it may be sufficient be to make the scattered radiation correction for selected detector areas. These can be individual support points or groups of detector pixels 9. The scattered radiation correction for those detector pixels 9 for which no scattered radiation correction has yet been determined can then be determined by an interpolation 22 which generates a correction image 23 which has the same resolution as that Has projection image 17. The combination 24 of the projection image 17 and the correction image 23 finally results in a finished structure image 25 which preferably contains exclusively the structure of the breast 6 imaged by the primary radiation 10.
- Ni ⁇ E) Qu (E) W (E) ⁇ D (E) / c l ⁇ . (#1)
- the logarithmic attenuation signal is more expedient than the non-logarithmic attenuation function F in equation (# 2): ⁇ N v (E) dE) (# 3 )
- An SBSF 20 describes the spatial intensity distribution of the scattered radiation on the X-ray detector 8 designed as an area detector for a thin X-ray beam of the X-ray radiation, which penetrates the scattering object (Mamma) according to FIG. 1 at a predetermined location.
- the SBSF 20 depends on acquisition parameters and on object parameters.
- the object parameter is on the one hand the layer thickness H of the breast 6 and on the other hand the different proportion of adipose and glandular tissue along the direction of propagation of the X-rays 3.
- the breast SBSF Atlas 19 is created in advance using Monte Carlo simulation calculations.
- the Monte Carlo simulation allows the physical processes of absorption and multiple scattering (predominantly coherent scattering in the low energy range in mammography) when passing through the scattering object, in particular mamma 6, taking into account the recording conditions (anode material, filter, To adequately model voltage, air gap, SID, field size (if necessary, anti-scatter grid).
- This is the decisive advantage of the Monte Carlo method compared to analytical simulation models, which are usually limited to single scattering and in which various simplifications and approximations are usually introduced to reduce the effort.
- the calculation of scatter distributions based on a Monte Carlo mulation is known to the person skilled in the art and as such is not the subject of the application.
- the scattered radiation correction is divided into the following individual process steps, which can be repeated in an iterative cycle:
- Steps 0 and 1 are to be carried out for each measurement beam, that is to say for each pixel (j, k), in the following the term pixel being used both for the detector pixels 9 and for detector regions comprising a plurality of detector pixels.
- Process step 1 Estimation of specific tissue proportions
- Method step 2 Correct estimation of the scattered radiation distribution over the entire projection image This process step includes several sub-process steps:
- a (j, k) was calculated for each beam to which a pixel (j, k) is assigned.
- SBSF (( ⁇ x , ⁇ y ); a; H; air gap, voltage, filter, detector, .8)
- SBSF is a two-dimensional function or rather a two-dimensional field (data array) depending on the row and column coordinates on the X-ray detector 8.
- Each SBSF 20 is on a center, namely the respective beam or rather on the relevant pixel with the coordinates ( 0.0) concentrates and drops sharply at a distance from the center of the beam. The distance from the center in both coordinate directions is identified by an index pair ( ⁇ x , ⁇ y ).
- the SBSF 20 is a type of point or line image function, the point or the line actually corresponds to the ray.
- This SBSF 20 is attached with its center ( ⁇ x , ⁇ y ) - (0, 0) to the pixel (j, k) to a certain extent. So we get for each beam or pixel (j, k) is the SBSF with which this beam or pixel contributes to the total scattered radiation intensity distribution over the detector area; we refer to this article as AS:
- the scattered radiation distribution is relatively smooth because of the multiple scattering processes in the body that generate it and therefore has a low-frequency Fourier spectrum. In order to eliminate any high-frequency error components induced by the previous processing steps, a two-dimensional smoothing is recommended.
- Normalization is to be understood as the division by the 'intensity distribution Io (j, k) without a scattering object.
- Equation (# 9) results in a subtractive correction of scattered radiation:
- Equation (# 11) the corrections in Equation (# 11) and Equation (# 12) are only approximate and do not provide identical results. For S / T «l, however, (# 11) merges into (# 12).
- equations (# 11) and (# 12) the term S for the scattered radiation occurs on the right side, which in turn can be calculated by equation (# 9);
- equation (# 9) is defined by means of the (unknown) primary radiation P, which in turn occurs on the left side of equations (# 11) and (# 12) and is only to be calculated using one of these equations. ⁇ P therefore occurs both the left as well as the right side of equations (# 11) and (# 12).
- S in equation (# 9) we write for S in equation (# 9):
- the multiplicative correction method (# 15b) can be derived from a statistical estimation approach based on the maximum likelihood principle (ML).
- ML maximum likelihood principle
- S (P) the scatter operator
- CE FLOYD Improved image quality in digital mammography with image processing.
- the ML principle can in principle be used independently of the specific spreading model, in particular also in the spreading model described here.
- Bayes estimation methods are recommended, which result in algorithms that differ from equation (# 15b) by a stabilizing additional term on the right side. The effect of the additional term on the convergence speed, SNR as well as the compromise between noise and spatial resolution can be controlled by parameters.
- the (unscattered) primary beam that is, a mini-beam cone 27
- the detector pixel 9 If you do this one after the other for each detector pixel 9 and add up all the associated SBSFs 20, then you get the entire scattered radiation distribution in the event that the entire detector area is illuminated - and not just individual detector pixels 9.
- the parameters that are characteristic of the underlying mammography device 1 are defined: SID, air gap, anode material of the X-ray tube (and associated emission spectra), detector material, pre-filter materials (for example compression plates), and further parameters. Then comes the compression thickness H, the voltage, the spectral filters used and other variables, the voltage and possibly the spectral filters (thickness) being modified in general as a function of the compression thickness H in order to optimize the image quality.
- the parameter ⁇ which describes the tissue composition according to equation (# 2a), is varied between 0 (fat only) and 1 (glandular tissue only):
- the calculation using the proven Monte Carlo method yields a set of different ones SBSFs 20, with each ⁇ value being assigned an SBSF 20.
- the tissue thickness H is varied between> 0 and up to about 10 cm and a further set of SBSFs 20 is calculated for each H again.
- the voltage and the spectral filter can be varied, the variation being coupled with H or independently of H. In the latter case, however, there are many possible variations.
- the calculation can be continued for all parameter combinations.
- pixels which are approximately an order of magnitude larger are used for the calculation of the SBSFs 20 than the actual detector pixels 9 ( ⁇ 0.1 mm); this can be justified by the low-frequency Fourier spectrum of the spatial scattered radiation distribution.
- the method can be integrated into existing mammography devices without mechanical modification.
- model accuracy of the scattered radiation correction described here is in principle greater than that of the known (analytical) physical models, since a number of simplifying assumptions and approximations can be dispensed with.
- FFT fast Fourier transformation
- SBSF homogeneous location-dependent scattering beam spread functions 20
- the tissue distribution which is characterized by the proportion j, k) of glandular tissue along the beam leading from the source to the detector pixel, is at right angles to the beam, as shown in FIG. 4, that is to say parallel to the compression plates 5, continues unchanged homogeneously.
- the tissue composition does not change abruptly in the lateral vicinity of the beam. This is no longer true at the edge of the mamma, but special treatment could be carried out there.
- the actual location-dependent inhomogeneity of the tissue composition is taken into account by a gland tissue component a. (J ', k') which is specifically different for each pixel (j ', k') and a specific scattered radiation contribution which is dependent thereon.
- the SBSFs 20 are therefore typically different for each pixel.
- a common SBSF 20 is used for all pixels for each predetermined layer thickness and the other parameters, such as, for example, voltage and pre-filtering.
- SBSF 20 is chosen regardless of location. The selection can be made, for example, by suitable averaging over the tissue compositions that occur.
- ⁇ S in equations (# 7) and (# 9) then becomes independent of the pixel index (j, k); the double index (j, k) can be omitted, similar to the equations (# 16a) to (# 16c).
- a uniform convolution kernel (for all layer thicknesses) is used for the scatter radiation calculation.
- Scaling factors that depend on the layer thickness and other parameters, such as voltage and filtering, have to take into account the fact that relatively little scattered radiation arises with a small layer thickness than with a large layer thickness.
- the simplified exemplary embodiments la and lb share the property that the convolution models for the scattered radiation can be inverted using the Fourier transformation. Then one speaks of deconvolution.
- the exemplary embodiments described here differ from the conventional deconvolution methods by the use of one or more scatter-beam propagation functions 20 previously obtained with the aid of a Monte Carlo simulation.
- a publication by JA SEIBERT and JM BOONE X-ray scatter removal by deconvolution. In Med.Phys., Vol. 15, 1988, pages 567 to 575.
- P. ABBOTT and others Image deconvolution as an aid to mammographie artefact identification I: basic techniques.
- Proc. SPIE Vol. 3661, 1999, pages 698 to 709, which deals with deconvolution with regularization techniques for noise suppression.
- Another deconvolution process with thickness-dependent folding is, among others, in DG TROTTER:
- the method is carried out essentially as in exemplary embodiment 1, but the scatter-beam spreading functions 20 that have been calculated for an inhomogeneous medium are used.
- FIG. 5 shows, for example, the case in which a breast area 28 has a different composition than a surrounding breast area 29.
- the SBSF 20 depends not only on the tissue composition along the mini-beam cone 27, which is intended to focus on the detector pixel, but also on the tissue composition in the lateral one
- This exemplary embodiment therefore represents a generalization of the exemplary embodiments 1, 1a and 1b described above, since in this case the SBSFs 20 depend not only on a tissue parameter a, but also on a new surrounding tissue parameter ⁇ to be introduced. In this case, the breast SBSF Atlas 19 would have an additional dimension.
- the method described here can also be applied to the so-called dual energy method known to the person skilled in the art.
- dual-energy method which is mainly used in mammography or bone densiometry
- images are taken in parallel with two different energy spectra.
- the recordings with different energy spectra are accomplished by two different voltages and, if possible, also different spectral filterings, so that the spectral ranges effectively corresponding to the two measurements overlap as little as possible. pen.
- a tissue differentiation can then be achieved which is finer in comparison to a recording with an energy spectrum.
- the scattered radiation components must be eliminated as far as possible, since otherwise the artifacts induced by the scattered radiation components may be stronger than the actual tissue image.
- the proposed scattered radiation correction method can also be used in this context.
- the geometric parameters are the same for both recordings, but the spectral-dependent parameters are different.
- the correction is to be carried out for each of the two recordings according to the described scheme, with the only difference that different SBSFs 20 must be used according to the different spectra.
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US11/629,571 US7551716B2 (en) | 2004-06-16 | 2005-06-14 | Apparatus and method for scatter correction in projection radiography |
JP2007515949A JP2008502395A (ja) | 2004-06-16 | 2005-06-14 | 投影放射線撮影、特に***撮影における散乱放射線補正装置および方法 |
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DE102004029010.5 | 2004-06-16 | ||
DE102004029010A DE102004029010A1 (de) | 2004-06-16 | 2004-06-16 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren für die Streustrahlungskorrektur in der Projektionsradiographie, insbesondere der Mammographie |
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WO2019128731A1 (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2019-07-04 | Shenzhen United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd. | Systems and methods for scatter correction of image |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE102004029010A1 (de) | 2006-01-19 |
JP2008502395A (ja) | 2008-01-31 |
US20080013673A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
WO2005124683A3 (de) | 2006-08-03 |
US7551716B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 |
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