WO2005109189A1 - Procede et systeme pour la generation de disposition d'interface graphique, et progiciel associe - Google Patents

Procede et systeme pour la generation de disposition d'interface graphique, et progiciel associe Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005109189A1
WO2005109189A1 PCT/IB2004/001454 IB2004001454W WO2005109189A1 WO 2005109189 A1 WO2005109189 A1 WO 2005109189A1 IB 2004001454 W IB2004001454 W IB 2004001454W WO 2005109189 A1 WO2005109189 A1 WO 2005109189A1
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Prior art keywords
graphical elements
aimed
layout
moves
display area
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PCT/IB2004/001454
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English (en)
Inventor
Luca Buriano
Walter Laurent Goix
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Telecom Italia S.P.A.
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Priority to PCT/IB2004/001454 priority Critical patent/WO2005109189A1/fr
Publication of WO2005109189A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005109189A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F8/00—Arrangements for software engineering
    • G06F8/30—Creation or generation of source code
    • G06F8/38—Creation or generation of source code for implementing user interfaces

Definitions

  • the present invention deals with Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) , and in particular with a method and a system for dynamically generating a layout for a graphical interface.
  • GUI Graphical User Interfaces
  • GUI Graphical User Interfaces
  • GUI designers and software applications programmers do not know the size, geometric arrangement and graphical capabilities of final display devices or units that the user will use for interacting with the software application.
  • JFC Java Foundation Classes
  • the "Swing" graphical interfaces programming library includes different types of layout (for example: FlowLayout, GridLayout, GridBagLayout) , each one of which allowing realising specialised layouts to be used by GUIs that can be adapted to different display contexts.
  • each type of "Swing" layout is limited in managing only a specific set of GUI adaptation features: for example, the GridBagLayout type can flexibly resize a complex grid of graphical elements, but, for example, is not able to dynamically modify their row/column position in the grid itself, or their mutual alignment.
  • the Graduation thesis deals with the problem of how to fill- in a display area of an electronic newspaper with different fields containing newspaper articles, taken from a set of available articles.
  • the thesis author proposes a solution based on the optimisation technique known as "Simulated Annealing", searching for possible configurations of different fields positions in the display area and guiding the search process by means of a potential function for evaluating the validity of a chosen configuration.
  • This optimisation method allows the automation of many aspects of layout generation and frees the software application programmer from his responsibility of defining all details for the final adaptation of GUI layout.
  • the proposed optimisation method is rather heavy from the computational (and the processing time) point of view, requires an iterative acquisition of graphical elements and does not lend itself to be applied to the generic problem of generating a layout for GUIs since being addressed to a single display context.
  • the known system and method allow determining the available space on terminal and adapting the sizes of contents to be displayed if the space is insufficient. Synthetically, the applicant deems that the prior art does not solve the general problem of generating a layout for GUI in which there are numerous types of simple graphical elements and/or "widgets" (graphical display and user interaction elements) , a high number of graphical elements per page (also for simple layouts) and a complex set of constraints between graphical elements themselves.
  • Object of the invention therefore is proposing a dynamically generating method to be used by a software application of a GUI layout operating in different display contexts.
  • the method for generating GUI layouts when adapted to a specific display context, does not require the definition of GUI details by a programmer, but makes it possible to automatically manage the assignment and arrangement of graphical elements for every type of element and independently from the number of graphical elements being present .
  • objects of the invention are a method and a system for dynamically generating a Graphical User Interface layout having the features recalled in the independent claims.
  • the invention proposes a methodology for generating a GUI layout, in which a layout engine is adapted to dynamically perform the adaptation of the graphical elements presentation for a specific context of a display device (in particular, but not only, to the geometry of such specific device) .
  • the layout engine determines a better final GUI layout, through the search for an optimum layout transforming sequence .
  • the transformations belong to the following two categories: - Moves : these are actions that modify the spatial configuration of a group of graphical elements. They include simple transformations (such as, for example, a graphical element resizing) , and complex transformations (such as, for example, the execution of an existing layout generation method, for example the FlowLayout Swing method of the Java language) ; - Rules : these are moves that can be applied only if a predetermined set of conditions is satisfied by a group of graphical elements . The rules embed the knowledge of the expert designer in graphical interfaces about the usability of graphical elements.
  • the search for the optimum layout (namely the optimum sequence of Moves and Rules) is guided by the optimisation of a potential function for evaluating every examined layout solution, that takes into account the layout functionality and usability.
  • the method of the invention therefore joins together the advantages of an approach based on expert knowledge in realising a GUI (namely, a layout adaptation by applying predetermined rules) with those of an approach based on the optimisation of a potential function.
  • a GUI namely, a layout adaptation by applying predetermined rules
  • the only optimisation of a potential function would be heavy from the computational point of view in solving a generic problem of generating GUI layouts .
  • the use of Rules allows guiding the optimisation and speeding it, orienting the search process towards more promising directions.
  • the only use of Rules would generate some difficulties, among which the one of determining the order of application of a great number of rules to the layout, and the related one of solving the conflicts that arise from the existence of conflicting rules.
  • the optimisation process based on moves and rules and on the potential function solves the above-mentioned prior art problems, by allowing to obtain an optimum GUI layout in a quick and efficient way.
  • figure 1 shows a functional architecture of the system for dynamically generating GUI layouts according to the invention
  • figure 2 is a flow diagram of the method for dynamically generating GUI layouts according to the invention
  • figures 3a-3d are application examples of a method and a system object of the invention to a data inputting (form) GUI.
  • Figure 1 shows the functional architecture of a system for dynamically generating Graphic User Interface layouts according to the invention.
  • GUI is aimed to be used on a final display device (not shown) that a user uses for interacting with a software application, both in case of an application provided on a local or geographic communication network, for example residing on a network server, or in case of an application residing on the same processing device provided with the display device .
  • a layout generation module (or layout engine) for Graphical User Interface is designated with 10.
  • Module 10 comprises a processing and computing program or group of processing and computing programs that realize the method according to the invention; such programs or modules can be executed on a processing system such as, for example, a server of a services centre of a network applications provider (for example an Internet Service Provider) .
  • a network applications provider for example an Internet Service Provider
  • the software application has associated therewith, or comprises, the module 10 for dynamically generating GUI layouts and a set of databases (12, 14, 16, 18) as described below.
  • the application is aimed to provide the module 10, depending on data to be displayed, with a set of information that are dynamically built or are found from databases.
  • the application provides the module 10 ( Figure 1) , every time, with such a pointer to allow the engine 10 to find from the databases all information to be used for generating the GUI layout.
  • Information databases to which the module 10 for example refers comprise, for example: a first input database 12 comprising a collection of graphical elements to be represented; a second input database 14 comprising a collection of information, such as for example constraints, rules, moves and potentials representing the relationships between graphical elements in a single displaying context, as it will be better described below; a third input database 16 comprising a collection of information, such as for example constraints, rules, moves and potentials representing the specific relationships between the graphical elements related to sets of display contexts, as it will be better described below; and a fourth database 18 of information on the display device, comprising a collection of information related to the display area and the widgets available on the display device for which the GUI layout must be generated.
  • the logically distinct input databases 12-18 represent collections of statically or dynamically generated data, coming from one or more sources, that can be defined both externally and internally to the layout generation module 10, some information being able to be automatically inferred or automatically generated by the above module even if not explicitly defined.
  • databases are externally defined, such databases are, for example, files that are part of the application itself or databases associated with the application or residing on the processing system or device.
  • the first three input databases (12, 14, 16) can be defined through a single file, written in a XML type of language, while the database 18, related to the display device, can be extracted from a database or from protocol information transmitted by the user device to the server through a standard protocol such as the HTTP protocol .
  • the HTTP connection protocol can comprise in its header information about characteristics, for example geometric ones, of the display device or the application run by the user terminal .
  • the layout generation module 10 is adapted to provide as output, after suitable processing, as will be described below in detail, an optimised geometric layout, specifically generated for the display device, to a graphic presentation module or GUI module 20.
  • the databases comprise, for example, the following pieces of information.
  • the display area is the graphic interface area on which all elements of the interface (defined below) lay, and can be acquired from the information data base 18 on the display device .
  • a display area is defined by: - a geometric shape (for example the rectangular shape commonly used for graphic interface display areas) ; - a set of geometric parameters (for example, display area size, namely width and height if it is rectangular) ; - a visible display area; this is a smaller display area that can move like a window on a wider display area, in the simplest case coinciding with the actual display area (for example a display area of a web browser that encloses a whole web page typically contains a smaller visible display area corresponding to the visible portion of the web page, that can be moved on the whole page through scrollbars) ; - a structure of pages, namely a sub-division of the display area into a fixed or variable number of pages, namely smaller display areas (in the simplest case the display area has a structure of pages limited to a single page) .
  • a geometric shape for example the rectangular shape commonly used for graphic interface display areas
  • - a set of geometric parameters for example, display area size, namely width
  • Graphical elements are the minimum abstract entities managed by the layout generation method of the invention, whose data can be acquired from the input database 12.
  • Every graphical element includes a universal or neutral representation of parameters and attributes of the element or element "model”, independently from the destination display device.
  • Graphical elements are subjected to constraints that limit the possible positions and sizes on the display area and with respect to other elements, in addition to possible intrinsic constraints (for example the minimum size) .
  • Data related to constraints can be acquired from input databases 14 and 16, depending on what is required by the application or by the module 10.
  • constraints include, for example: - ordering constraints, that determine a spatial ordering of widgets on the display area (for example, a "OK" button must appear at the end of a data entry form, a title label must appear at the beginning of the form, a group of three text entry fields "First Name", "Last Name” and “Age” can appear in any position in the form, but only in a predefined order) ; - adjacency constraints, that constrain two or more elements of the interface to be represented next to each other (for example a check button must appear near the corresponding label, horizontally or vertically but not diagonally) ; - size constraints, that impose limits to a widget size (for example, the width of a button must be included between 50 pixels and 200 pixels, the width of a text field must be at least equal to a number of pixels corresponding to ten times the number of field characters) ; - overlapping constraints, that impose a policy of space overlapping to elements of the interface (for example, widgets must not overlap) ;
  • a move is an action that modifies position and/or geometric parameters of one or more elements of the GUI interface.
  • Data related to moves can also be acquired from input databases 14 and 16, depending on what is required by the application or by the module 10.
  • a set of moves is adapted to transform a GUI layout into another layout, changing the geometric configuration of the graphical elements, as will be described in detail below. Moves can be explicitly defined and can be set as preferred moves or moves having precedence with respect to other moves attempted by the layout generation module 10.
  • the types of moves include, for example: - position modifying moves, that change the position of an element on the display area or the relative position of two or more elements (for example, the horizontal movement of a button on the display area by 100 pixels, the horizontal centring of a button on the display area, the movement of two horizontally aligned buttons in order to be vertically aligned, transforming a 4x2 grid of pairs of label field - text field into a 2x4 grid) ; - size varying moves, that modify the size of one or more elements (for example, widening of a text field by 30%, reducing a button till its adaptation to the display area) ; - alignment moves, that modify position and/or size of one or more elements, so that they are taken to alignment (for example, vertically align, both on the right and on the left, a group of text fields, vertically align on the left a button with the same group of text fields) ; - pagination moves, that divide the display area into different pages (minor display areas) and assign the elements to
  • a rule is a structure composed of a set of conditions and of an action (set of moves) .
  • Data related to rules can also be acquired from input databases 14 and 16, depending on what is required by application or module 10.
  • a rule specifies that all action moves can be performed only if all conditions defined in the set of conditions are satisfied.
  • action move: arrange the group of widgets on two columns ⁇ if (condi tion) there are two nearby pairs of checkbox-label then (action) move 1 : arrange the two pairs one above the other move 2 : vertically align the two checkboxes move 3: vertically align the two labels
  • rules can be divided into: - mandatory rules : if the set of conditions is satisfied, the action MUST be executed; - exploring rules: if the set of conditions is satisfied, the action CAN be executed; the actual action execution then depends on the optimisation process, as will be described in detail below.
  • a potential or potential function is a function that allows performing a quantitative evaluation of the validity of a specific layout. This function can be used in an optimisation context to evaluate and assign a score to alternative layouts in order to be able to select the best one, namely the one having, conventionally in the following description, the lowest score.
  • a potential function can be decomposed into a set of components of a global potential, in which each potential component can be represented with a potential function and is responsible for the assignment of a score to some specific layout characteristics.
  • Data related to potentials can also be acquired from input databases 14 and 16, depending on what is required by the application or module 10.
  • the same layout can be favourably evaluated by some potential components, whilst it can be unfavourably evaluated by other components.
  • a layout that is favourably evaluated by the magnetisation potential could not be very compact and therefore be unfavourably evaluated by the compactness potential.
  • a rather compact layout with reduced sizes will be favourably evaluated by the compactness potential and by the sliding potential, but could excessively compress the width of all widgets, and thereby be unfavourably evaluated by the size potential.
  • the method according to the invention optimises a global layout potential, which determines a compromise among all potential components.
  • the potential components can be conveniently weighed in a global potential formula.
  • non-linear potential functions can be provided .
  • the GUI layout includes, for example: - a display area with a set of values identifying all related geometric parameters; and - a set of graphical elements, including for each graphical element of the set a set of values related to position and geometric parameters.
  • the generated GUI layout is a specific geometric configuration of a set of graphical elements on a display area.
  • the embodiment example of the invention that follows refers to a GUI presentation on a device, for example a communications network device, by a data entry (form) application.
  • the layout generation module 10 receives interface-related information through a document of the XML type, however realised.
  • the ⁇ GEs> section allows defining the list of elements of the interface to be displayed (in this case a title, four entry fields with their respective labels and two buttons) :
  • the ⁇ Constraints> section allows defining the constraints that must be observed by the elements of the interface .
  • the ⁇ Ordering> sub- section allows specifying the displaying order of the graphical elements (elements of the GUI interface) :
  • Each constraint ⁇ Next-to> in the ⁇ Proximity> sub-section allows specifying that two elements of the interface must be displayed one near the other (namely one above the other, or one on the left of the other) .
  • the ⁇ Moves> section allows specifying the available moves by the layout generation module for the interested interface. ⁇ Moves >
  • the "one_row” move allows aligning a group of widgets exactly along one row.
  • the "in_rule” value of the "usage” parameter allows specifying that this move can be used only as action of a rule, namely it cannot be applied for itself.
  • the ⁇ Rules> section allows specifying the rules available for the layout generation module for the present interface (under process GUI interface) .
  • the "One_row_l_t” rule allows verifying whether a group of widgets has an alternating pattern of labels and text fields ( ⁇ Condition>) and, if this is the case, applies the above- defined “one_row” move aligning the group of widgets exactly along one row ( ⁇ Action>) :
  • the ⁇ Potential> section allows specifying the potential components and the global potential used by the layout generation module to apply the optimisation process to the present interface.
  • the "VScroll" potential component allows measuring the amount of vertical scrolling necessary for a user of the graphic interface to see all elements of the interface of a given layout .
  • the "GE" value of the "measure” parameter allows specifying, for a given layout, that the value of such component is equal to the number of elements of the interface outside of the vertical border of the visible display area:
  • the "GE" value of the "measure " parameter allows specifying, for a given layout , that the value of such component is equal to the number of elements of the interface outside of the horizontal border of the visible display area :
  • the “Global_potential " potential is defined as the weighed sum of "HScroll " and "Vscroll” components .
  • the "minimize" value of the " task” parameter allows specifying that the layout generation module will search layouts that minimise such potential , namely the lower the global potential value related to a given layout , the better the layout itself will be considered .
  • the layout generation module 10 is invoked by the application that contains it or to which it is associated every time it has to display data on a certain display device.
  • the module 10 collects the following input data, respectively from one or more above-described databases 12, 14, 16, 18, such as, for example: - a list of graphical elements adapted to compose the graphic user interface; - information about the specific graphic user interface to be displayed, such as for example the specific relationships between the elements of the interface; - information related to all application interfaces that can be displayed; and - information related to display area and widgets available on the display device for which the graphic user interface must be generated.
  • These input data define, the transforming capability of layouts available to the layout generation module 10, which uses them for performing the method of the invention and providing the graphic presentation module 20 with the optimum layout for GUI .
  • the method comprises the operations performed by the module 10 and described herein below.
  • step 100 input data are acquired, that are comprised, according to the present embodiment, of a determined set of information.
  • Such information comprise, for example, the list of graphical elements, the definition of the constraints, of the moves, of the rules and potentials, and the definition of the additional constraints for the graphical elements imposed by the display device.
  • step 200 an initial layout L(0) is generated, compatible with the above-stated constraints.
  • step 300 the layout optimisation procedure is started by building an initial set of sequences of actions, containing a single empty sequence of actions and an initial empty set of fitness values.
  • a sequence of actions is a sequence of moves, exploring rules and mandatory rules .
  • Step 400 performs the transformation of the set of sequences of actions , according to at least one of the following operations : - adding new empty sequences to the set ; - deleting existing sequences from the set; or - modifying existing sequences.
  • modification of an existing sequence of actions can be obtained through one of the following operations.
  • Moves can be deleted only: if the resulting sequence of actions, applied to the initial layout L(0), generates a layout compatible with the constraints; if all moves in the sequence Sj after the deletion operation can still be applied.
  • Exploring rules can be inserted only if: the resulting sequence of actions, applied to the initial layout L(0), generates a layout compatible with the constraints; if all moves in the sequence Sj after the insertion operation can still be applied; if the sub-sequence defined from the beginning of the sequence to the insertion point, applied to initial layout
  • L(0) generates a layout in which the set of conditions of the inserted rule is valid (in other words, as can be expected, an exploring rule can be added only in a point in which its own pre-requisites are satisfied) ; if the set of conditions of all exploring rules in the sequence Sj after the insertion operation are still valid after the insertion (otherwise some of the above rules would become unable to be applied) .
  • Exploring rules can be deleted only if : the resulting sequence of actions, applied to initial layout L(0), generates a layout compatible with constraints; if all moves in the sequence Sj after the deletion operation can still be applied after deletion; if the sets of conditions of all exploring rules in the sequence Sj after the deletion operation are still valid after the deletion operation (otherwise some of the above rules would be unable to be applied) .
  • a strategy of the evolutionary type would modify the sequence of actions with casual insertion and deletion of elements and would create new sequences of actions by duplication and crossover of existing sequences.
  • a "hill-climbing" search strategy (limited to the rules) would start with the single empty sequence of actions and would systematically create all sequences of actions that can be obtained by adding a different applicable rule.
  • step 600 the number b of the best sequences of actions in the set of . sequences of actions and the corresponding best b fitness values in the set of fitness values are selected and kept, discarding the other sequences and the other values .
  • step 700 a check is made about the satisfaction of the optimisation conclusion criterion.
  • Examples of conclusion criteria are: one of values Gj is lower than a predefined threshold; the difference in absolute value between the best Gj of the current iteration and the best Gj of the previous iteration is lower than a predefined threshold or within a predefined interval; a predefined maximum number of iterations has been performed; a predefined interval of time has elapsed.
  • the conclusion criterion can be determined both by the software application and by the module 10.
  • the optimisation cycle is continued returning to step 400. If one of the conclusion criteria is satisfied, the best sequence of actions is applied to the initial layout L(0) and the resulting layout is considered as the final result of the described method.
  • the example deals with a data entry form on a mobile device; in particular, the Graphic User Interface or GUI must be displayed on the visible display area of the mobile device shown in figure 3a and that can be made horizontally and vertically slide on a wider display area.
  • GUI Graphic User Interface
  • modules and databases involved in the layout generation are partly residing on the mobile device and partly residing on a remote server, for example of the HTTP type, associated with a radio-mobile device. More precisely, on the mobile devicethere are the layout presentation module 20 and the information database on the display area 18 representing the device characteristics, while on the remote server there are the layout generation module 10 and, as XML documents as previously described, the information databases about graphical elements 12, 14 and 16 and the relationships between them.
  • Mobile device and remote server mutually communicate through the radio-mobile communication network.
  • the mobile application user requests the display of the data entry form on the mobile terminal .
  • the mobile application receives [extracts] from the database 18 all information related to the display area and sends to the remote server, through the communication network, a http protocol message that contains the display request of the data entry form and information received (extracted) from the database 18.
  • the remote server receives the http protocol message and provides the layout generation module 10 with received information related to the display area.
  • the layout generation module 10 receives from databases 12, 14 and 16, as XML documents as previously described, the list of graphical elements related to- the data entry form requested by the user and information about relationships between graphical elements .
  • the layout generation module 10 uses a rather simple optimisation strategy, trying to apply all available rules that can be applied (namely the two rules defined in the above recalled XML file) , one at a time, and choosing the rule that determines the layout with the smallest global potential value.
  • the layout generation module takes first into account the initial layout in figure 3b.
  • the potential component "HScroll” is equal to 0 (the number of elements of the interface outside the horizontal border of this configuration is in fact equal to 0), while the potential component “VScroll” value is equal to 3 (the number of elements outside the vertical border is in fact equal to 3) .
  • the layout generation module tries then to apply the "One_row_l_t " rule to the initial layout.
  • the potential component "HScroll” is equal to 5 (the number of elements of the interface outside the horizontal border of this configuration being in fact equal to 5)
  • the potential component "VScroll” value is equal to 0 (the number of elements of the interface outside the vertical border being in fact equal to 0) .
  • the layout generation module then tries to apply the "Two_cols_l_t" rule to the initial layout.
  • Hcroll and VScroll are equal to 0 (the number of elements of the interface outside horizontal and vertical borders for the present configuration is in fact equal to 0) .
  • the obtained layout has the lowest global potential value (value 0) . Therefore, this layout will be selected as the optimum one.
  • the optimum layout is then sent through the radio-mobile communication network from the layout generation module 10 on the remote server to the layout presentation module 20 on the mobile device, which takes care of displaying the data entry form on the mobile device display.
  • the method of the invention can be extended to the creation and optimisation of layouts for three- dimensional user graphical interfaces. This is important, for example, for devices of the virtual reality type or holographic display devices.
  • the essential characteristics of the above-discussed method can also be applied in a 3D environment, with the following differences.
  • the 3D display areas will replace the 2D display areas, the elements of the interface will have a three- dimensional shape, moves and rules will manage layout transformations in the 3D space, subjected to three- dimensional constraints, and the optimisation process will be applied, similarly to what has already been described, following the definition of a potential in the three- dimensional space.
  • the method can further be extended to the creation and optimisation of layouts for graphical displays different from graphical user interfaces, such as for example document paging, technical diagrams, etc., in addition to the management of some not merely geometric characteristics related to graphic user interfaces layouts, such as for example text formatting, text font setting, line tracing styles, etc.
  • the layout generation system for a graphical interface has been described as a set of programs, but could be realised also through any physical computational device, such as for example an integrated circuit that performs the previously- described logic functions for the system.

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Abstract

La présente invention a trait à un procédé et un système pour la génération dynamique de la disposition pour une interface graphique ou d'une application destinée à être présentée dans un contexte d'affichage destinataire, par exemple via un réseau de communications. L'invention se caractérise en ce que le procédé comprend un agencement d'un ensemble (12) d'éléments graphiques pour une interface graphique, comprenant la représentation desdits éléments indépendamment du contexte d'affichage destinataire, suivi de l'optimisation de la configuration dépendant du contexte final d'affichage, notamment par la sélection desdits éléments de l'interface selon ledit contexte d'affichage et l'application d'une séquence de transformations (400) à partir de la configuration de disposition initiale, en vue d'optimiser le degré d'adaptation d'une telle configuration. L'invention a également trait à un ensemble de modules destiné à la création d'une disposition pour une interface graphique, ainsi qu'à un réseau de communications et un programme ou ensemble de programmes pouvant être exécuté par le système, pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention.
PCT/IB2004/001454 2004-05-07 2004-05-07 Procede et systeme pour la generation de disposition d'interface graphique, et progiciel associe WO2005109189A1 (fr)

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Cited By (3)

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EP2833260A1 (fr) * 2013-08-02 2015-02-04 Alcatel Lucent Procédé et système de génération de présentation d'interface utilisateur graphique et produit de programme informatique
CN114296857A (zh) * 2021-12-29 2022-04-08 北京五八信息技术有限公司 界面的调整方法、装置、电子设备及可读介质
CN114995814A (zh) * 2022-06-07 2022-09-02 重庆大学 一种应用***工程化智能视图布局的方法与装置

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