Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compositions useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
• the invention further relates to methods of using such compositions to treat subjects, including humans, suffering from Alzheimer's Disease.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• AD Alzheimer's Association
• Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is manifested by cognitive declines in learning and memory. It is accompanied by diffuse structural abnormalities in the brain.
• a growing body of evidence suggests that beta amyloid (A ⁇ ) plays an important role in this multifactorial degenerative process (De Strooper B and Annaert W. Proteolytic processing and cell biological functions of the amyloid precursor protein. J Cell Sci, 113:1857-1870; 2000).
• Emmerling MR Emmerling MR, Spiegel K,
• AD Alzheimer's disease at the Millennium. Emerging Drugs, 4:35-86; 1999), they described AD as "...no longer viewed solely as a disease of neurotransmitter deficits or amyloid deposition. Rather, it is a combination of events (amyloidosis, neurofibrillary pathology, inflammation, oxidative stress and cerebral vascular insufficiency) that conspire to produce this dementia.” Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are known to be useful in the treatment of AD.
• acetylcholine esterase inhibitors examples include donepezil (Aricept ® ), tacrine (Cognex ® ), rivastigmine (Exelon ® ) and galantamine (Reminyl).
• Aricept ® is disclosed in the following U.S. patents, all of which are fully incorporated herein by reference: 4,895,841, 5,985,864, 6,140,321, 6,245,911 and 6,372,760.
• Exelon ® is disclosed in U.S. Patent ⁇ os. 4,948,807 and 5,602,176 which are fully incorporated herein by reference.
• Cognex ® is disclosed in U.S. Patent ⁇ os. 4,631,286 and 4,816,456 (fully incorporated herein by reference). Remynil ® is disclosed in U.S. Patent ⁇ os.
• Cholesterol may play an important role in the development and progression of AD.
• the synthesis and secretion of various lipid particles occurs differentially in the periphery and the brain.
• further research is needed to understand the potentially critical role of transport and metabolism of lipid particles both in the periphery and the brain in AD (Beisiegel U and Spector AA. Lipids and lipoproteins in the brain. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 12:243- 244; 2001).
• Cholesterol modulates the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and associated A ⁇ production as demonstrated through in vitro and animal model studies (Emmerling MR, Spiegel K, Hall ED, LeNine H, Walker LC, Schwarz RD and Gracon S. Emerging strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease at the Millennium. Emerging Drugs, 4:35-86; 1999).
• Excess cholesterol in culture or animal diet results in an increase in processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and production of A ⁇ .
• Removing cholesterol from culture or animal diets results in a reduction in the processing of APP and production of A ⁇ (Bergmann C, Runz H, Jakala P and Hartmann T.
• statins inhibit de novo synthesis by blocking a critical step in the pathway, conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Lowering cholesterol through HMG- CoA-reductase inhibitors, known as statins, has a similar effect on the processing of APP and the production of A ⁇ (Austen BM, Frears ER and Davies H.
• Additional risk factors include smoking, body mass, blood pressure, and lipid values. However, as the disease progresses, the relative importance of these risk factors may change (Corti MC, Guralnik JM, Salive ME, Harris T, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Havlik RJ. Clarifying the direct relation between total cholesterol levels and death from coronary heart disease in older persons. Ann Intern Med, 126:753-
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• Atorvastatin is a member of the statin class of lipid regulators for use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
• Other statins include lovastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the present invention further provides a method for treating a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for treating a mammal which has been diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer's Disease or the risk of Alzheimer's
• a method for treating or preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal which has been examined for Alzheimer's Disease by a medical practitioner and diagnosed as in need of therapy for said Alzheimer's Disease by the joint administration of the active ingredients designated as (a) and (b) below, which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient
• kits for acheiving a therapeutic effect in a mammal comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a first unit dosage form; a therapeutically effective amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a second unit dosage form; and container means for containing said first and second dosage forms.
• first pharmaceutical composition for use with a second pharmaceutical compostion for achieving an Alzheimer's Disease- modifying effect in a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease, which Alzheimer's Disease-modifying effect is greater than the sum of the effects achieved by administering said first and second pharmaceutical compositions separately wherein said first pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, and wherein said second pharmaceutical composition comprises and an amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an amount of a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for treating a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mamrnal comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for treating a mammal which has been diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer's Disease or the risk of Alzheimer's Disease, which would benefit from therapy by the combined administration of both (a) and (b) below, and therefore administration of both (a) and (b) has been prescribed which comprises administering to said mammal so diagnosed and prescribed an amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for treating or preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal which has been examined for Alzheimer's Disease by a medical practitioner and diagnosed as in need of therapy for said Alzheimer's Disease by the joint administration of the active ingredients designated as (a) and
• kits for acheiving a therapeutic effect in a mammal comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a first unit dosage form; a therapeutically effective amount of a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a second unit dosage form; and container means for containing said first and second dosage forms.
• a first pharmaceutical composition for use with a second pharmaceutical composition for achieving an Alzheimer's Disease- modifying effect in a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease which
• Alzheimer's Disease-modifying effect is greater than the sum of the effects achieved by administering said first and second pharmaceutical compositions separately wherein said first pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, and wherein said second pharmaceutical composition comprises and an amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for treating a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for treating a mammal which has been diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer's Disease or the risk of Alzheimer's Disease, which would benefit from therapy by the combined administration of both (a) and (b) below, and therefore administration of both (a) and (b) has been prescribed which comprises administering to said mammal so diagnosed and prescribed, an amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for treating Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal which has been examined for Alzheimer's Disease by a medical practitioner and diagnosed as in need of therapy for said Alzheimer's Disease by the joint administration of the active ingredients designated as (a) and (b) below, which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being atorvastatin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• kits for acheiving a therapeutic effect in a mammal comprising a therapeutically effective amount of donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a first unit dosage form; a therapeutically effective amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a second unit dosage form; and container means for containing said first and second dosage forms.
• first pharmaceutical composition for use with a second pharmaceutical compostion for achieving an Alzheimer's Disease- modifying effect in a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease, which Alzheimer's Disease-modifying effect is greater than the sum of the effects achieved by administering said first and second pharmaceutical compositions separately wherein said first pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, and wherein said second pharmaceutical composition comprises and an amount of donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the above composition comprising the hemicalcium salt of atorvastatin.
• the above composition comprising from about 0.2 mg. to about 20 mg. of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 5 mg. to about 80 mg. of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a fixed combination selected from the group consisting of: atorvastatin calcium, 5 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 10 mg active; atorvastatin calcium,
• a method for treating a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for treating a mammal which has been diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer's Disease or the risk of Alzheimer's Disease, which would benefit from therapy by the combined administration of both (a) and (b) below, and therefore administration of both (a) and (b) has been prescribed which comprises administering to said mammal so diagnosed and prescribed an amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for treating or preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal which has been examined for Alzheimer's Disease by a medical practitioner and diagnosed as in need of therapy for said Alzheimer's Disease by the joint administration of the active ingredients designated as (a)
• kits for acheiving a therapeutic effect in a mamn al comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a first unit dosage form; a therapeutically effective amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a second unit dosage form; and container means for containing said first and second dosage forms.
• a first pharmaceutical composition for use with a second pb-armaceutical compostion for achieving an Alzheimer's Disease- modifying effect in a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease which
• Alzheimer's Disease-modifying effect is greater than the sum of the effects achieved " by administering said first and second pharmaceutical compositions separately wherein said first pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, and wherein said second pharmaceutical composition comprises and an amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for stabilizing symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal requiring stabilization comprising administering to said mammal a stabilizing amount of the above-described pharmaceutical composition. Further provided is the method wherein said stabilization is assessed by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog).
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an amount of a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Further provided is the above pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 0.2 mg. to about 20 mg. of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 5 mg. to about 80 mg. of a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• composition comprising a fixed combination selected from the group consisting of: a statin, 5 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 10 mg active; a statin, 10 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 10 mg active; a statin, 20 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 10 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 40 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 10 mg active; a statin, 80 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 10 mg active; a statin, 5 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 5 mg active; a statin, 10 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 5 g active; a statin, 20 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 5 mg active; a statin, 40 mg active and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, 5 mg active; and a statin,
• a method for treating a mammal suffering from Alzheimer's Disease comprising administering to said mammaka therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for treating a mammal which has been diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer's Disease or the risk of Alzheimer's Disease, which would benefit from therapy by the combined administration of both (a) and (b) below, and therefore administration of both (a) and (b) has been prescribed which comprises administering to said mammal so diagnosed and prescribed an amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for treating or preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal which has been examined for Alzheimer's Disease by a medical practitioner and diagnosed as in need of therapy for said Alzheimer's Disease by the joint administration of the active ingredients designated as (a) and (b) below, which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being a statin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• kits for acheiving a therapeutic effect in a mammal comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically ac ⁇ eptable carrier or diluent in a first unit dosage form; a therapeutically effective amount of a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a second unit dosage form; and container means for containing said first and second dosage forms.
• a first pharmaceutical composition for use with a second pharmaceutical composition for achieving an Alzheimer's Disease- modifying effect in a mammal suffering from Alzheimer' s Disease which
• Alzheimer's Disease-modifying effect is greater than the sum of the effects achieved by administering said first and second pharmaceutical compositions separately wherein said first pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of a statin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, and wherein said second pharmaceutical composition comprises and an am unt of an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for stabilizing symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal requiring stabilization comprising administering to said mammal a stabilizing amount of the above-described pharmaceutical composition. Further provided is the above method wherein said stabilization is assessed by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog).
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the hemicalcium salt of atorvastatin.
• the composition comprising donepezil HCI.
• the above pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 0.2 mg. to about 20 mg. of donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and about 5 mg. to about 80 mg.
• atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprising a fixed combination selected from the group consisting of atorvastatin calcium, 5 mg active and donepezil, 10 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 10 mg active and donepezil, 10 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 20 mg active and donepezil, 10 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 40 mg active and donepezil, 10 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 80 mg active and donepezil, 10 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 5 mg active and donepezil, 5 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 10 mg active and donepezil, 5 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 20 mg active and donepezil, 5 mg active; atorvastatin calcium, 40 mg active and donepezil, 5 mg active; and atorvastatin calcium, 80 mg active and donepezil, 5 mg active. Further provided is a method for treating a mammal suffering from
• Alzheimer's Disease comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a method for preventing Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound, said first compound being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound, said second compound being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the above method comprising the hemicalcium salt of atorvastatin.
• the method comprising donepezil HCI.
• a method for treating a mammal which has been diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer's Disease or the risk of Alzheimer's Disease, which would benefit from therapy by the combined administration of both (a) and (b) below, and therefore administration of both (a) and (b) has been prescribed which comprises administering to said mammal so diagnosed and prescribed an amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and an amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the active ingredient (b) is the hemicalcium salt of atorvastatin. Further provided is the method wherein the active ingredient (a) is donepezil HCI. Further provided is a method for treating Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal which has been examined for Alzheimer's Disease by a medical practitioner and diagnosed as in need of therapy for said Alzheimer's Disease by the joint administration of the active ingredients designated as (a) and (b) below, which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a first active ingredient (a), said first active ingredient (a) being donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient (b), said second active ingredient (b) being atorvastatin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein said first active ingredient (a) and said second active ingredient (b) are administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the active ingredient (b) is the hemicalcium salt of atorvastatin.
• the active ingredient (a) is donepezil HCI.
• a kit for acheiving a therapeutic effect in a mammal comprising a therapeutically effective amount of donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a first unit dosage form; a therapeutically effective amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in a second unit dosage form; and container means for containing said first and second dosage forms.
• a first pharmaceutical composition for use with a second pharmaceutical compostion for achieving an Alzheimer's Disease- modifying effect in a mammal suffering from Alz-heimer's Disease which
• Alzheimer's Disease-modifying effect is greater than the sum of the effects achieved by administering said first and second p-harmaceutical compositions separately wherein said first pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of atorvastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, and wherein said second pharmaceutical composition comprises and an amount of donepezil or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method for stabilizing symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in a mammal requiring stabilization comprising administering to said mammal a stabilizing amount of the above-described pharmaceutical composition. Further provided is the above method wherein said stabilization is assessed by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-C nitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog).
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-C nitive Subscale
• One embodiment of the present invention is an improved method for stabilizing symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in a mammal in need of stabilization comprising administering atorvastatin plus the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, which is improved over treatment with a donepezil alone, as measured by cognition and global function, in particular as assessed by the Alzheimer's
• a further embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical formulation of combined statin, for example, atorvastatin plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (for example, donepezil) having an AD-disease-modifying effect.
• statin for example, atorvastatin plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (for example, donepezil) having an AD-disease-modifying effect.
• a further embodiment of this invention is a pharmaceutical formulation of a combination of a statin, for example, atorvastatin, plus an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, for example, donepezil, that siginificantly slows the progression and reduces the deterioration of Alzheimer's Disease.
• Combined treatment means administering a statin, for example, atorvastatin and an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, for example, donepezil together in a single pharmaceutical compositon with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• “Alzheimer's Disease modifying effect” or “stabilization” as used herein means no further decline in AD symptoms in a mammal suffering from AD.
• Alzheimer's Disease stabilizing amount as used herein means the dosage required to achieve such stabilization of AD symptioms in such mammal.
• Other clinical measures of AD as well as the disease-modifying effects of an AD treatment regime include the following: behavior, as measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI); general cognitive status, as measured by the NPI.
• MMSE Mini Mental Status Examination
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• peripheral biomarkers of AD specifically plasma levels of ⁇ -amyloid peptide (A ⁇ l-40, A ⁇ l-42), cerebrosterol (24S- hydroxycholesterol), and S 100b provide indication of disease-modifying effects of an AD treatment regime. Evidence of disease modification is demonstrated by differences between treatment groups in these measures.
• the term "patient” means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits.
• a "therapeutically effective amount” is an amount of a compound of the present invention that when administered to a patient ameliorates a symptom of
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to the relatively non- toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like.
• alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like
• non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like.
• the free base form may be regenerated b contacting the salt form with a base. While the free base may differ from the salt form in terms of physical properties, such as solubility, the salts are equivalent to their respective free bases for the purposes of the present invention.
• the compositions of the present invention are suitable to be administered to a patient for the treatment, control, or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.
• treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, or inhibiting the progress of the disease or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disease or condition.
• these terms also encompass, depending on the condition of the patient, preventing the onset of a disease or condition or of symptoms associated with a disease or condition, including reducing the severity of a disease or condition or symptoms associated therewith prior to affliction with said disease or condition. Such prevention or reduction prior to affliction refers to administration of the compound of the invention to a subject that is not at the time of administration afflicted with the disease or condition. "Preventing” also encompasses preventing the recurrence of a disease or condition or of symptoms associated therewith.
• compositions of the present invention can be administered to a patient alone or as part of a composition that contains other components such as excipients, diluents, and carriers, all of which are well-known in the art.
• the compositions can be administered to humans and animals either orally, rectally, parenterally (intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously), intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, intravesically, locally (powders, ointments, or drops), or as a buccal or nasal spray.
• compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions- suspensions or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
• suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
• the active compound is admixed with at least one inert customary excipient (or carrier) such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate or
• fillers or extenders as for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid
• binders as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin, polyvinylpynolidone, sucrose, and acacia
• humectants as for example, glycerol
• disintegrating agents as for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complex silicates, and sodium carbonate
• solution retarders as for example paraffin
• absorption accelerators as for example, quaternary ammonium compounds
• wetting agents as for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate
• wetting agents as for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate
• wetting agents as
• the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycols, and the like.
• Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others well- known in the art. They may contain opacifying agents, and can also be of such composition that they release the active compound or compounds in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used are polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethyleneglycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate,
• the composition can also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
• compositions for rectal administrations are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of the present invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
• suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
• Dosage forms for topical administration of this invention include ointments, powders, sprays, and inhalants.
• the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a physiologically acceptable carrier and any preservatives, buffers, or propellants as may be required.
• statins are administered in the following dosage amounts: simvastatin, generally about 2.5 mg to about 160 mg and preferably about 10 mg to about 40 mg; pravastatin, generally about 2.5 mg to about 160 mg and preferably about 10 mg to about 40 mg; cerivastatin, generally about 25 micrograms to about 5 mg and preferably about 1 mg to about 3.2 mg; fluvastatin, generally about 2.5 mg to about 160 mg and preferably about 20 mg to about 80 mg; lovastain, generally about 2.5 mg to about 160 mg and preferably about 10 mg to about 80 mg; and atorvastatin, generally about 2.5 mg to about 160 mg and preferably about 10 mg to about 80 mg.
• the specific dosage used can vary.
• the dosage can depend on a numbers of factors including the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the pharmacological activity of the compound being used.
• the determination of optimum dosages for a particular patient is well-known to those skilled in the art.
• Methods of preparing various pharmaceutical compositions with a certain amount of active ingredient are known, or will be apparent in light of this disclosure, to those skilled in this art.
• For examples of methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easter, Pa., 15 th Edition (1975).
• the present invention has an aspect that related to the treatment of the disease/conditions described herein with a combination of active ingredients which may be administered separately, the invention also relates to combining separate pharmaceutical compositions in kit form.
• the kit comprises two separate pharmaceutical compositins: a compound of the present inventino, a prodrug thereof or a salt of such compound or prodrug and a second compound as described above.
• the kit comprises means for containing the separate compositions such as a container, a divided bottle or a divided foil packet.
• the kit comprises directions for the administration of the separate components.
• kits form is particularly advantageous when the separate components are preferably administered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral and parenteral), are administered at different dosage intervals, or when titration of the individual components of the combination is desired by the prescribing physician.
• An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack.
• Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparetn plastic material. During the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shpae of the tablets or capsules to be packed.
• the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and the stheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the fact of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed.
• the tablets or capsules are sealed in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
• the strength of the sheet is such taht the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
• It mat be desirable to provide a memory aid on the kit, e.g., in tbe form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested.
• a “daily dose” can be a single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be taken on a given day.
• a daily dose of compounds of the present invention can consist of one tablet or capsule whil a daily dose of the second compound can consist of several tablets or capusles and vice versa.
• the memory aid should reflect this.
• the dispenser is equipped with a memory-aid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen.
• a memory-aid is a mechanical counter which indicates the number of daily doses that has been dispensed.
• a battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystal readout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when the next dose is to be taken.
• compositions of the present invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents. These include, for example, other agents for treating, preventing or controlling Alzheimer's Disease.
• the compositions are thus well suited for convenient administration to mammals for the prevention and treatment of AD.
• the following examples further illustrate typical formulations of the compositions provided by the invention.
• compound means an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor or a statin, including donepezil and atorvastatin, respectively.
• the above ingredients are mixed and dissolved in the saline for IN administration to a patient.
• the above ingredients are blended to uniformity and pressed into a tablet that is well suited for oral administration to a patient.
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• Items include word recall, naming objects and fingers, following commands, constructional praxis, ideational praxis, orientation, word recognition, spoken language ability, comprehension of spoken language, word finding difficulty in spontaneous speech, and remembering test instructions.
• Total scores range from 0-70, with 70 indicating worse cognition.
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• OB IC -Plus caregiver input
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• Neuropsychiatric Inventory is a 12-item scale of behavioral disturbances commonly occurring in dementia subjects: delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression/dysphoria, anxiety, elation/euphoria, apathy/indifference, disinhibition, irritability/lability, abereant motor activity, sleep, and appetite and eating disorders.
• delusions hallucinations
• agitation/aggression depression/dysphoria
• depression/dysphoria depression/dysphoria
• anxiety elation/euphoria
• apathy/indifference apathy/indifference
• disinhibition irritability/lability
• abereant motor activity sleep, and appetite and eating disorders.
• the frequency (0-4) and severity (0-3) of each behavior are determined and multiplied for a total score of 0-144. Higher scores indicate more psychopathology.
• the degree of caregiver distress (0-5) is also determined for each behavior.
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• the ADFACS is a 16-item functional assessment instrument based on instrumental and basic activities of daily living (ADL) scales commonly used in clinical research. It includes 6 basic ADLs (toileting, feeding, dressing, personal hygiene and grooming, bathing and walking) and 10 instrumental ADLs (ability to use the telephone, household tasks, using household appliances, handling money, shopping, food preparation, ability to get around inside and outside home, hobbies and leisure activities, handling personal mail, and grasp of situations or explanations).
• the assessment of each item is based on an interview of the subject's caregiver.
• Each of the basic ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 4 (very severe impairment), giving a basic ADL total score of 0- 24.
• Each of the instrumental ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 3 (severe impairment) giving an instrumental ADL total score of 0-30.
• the overall 16 item ADFACS therefore has a total score range
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• Modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (Modified ADAS-Cog): The Modified ADAS-Cog is the same instrument as the 11-item ADAS- Cog described above with the addition of two items - Delayed Word Recall and Concentration/Distractibility.
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• the CDR-SB is a measure of dementia severity in six domains that assess cognition and function: memory, orientation, judgment and problem solving, community affairs, and home and hobbies.
• the rating for each domain will be agreed upon by the subject's assessment team (excluding the clinician conducting the ADCS-CGIC) after consideration of the results from all tests conducted during a clinic visit.
• the CDR-SB consensus discussion should include the interview notes and rating of the ADCS-CGIC interviewer, but the ADCS-CGIC interviewer does not participate in the CDR-SB discussion.
• the ratings in each of the domains are summed to provide a global clinical measure, the Sum of the Boxes.
• Neuropsychiatric Inventory is a 12-item scale of behavioral disturbances commonly occurring in dementia subjects: delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression/dysphoria, anxiety, elation/euphoria, apathy/indifference, disinhibition, irritability/lability, abenant motor activity, sleep, and appetite and eating.
• delusions hallucinations
• agitation/aggression depression/dysphoria
• depression/dysphoria depression/dysphoria
• anxiety elation/euphoria
• apathy/indifference apathy/indifference
• disinhibition irritability/lability
• abenant motor activity sleep, and appetite and eating.
• the frequency (0-4) and severity (0-3) of each behavior are determined and multiplied for a total score of 0-144. Higher scores indicate more psychopathology.
• the degree of caregiver distress (0-5) is also determined for each behavior.
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• the ADFACS is a 16-item functional assessment instrument based on instrumental and basic activities of daily living (ADL) scales commonly used in clinical research. It includes 6 basic ADLs (toileting, feeding, dressing, personal hygiene and grooming, bathing and walking) and 10 instrumental ADLs (use of telephone, household tasks, using household appliances, managing money, shopping, food preparation, ability to get around inside and outside home, hobbies and leisure activities, handling personal mail, and grasp of situations or explanations).
• the assessment of each item is based on an interview of the subject's caregiver.
• Each of the basic ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 4 (very severe impairment), giving a basic ADL total score of 0-
• Each of the instrumental ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 3 (severe impairment) giving an instrumental ADL total score of 0-30.
• the overall 16 item ADFACS therefore has a total score range of 0 -54.
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRI) / Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
• degree of hippocampal atrophy has been shown to correlate with severity of memory loss (Laasko MP, Soininen H, Partanen K et al. MRI of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease: sensitivity, specificity and analysis of the incorrectly classified subjects. Neurolobiol Aging, 19: 23-31; 1998).
• Resonance Spectroscopy can measure biochemical metabolites in a brain region of interest.
• AD Resonance Spectroscopy
• NAA N-acetyl aspartate
• MI myoinositol
• NAA produced primarily by neurons, is a marker of neuronal mitochondrial metabolism and thus neuronal integrity, has been shown to be decreased in various brain regions in AD patients (Klunk, W, Panchalingam K, Moosy J, McClure R, Pettigrew J. N- acetyl-L aspartate and other amino acid metabolites in Alzheimer's disease brain: a preliminary proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. Neurology, 42: 1578- 1585; 1992).
• the measures of interest from the MRI are global brain atrophy and regional brain atrophy (hippocampal atrophy) as defined by the rate of change in the global or regional volumes, ⁇ volume/time.
• the measures of interest for the MRS are the change in N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA Cr) and normalized NAA levels in the frontal cortex and occipital cortex, as well as Ml Cr and
• Peripheral Biomarkers refers to proteins, peptides and lipids, which are found in blood and are implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Peripheral Biomarkers, specifically plasma levels of ⁇ -amyloid peptide
• a ⁇ l-40, A ⁇ l-42, cerebrosterol (24S-hydroxycholesterol), and S 100b are evidence for disease modifying effects of combined statin, e.g., for example, atorvastatin plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (for example, donepezil).
• statin e.g., for example, atorvastatin plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (for example, donepezil).
• Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CE. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.
• Plasma biomarkers of interest include plasma ⁇ -amyloid peptide (A ⁇ l-40, A ⁇ l-42), S 100b and 24-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol). Plasma A ⁇ levels are elevated in several familial forms of AD and in first- degree relatives of AD patients prior to the onset of disease (Golde TE, Eckman
• S 100b is an intercellular signaling molecule, involved in the regulation of calcium levels (Mrak RE, Griffin WS. The role of activated astrocytes and of the neurotrophic cytokine S100B in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
• Activated astrocytes have elevated levels of S 100b resulting from brain injury and inflammation.
• the level of S 100b in CSF of mild to moderate AD patients is elevated relative to age- matched control subjects (Peskind ER, Griffin WS, Akama KT, Raskind MA, Nan Eldik LJ. Cerebrospinal fluid S100B is elevated in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int., 39(5-6): 409-413; ⁇ ov-Dec 2001).
• An increase in S 100b in brain can also result in elevated levels of S 100b in blood.
• ALT Alanine aminotransferase Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT)
• ASAT Aspartate aminotransferase
• Dementia Dementia is characterized by the development of multiple cognitive deficits (including memory impairment) that are due to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition, to the persisting effects of a substance, or to multiple etiologies, (e.g., the combined effects of cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease). Diagnostic Features The essential feature of a dementia is the development of multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment and at least one of the following cognitive disturbances: aphasia, apra-xia, agnosia, or a disturbance in executive functioning. The cognitive deficits must be sufficiently severe to cause impairment in occupational or social functioning and must represent a decline from a previously higher level of functioning.
• a diagnosis of a dementia should not be made if the cognitive deficits occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.
• a dementia and a delirium may both be diagnosed if the dementia is present at times when the delirium is not present.
• Dementia may be etiologically related to a general medical condition, to the persisting effects of substance use (including toxin exposure), or to a combination of these factors.
• Memory impairment is required to make the diagnosis of a dementia and is a prominent early symptom (Criterion Al). Individuals with dementia become impaired in their ability to learn new material, or they forget previously learned material. Most individuals with dementia have both forms of memory impairment, although it is sometimes difficult to demonstrate the loss of previously learned material early in the course of the disorder.
• Memory may be formally tested by asking the person to register, retain, recall, and recognize information.
• the ability to learn new information may be assessed by asking the individual to learn a list of words. The individual is requested to repeat the words (registration), to recall the information after a delay of several minutes (retention, recall), and to recognize the words from a multiple list (recognition).
• Individuals with difficulty learning new information are not helped by clues or prompts (e.g., multiple-choice questions) because they did not learn the material initially.
• aphasia may be manifested by difficulty producing the names of individuals and objects (Criterion A2a). The speech of individuals with aphasia may become vague or empty, with long circumlocutory phrases and excessive use of terms of indefinite reference such as
• apraxia i.e., impaired ability to execute motor activities despite intact motor abilities, sensory function, and comprehension of the required task
• Criterion A2b They will be impaired in their ability to pantomime the use of objects (e.g., combing hair) or to execute known motor acts (e.g. waving goodbye).
• Apraxia may contribute to deficits in cooking, dressing, and drawing.
• Motor skill disturbances may be tested by asking the individual to execute motor functions (e.g., to show how to brush teeth, to copy intersecting pentagons, to assemble blocks, or to arrange sticks in specific designs).
• Individuals with dementia may exhibit agnosia (i.e., failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function) (Criterion A2c).
• the individual may have normal visual acuity but lose the ability to recognize objects such as chairs or pencils. Eventually they may be unable to recognize family members or even their own reflection in the mirror. Similarly, they may have normal tactile sensation, but be unable to identify objects placed in their hands by touch alone (e.g., a coin or keys).
• Disturbances in executive functioning are a common manifestation of dementia (Criterion A2d) and may be related especially to disorders of the frontal lobe or associated subcortical pathways.
• Executive functioning involves the ability to think abstractly and to plan, initiate, sequence, monitor, and stop complex behavior. Impairment in abstract thinking may be manifested by the individual having difficulty coping with novel tasks and avoiding situations that require the processing of new and complex information.
• the ability to abstract can be formally assessed by asking the person to find similarities or differences between related words.
• Executive dysfunction is also evident in a reduced ability to shift mental sets, to generate novel verbal or nonverbal information, and to execute serial motor activities.
• Tests for executive function include asking the individual to count to 10, recite the alphabet, subtract serial 7s, state as many animals as possible in 1 minute, or draw a continuous line consisting of alternating m's and n's. It is also useful to determine (from the individual and informants) the impact of the disturbances in executive functioning on the individual's daily life (e.g., ability to work, plan activities, budget).
• Criterion Al memory impairment
• Criterion A2 aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive functioning
• the nature and degree of impairment are variable and often depend on the particular social setting of the individual .
• the same level of cognitive impairment may significantly impair an individual's ability to perform a complex job, but not a job that is less demanding.
• Standardized published rating scales that measure physical maintenance (e.g., personal hygiene), intellectual functioning, and the ability to use implements or tools (e.g., telephone, washing machine) can be used to measure the severity of impairment. Dementia is not diagnosed if these symptoms occur exclusively during the course of a delirium. However, a delirium may be superimposed on a preexisting dementia, in which case both diagnoses should be given. DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMER TYPE
• the cognitive deficits are not due to other central nervous system conditions that cause progressive deficits in memory or cognition (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease), systemic conditions that are known to cause dementia (e.g., hypothyroidism, vitamin B j 2 deficiency, HIV infection), or the persisting effects of a substance (e.g., alcohol) (Criterion D).
• a substance e.g., alcohol
• both types of dementia shou-ld be coded (see Dementia Due to Multiple Etiologies, page 154). Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type should not be diagnosed if the symptoms occur exclusively during delirium
• Criterion E delirium may be superimposed on a preexisting Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type, in which case the With Delirium subtype sho ⁇ ld be indicated. Finally, the cognitive deficits are not better accounted for by another Axis I disorder (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder or Schizophrenia) (Criterion F).
• Axis I disorder e.g., Major Depressive Disorder or Schizophrenia
• DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEDMER'S TYPE A. The development of multiple cognitive deficits manifested by both (1) memory impairment (impaired ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information) (2) one (or more) of the following cognitive disturbances: (a) aphasia (language disturbance) (b) apraxia (impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function) (c) agnosia (failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function) (d) disturbance in executive functioning (i.e., planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting)
• Criteria Al and A2 each cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and represent a significant decline from a previous level of functioning.
• C The course is characterized by gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline.
• D The cognitive deficits in Criteria Al and A2 are not due to any of the following: (1) other central nervous system conditions that cause progressive deficits in memory and cognition (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, subdural hematoma, normal pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumor) (2) systemic conditions that are known to cause dementia, (e.g., hypothyroidism, vitamin Bj2 or folic acid deficiency, niacin deficiency, hypercalcemia, neurosyphilis, HIV infection) (3) substance-induced conditions.
• E The deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.
• Axis I disorder e.g., Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia.
• Types including DSM-IV code
• Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Late Onset (onset after age 65) 290.30 with delirium 290.20 with delusions 290.21 with depressed mood 290.00 uncomplicated
• Criteria for Dementia Syndrome Dementia is the decline of memory and other cognitive functions in comparison with the patient's previous level of function as determined by a history of decline in performance and by abnormalities noted from clinical examination and neuropsychological tests. A diagnosis of dementia cannot be made when consciousness is impaired by delirium, drowsiness, stupor, or coma or when other clinical abnormalities prevent adequate evaluation of mental status. Dementia is a diagnosis based on behavior and cannot be determined by computerized tomography, electroencephalography, or other laboratory instructions, although specific causes of dementia may be identified by these means.
• Criteria for Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, dementing disorder, usually of middle or late life. The clinical criteria for the diagnosis of PROBABLE,
• POSSIBLE and DEFINITE Alzheimer's disease are outlined in Table 1.
• a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease can be made with confidence if there is a typical insidious onset of dementia with progression and if there are no other systemic or brain diseases that could account for the progressive memory and other cognitive deficits.
• disorders that must be excluded are manic depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, multiinfarct dementia, and drug intoxication; less commonly encountered disorders that may cause dementia include thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, luetic brain disease and other chronic infections of the nervous system, subdural hematoma, occult hydrocephalus, Huntington's disease, Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease, and brain tumors.
• a diagnosis of definite Alzheimer's disease requires histopathologic confirmation.
• a clinical diagnosis of possible Alzheimer's disease may be made in the presence of other significant diseases, particularly if, on clinical judgment, Alzheimer's disease is considered the more likely cause of the progressive dementia.
• the clinical diagnosis of possible rather than probable Alzheimer's disease may be used if the presentation or course is somewhat aberrant.
• the information needed to apply these criteria is obtained by standard methods of examination: the medical history; neurologic; psychiatric, and clinical examinations; neuropsychological tests; and laboratory studies. Table 1. Criteria for Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease I.
• the criteria for the clinical diagnosis of PROBABLE Alzheimer's Disease include: dementia established status by clinical examination and documented by the Mini-Mental Test, Face Dementia Scale or some similar examination, and confirmed by neuropsychological tests; deficits in two or more areas of cognition; progressive worsening of memory and other cognitive functions; no disturbances of consciousness; onset between ages 40 and 90, most often after age 65; and absence of systemic disorders or other brain diseases that in and of themselves could account for the progressive deficits in memory and cognition.
• PROBABLE Alzheimer's Disease The diagnosis of PROBABLE Alzheimer's Disease is supported by: progressive deterioration of specific cognitive functions such as language (aphasia), motor skills (apraxia), and perception (agnosia); impaired activities of daily living and altered patterns of behavior; family history of similar disorders, particularly if confirmed neuropathologically; and laboratory results; normal lumbar puncture as evaluated by standard techniques, normal pattern or nonspecific changes in EEG, such as increased slowwave activity, and evidence of cerebral atrophy on CT with progression documented by serial observation.
• specific cognitive functions such as language (aphasia), motor skills (apraxia), and perception (agnosia)
• impaired activities of daily living and altered patterns of behavior family history of similar disorders, particularly if confirmed neuropathologically
• laboratory results normal lumbar puncture as evaluated by standard techniques, normal pattern or nonspecific changes in EEG, such as increased slowwave activity, and evidence of cerebral atrophy on CT with progression documented by serial observation.
• PROBABLE Alzheimer's disease uncertain or unlikely include: sudden, apoplectic onset; focal neurologic findings such as hemiparesis, sensory loss, visual field deficits, and incoordination early in the course of the illness; and seizures or gait disturbances at the onset or very early in the course of the illness.
• Clinical diagnosis of POSSIBLE Alzheimer's Disease may be made on the basis of the dementia syndrome, in the absence of other neurologic, psychiatric, or systemic disorders sufficient to cause dementia, and in the resence of variations in the onset, in the presentation, or in the clinical course; may be made in the presence of a second systemic or brain disorder sufficient to produce dementia, which is not considered to be the cause of the dementia; and should be used in research studies when a single, gradually progressive severe cognitive deficit is identified in the absence of other identifiable cause.
• Criteria for diagnosis of DEFINITE Alzheimer's Disease are: the clinical criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease and histopathologic evidence obtained from a biopsy or autopsy.
• NIL Classification of Alzheimer's Disease for research purposes should specify features that may differentiate subtypes of the disorder, such as: familial occurrence; onset before age of 65; presence of trisomy-21 ; and coexistence of other relevant conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
• compositions of the present invention as medical agents in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease in mammals (e.g. humans) or at risk for developing AD is demonstrated by the activity of the compositions of this . invention in the clinical protocol described below.
• This is a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel group study with phases. Approximately 600 mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease male and female human subjects are studied. Treatment groups are divided into approximately 300 subjects in the atorvastatin 80 mg plus donepezil 10 mg treatment arm, and approximately 300 subjects in the placebo plus donepezil 10 mg treatment arm. During a 72-week (18-month) double-blind treatment period, all subjects receive donepezil 10 mg (300 subjects per arm, 600 subjects total).
• Screening Visit 1 (Days - 14 to -1) Screening must be performed within -14 to -1 days to drag administration. Prior to study entry the following screening procedures are performed: obtain written informed consent(s) record medical history verify conformance with entry criteria • complete physical examination record height and weight complete neurological examination vital signs laboratory assessments, urinalysis, chemistry, hematology, serology, archived serum sample and full lipid profile 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) MRI / CT scan (only if a previous MRI / CT scan is unavailable to confirm diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease within 12 months of Screening). . review all concomitant medications
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• Rosen Modified Hachinski subjects must have less than or equal to 4 at Screening for inclusion
• assign the unique 8-digit subject number that must not be assigned to another subject. schedule next visit (Visit 2 / Baseline)
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical' s Global Impression of Change scale
• NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• Caregiver Burden Questionnaire Patient Healthcare Resource Utilization Questionnaire assign the lowest available randomization number. This number must not be reassigned to another subject, dispense study medication for Visit 2 . schedule next visit (Visit 3 / Week 6) record concomitant medications record adverse events Visit 3 / Week 6 (Day 42) • laboratory assessments, chemistry and hematology schedule next visit (Visit 4 / Month 3) record concomitant medications record adverse events Visit 4 / Month 3 (Day 84) • modified physical examination assessment record weight vital signs laboratory assessments, chemistry, hematology, full lipid profile, and plasma biomarker sampling .
• MMSE Mini -Mental State Examination
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• ECG 12-Lead electrocardiogram
• MMSE Mini -Mental State Examination
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• ADCS-CGIC Neuropsychiatric Inventory
• NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• MMSE weight Mini-Mental State Examination
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory
• Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale (ADFACS) Caregiver Burden Questionnaire Patient Healthcare Resource Utilization Questionnaire record study medication taken since Visit 8 assess compliance with study medication regimen collect all medication containers dispense study medication for Visit 9 (Withdrawal Maneuver Medication) schedule next visit (Visit 10 / Month 20) record all concomitant medications record adverse events
• ECG 12-Lead electrocardiogram
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• Subjects are to fast for 12 hours prior to the test, and should have no vigorous exercise and no change in diet the day before the test. If the subject is not fasting, the clinic visit must be rescheduled as soon as possible. Subject's posture should be standardized for lipid blood draws. The subjects should be in the sitting position (no longer than 5 minutes). A tourniquet may be used (no longer than 2 minutes), but must be released prior to the blood draw. The following laboratory tests are to be performed . • Hematology: hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell, and platelet count, differential (if WBC is abnormal) including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils.
• CPK-MB should be performed. If CPK is > lOx ULN then the subject must be excluded, and follow-up measurements of CPK should continue until the abnormality has resolved.
• Lipid Profile total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins (ApoE and ApoB); Direct LDL-C measurements will be performed regardless of triglyceride level. Safety measures, blinded. Samples will be collected at Screening, Months 3, 6, 12, 18 and 20 for analysis.
• Thyroid Profile thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and serum thyroxine (T 4 ) (at Screening only)
• Urinalysis dipstick of freshly voided specimen to evaluate pH, leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, and blood. The urinalysis will be performed at Screening, Baseline, Months 6, 12, 18 and 20. Laboratory assessments are performed at Screening, Baseline, Week 6, Months 3, 6, 12, 18 and 20 (unless otherwise noted above). In clinically noteworthy abnormal laboratory test value noted after Screening (other than ALT/AST/CPK, for which guidelines are given above), the test should be approved by the study Medical Monitor and repeated immediately and followed up until it has returned to the normal range and/or an adequate explanation of the abnormality is found. 12-Lead Electrocardiogram The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a complete, standard 12-lead recording. The ECG is be performed at Screening, Months 6, 18 and 20.
• Vital Signs, Body Weight and Height Vital signs are obtained at Screening, Baseline, Months 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 20. These will include body temperature (oral), respiration rate, pulse rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressuresdetermined in the sitting position. Recordings will be made after the subject has been seated for 5 minutes. Body weight (kg) without shoes is measured. Height will be recorded in cm at Screening. Weight is recorded at Screening, Baseline, and Months 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20.
• Physical Status Assessment Brief routine physical examination: general physical status is assessed by a brief physical examination at Months 3 and 9. The subject and caregiver must be queried regarding changes in physical status since the previous examination done at Screening. Weight is recorded at each visit.
• Neurological Examination A complete neurological examination is performed at clinic visits Screening, Baseline, Months 12 and 18. This examination includes evaluation of the cranial nerves (including visual fields), motor, sensory, brainstem, cerebellar and autonomic functions.
• ADCS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• ADCS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• CGIC CGIC
• NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory
• the same certified rater should perform all psychometric examinations at approximately the same time of day. All changes in raters for a given assessment must be noted in the subject's source documents. Psychometric testing should occur after laboratory testing, and only after subjects have had the opportunity to eat.
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• the MMSE is a brief, widely used test for assessing overall cognitive state.
• the MMSE measures selected aspects of cognition such as memory, orientation, attention, language, and praxis on a scale of 0-30. Lower scores indicate greater cognitive impairment.
• the MMSE is performed at Screening, Baseline and Months 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20.
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• Items include word recall, naming objects and fingers, following commands, constructional praxis, ideational praxis, orientation, word recognition, spoken language ability, comprehension of spoken language, word finding difficulty in spontaneous speech, and remembering test instructions.
• Total scores range from 0-70, with 70 indicating worse cognition.
• ADAS-Cog For this study, two additional items have been added to the ADAS-Cog. These are delayed word recall and concentration/distractibility. When these two additional items are combined with the original 11-item ADAS-Cog, the instrument will be refened to as the Modified ADAS-Cog. It will be necessary to ensure that the subject is able to complete the Modified ADAS-Cog for inclusion into the study.
• the Modified ADAS -Cog is performed at Screening, Baseline and Months 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20.
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• the ADCS-CGIC is the ADCS version of a clinician's interview based impression of change plus caregiver input (CIBIC-Plus). It is a global rating of change in patient function derived through comprehensive interviews of the subject and caregiver by an independent clinician.
• Baseline only, clinical information about the subject from any other sources should be used to generate Baseline notes such as other assessment team members, medical history, physical exam, and rating scale and test results from the Screening and Baseline visits.
• the subject and caregiver will always be interviewed separately; the subject will be interviewed first. Videotapes of the subject and caregiver interviews are also required at Baseline.
• the clinician should refer to his/her Baseline notes and videotaped interviews but is prevented from reviewing other study procedures/results or discussing the subject with other members of the assessment team.
• the clinician rates the subject on a 7-point scale to assess the degree of change from baseline: 1-marked improvement, 2-moderate improvement, 3- minimal improvement, 4-no change, 5-minimal worsening, 6-moderate worsening, and 7-marked worsening. Only these Baseline notes and videotaped interviews will be available to the clinician during the conduct of each post-
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• the CDR-SB is a measure of dementia severity in six domains that assess cognition and function: memory, orientation, judgment and problem solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, and personal care.
• the rating for each domain will be agreed upon by the subject's assessment team (excluding the clinician conducting the ADCS-CGIC) after consideration of the results from all tests conducted during a clinic visit.
• the CDR consensus discussion should include the interview notes and rating of the ADCS-CGIC interviewer, but the
• ADCS-CGIC interviewer does not participate in the CDR discussion.
• the ratings in each of the domains are summed to provide a global clinical measure, the Sum of the Boxes.
• the CDR-SB is performed at Baseline, Months 12, 18 and 20.
• Neuropsychiatric Inventory is a 12-item scale of behavioral disturbances commonly occurring in dementia subjects: delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression/dysphoria, anxiety, elation/euphoria, apathy/indifference, disinhibition, irritability/lability, abercant motor activity, sleep, and appetite and eating disorders. Through a structured interview with the caregiver, each of the 12 behaviors is assessed. The frequency (0-4) and severity (0-3) of each behavior are determined and multiplied for a total score of 0- 144.
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• ADFACS is a 16-item functional assessment instrument based on instrumental and basic activities of daily living (ADL) scales commonly used in clinical research. It includes 6 basic ADLs (toileting, feeding, dressing, personal hygiene and grooming, bathing and walking) and 10 instrumental ADLs (ability to use the telephone, household tasks, using household appliances, handling money, shopping, food preparation, ability to get around inside and outside home, hobbies and leisure activities, handling personal mail, and grasp of situations or explanations). The assessment of each item is based on an interview of the subject's caregiver. Each of the basic ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 4 (very severe impairment), giving a basic ADL total score of 0- 24.
• Each of the instrumental ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 3 (severe impairment) giving an instrumental ADL total score of 0-30.
• the overall 16 item ADFACS therefore has a total score range of 0 -54.
• the ADFACS is performed at Baseline, Months 6, 12 and 18.
• Neuroimaging Brain Morphology and Metabolism In this MRI / MRS Substudy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy will be used as secondary efficacy variables to assess effects of treatment on measures of disease progression in the brain.
• MRI Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• MRI is performed at Baseline and at Visit 9 / Month 18 to assess brain volumetric changes (global and regional atrophy).
• MRS will be performed at the same visits to assess endogenous brain metabolites, including N-acetylaspartate (NA-A) and Myoinositol (MI).
• NA-A N-acetylaspartate
• MI Myoinositol
• the analyses of interest for the MRI are global brain atrophy and regional brain atrophy (hippocampal atrophy) as defined by the rate of change in the global or regional volumes, ⁇ volume/time.
• the analysis of interest for the MRS is the change in N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) and normalized NAA levels in the frontal cortex and occipital cortex, as well as Ml/Cr and MI/NAA and normalized MI levels. Given the logistical complexity of obtaining neuroimaging scans, these are performed in a subgroup of approximately 200 subjects.
• Plasma biomarkers of interest include plasma ⁇ -amyloid peptide (A ⁇ l-40, A ⁇ l-42), S 100b and 24-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol). Plasma biomarkers are collected at Baseline, Months 3, 6, 12, 18 and 20 for analysis. The plasma fraction from 10 mL of whole blood will be collected in EDTA for each subject. The samples are quickly frozen at - 70°C and stored at the site.
• Serum Biomarkers The lipid profile of subjects is assessed by measuring: total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins (ApoE and ApoB). Assay of the serum samples for lipids and lipoproteins are conducted. Serum biomarkers are collected at Screening, Months 3, 6, 12, 18 and 20 for analysis. Screening sample is considered baseline since Screening is within two weeks of the B seline visit.
• Donepezil Plasma Level and RBC Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition (RBC AChE-I): Seven milliliters (7 mL) of whole blood is collected at Baseline and Month 18 (see Appendix I) for the measurement of RBC AChE-I in subjects.
• Plasma concentrations of donepezil is conelated with measured acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells.
• Analysis of donepezil plasma concentrations Using a high performance liquid chromatographic method, donepezil concentration is quantified. Prior to the analysis of study samples, the assay sensitivity, specificity & reproducibility is documented.
• Caregiver Assessments - Caregiver Burden Questionnaire - Baseline Caregiver assessments include measurement of the subject's caregiver burden by the Caregiver Burden Questionnaire.
• the questionnaire consists of two main sections, caregiver time (3 questions) and subject accommodation (i.e., living situation; 1 question).
• the caregiver time section consists of questions applicable to the 4 weeks preceding the Baseline Visit.
• the subject accommodation section assesses the cmrent living situation.
• the primary efficacy measures and measurement time points are as follows:
• ADAS-Cog Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale
• the ADAS-Cog is an 11-item scale designed to assess the severity of cognitive impairments in AD subjects. Items include word recall, naming objects and fingers, following commands, constructional praxis, ideational praxis, orientation, word recognition, spoken language ability, comprehension of spoken language, word finding difficulty in spontaneous speech, and remembering test instructions. Total scores range from 0-70, with 70 indicating worse cognition.
• the ADAS -Cog is performed at Screening, Baseline and Months 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20.
• ADCS-CGIC Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change scale
• the ADCS-CGIC is the ADCS version of a clinician's interview based impression of change plus caregiver input (CEBIC-Plus). It is a global rating of change in subject function derived through comprehensive interviews of the subject and caregiver by an independent clinician. At Baseline only, clinical information about the subject from any other sources should be used to generate baseline notes such as other assessment team members, medical history, physical exam, and rating scale and test results from the Screening and Baseline visits. Videotapes of the subject and caregiver interviews are also required at Baseline.
• the clinician should refer to his/her Baseline notes and videotaped interviews but is prevented from reviewing other study procedures/results or discussing the subject with other members of the assessment team
• the clinician rates the subject on a 7-point scale to assess the degree of change from Baseline: 1-marked improvement, 2-moderate improvement, 3-minimal improvement, 4-no change, 5- minimal worsening, 6-moderate worsening, 7-marked worsening.
• MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
• Modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (Modified ADAS-Cog): The Modified ADAS-Cog is the same instrument as the 11-item ADAS- Cog described above with the addition of two items - Delayed Word Recall and Concentration/Distractibility. The Modified ADAS-Cog is performed at
• CDR-SB Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes
• the CDR-SB is a measure of dementia severity in six domains that assess cognition and function: memory, orientation, judgment and problem solving, community affairs, and home and hobbies.
• the rating for each domain is agreed upon by the subject's assessment team (excluding the clinician conducting the ADCS-CGIC) after consideration of the results from all tests conducted during a clinic visit.
• the CDR-SB consensus discussion should include the interview notes and rating of the ADCS-CGIC interviewer, but the ADCS-CGIC interviewer does not participate in the CDR-SB discussion.
• the ratings in each of the domains are summed to provide a global clinical measure, the Sum of the Boxes.
• the CDR-SB is performed at Baseline, Months 12, 18 and 20.
• Neuropsychiatric Inventory The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a 12-item scale of behavioral disturbances commonly occurring in dementia subjects: delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression/dysphoria, anxiety, elation/euphoria, apathy/indifference, disinhibition, irritability/lability, abenant motor activity, sleep, and appetite and eating.
• the frequency (0-4) and severity (0-3) of each behavior are determined and multiplied for a total score of 0-144. Higher scores indicate more psychopathology.
• the degree of caregiver distress (0-5) is also determined for each behavior.
• the I PI is performed at Baseline, Months 6, 12 and 18.
• ADFACS Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale
• the ADFACS is a 16-item functional assessment instrument based on instrumental and basic activities of daily living (ADL) scales commonly used in clinical research. It includes 6 basic ADLs (toileting, feeding, dressing, personal hygiene and grooming, bathing and walking) and 10 instrumental ADLs (use of telephone, household tasks, using household appliances, managing money, shopping, food preparation, ability to get around inside and outside home, hobbies and leisure activities, handling personal mail, and grasp of situations or explanations).
• the assessment of each item is based on an interview of the subject's caregiver.
• Each of the basic ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 4 (very severe impairment), giving a basic ADL total score of 0-
• Each of the instrumental ADL items is scored on a scale of 0 (no impairment) to 3 (severe impairment) giving an instrumental ADL total score of 0-30.
• the overall 16 item ADFACS therefore has a total score range of 0 -54.
• the ADFACS will be performed at Baseline, Months 6, 12 and 18.
• atorvastatin At the completion of Month 18, subjects randomized to receive an acetycholinesterase inhibitor, for example, (donepezil) plus for example, atorvastatin will either continue to receive an acetycholinesterase inhibitor, for example, (donepezil) plus atorvastatin until completion of the trial or be withdrawn from active atorvastatin therapy and complete the study while taking only donepezil therapy. This predetermined second stage randomization will be decided prior to study start. Approximately 75% of subjects on active atorvastatin therapy will be re-randomized to withdraw from active atorvastatin therapy. Thus, subjects will be randomized at Baseline so that at Month 18 they either: a.
• MRI / MRS Substudy Neuroimaging: Magnetic -Resonance Imaging (MRI) / Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) In this MRI / MRS Substudy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) will be used as secondary efficacy variables to assess effects of treatment on measures of disease progression in the brain.
• MRI Magnetic -Resonance Imaging
• MRS Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• the measures of interest from the MRI are global brain atrophy and regional brain atrophy (hippocampal atrophy) as defined by the rate of change in the global or regional volumes, ⁇ volume/time.
• the measures of interest for the MRS are the change in N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NA A/Cr) and normalized NAA levels in the frontal cortex and occipital cortex, as well as Ml/Cr and MI/NAA and normalized MI levels. Given the logistical complexity of obtaining neuroimaging studies, these are performed in a subgroup of 200 subjects.
• Apolipoproteins Apolipoproteins (ApoE and ApoB).
• Plasma biomarkers of interest include plasma ⁇ -amyloid peptide (A ⁇ l-40, A ⁇ l-42), S 100b and 24-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol). Plasma biomarkers are collected at Baseline, Months 3, 6, 12, 18 and 20 for analysis.
• S 100b is an intercellular signaling molecule, involved in the regulation of calcium levels. Mrak RE, Griffin WS. The role of activated astrocytes and of the neurotrophic cytokine S100B in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging, 22(6):915-22. Review; Nov-Dec 2001. Activated astrocytes have elevated levels of S 100b resulting from brain injury and inflammation. The level of S 100b in CSF of mild to moderate AD patients is elevated relative to age- matched control subjects. Peskind ER, Griffin WS, Akama KT, R-askind MA, Van Eldik LJ. Cerebrospinal fluid S100B is elevated in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's disease.
• Inclusion Criteria > Written informed consent must be obtained from the subject, the caregiver, and the subject's legal guardian (if applicable), prior to beginning any screening activities. Should the subject not be capable of providing written informed consent, verbal assent must be obtained from the subject in the presence of the authorized representative and witness. Documentation of the verbal assent and identity of those present must be made in both the source document as well as on the consent form. > Subjects and caregivers must be sufficiently proficient in their local language and be capable of reliably completing study assessments at Screening and Baseline. > Male and female outpatients, any race, with age range 50 to 90 inclusive.
• MRI / MRS substudy Subjects participating in the MRI substudy must be able to undergo a study-specific MRI at Baseline and at Visit 9 / Month 18 (or Early Termination if at least 9 months post-Baseline), regardless of the timing of any prior neuroimaging studies.
• the MRI at Baseline also serves as the Screening MRI to support the diagnosis of probable AD (including in those subjects for whom there has been a clinical change suggesting the possibility of comorbid pathology and for whom a repeat neuroimaging scan is required).
• MMSE Mini -Mental Status Examination Score nust be in the range of 13 - 25 (inclusive) at Screening. Subjects must have been talcing a stable dose of 10 mg donepezil for > 3 months prior to Screening.
• Subjects' laboratory findings must be within normal limits, or if abnormal, judged clinically insignificant at Screening. (Any abnormalities must be documented by the investigator as "not clinically significant", i.e., not likely to cause cognitive impairment or medical instability.) > Subjects must have LDL-C levels > 100 mg/dL and ⁇ 190 mg/dL, and not require treatment for dyslipidemia with any lipid-lowering drug in the opinion of the investigator. Subjects with history or evidence of cornorary artery disease should be approved by the Medical Monitor. Subjects with diabetes on a stable regimen of diet and/or oral hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin are eligible provided they are monitored regularly to ensure adequacy of diabetes control and approved by the Medical
• Subjects with known diabetes should have an HbAic level of ⁇ 10% and a fasting serum glucose value of ⁇ 170 mg/dL. Subjects who meet the above criteria must also have LDL-C values > 100 mg/dL and ⁇ 130 mg/dL. > Subjects must be able to swallow oral medication (tablets). Tablets are not to be crushed. > Subjects' vital signs must be considered normal for age. Subjects' Screening 12-lead ECG must demonstrate predominantly normal sinus rhythm. Minor abnormalities (including sinus bradycardia ⁇ 50 beats per minute) documented as clinically insignificant by the investigator will be allowed. Subjects with clinically significant but stable ECG abnormalities may enter the trial only with documented (e.g., telephone, written) permission of the Sponsor.
• Subjects with right bundle branch block (complete or partial) and pacemakers may be included in the study, if considered clinically stable.
• Subjects must have the same reliable caregiver or family member who agrees to accompany the subject to all scheduled visits, provide information about the subject as required by this protocol, and ensure compliance with the medication schedule.
• the caregiver must be a constant and reliable informant and must have contact at least 5 days per week with the subject and for a minimum of 10 waking hours per week. This contact should be judged by the investigator to be adequate to ensure accurate reporting of the subject's behavior and his/her ability to perform activities of daily living.
• Subjects will be without sensory (e.g., impaired hearing or vision) or motor difficulties preventing their participation in all aspects of the study.
• a cane (walking stick) or walker is permitted.
• Subjects in assisted living situations where, in the opinion of the investigator and with approval from the Medical Monitor, he/she has the opportunity to perform and be assessed for all activities of daily living as specified in the ADFACS. This living situation is expected to be maintained over the course of the study.
• Putative non-prescription/prescription cognitive enhancers e.g. gingko, high dose vitamin E, lecithin, estrogen, NSAIDS
• the dosage should have been stable for at least 3 months prior to randomization and should not change during the course of the study.
• Exclusion Criteria > Subjects who have received treatment with any cholinesterase inhibitor other than the test acetylcholine estrase inhibitor within 3 months of Screening. Subjects who may not be able to comply with the protocol or perform the outcome measures. > Subjects with any active or clinically significant conditions affecting absorption, distribution or metabolism of the study drugs (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, gastric or duodenal ulcers, severe lactose intolerance). > Subjects who cunently or have within the past five years met DSM IV criteria for drug or alcohol abuse or dependence. Subjects with significant allergies to or significant intolerance of donepezil or piperidine derivatives or known hypersensitivity or intolerance to HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors.
• Subjects that are on any other lipid lowering agents > Subjects who have not tolerated 10 mg per day of donepezil treatment within 3 months prior to Screening. > Participation in any other studies involving investigational or marketed products concomitantly or within 30 days or 5 half -lives prior to Screening, whichever is longer. > Subjects with likelihood of requiring treatment during the study period with drugs not permitted by the study protocol. > Subjects who have donated blood or blood products during the 30 days prior to Screening, or who plan to donate blood while participating in the study or within four weeks after completion of the study.
• Subjects with dementia complicated by other organic disease or Alzheimer's disease with delirium (DSM 290.30 or 290.11) are excluded.
• Psychiatric symptoms e.g., depression, anxiety, delusions
• ECT electro-convulsive therapy
• MRI / MRS Substudy All potential subjects for the MRI/MRS Substudy will be screened for contraindications for MR examination. Any subject with contraindications for MR examination (e.g., pacemaker, neurostimulators, aneurysm clips, etc .) will be excluded from the substudy. Screening will occur for both the Baseline and Month 18 scanning.
• Subjects with dementia due to causes other than Alzheimer's disease include toxic, alcoholic or vascular etiologies, and medical disorders such as HIN, Parkinson's disease, Lewy Body Dementia, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeld- Jacob disease and neurosyphilis.
• Subjects with a history of cognitive deficits immediately following head trauma Subjects with serious head trauma with loss of consciousness require that the investigator make a judgment. (Note: Remote history of head trauma without cognitive sequelae is not exclusionary.) > Subjects who are hospitalized or residing in a skilled nursing facility or subjects who are anticipated to enter a nursing home over the course of the study.
• Subjects with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary ernbolus or any other thrombo-embolic disorder > Subjects who have taken prohibited concomitant medications prior to Screening ⁇ Subjects currently experiencing any clinically significant or unstable medical condition including: dermatologic disease, hematologic disease, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, hepatic disease, gastrointestinal disease, genitourinary disease, endocrine disease, neurological disease (other than Alzheimer's disease). Subjects who have suffered severe infections or a major surgical operation within 3 months prior to Screening (e.g., sepsis, coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft, hip replacement). Subjects with a history of malignant neoplasms treated within 5 years prior to study entry (other than basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin) or where there is cunent evidence of rec rent or metastatic disease.
• Subjects with a vitamin B ⁇ 2 deficiency Subjects with a vitamin B ⁇ 2 deficiency. However, subjects on a stable dose of medication for at least 3 months prior to Screening, and who have normal serum B ⁇ 2 levels at Screening, will be eligible. The stable dose must be maintained throughout the study. Subjects with uncontrolled hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Subjects on a stable dose of medication for at least 3 months prior to Screening with normal TSH and free T at Screening are considered euthyroid and will be eligible. The stable dose must be maintained throughout the study. > Subjects with impaired hepatic function, as shown by but not limited to AST (SGOT) or ALT (SGPT) > 3.0 times the upper limit of normal at Screening.
• AST AST
• ALT SGPT
• All antilipidemic medications e.g. niacin, probucol, fibrates and derivatives, bile acid sequestering resins, Xenical, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, psyllium derivatives including Metamucil (>2 tablespoons per day) or fish oil].
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors e.g., cyclosporine, eryt-hromycin, etc. If these drugs are needed temporarily during the study, study medication should be interrupted appropriately.
• immunosuppressive agents e.g. cyclosporine, mycophenlate mofetil.
• Drugs known to have significant adverse effects on lipid levels such as all retinoids including isotretinoin. • If antacids are to be utilized, do not take at the same time as study drug. It is permissible to take at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after study drug.
• Rho (D) Immune Globulin Hyp-Rho-D, MICRhoGAM, Rohm
• PUTATIVE COGNITIVE ENHANCERS Putative non-prescription/prescription cognitive enhancers (e.g. gingko, high dose vitamin E, lecithin, estrogen, NSAIDS) are not excluded but should be discouraged. If a putative cognitive enhancer is allowed, the dosage should have been stable for at least 3 months prior to randomization and should not change during the course of the study.

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