WO2005093096A1 - Method and kit for detecting the risk of developing hypertension - Google Patents

Method and kit for detecting the risk of developing hypertension Download PDF

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WO2005093096A1
WO2005093096A1 PCT/ES2005/000164 ES2005000164W WO2005093096A1 WO 2005093096 A1 WO2005093096 A1 WO 2005093096A1 ES 2005000164 W ES2005000164 W ES 2005000164W WO 2005093096 A1 WO2005093096 A1 WO 2005093096A1
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polymorphism
sequence
seq
polypeptide
nucleotide sequence
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PCT/ES2005/000164
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
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José Manuel FERNÁNDEZ FERNÁNDEZ
Marta TOMÁS MESTRES
Esther Vázquez Gómez
Mariano SENTÍ CLAPÉS
Jaime Marrugat De La Iglesia
Miguel Ángel VALVERDE DE CASTRO
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Universitat Pompeu Fabra
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12QMEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12QMEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/156Polymorphic or mutational markers

Definitions

  • This invention is related in general to the field of medicine and specifically to diagnosis.
  • it refers to methods and kits based on polymorphisms in a gene. These methods and kits facilitate the determination of the risk of hypertension.
  • High blood pressure, or hypertension is not only a disease but also a risk factor for cardiac, cerebral and renal pathology. It is considered that 25-40% of the adult population has hypertension. In more than 90% of cases the hypertension is of unknown cause, that is, the so-called "essential hypertension”. Therefore, the provision of predictors of hypertension is of utmost importance both for public health management and for the development of antihypertensive treatments.
  • the pressure inside the arteries depends on the resistance of the vessels (that is, the diameter of the blood vessels), which in turn is controlled by the contraction of smooth muscle cells from their walls (arterial tone).
  • the control of arterial tone depends on a calcium signal in vascular smooth muscle, which comes mainly from an entry of Ca 2+ through voltage-dependent channels and its release from intracellular deposits.
  • a key element in the control of vascular tone is the K + channel dependent on Ca 2+ and voltage (also known as the BK channel or MaxiK channel), which associates local increases in intracellular Ca 2+ with an increase in activity of the canal and vascular relaxation (cf. JH Jaggar et al., "Calcium sparks in smooth muscle", Am. J. Phvsiol. Cell Physiol. 2000, vol. 278, pp. C235-6).
  • the BK channel of the vascular smooth muscle is formed by an ⁇ subunit that conducts ions and a regulatory ⁇ i subunit.
  • KCNMB1 ⁇ i gene disruption
  • the present invention provides the first evidence of a direct involvement of the BK channel in the control of blood pressure in humans.
  • the inventors have found a single nucleotide substitution (G352A) in the third exon of the KCNMB1 gene. which corresponds to a mutation of a glutamic acid to a lysine at position 65 (E65K) of the protein.
  • G352A single nucleotide substitution
  • E65K lysine at position 65
  • the inventors have found a strong association between the genotypic frequency of the ⁇ -
  • the invention provides methods, compounds and kits for the diagnosis and prognosis of essential hypertension in humans.
  • the invention also provides compounds for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension.
  • a first aspect of the present invention relates to a method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a human being, which comprises the detection of the presence or absence of a polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene. in a separate sample of said human being, said polymorphism causing an amino acid substitution of E (glutamic acid) with a K (lysine) at position 65 of the corresponding encoded polypeptide.
  • polymorphism is a substitution. of a single nucleotide of the G at position 352 of the sequence of the KCNMB1 gene and, in a preferred embodiment, the G is replaced by an A.
  • the positions in the KCNMB1 gene (eg position 352) and in the corresponding encoded polypeptide (eg position 65), are given with reference to the access number U25138 of the GenBank. This reference corresponds to the mRNA of the beta subunit of the human BK channel.
  • the one-letter amino acid codes are used to indicate glutamic acid (E) and lysine (K).
  • the method of prognosis or diagnosis of the invention involves the analysis of the polymorphisms mentioned above in the KCNMB1 gene. This analysis is carried out with technologies well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • the presence or absence of the polymorphism is detected using one or more oligonucleotides that hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene or its complementary sequence.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within the range from position 294 to position 465 of the gene. KCNMB1.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides.
  • the oligonucleotides have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6 and their complementary sequences.
  • the invention provides oligonucleotides that hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphisms defined above or their complementary sequence.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides.
  • the oligonucleotides have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6 and their complementary sequences. Any method can be used in which one or more oligonucleotides hybridize to a sample of nucleic acid taken from the individual and the result is analyzed to determine the presence or absence of polymorphism.
  • oligonucleotides examples include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing Digestion with restriction enzymes is also useful for the purpose of the present invention.
  • This technique is based on amplifying a nucleotide sequence that comprises the site of the alleged polymorphism and using, or creating, a restriction site on the amplified product that depends on the presence or absence of the polymorphism.
  • Mnll and BseRI are suitable restriction enzymes.
  • the oligonucleotides can be labeled fluorescent, chemiluminescent or radioactively to act as probes and detect the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism. These probes can be used, for example, in glass-based microarrays or in bead-based microarrays.
  • the invention provides probes for use in real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphisms defined above or their complementary sequence.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides.
  • the probes have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5-6 and their complementary sequences.
  • Real-time PCR is particularly useful in diagnostic laboratories for the analysis of a large number of samples.
  • the presence or absence of polymorphism is detected using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with one or more primers and one or more probes, which both hybridize a sequence of nucleotides comprising polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene or its complementary sequence.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within the range from position 294 to position 465 of the gene. KCNMB1. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352.
  • the primers and probes for real-time PCR have been mentioned above.
  • the sample is a tissue or fluid, usually blood, taken from the individual. Depending on the technique selected, the sample will be processed to obtain isolated cells, the protein fraction or the nucleic acid fraction (eg genomic DNA or messenger RNA).
  • the protein fraction or the nucleic acid fraction eg genomic DNA or messenger RNA.
  • the invention provides a method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a human being, comprising the detection, in a separate sample of said human being, of the presence or absence of amino acid substitution of E (acid glutamic) at position 65 by a K (lysine) in the polypeptide encoded by the KCNMB1 gene or in a fragment of this polypeptide comprising position 65.
  • the polypeptide fragment comprises an amino acid sequence included within the range from position 40 to position 156.
  • the polypeptide fragment comprises SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the detection of the amino acid substitution E65K in the polypeptide encoded by KCNMBI can be done with appropriate reagents that are specifically bind the polypeptide, such as, for example, properly labeled peptides, antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • appropriate reagents that are specifically bind the polypeptide, such as, for example, properly labeled peptides, antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • direct sequencing is also useful.
  • mass spectrometry is also useful for the purpose of the invention, as is known to one skilled in the art.
  • the detection of the presence or absence of polymorphism or amino acid substitution is used as a prognosis of the risk of suffering from essential hypertension, the presence being associated with a relatively low risk, and the absence being associated with a relatively high risk.
  • Heterozygotes (EK) and homozygotes (KK) for the presence of the E65K amino acid substitution are associated with a risk relatively low of suffering from essential hypertension, while EE heterozygotes have a high risk of suffering from it. Therefore, the K allele has a protective effect against the severity of essential hypertension.
  • the detection of the presence or absence of polymorphism or amino acid substitution is used as a diagnosis of essential hypertension suffered by a human being, the absence being associated with a BK channel dysfunction, and the presence being associated with a BK channel function improvement.
  • the prognosis of the risk of suffering from essential hypertension allows preventive measures to be implemented before the onset of the disease.
  • the diagnosis of essential hypertension allows to evaluate the efficacy of the therapeutic treatment and to design a treatment tailored for the individual in particular.
  • the invention provides a kit for carrying out the method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a human being, said kit comprising appropriate reagents for detecting the presence or absence of polymorphisms and amino acid substitution.
  • the kit comprises one or more oligonucleotides as defined above.
  • the kit comprises one or more primers and one or more probes as defined above for use in real-time PCR.
  • the invention also provides a kit comprising a reagent that specifically binds to the polypeptide or the polypeptide fragments defined above.
  • the reagent is an antibody or an antibody fragment as defined above.
  • the invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules of at least 15 nucleotides, which comprise a sequence included in the range from position 277 to position 627 of the sequence of the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, and more particularly SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 and, more particularly SEQ ID NO: 10. These nucleic acid molecules can be single or double stranded. Recombinant vectors comprising these nucleic acid molecules are also provided.
  • polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence included in the range from position 40 to position 156 of the polypeptide encoded by the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having an amino acid substitution of E (glutamic acid) with a K nail (lysine) at position 65.
  • the polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 9, and more particularly SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the invention also relates to the use of these nucleic acid molecules, recombinant vectors and polypeptides for the preparation of a therapeutic agent for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human being.
  • the invention relates to a method of prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human, comprising the administration of an effective amount of the vectors, nucleic acid molecules and / or polypeptides described above.
  • FIG. 1 shows the genotypic distribution of E65K by diastolic blood pressure and the "odds ratio" adjusted for age and sex at each level of diastolic hypertension for carriers of the K allele relative to the EE genotype.
  • FIG. 2 shows the graph of the V 1/2 (V) with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ (in ⁇ M).
  • FIG. 3 shows the effect of ⁇ i E65 ⁇ n the activation and deactivation kinetics of the BK channel.
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the amplified region in the analysis of KCNMB1.
  • FIG. 1 shows the genotypic frequency of E65K (GF, in%) by diastolic blood pressure (BPD, in mmHg).
  • BPD diastolic blood pressure
  • the "p" values for genotypic distributions in each degree of diastolic hypertension are shown.
  • KK + KE genotypes are represented with black squares and the EE genotype with gray squares.
  • the "odds ratios" ie, the relative opportunities or the ratio between two opportunities used to estimate risks, OR
  • adjusted for age and sex in each degree of diastolic hypertension (BPD, in mmHg) of carriers are presented K with respect to the EE genotype.
  • FIG. 2 shows the graph of the V 1 2 (V) with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ (in ⁇ M).
  • V V 1 2
  • FIG. 3 shows the effect of ⁇ i E ⁇ s K on the activation and deactivation kinetics of the BK channel.
  • A shows the representative traces of currents obtained from cells transfected with different combinations of ⁇ and ⁇ i subunits and normalized to the peak of the current.
  • (C) shows the graph of the activation time constant (ATC, in ms) with respect to the Ca 2+ concentrations measured with a pulse at +200 mV.
  • (D) shows the families of tail currents registered at 1.6 ⁇ M Ca 2+ in the four conditions.
  • the deactivation time constants (DTC, in ms) were obtained by adjusting the tail currents with a single exponential function and represented with respect to the pulse potential (E) or with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ at -80 mV ( F).
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the amplified region in the analysis of KCNMB1. The sequence in the figure corresponds to the third exon of the gene
  • KCNMB1 KCNMB1. except the first two nucleotides at 5 '(AG) and the last two nucleotides at 3' (GT), which are part of the flanking introns.
  • the hybridization sites of the primers (primers with sequences SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) are indicated with two boxes.
  • the hybridization sites of the fluorescent probes are indicated with two lines (probes with sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6).
  • BPD diastolic blood pressure measurements
  • a precision balance was used to determine the weight.
  • the participants wore underwear.
  • the height was also measured.
  • the body mass index (BMI) was determined by dividing the weight by the squared height (kg / m 2 ).
  • the mean BMI of the participants in the study was 27.2 kg / m 2 .
  • Blood pressure measurements were obtained with a calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer.
  • a pad adapted to the perimeter of the upper arm (young, adult and obese) was chosen for each participant.
  • the first measurements were made after a five minute break and the second measurements at least 20 minutes later.
  • the value used was the arithmetic mean of the two determinations. Standardized questionnaires of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were used (cf. R.
  • KCNMB1 gene analysis exons coding for the ⁇ i modulator subunit (KCNMB1) of the BK channel were amplified from the genomic DNA of 11 severe hypertensive participants and 12 strict norrnotensive participants. PCR products were analyzed by direct sequencing. The E65K variant in the third exon of the KCNMB1 gene (GenBank Accession No.
  • DNA samples were analyzed with the Taqman assay (ABI Prism 7900HT, Applied Biosystems), using primers 5'-AGCGTGTGGACCCAGGAAT-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 3) and 5'-GGCAGCTGACACGTTGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) and, FAM-CCTTCTTGCCCTTCAGCTTCTCCTC-TAMRA probes (SEQ ID NO: ) and VIC-CACCTTCTTGCCCTTCAGCTCCTC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 6) for the K (base A) and E (base G) alleles, respectively.
  • Taqman assay ABSI Prism 7900HT, Applied Biosystems
  • Genotypic frequencies were 78.4% for EE homozygous individuals, 20.0% for EK heterozygotes and 1.6% for KK homozygotes. The observed genotypic frequencies were adjusted to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. KK homozygous individuals and EK heterozygotes were analyzed together due to the low prevalence of the former. Statistical analyzes were performed separately for diastolic and systolic blood pressure values. The participants with a diastolic blood pressure (BPD) below 80 mmHg (10.66 kPa) who did not receive antihypertensive therapy constituted the normotensive group. The genotypic frequency of the E65K mutation (KK + KE) decreased as DBP values increased (cf. FIG. 1 A), from 21.6% in the normotensive group to 3.2% in the severe hypertensive group [ DBP> 11O mmHg (14.66 kPa)].
  • BPD diastolic blood pressure
  • the "odds ratios" (ie, the relative opportunities or the ratio between two opportunities used to estimate risks, OR) of the five levels of diastolic hypertension adjusted for age and sex for the allelic variant K compared to the genotype EE ( cf. FIG. 1B).
  • a decrease in the risk for the E65K variant was observed as the severity of diastolic hypertension increased (cf. FIG. 1 B).
  • PAR (%) 100 x (P ⁇ (OR - 1)) / (1 + P e (OR-1)); where P e is the proportion of non-hypertensive participants carrying K and OR is the "odds ratio" of diastolic hypertension adjusted for age and sex for K carriers.
  • the E65K mutant was expressed in HEK-293 cells and functionally analyzed (it is that is, the ionic currents generated by the movement of K + were measured through the wild-type and mutant BK channels). Because the frequency of the KK allele was very low, the functional significance of the co-expression of E65K in combination with wild ⁇ i was also evaluated.
  • HEK-293 cells that permanently express the pore-forming subunit ⁇ also known as hSlo, cf.
  • PK Ahring et al. "Stable expression of the human large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel alpha and beta subunits in HEK293 cells ", FEBS Letters 1997, vol. 415, pp. 67-70), were transiently transfected with the wild-type ⁇ i subunits (wild-type, ⁇ w ⁇ ), mutant ( ⁇ iE65 ⁇ ) or a combination of both ( ⁇ w ⁇ + ⁇ IE65K) -
  • the E65K mutation was introduced into the human ⁇ i subunit cloned into a pcDNA3 vector, using the QuikChange Mutagenesis kit (Stratagene), and verified by sequencing HEK-293 cells were transfected with the E65K BK ⁇ i construct using a linear derivative of polyethyleneimine (PEI), polycation ExGen ⁇ OO (Fermentas MBI) following the manufacturer's instructions (7 equivalent PEI / 3.3 ⁇ g DNA). 250,000 HEK-293 cells were seeded by 35 mm plate, 24 h before transfection.
  • PEI polyethyleneimine
  • Fermentas MBI Polycation ExGen ⁇ OO
  • the borosilicate glass pipettes for the patch had a resistance of 1.3-3 M ⁇ and were filled with a solution containing (in mM): 140 KCI, 1.2 MgCI 2) 0.2 CaCI 2 , 0.5 EDTA and 10 HEPES (300 mosmoles / l, pH 7.3).
  • the solutions that bathed the cytoplasmic face of the patch membrane contained (in mM): 140 KCI, 0.7 MgCI 2) 10 HEPES, pH 7.25, and 300 mosmoles / l.
  • the intracellular concentration of free Ca 2+ (calculated using EqCal from Biosoft, Cambridge, UK) was adjusted to the desired values by different combinations of CaCI 2 and EDTA added to the bath solution.
  • the currents were acquired at 10 kHz and filtered at 1 kHz.
  • the membrane patches were set at 0 mV, pulses of 150 ms were given from -100 mV to +200 mV in 10 mV steps and repolarized at -80 mV for 10-20 ms.
  • the tail currents were evoked by a step of 50 ms at +160 mV (for 10 ⁇ M of free cytosolic Ca 2+ ) or +200 mV (Ca 2+ ⁇ 1.6 ⁇ M) and then were repolarization measurements at different voltages (from -100 mV to +10 mV in 10 mV steps) for 50-90 ms.
  • the experiments were carried out at room temperature (22-26 ° C).
  • 3iFB ⁇ did not alter the kinetics of BK- ⁇ j_ channels: It was also evaluated whether the kinetics of BK currents in the presence of ⁇ i E65 ⁇ differed from those obtained by expressing only ⁇ w ⁇ . As FIG. 3, slower kinetics were observed in cells expressing the ⁇ i subunit than in those that did not express it, without differences between cells expressing different ⁇ i. Similar results were obtained when analyzing the deactivation kinetics (cf. FIG. 3E-F). The analysis of the time constants for different combinations of ⁇ i subunits at different concentrations of Ca 2+ or voltages also showed no differences in the kinetics of the currents of ⁇ w ⁇ and ⁇ 1E65K.

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in humans. The inventive method comprises the detection of the presence or absence of a polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene in a sample taken from the subject, said polymorphism causing an aminoacidic substitution of E (glutamic acid) for K (lysine) at position 65 of the corresponding encoded polypeptide. In particular, said polymorphism involves a substitution of a single nucleotide of G at position 352 of the sequence of the KCNMB1 gene for A. The invention also relates to methods, compounds and kits for the diagnosis and prognosis of essential hypertension in humans. The invention further relates to compounds for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension.

Description

Método y kit para la detección del riesgo de padecer hipertensiónMethod and kit for the detection of the risk of hypertension
Esta invención está relacionada en general con el campo de la medicina y específicamente con el diagnóstico. En particular, se refiere a métodos y kits basados en polimorfismos en un gen. Estos métodos y kits facilitan la determinación del riesgo de padecer hipertensión.This invention is related in general to the field of medicine and specifically to diagnosis. In particular, it refers to methods and kits based on polymorphisms in a gene. These methods and kits facilitate the determination of the risk of hypertension.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA ANTERIORSTATE OF THE PREVIOUS TECHNIQUE
La presión arterial elevada, o la hipertensión, no es solamente una enfermedad sino que además es un factor de riesgo para la patología cardiaca, cerebral y renal. Se considera que un 25-40% de la población adulta tiene hipertensión. En más de un 90% de los casos la hipertensión es de causa desconocida, es decir, la llamada "hipertensión esencial". Por todo ello, la provisión de predictores de la hipertensión es de máxima importancia tanto para la gestión en salud pública como para el desarrollo de tratamientos antihipertensivos.High blood pressure, or hypertension, is not only a disease but also a risk factor for cardiac, cerebral and renal pathology. It is considered that 25-40% of the adult population has hypertension. In more than 90% of cases the hypertension is of unknown cause, that is, the so-called "essential hypertension". Therefore, the provision of predictors of hypertension is of utmost importance both for public health management and for the development of antihypertensive treatments.
Como sucede en la mayor parte de los rasgos cuantitativos, las diferencias en la presión arterial son el resultado de la contribución de muchos genes interactuando entre sí y de factores ambientales. En un 5-10% de los casos, se ha asociado la hipertensión a mutaciones en algunos genes. Estas mutaciones son responsables de formas raras y monogénicas de hipertensión hereditaria pero sin mayor repercusión a nivel de la población general. Aquí se incluirían genes del sistema renina-angiotensina- aldosterona, genes que codifican para receptores adrenérgicos, genes que codifican para proteínas reguladoras de la función endotelial y genes que codifican para sistemas de transporte iónico renal, entre otros (cfr. R.P. Lifton et al., "Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension", Cell 2001 , vol. 104, pp. 545-56; F.C. Luft, "Hypertension as a complex genetic trait", Semin. Nephrol. 2002. vol. 22, pp. 115-26).As in most quantitative traits, differences in blood pressure are the result of the contribution of many genes interacting with each other and environmental factors. In 5-10% of cases, hypertension has been associated with mutations in some genes. These mutations are responsible for rare and monogenic forms of hereditary hypertension but without major repercussion at the level of the general population. This would include genes from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, genes that code for adrenergic receptors, genes that code for regulatory proteins of endothelial function and genes that code for renal ion transport systems, among others (cf. RP Lifton et al. , "Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension", Cell 2001, vol. 104, pp. 545-56; FC Luft, "Hypertension as a complex genetic trait", Semin. Nephrol. 2002. vol. 22, pp. 115-26) .
La situación es mucho más compleja para el 90-95% de pacientes que sufren hipertensión esencial, para los cuales, a pesar de los enormes esfuerzos para identificar genes de predisposición, no se ha encontrado una sola variante genética a partir de análisis de ligamiento o de asociación, que esté relacionada de manera consistente con los niveles de presión arterial en cada muestra y en todas las poblaciones.The situation is much more complex for 90-95% of patients suffering from essential hypertension, for which, despite enormous efforts to identify predisposition genes, no single genetic variant has been found from linkage analysis or of association, which is consistently related to blood pressure levels in each Sample and in all populations.
La presión dentro de las arterias depende de la resistencia de los vasos (es decir, el diámetro de los vasos sanguíneos), que a su vez está controlada por la contracción de las células de músculo liso de sus paredes (el tono arterial). El control del tono arterial depende de una señal de calcio en el músculo liso vascular, que proviene principalmente de una entrada de Ca2+ a través de canales voltaje-dependientes y de su liberación de depósitos ¡ntracelulares. Un elemento clave en el control del tono vascular es el canal de K+ dependiente de Ca2+ y de voltaje (también conocido como canal BK o canal MaxiK), que asocia aumentos locales de Ca2+ ¡ntracelular a un aumento de la actividad del canal y a una relajación vascular (cfr. J.H. Jaggar et al., "Calcium sparks in smooth muscle", Am. J. Phvsiol. Cell Physiol. 2000, vol. 278, pp. C235-6). A nivel molecular, el canal BK del músculo liso vascular está formado por una subunidad α que conduce iones y una subunidad βi reguladora.The pressure inside the arteries depends on the resistance of the vessels (that is, the diameter of the blood vessels), which in turn is controlled by the contraction of smooth muscle cells from their walls (arterial tone). The control of arterial tone depends on a calcium signal in vascular smooth muscle, which comes mainly from an entry of Ca 2+ through voltage-dependent channels and its release from intracellular deposits. A key element in the control of vascular tone is the K + channel dependent on Ca 2+ and voltage (also known as the BK channel or MaxiK channel), which associates local increases in intracellular Ca 2+ with an increase in activity of the canal and vascular relaxation (cf. JH Jaggar et al., "Calcium sparks in smooth muscle", Am. J. Phvsiol. Cell Physiol. 2000, vol. 278, pp. C235-6). At the molecular level, the BK channel of the vascular smooth muscle is formed by an α subunit that conducts ions and a regulatory βi subunit.
A pesar del efecto de retroalimentación negativa bien conocido de los canales BK sobre la contracción del músculo liso vascular, la única prueba molecular de su implicación en el control de la presión arterial proviene de estudios recientes hechos en modelos animales. La disrupción del gen βi (KCNMB1 ) se ha asociado a una presión arterial elevada y a hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en modelos de ratón (cfr. R. Brenner et al., "Vasoregulation by the βi subunit of the calcium-activated potassium channel", Nature 2000, vol. 407, pp. 870-6; S. Pluger et al., "Mice with disrupted BK channel βi subunit gene feature abnormal Ca2+ spark/STOC coupling and elevated blood pressure" Cira Res. 2000, vol. 87, pp. E53-60). También se ha descrito recientemente la disminución de la expresión de la subunidad βi en modelos de ratas hipertensas (cfr. G.C. Amberg et al., "Downregulation of the BK channel βi subunit ¡n genetic hypertension", Cira Res. 2003, vol. 93, pp. 965-71 ). Los polimorfismos encontrados en el gen KCNMB1 se han asociado únicamente a la función baro-refleja, es decir, el sistema de respuesta rápida del cuerpo para adaptarse a los cambios de presión arterial (cfr. M. Gollasch et al., "The BK channel βi subunit gene is associated with human baroreflex and blood pressure regulation",Despite the well-known negative feedback effect of BK channels on vascular smooth muscle contraction, the only molecular evidence of its involvement in blood pressure control comes from recent studies in animal models. Βi gene disruption (KCNMB1) has been associated with elevated blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in mouse models (cf. R. Brenner et al., "Vasoregulation by the βi subunit of the calcium-activated potassium channel", Nature 2000, vol. 407, pp. 870-6; S. Pluger et al., "Mice with disrupted BK channel βi subunit gene feature abnormal Ca 2+ spark / STOC coupling and elevated blood pressure" Cira Res. 2000, vol. 87 , pp. E53-60). The decrease in the expression of the βi subunit in hypertensive rat models has also been recently described (cf. GC Amberg et al., "Downregulation of the BK channel βi subunit ¡n genetic hypertension", Cira Res. 2003, vol. 93 , pp. 965-71). Polymorphisms found in the KCNMB1 gene have been associated only with baro-reflex function, that is, the body's rapid response system to adapt to changes in blood pressure (cf. M. Gollasch et al., "The BK channel βi subunit gene is associated with human baroreflex and blood pressure regulation ",
Hvpertens. 2002, vol. 20, pp. 927-33). Aparentemente, no se ha establecido ninguna asociación entre las variantes genéticas del KCNMB1 y la presión arterial sistémica en seres humanos.Hvpertens 2002, vol. 20, pp. 927-33). Apparently, no association has been established between the genetic variants of KCNMB1 and pressure Systemic arterial in humans.
EXPLICACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓNEXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION
Tras repetidos resultados decepcionantes de grandes análisis del genoma en poblaciones, los expertos han señalado recientemente la necesidad de encontrar al menos un gen que se pruebe que está asociado a la hipertensión esencial y con una repercusión importante a nivel de la población general (cfr. S.B. Harrap, "Where are all the blood-pressure genes?", The Lancet 2003. vol. 361 , pp. 2149-51 ; M. Caulfield et al.,After repeated disappointing results of large genome analyzes in populations, experts have recently pointed out the need to find at least one gene that is proven to be associated with essential hypertension and with a significant impact at the level of the general population (cf. SB Portuguese, "Where are all the blood-pressure genes?", The Lancet 2003. vol. 361, pp. 2149-51; M. Caulfield et al.,
"Genome-wide mapping of human loci for essential hypertension", The Lancet 2O03, vol. 361 , pp. 2118-23; L.H. Clapp et al., "The BK channel. Protective or detrimental in genetic hypertension?", Circulation Research 2003, vol 93, pp. 893-5; and M. Kotlikoff et al., "Hypertension: β testing", J. Clin. Invest. 2003, vol. 112, pp. 654-6)."Genome-wide mapping of human loci for essential hypertension", The Lancet 2O03, vol. 361, pp. 2118-23; L.H. Clapp et al., "The BK channel. Protective or detrimental in genetic hypertension?", Circulation Research 2003, vol 93, pp. 893-5; and M. Kotlikoff et al., "Hypertension: β testing", J. Clin. Invest. 2003, vol. 112, pp. 654-6).
La presente invención proporciona la primera prueba de una implicación directa del canal BK en el control de la presión arterial en seres humanos. Los inventores han encontrado una sustitución de un único nucleótido (G352A) en el tercer exón del gen KCNMB1. que corresponde a una mutación de un ácido glutámico a una lisina en la posición 65 (E65K) de la proteína. Además, los inventores han encontrado una fuerte asociación entre la frecuencia genotípica del mutante β-|E65K y una baja prevalencia de la hipertensión de moderada a severa.The present invention provides the first evidence of a direct involvement of the BK channel in the control of blood pressure in humans. The inventors have found a single nucleotide substitution (G352A) in the third exon of the KCNMB1 gene. which corresponds to a mutation of a glutamic acid to a lysine at position 65 (E65K) of the protein. In addition, the inventors have found a strong association between the genotypic frequency of the β- | E65K mutant and a low prevalence of moderate to severe hypertension.
Así, la invención proporciona métodos, compuestos y kits para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico de la hipertensión esencial en seres humanos. La invención también proporciona compuestos para el tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial.Thus, the invention provides methods, compounds and kits for the diagnosis and prognosis of essential hypertension in humans. The invention also provides compounds for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension.
Un primer aspecto de la presente invención se relaciona con un método de pronóstico o diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano, que comprende la detección de la presencia o la ausencia de un polimorfismo en el gen KCNMB1. en una muestra separada de dicho ser humano, provocando dicho polimorfismo una sustitución aminoacídica del E (ácido glutámico) por una K (lisina) en la posición 65 del correspondiente polipéptido codificado. En una realización particular de la invención, el polimorfismo es una sustitución de un único nucleótido de la G en posición 352 de la secuencia del gen KCNMB1 y, en una realización preferida, la G está sustituida por una A.A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a human being, which comprises the detection of the presence or absence of a polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene. in a separate sample of said human being, said polymorphism causing an amino acid substitution of E (glutamic acid) with a K (lysine) at position 65 of the corresponding encoded polypeptide. In a particular embodiment of the invention, polymorphism is a substitution. of a single nucleotide of the G at position 352 of the sequence of the KCNMB1 gene and, in a preferred embodiment, the G is replaced by an A.
En esta descripción, las posiciones en el gen KCNMB1 (p.ej. la posición 352) y en el correspondiente polipéptido codificado (p.ej. la posición 65), se dan con referencia al número de acceso U25138 del GenBank. Esta referencia corresponde al ARNm de la subunidad beta del canal BK humano. En esta descripción se utilizan los códigos de aminoácido de una letra para indicar el ácido glutámico (E) y la lisina (K).In this description, the positions in the KCNMB1 gene (eg position 352) and in the corresponding encoded polypeptide (eg position 65), are given with reference to the access number U25138 of the GenBank. This reference corresponds to the mRNA of the beta subunit of the human BK channel. In this description, the one-letter amino acid codes are used to indicate glutamic acid (E) and lysine (K).
El método de pronóstico o diagnóstico de la invención conlleva el análisis de los polimorfismos antes mencionados en el gen KCNMB1. Este análisis se lleva a cabo con tecnologías bien conocidas por un experto en la materia. En una realización particular de la invención, la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo se detecta utilizando uno o más oligonucleótidos que hibridan una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo en el gen KCNMB1 o su secuencia complementaria. En una realización más particular, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7. Como alternativa, la secuencia de nucléotidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 294 a la posición 465 del gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo el polimorfismo de G a A en la posición 352. En una realización preferida, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo tiene una longitud de al menos 15 nucleótidos. En otra realización preferida, los oligonucleótidos tienen secuencias seleccionadas del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID NO: 1-6 y sus secuencias complementarias.The method of prognosis or diagnosis of the invention involves the analysis of the polymorphisms mentioned above in the KCNMB1 gene. This analysis is carried out with technologies well known to a person skilled in the art. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the presence or absence of the polymorphism is detected using one or more oligonucleotides that hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene or its complementary sequence. In a more particular embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7. Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within the range from position 294 to position 465 of the gene. KCNMB1. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides. In another preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6 and their complementary sequences.
En un segundo aspecto la invención proporciona oligonucleótidos que hibridan una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende los polimorfismos antes definidos o su secuencia complementaria. En particular, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7. En una realización particular, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo tiene una longitud de al menos 15 nucleótidos. En otra realización particular, los oligonucleótidos tienen secuencias seleccionadas del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID NO: 1-6 y sus secuencias complementarias. Se puede utilizar cualquier método en el que uno o más oligonucleótidos se hibridan a una muestra de ácido nucleico tomada del individuo y el resultado se analiza para determinar la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo. Ejemplos de tecnologías que utilizan los oligonucleótidos antes mencionados son las técnicas basadas en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa ("polymerase chain reaction", PCR), el ensayo de polimorfismo conformacional de cadena sencilla ("single strand conformational polymorphism", SSCP) y la secuenciación directa. La digestión con enzimas de restricción también es útil para el propósito de la presente invención. Esta técnica se basa en amplificar una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprenda el sitio del presunto polimorfismo y hacer uso, o crear, un sitio de restricción en el producto amplificado que depende de la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo. Para los polimorfismos de la invención, Mnll y BseRI son enzimas de restricción adecuadas.In a second aspect the invention provides oligonucleotides that hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphisms defined above or their complementary sequence. In particular, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7. In a particular embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides. In another particular embodiment, the oligonucleotides have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6 and their complementary sequences. Any method can be used in which one or more oligonucleotides hybridize to a sample of nucleic acid taken from the individual and the result is analyzed to determine the presence or absence of polymorphism. Examples of technologies using the aforementioned oligonucleotides are techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing Digestion with restriction enzymes is also useful for the purpose of the present invention. This technique is based on amplifying a nucleotide sequence that comprises the site of the alleged polymorphism and using, or creating, a restriction site on the amplified product that depends on the presence or absence of the polymorphism. For the polymorphisms of the invention, Mnll and BseRI are suitable restriction enzymes.
Los oligonucleótidos pueden marcarse fluorescente, quimioluminescente o radioactivamente para actuar como sondas y detectar la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo. Estas sondas pueden usarse por ejemplo en microarrays en soporte de vidrio o en microarrays basados en bolitas ("bead-based microarrays").The oligonucleotides can be labeled fluorescent, chemiluminescent or radioactively to act as probes and detect the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism. These probes can be used, for example, in glass-based microarrays or in bead-based microarrays.
Así, en un tercer aspecto la invención proporciona sondas para utilizar en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) a tiempo real que hibridan una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende los polimorfismos antes definidos o su secuencia complementaria. En particular, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7. En una realización particular, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo tiene una longitud de al menos 15 nucleótidos. En otra realización particular, las sondas tienen secuencias seleccionadas del grupo que consiste de SEQ ID NO: 5-6 y sus secuencias complementarias.Thus, in a third aspect the invention provides probes for use in real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphisms defined above or their complementary sequence. In particular, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7. In a particular embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides. In another particular embodiment, the probes have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5-6 and their complementary sequences.
La PCR a tiempo real es particularmente útil en los laboratorios de diagnóstico para el análisis de una gran número de muestras. Así, en otra realización particular de la invención, la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo se detecta utilizando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) a tiempo real con uno o más cebadores y una o más sondas, que ambos hibridan una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo en el gen KCNMB1 o su secuencia complementaria. En una realización más particular, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7. Como alternativa, la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 294 a la posición 465 del gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo el polimorfismo de G a A en la posición 352. Los cebadores y las sondas para la PCR a tiempo real se han mencionado antes.Real-time PCR is particularly useful in diagnostic laboratories for the analysis of a large number of samples. Thus, in another particular embodiment of the invention, the presence or absence of polymorphism is detected using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with one or more primers and one or more probes, which both hybridize a sequence of nucleotides comprising polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene or its complementary sequence. In a more particular embodiment, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7. Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within the range from position 294 to position 465 of the gene. KCNMB1. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352. The primers and probes for real-time PCR have been mentioned above.
La muestra es un tejido o un fluido, generalmente sangre, tomados del individuo. Dependiendo de la técnica seleccionada, la muestra se procesará para obtener células aisladas, la fracción de proteína o la fracción de ácidos nucleicos (p.ej. ADN genómico o ARN mensajero).The sample is a tissue or fluid, usually blood, taken from the individual. Depending on the technique selected, the sample will be processed to obtain isolated cells, the protein fraction or the nucleic acid fraction (eg genomic DNA or messenger RNA).
En un cuarto aspecto la invención proporciona un método de pronóstico o diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano, que comprende la detección, en una muestra separada de dicho ser humano, de la presencia o la ausencia de la sustitución aminoacídica del E (ácido glutámico) en la posición 65 por una K (lisina) en el polipéptido codificado por el gen KCNMB1 o en un fragmento de este polipéptido que comprende la posición 65. En una realización particular, el fragmento del polipéptido comprende una secuencia de aminoácidos incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 40 a la posición 156. Como alternativa, el fragmento del polipéptido comprende SEQ ID NO: 9 o SEQ ID NO: 10. La detección de la sustitución aminoacídica E65K en el polipéptido codificado por KCNMBI puede hacerse con reactivos apropiados que se unan específicamente al polipéptido, como por ejemplo péptidos, anticuerpos o fragmentos de anticuerpo adecuadamente marcados. Como alternativa, también es útil la secuenciación directa. Y como método alternativo al uso de los oligonucleótidos, sondas y reactivos antes explicados, la espectrometría de masas es también útil para el propósito de la invención, como es conocido por un experto en la materia.In a fourth aspect the invention provides a method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a human being, comprising the detection, in a separate sample of said human being, of the presence or absence of amino acid substitution of E (acid glutamic) at position 65 by a K (lysine) in the polypeptide encoded by the KCNMB1 gene or in a fragment of this polypeptide comprising position 65. In a particular embodiment, the polypeptide fragment comprises an amino acid sequence included within the range from position 40 to position 156. Alternatively, the polypeptide fragment comprises SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10. The detection of the amino acid substitution E65K in the polypeptide encoded by KCNMBI can be done with appropriate reagents that are specifically bind the polypeptide, such as, for example, properly labeled peptides, antibodies or antibody fragments. As an alternative, direct sequencing is also useful. And as an alternative method to the use of the oligonucleotides, probes and reagents explained above, mass spectrometry is also useful for the purpose of the invention, as is known to one skilled in the art.
En particular, la detección de la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo o de la sustitución aminoacídica se utiliza como un pronóstico del riesgo de padecer hipertensión esencial, la presencia estando asociada con un riesgo relativamente bajo, y la ausencia estando asociada con un riesgo relativamente alto. Los heterozigotos (EK) y los homozigotos (KK) para la presencia de la sustitución aminoacídica E65K se asocian con un riesgo relativamente bajo de padecer hipertensión esencial, mientras que los heterozigotos EE tienen un alto riesgo de padecerla. Por lo tanto, el alelo K tiene un efecto protector contra la severidad de la hipertensión esencial. Además, la detección de la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo o de la sustitución aminoacídica se utiliza como un diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial padecida por un ser humano, la ausencia estando asociada con una disfunción del canal BK, y la presencia estando asociada con una mejora de función del canal BK. Así, el pronóstico del riesgo de padecer hipertensión esencial permite implementar medidas preventivas antes del inicio de la enfermedad. De la misma manera, el diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial permite evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento terapéutico y diseñar un tratamiento a medida para el individuo en particular.In particular, the detection of the presence or absence of polymorphism or amino acid substitution is used as a prognosis of the risk of suffering from essential hypertension, the presence being associated with a relatively low risk, and the absence being associated with a relatively high risk. . Heterozygotes (EK) and homozygotes (KK) for the presence of the E65K amino acid substitution are associated with a risk relatively low of suffering from essential hypertension, while EE heterozygotes have a high risk of suffering from it. Therefore, the K allele has a protective effect against the severity of essential hypertension. In addition, the detection of the presence or absence of polymorphism or amino acid substitution is used as a diagnosis of essential hypertension suffered by a human being, the absence being associated with a BK channel dysfunction, and the presence being associated with a BK channel function improvement. Thus, the prognosis of the risk of suffering from essential hypertension allows preventive measures to be implemented before the onset of the disease. In the same way, the diagnosis of essential hypertension allows to evaluate the efficacy of the therapeutic treatment and to design a treatment tailored for the individual in particular.
En un quinto aspecto la invención proporciona un kit para llevar a cabo el método de pronóstico o diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano, dicho kit comprendiendo reactivos apropiados para detectar la presencia o la ausencia de los polimorfismos y de la sustitución aminoacídica. En una realización particular el kit comprende uno o más oligonucleótidos como se han definido antes. En otra realización particular el kit comprende uno o más cebadores y una o más sondas como se han definido antes para utilizar en la PCR a tiempo real. La invención también proporciona un kit que comprende un reactivo que se une específicamente al polipéptido o a los fragmentos del polipéptido antes definidos. En una realización particular el reactivo es un anticuerpo o un fragmento de anticuerpo como se ha definido antes.In a fifth aspect the invention provides a kit for carrying out the method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a human being, said kit comprising appropriate reagents for detecting the presence or absence of polymorphisms and amino acid substitution. In a particular embodiment the kit comprises one or more oligonucleotides as defined above. In another particular embodiment the kit comprises one or more primers and one or more probes as defined above for use in real-time PCR. The invention also provides a kit comprising a reagent that specifically binds to the polypeptide or the polypeptide fragments defined above. In a particular embodiment the reagent is an antibody or an antibody fragment as defined above.
La invención también proporciona moléculas aisladas de ácido nucleico de al menos 15 nucleótidos, que comprenden una secuencia incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 277 a la posición 627 de la secuencia del gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo el polimorfismo de G a A en la posición 352. En una realización particular, la molécula de ácido nucleico comprende SEQ ID NO: 7, y más particularmente SEQ ID NO: 8. La invención también proporciona una molécula de ácido nucleico que codifica un polipéptido que comprende la secuencia de aminoácidos SEQ ID NO: 9 y, más particularmente SEQ ID NO: 10. Estas moléculas de ácido nucleico pueden ser de cadena sencilla o doble. También se proporcionan vectores recombinantes que comprenden estas moléculas de ácido nucleico. Otro aspecto de la invención se relaciona con polipéptidos aislados que comprenden una secuencia de aminoácidos incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 40 a la posición 156 del polipéptido codificado por el gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo una sustitución aminoacídica del E (ácido glutámico) por uña K (lisina) en la posición 65. En particular, el polipéptido comprende SEQ ID NO: 9, y más particulamente SEQ ID NO: 10. También se proporciona un anticuerpo o un fragmento de anticuerpo que se une específicamente a estos polipéptidos.The invention also provides isolated nucleic acid molecules of at least 15 nucleotides, which comprise a sequence included in the range from position 277 to position 627 of the sequence of the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352. In a particular embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, and more particularly SEQ ID NO: 8. The invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 and, more particularly SEQ ID NO: 10. These nucleic acid molecules can be single or double stranded. Recombinant vectors comprising these nucleic acid molecules are also provided. Another aspect of the invention relates to isolated polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence included in the range from position 40 to position 156 of the polypeptide encoded by the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having an amino acid substitution of E (glutamic acid) with a K nail (lysine) at position 65. In particular, the polypeptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 9, and more particularly SEQ ID NO: 10. An antibody or an antibody fragment that specifically binds to these polypeptides.
Así, la invención también se refiere al uso de estas moléculas de ácido nucleico, de los vectores recombinantes y de los polipéptidos para la preparación de un agente terapéutico para el tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano. Por último, la invención se refiere a un método de tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un humano, que comprende la administración de una cantidad efectiva de los vectores, las moléculas de ácido nucleico y/o los polipéptidos antes descritos.Thus, the invention also relates to the use of these nucleic acid molecules, recombinant vectors and polypeptides for the preparation of a therapeutic agent for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human being. Finally, the invention relates to a method of prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human, comprising the administration of an effective amount of the vectors, nucleic acid molecules and / or polypeptides described above.
A lo largo de la descripción y las reivindicaciones la palabra "comprende" y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras características técnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. El resumen de esta solicitud se incorpora aquí como referencia. Para los expertos en la materia, otros objetos, ventajas y características de la invención se desprenderán en parte de la descripción y en parte de la práctica de la invención. Los siguientes ejemplos, dibujos y lista de secuencias se proporcionan a modo de ilustración, y no se pretende que sean limitativos de la presente invención.Throughout the description and the claims the word "comprises" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. The summary of this application is incorporated here by reference. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be derived partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples, drawings and sequence listing are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURASBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
La FIG. 1 muestra la distribución genotípica de E65K por presión arterial diastólica y la "odds ratio" ajustada por edad y sexo a cada nivel de hipertensión diastólica para portadores del alelo K respecto al genotipo EE.FIG. 1 shows the genotypic distribution of E65K by diastolic blood pressure and the "odds ratio" adjusted for age and sex at each level of diastolic hypertension for carriers of the K allele relative to the EE genotype.
La FIG. 2 muestra la gráfica de los V1/2 (V) respecto a la concentración de Ca2+ (en μM). La FIG. 3 muestra el efecto de la βiE65κβn la cinética de activación y desactivación del canal BK.FIG. 2 shows the graph of the V 1/2 (V) with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ (in μM). FIG. 3 shows the effect of βi E65 κβn the activation and deactivation kinetics of the BK channel.
La FIG. 4 muestra un esquema de la región amplificada en el análisis de KCNMB1.FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the amplified region in the analysis of KCNMB1.
EXPOSICIÓN DETALLADA DE MODOS DE REALIZACIÓNDETAILED EXHIBITION OF REALIZATION MODES
Descripción detallada de las figurasDetailed description of the figures
FIG.1. (A) muestra la frecuencia genotípica de E65K (GF, en %) por presión arterial diastólica (DBP, en mmHg). Se muestran los valores de "p" para las distribuciones genotípicas en cada grado de hipertensión diastólica (número de individuos entre paréntesis). Los genotipos KK + KE se representan con cuadrados negros y el genotipo EE con cuadrados grises. En (B) se presentan las "odds ratios" (es decir, las oportunidades relativas o el cociente entre dos oportunidades utilizado para estimar riesgos, OR) ajustadas por edad y sexo en cada grado de hipertensión diastólica (DBP, en mmHg) de portadores K respecto al genotipo EE. Las OR ajustadas de portadores K con DBP > 105 mmHg (14 kPa) y DBP > 110 mmHg (14.66 kPa) fueron de 0.39 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0.17 a 0.93, p = 0.034) y 0.12 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0.02 a 0.90, p = 0.039 ), respectivamente. Un asterisco (*) significa individuos con tratamiento antihipertensivo con una DBP < 90 mmHg (12 kPa), que también se incluyeron en el grupo de DBP > 90 mmHg (12 kPa).FIG. 1. (A) shows the genotypic frequency of E65K (GF, in%) by diastolic blood pressure (BPD, in mmHg). The "p" values for genotypic distributions in each degree of diastolic hypertension (number of individuals in brackets) are shown. KK + KE genotypes are represented with black squares and the EE genotype with gray squares. In (B) the "odds ratios" (ie, the relative opportunities or the ratio between two opportunities used to estimate risks, OR) adjusted for age and sex in each degree of diastolic hypertension (BPD, in mmHg) of carriers are presented K with respect to the EE genotype. The adjusted OR of K carriers with DBP> 105 mmHg (14 kPa) and DBP> 110 mmHg (14.66 kPa) were 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.93, p = 0.034) and 0.12 (confidence interval of 95%, 0.02 to 0.90, p = 0.039), respectively. An asterisk (*) means individuals with antihypertensive treatment with a BPD <90 mmHg (12 kPa), which were also included in the DBP group> 90 mmHg (12 kPa).
La FIG.2 muestra la gráfica de los V1 2 (V) respecto a la concentración de Ca2+ (en μM). (A) muestra los V-ι/2 respecto a la concentración de Ca2+ obtenidos para α + βιwτ (círculos negros, n = 13) y α + βiE65κ (círculos vacíos, n = 15). (B) muestra los V-ι/2 respecto a la concentración de Ca 2+ obtenidos para α + βιwτ (círculos vacíos) y α + βιwτ + β 1E65K (cuadrados negros, n = 6). (C) muestra los V-ι/2 respecto a la concentración de Ca2+ obtenidos para α (triángulos vacíos, n = 3). Los datos se muestran como la media ± E.E. Las diferencias en las curvas de los V1/2 entre las distintas subunidades βi se calcularon mediante un ANOVA con medidas repetidas. β1Wτ respecto a βiE65κ (P = 0.002) y β-ιwτ respecto a βιwτ + β .E6sκ(p = 0.005). La FIG. 3 muestra el efecto de βiEβsK en la cinética de activación y desactivación del canal BK. (A) muestra los trazos representativos de corrientes obtenidas de células transfectadas con diferentes combinaciones de subunidades α y βi y normalizadas al pico de la corriente. Se obtuvieron los trazos de corriente con un pulso de 0 mV a +200 mV en presencia de 1.6 μM de Ca2+. En (B) la constante del tiempo de activación (ATC, en ms a 1.6 μM de Ca2+) se ajustó con una función única exponencial y se representó respecto al potencial de pulso de las corrientes para α (triángulos vacíos, n = 4), α + βιwτ (círculos vacíos, n = 13), α + βiE65K (círculos negros, n = 15) y α + βιwτ + βiE65κ (cuadrados vacíos, n = 6). (C) muestra el gráfico de la constante del tiempo de activación (ATC, en ms) respecto a las concentraciones de Ca2+ medidas con un pulso a +200 mV. (D) muestra las familias de corrientes de cola registradas a 1.6 μM de Ca2+en las cuatro condiciones. Las constantes del tiempo de desactivación (DTC, en ms) se obtuvieron de ajusfar las corrientes de cola con una única función exponencial y se representaron respecto al potencial del pulso ( E) o respecto a la concentración de Ca2+ a -80 mV(F).FIG. 2 shows the graph of the V 1 2 (V) with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ (in μM). (A) shows the V-ι / 2 with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ obtained for α + βιwτ (black circles, n = 13) and α + βi E 65κ (empty circles, n = 15). (B) shows the V-ι / 2 with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ obtained for α + βιwτ (empty circles) and α + βιwτ + β 1E65K (black squares, n = 6). (C) shows the V-ι / 2 with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ obtained for α (empty triangles, n = 3). The data are shown as the mean ± SE The differences in the V1 / 2 curves between the different βi subunits were calculated using an ANOVA with repeated measurements. β 1W τ with respect to βiE65κ (P = 0.002) and β-ιwτ with respect to βιwτ + β .E6sκ (p = 0.005). FIG. 3 shows the effect of βi E βs K on the activation and deactivation kinetics of the BK channel. (A) shows the representative traces of currents obtained from cells transfected with different combinations of α and βi subunits and normalized to the peak of the current. The current traces were obtained with a pulse of 0 mV to +200 mV in the presence of 1.6 μM of Ca 2+ . In (B) the activation time constant (ATC, in ms at 1.6 μM of Ca 2+ ) was adjusted with a unique exponential function and represented with respect to the pulse potential of the currents for α (empty triangles, n = 4 ), α + βιwτ (empty circles, n = 13), α + βi E65K (black circles, n = 15) and α + βιwτ + βi E65 κ (empty squares, n = 6). (C) shows the graph of the activation time constant (ATC, in ms) with respect to the Ca 2+ concentrations measured with a pulse at +200 mV. (D) shows the families of tail currents registered at 1.6 μM Ca 2+ in the four conditions. The deactivation time constants (DTC, in ms) were obtained by adjusting the tail currents with a single exponential function and represented with respect to the pulse potential (E) or with respect to the concentration of Ca 2+ at -80 mV ( F).
La FIG. 4 muestra un esquema de la región amplificada en el análisis de KCNMB1. La secuencia en la figura corresponde al tercer exon del genFIG. 4 shows a schematic of the amplified region in the analysis of KCNMB1. The sequence in the figure corresponds to the third exon of the gene
KCNMB1. excepto los dos primeros nucleótidos en 5' (AG) y los dos últimos nucleótidos en 3' (GT), que son parte de los intrones flanqueantes. Se indican con dos cajas los sitios de hibridación de los cebadores (cebadores con secuencias SEQ ID NO: 3 y SEQ ID NO: 4). Se indican con dos líneas los sitios de hibridación de las sondas fluorescentes (sondas con secuencias SEQ ID NO: 5 y SEQ ID NO: 6).KCNMB1. except the first two nucleotides at 5 '(AG) and the last two nucleotides at 3' (GT), which are part of the flanking introns. The hybridization sites of the primers (primers with sequences SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4) are indicated with two boxes. The hybridization sites of the fluorescent probes are indicated with two lines (probes with sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6).
Estudio de epidemiología genética poblacional del gen humano KCNMB1Population genetic epidemiology study of the human gene KCNMB1
Población: La muestra representativa de la población estaba formada por 3876 participantes de 25 a 74 años: 1914 (49.4%) mujeres y 1962 (50.6%) hombres. Se seleccionaron al azar de dos estudios transversales llevados a cabo en la provincia de Girona (España), de 1994 a 1996 y de 1999 a 2001 , para establecer la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en esta región. Quinientos participantes estuvieron bajo terapia farmacológica antihipertensiva, y otros 606 tenían medidas de presión arterial que cumplían los criterios de hipertensión de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, pero desconocían su condición (483 de ellos con hipertensión diastólica aislada). Debido a la naturaleza epidemiológica de las medidas de presión arterial diastólica (DBP), que pueden no ajustarse a los criterios clínicos de hipertensión, sólo se consideraron para este estudio sujetos estrictamente normotensos [DBP < 80 mmHg (10.66 kPa); n = 1 727] y definitivamente hipertensos [DBP > 90 mmHg (14.66 kPa); n = 983].Population: The representative sample of the population consisted of 3876 participants aged 25 to 74: 1914 (49.4%) women and 1962 (50.6%) men. Two cross-sectional studies conducted in the province of Girona (Spain), from 1994 to 1996 and from 1999 to 2001, were randomly selected to establish the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in this region. Five hundred participants were under antihypertensive drug therapy, and another 606 had blood pressure measurements that met the World Health Organization's hypertension criteria, but They did not know their condition (483 of them with isolated diastolic hypertension). Due to the epidemiological nature of diastolic blood pressure measurements (BPD), which may not meet the clinical criteria of hypertension, only strictly normotensive subjects [DBP <80 mmHg (10.66 kPa)) were considered for this study; n = 1,727] and definitely hypertensive [DBP> 90 mmHg (14.66 kPa); n = 983].
Variables: Se usó una balanza de precisión para determinar el peso. Los participantes llevaban ropa interior. También se midió la altura. Se determinó el índice de masa corporal (BMI) dividiendo el peso entre la altura al cuadrado (kg/m2). La media del BMI de los participantes en el estudio fue de 27.2 kg/m2. Las medidas de presión arterial se obtuvieron con un esfingomanómetro de mercurio calibrado. Se eligió para cada participante una almohadilla adaptada al perímetro de la parte superior del brazo (joven, adulto y obeso). Las primeras medidas se realizaron después de un descanso de cinco minutos y las segundas medidas al menos 20 minutos más tarde. El valor usado fue la media aritmética de las dos determinaciones. Se usaron cuestionarios estandarizados de hipertensión y diabetes mellitus (cfr. R. Masía et al., "High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Gerona, Spain, a province with low myocardial infarction incidence", REGICOR Investigators, J. Epidemiol. Communitv Health 1998. vol. 52, pp. 707-15).Variables: A precision balance was used to determine the weight. The participants wore underwear. The height was also measured. The body mass index (BMI) was determined by dividing the weight by the squared height (kg / m 2 ). The mean BMI of the participants in the study was 27.2 kg / m 2 . Blood pressure measurements were obtained with a calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer. A pad adapted to the perimeter of the upper arm (young, adult and obese) was chosen for each participant. The first measurements were made after a five minute break and the second measurements at least 20 minutes later. The value used was the arithmetic mean of the two determinations. Standardized questionnaires of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were used (cf. R. Masía et al., "High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Gerona, Spain, a province with low myocardial infarction incidence", REGICOR Investigators, J. Epidemiol. Communitv Health 1998 vol. 52, pp. 707-15).
Análisis del gen KCNMB1 : se amplificaron los exones codificantes de la subunidad moduladora βi (KCNMB1 ) del canal BK a partir del ADN genómico de 11 participantes hipertensos severos y 12 norrnotensos estrictos. Se analizaron los productos de PCR por secuenciación directa. Se identificó la variante E65K en el tercer exón del gen KCNMB1 (GenBank Accession No. U25138) por el método de secuenciación con dideoxinucleótidos (ABI Prism™ BIGDYE® Terminator 3.0, Applied Biosystems), y fue confirmada por la secuenciación de la segunda cadena, utilizando los siguientes cebadores sentido ("forward") y antisentido ("reverse"): 5'-CAGCCAGTTAGCGGCAGATTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) y 5'-TGTTGCAAGAGTAGCCAAGGTTG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 2). Después de la identificación de la mutación E65K en el tercer exón del gen KCNMB1 por secuenciación directa, esta mutación se analizó en cada uno de los 3876 participantes del estudio por PCR cuantitativa a tiempo real. Se analizaron las muestras de ADN con el ensayo Taqman (ABI Prism 7900HT, Applied Biosystems), usando los cebadores 5'-AGCGTGTGGACCCAGGAAT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3) y 5'-GGCAGCTGACACGTTGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) y, las sondas FAM-CCTTCTTGCCCTTCAGCTTCTCCTC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 5) y VIC-CACCTTCTTGCCCTTCAGCTCCTC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 6) para los alelos K (base A) y E (base G), respectivamente.KCNMB1 gene analysis: exons coding for the βi modulator subunit (KCNMB1) of the BK channel were amplified from the genomic DNA of 11 severe hypertensive participants and 12 strict norrnotensive participants. PCR products were analyzed by direct sequencing. The E65K variant in the third exon of the KCNMB1 gene (GenBank Accession No. U25138) was identified by the dideoxynucleotide sequencing method (ABI Prism ™ BIGDYE ® Terminator 3.0, Applied Biosystems), and was confirmed by sequencing the second chain, using the following sense ("forward" and antisense ("reverse") primers: 5'-CAGCCAGTTAGCGGCAGATTC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 1) and 5'-TGTTGCAAGAGTAGCCAAGGTTG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 2). After identification of the E65K mutation in the third exon of the KCNMB1 gene by direct sequencing, this mutation was analyzed in each of the 3876 participants in the study by quantitative real-time PCR. DNA samples were analyzed with the Taqman assay (ABI Prism 7900HT, Applied Biosystems), using primers 5'-AGCGTGTGGACCCAGGAAT-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 3) and 5'-GGCAGCTGACACGTTGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) and, FAM-CCTTCTTGCCCTTCAGCTTCTCCTC-TAMRA probes (SEQ ID NO: ) and VIC-CACCTTCTTGCCCTTCAGCTCCTC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 6) for the K (base A) and E (base G) alleles, respectively.
Las frecuencias genotípicas fueron de 78.4% para los individuos homozigotos EE, 20.0% para los heterozigotos EK y 1.6% para los homozigotos KK. Las frecuencias genotípicas observadas se ajustaron al equilibrio de Hardy- Weinberg. Los individuos homozigotos KK y los heterozigotos EK se analizaron juntos debido a la baja prevalencia de los primeros. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron por separado para los valores de presión arterial diastólica y sistólica. Los participantes con una presión arterial diastólica (DBP) inferior a 80 mmHg (10.66 kPa) que no recibían terapia antihipertensiva constituyeron el grupo normotenso. La frecuencia genotípica de la mutación E65K (KK + KE) disminuyó a medida que aumentaban los valores de DBP (cfr. FIG. 1 A), desde un 21.6% en el grupo de normotensos a un 3.2% en el grupo de hipertensos severos [DBP > 11O mmHg (14.66 kPa)].Genotypic frequencies were 78.4% for EE homozygous individuals, 20.0% for EK heterozygotes and 1.6% for KK homozygotes. The observed genotypic frequencies were adjusted to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. KK homozygous individuals and EK heterozygotes were analyzed together due to the low prevalence of the former. Statistical analyzes were performed separately for diastolic and systolic blood pressure values. The participants with a diastolic blood pressure (BPD) below 80 mmHg (10.66 kPa) who did not receive antihypertensive therapy constituted the normotensive group. The genotypic frequency of the E65K mutation (KK + KE) decreased as DBP values increased (cf. FIG. 1 A), from 21.6% in the normotensive group to 3.2% in the severe hypertensive group [ DBP> 11O mmHg (14.66 kPa)].
Se estimaron las "odds ratios" (es decir, las oportunidades relativas o el cociente entre dos oportunidades utilizado para estimar riesgos, OR) de los cinco niveles de hipertensión diastólica ajustadas por edad y sexo para la variante alélica K comparada con el genotipo EE (cfr. FIG. 1B). La magnitud y la dirección (OR < 1 implica un menor riesgo y OR > 1 implica un mayor riesgo de hipertensión) de las asociaciones fue consistente con un efecto protector del alelo K frente a la severidad de la hipertensión diastólica y con un efecto progresivamente deletéreo del genotipo EE. Se observó una disminución del riesgo para la variante E65K al aumentar la severidad de la hipertensión diastólica (cfr. FIG. 1 B). El ajuste posterior por el estatus de diabetes e índice de masa corporal tuvo un efecto inapreciable sobre los valores de OR. El riesgo atribuible poblacional del alelo K (es decir, la reducción de la prevalencia de la hipertensión diastólica que podría esperarse de eliminar el efecto del genotipo EE en la población entera) fue -10.6% para la hipertensión moderada (DBP > 100 mmHg) y -31.8% para la hipertensión severa (DBP > 110 mmHg). Análisis estadístico: La desviación respecto al equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg se analizó mediante un test chl cuadrado con un grado de libertad. Se usaron el test cjτ¡ cuadrado o el test exacto de Fischer según fuera apropiado, para comparar las frecuencias genotípicas entre los grupos diastólicos normotensos e hipertensos. Las "odds ratios" ajustadas por edad y sexo de los diferentes grados de hipertensión y sus intervalos de confianza del 95% fueron estimados con un análisis de regresión logística incondicional para los portadores de K respecto al genotipo EE. Valores de "p" < 0.05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos. Dada la naturaleza transversal del estudio, se calculó el riesgo atribuible poblacional (PAR) mediante una aproximación caso-control, cuya estimación de la "odds ratio" (OR) es similar (cfr. P. Colé et al., "Attributable risk percent in case-control studies" Brit. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 1971 , vol. 25, pp. 242-4): PAR (%) = 100 x (Pβ (OR - 1 )) / (1 + Pe (OR - 1)); donde Pe es la proporción de participantes no hipertensos portadores de K y OR es la "odds ratio" de la hipertensión diastólica ajustada por edad y sexo para los portadores K.The "odds ratios" (ie, the relative opportunities or the ratio between two opportunities used to estimate risks, OR) of the five levels of diastolic hypertension adjusted for age and sex for the allelic variant K compared to the genotype EE ( cf. FIG. 1B). The magnitude and direction (OR <1 implies a lower risk and OR> 1 implies a higher risk of hypertension) of the associations was consistent with a protective effect of the K allele against the severity of diastolic hypertension and with a progressively deleterious effect of the US genotype. A decrease in the risk for the E65K variant was observed as the severity of diastolic hypertension increased (cf. FIG. 1 B). Subsequent adjustment for diabetes status and body mass index had an invaluable effect on OR values. The population attributable risk of the K allele (i.e., the reduction in the prevalence of diastolic hypertension that could be expected to eliminate the effect of the EE genotype in the entire population) was -10.6% for moderate hypertension (BPD> 100 mmHg) and -31.8% for severe hypertension (BPD> 110 mmHg). Statistical analysis: The deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed by a square chl test with a degree of freedom. The cjτ¡ square test or the exact Fischer test were used as appropriate, to compare genotypic frequencies between normotensive and hypertensive diastolic groups. The "odds ratios" adjusted for age and sex of the different degrees of hypertension and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated with an unconditional logistic regression analysis for K carriers with respect to the EE genotype. Values of "p"<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Given the cross-sectional nature of the study, population attributable risk (PAR) was calculated using a case-control approach, whose estimate of the "odds ratio" (OR) is similar (cf. P. Colé et al., "Attributable risk percent in case-control studies "Brit. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 1971, vol. 25, pp. 242-4): PAR (%) = 100 x (P β (OR - 1)) / (1 + P e (OR-1)); where P e is the proportion of non-hypertensive participants carrying K and OR is the "odds ratio" of diastolic hypertension adjusted for age and sex for K carriers.
Estudio de electrofisioloqíaElectrophysiology study
Para evaluar el mecanismo por el cual la mutación E65K podría modificar la actividad del canal BK y, de esta manera, su contribución potencial en el control de la presión arterial, se expresó el muíante E65K en células HEK-293 y se analizó funcionalmente (es decir, se midieron las corrientes iónicas generadas por el movimiento de K+ a través de los canales BK salvajes -wild type- y mutantes). Debido a que la frecuencia del alelo KK era muy baja, también se evaluó el significado funcional de la co-expresión de E65K en combinación con la βi salvaje. Las células HEK-293 que expresan de forma permanente la subunidad formadora del poro α (también conocida como hSlo, cfr. P.K. Ahring et al., "Stable expression of the human large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel alpha and beta subunits in HEK293 cells", FEBS Letters 1997, vol. 415, pp. 67-70), se transfectaron transitoriamente con las subunidades βi salvaje (wild-type, βιwτ), mutante (βiE65κ) o una combinación de ambas (βιwτ + β IE65K)-To evaluate the mechanism by which the E65K mutation could modify the activity of the BK channel and, thus, its potential contribution in the control of blood pressure, the E65K mutant was expressed in HEK-293 cells and functionally analyzed (it is that is, the ionic currents generated by the movement of K + were measured through the wild-type and mutant BK channels). Because the frequency of the KK allele was very low, the functional significance of the co-expression of E65K in combination with wild βi was also evaluated. HEK-293 cells that permanently express the pore-forming subunit α (also known as hSlo, cf. PK Ahring et al., "Stable expression of the human large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel alpha and beta subunits in HEK293 cells ", FEBS Letters 1997, vol. 415, pp. 67-70), were transiently transfected with the wild-type βi subunits (wild-type, βιwτ), mutant (βiE65κ) or a combination of both (βιwτ + β IE65K) -
Generación y expresión de las subunidades mutantes: Se introdujo la mutación E65K en la subunidad βi humana clonada dentro de un vector pcDNA3, usando el kit QuikChange Mutagenesis (Stratagene), y se verificó mediante secuenciación. Las células HEK-293 se transfectaron con el constructo E65K BK βi usando un derivado lineal de la polietilenimina (PEÍ), el policatión ExGenδOO (Fermentas MBI) siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante (7 equivalentes PEI/3.3 μg ADN). Se sembraron 250000 células HEK-293 por placa de 35 mm, 24 h antes de la transfección. Para cada placa, se usaron 3 μg del constructo βι τ o βiεβsK, junto con el marcador de transfección codificante para la proteína verde fluorescente amplificada (enhanced green fluorescent protein, pEGFPNI) a una proporción de 10:1. Para las transfecciones dobles se usaron 1.5 μg de β-ιwτ + 1.5 μg de βiE65K-Generation and expression of the mutant subunits: The E65K mutation was introduced into the human βi subunit cloned into a pcDNA3 vector, using the QuikChange Mutagenesis kit (Stratagene), and verified by sequencing HEK-293 cells were transfected with the E65K BKβi construct using a linear derivative of polyethyleneimine (PEI), polycation ExGenδOO (Fermentas MBI) following the manufacturer's instructions (7 equivalent PEI / 3.3 μg DNA). 250,000 HEK-293 cells were seeded by 35 mm plate, 24 h before transfection. For each plate, 3 μg of the βι τ or βiεβs K construct was used, together with the transfection marker encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFPNI) at a ratio of 10: 1. For double transfections 1.5 μg of β-ιwτ + 1.5 μg of βi E6 5 K -
Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo con células EGFP positivas sembradas en placas de plástico de 35 mm montadas en la pletina de un microscopio invertido Olympus 1X70. Las corrientes iónicas fueron registradas con el modelo "inside-out patch-clamp" (cfr. O.P. Hamill et al., "Improved patch-clamp techniques for high resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches" Pflugers Arch. 1981 , vol. 391 , pp. 85-100). Las pipetas de cristal de borosilicato para el parche ("patch") tenían una resistencia de 1.3-3 MΩ y se rellenaron con una solución que contenía (en mM): 140 KCI, 1.2 MgCI2) 0.2 CaCI2, 0.5 EDTA y 10 HEPES (300 mosmoles/l, pH 7.3). Las soluciones que bañaban la cara citoplasmática de la membrana del parche contenían (en mM): 140 KCI, 0.7 MgCI2) 10 HEPES, pH 7.25, y 300 mosmoles/l. La concentración ¡ntracelular de Ca2+ libre (calculada usando EqCal de Biosoft, Cambridge, U.K.) fue ajustada a los valores deseados mediante combinaciones diferentes de CaCI2 y EDTA añadidos a la solución del baño. Las corrientes se adquirieron a 10 kHz y se filtraron a 1 kHz. Para los estudios de activación de corriente, los parches de membrana se fijaron a 0 mV, se dieron pulsos de 150 ms desde -100 mV a +200 mV en pasos de 10 mV y se repolarizaron a -80 mV durante 10-20 ms. Para los estudios de corriente de desactivación, se evocaron las corrientes de cola mediante un paso de 50 ms a +160 mV (para 10 μM de Ca2+ libre citosólico) o +200 mV (Ca2+ ≤ 1.6 μM) y después fueron medidas por repolarización a distintos voltajes (de -100 mV a +10 mV en pasos de 10 mV) durante 50-90 ms. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo a temperatura ambiente (22-26 °C).The experiments were carried out with positive EGFP cells seeded on 35 mm plastic plates mounted on the plate of an Olympus 1X70 inverted microscope. Ionic currents were recorded with the "inside-out patch-clamp" model (cf. OP Hamill et al., "Improved patch-clamp techniques for high resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches" Pflugers Arch. 1981, vol. 391, pp. 85-100). The borosilicate glass pipettes for the patch ("patch") had a resistance of 1.3-3 MΩ and were filled with a solution containing (in mM): 140 KCI, 1.2 MgCI 2) 0.2 CaCI 2 , 0.5 EDTA and 10 HEPES (300 mosmoles / l, pH 7.3). The solutions that bathed the cytoplasmic face of the patch membrane contained (in mM): 140 KCI, 0.7 MgCI 2) 10 HEPES, pH 7.25, and 300 mosmoles / l. The intracellular concentration of free Ca 2+ (calculated using EqCal from Biosoft, Cambridge, UK) was adjusted to the desired values by different combinations of CaCI 2 and EDTA added to the bath solution. The currents were acquired at 10 kHz and filtered at 1 kHz. For current activation studies, the membrane patches were set at 0 mV, pulses of 150 ms were given from -100 mV to +200 mV in 10 mV steps and repolarized at -80 mV for 10-20 ms. For the deactivation current studies, the tail currents were evoked by a step of 50 ms at +160 mV (for 10 μM of free cytosolic Ca 2+ ) or +200 mV (Ca 2+ ≤ 1.6 μM) and then were repolarization measurements at different voltages (from -100 mV to +10 mV in 10 mV steps) for 50-90 ms. The experiments were carried out at room temperature (22-26 ° C).
Aumento de la sensibilidad al Ca2*de los canales BK-βiFR-. : Como se muestra en la FIG. 2, la expresión de la subunidad βiE65κ (cfr. FIG. 2A, círculos negros) añadió un desplazamiento aún más negativo, comparado con el βιwτ (círculos vacíos). A la concentración más elevada de Ca2+ utilizada, 10 μM, el desplazamiento negativo inducido por la βiE6δκ fue de -30 mV. La co-expresión de βιwτ y β 1E65K (cfr. FIG. 2B, cuadrados negros) resultó en un desplazamiento negativo de los Vι/2 respecto al Ca2+ similar al obtenido con la βiE65κ sola (círculos vacíos). Cualquier combinación de las subunidades βi indujo un dramático desplazamiento negativo en la activación dependiente de voltaje de los canales BK comparado con las corrientes α solas (cfr. FIG. 2C, triángulos vacíos).Increased sensitivity to Ca 2 * of BK-βiFR- channels. : As shown in FIG. 2, the expression of the βi E65 κ subunit (cf. FIG. 2A, black circles) added an even more negative displacement, compared with the βιwτ (empty circles). At the highest concentration of Ca 2+ used, 10 μM, the negative displacement induced by βi E6δ κ was -30 mV. Co-expression of βιwτ and β 1E65K (cf. FIG. 2B, black squares) resulted in a negative displacement of the Vι / 2 with respect to Ca 2+ similar to that obtained with βi E65 κ alone (empty circles). Any combination of the βi subunits induced a dramatic negative shift in the voltage-dependent activation of the BK channels compared to the α currents alone (cf. FIG. 2C, empty triangles).
3iFBñκ no alteró la cinética de los canales BK-βj_: También se evaluó si la cinética de las corrientes BK en presencia de la βiE65κ difería de las obtenidas expresando sólo la βιwτ. Como muestra la FIG. 3, se observó una cinética más lenta en las células que expresaban la subunidad βi que en las que no la expresaban, sin diferencias entre las células que expresaban distintas βi. Se obtuvieron resultados similares al analizar las cinéticas de desactivación (cfr. FIG. 3E-F). Los análisis de las constantes de tiempo para distintas combinaciones de subunidades βi a diferentes concentraciones de Ca2+ o voltajes tampoco mostraron diferencias en las cinéticas de las corrientes de βιwτ y β 1E65K. 3iFBñκ did not alter the kinetics of BK-βj_ channels: It was also evaluated whether the kinetics of BK currents in the presence of βi E65 κ differed from those obtained by expressing only βιwτ. As FIG. 3, slower kinetics were observed in cells expressing the βi subunit than in those that did not express it, without differences between cells expressing different βi. Similar results were obtained when analyzing the deactivation kinetics (cf. FIG. 3E-F). The analysis of the time constants for different combinations of βi subunits at different concentrations of Ca 2+ or voltages also showed no differences in the kinetics of the currents of βιwτ and β 1E65K.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Método de pronóstico o diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano, que comprende la detección de la presencia o la ausencia de un polimorfismo en el gen KCNMB1. en una muestra separada de dicho ser humano, provocando dicho polimorfismo una sustitución aminoacídica del E (ácido glutámico) por una K (lisina) en la posición 65 del correspondiente polipéptido codificado.1. Method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a human being, comprising the detection of the presence or absence of a polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene. in a separate sample of said human being, said polymorphism causing an amino acid substitution of E (glutamic acid) with a K (lysine) at position 65 of the corresponding encoded polypeptide.
2. Método según la reivindicación 1 , donde el polimorfismo es una sustitución de un único nucleótido de la G en posición 352 de la secuencia del gen KCNMB1.2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polymorphism is a substitution of a single G nucleotide at position 352 of the KCNMB1 gene sequence.
3. Método según la reivindicación 2, donde la G está sustituida por una A.3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the G is replaced by an A.
4. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-3, donde la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo se detecta utilizando uno o más oligonucleótidos que hibridan una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo en el gen KCNMB1 o su secuencia complementaria.4. Method according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the presence or absence of the polymorphism is detected using one or more oligonucleotides that hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene or its complementary sequence.
5. Método según la reivindicación 4, donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7.5. Method according to claim 4, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
6. Método según la reivindicación 4, donde la secuencia de nucléotidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 294 a la posición 465 del gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo el polimorfismo de G a A en la posición 352.6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within the range from position 294 to position 465 of the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352.
7. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 4-6, donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo tiene una longitud de al menos 15 nucleótidos.7. A method according to any of claims 4-6, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides.
8. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 4-7, donde los oligonucleótidos tienen secuencias seleccionadas del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID NO: 1-6 y sus secuencias complementarias.8. Method according to any of claims 4-7, wherein the oligonucleotides have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6 and their complementary sequences.
9. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-3, donde la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo se detecta utilizando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa ("polymerase chain reaction", PCR) a tiempo real con uno o más cebadores y una o más sondas, que ambos hibridan una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo en el gen KCNMB1 o su secuencia complementaria.9. Method according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the presence or The absence of polymorphism is detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time with one or more primers and one or more probes, which both hybridize a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism in the KCNMB1 gene or its complementary sequence.
10. Método según la reivindicación 9, donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7.10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
11. Método según la reivindicación 9, donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 294 a la posición 465 del gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo el polimorfismo de G a A en la posición 352.11. Method according to claim 9, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included in the range from position 294 to position 465 of the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352.
12. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-11 , donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo tiene una longitud de al menos 15 nucleótidos.12. A method according to any of claims 9-11, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides.
13. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-12, donde los cebadores tiene secuencias seleccionadas del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID NO: 1-4 y sus secuencias complementarias y, las sondas tienen secuencias seleccionadas del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID NO: 5-6 y sus secuencias complementarias.13. Method according to any of claims 9-12, wherein the primers have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-4 and their complementary sequences and, the probes have sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5-6 and its complementary sequences.
14. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-13, donde la detección de la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo se utiliza como un pronóstico del riesgo de padecer hipertensión esencial, la presencia estando asociada con un riesgo relativamente bajo, y la ausencia estando asociada con un riesgo relativamente alto.14. Method according to any of claims 1-13, wherein the detection of the presence or absence of polymorphism is used as a prognosis of the risk of suffering from essential hypertension, the presence being associated with a relatively low risk, and the absence being associated with a relatively high risk.
15. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-13, donde la detección de la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo se utiliza como un diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial padecida por un ser humano, la ausencia estando asociada con una disfunción del canal BK, y la presencia estando asociada con una mejora de función del canal BK.15. Method according to any of claims 1-13, wherein the detection of the presence or absence of polymorphism is used as a diagnosis of essential hypertension suffered by a human being, the absence being associated with a dysfunction of the BK channel, and the presence being associated with an improved function of the BK channel.
16. Método de pronóstico o diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano, que comprende la detección, en una muestra separada de dicho humano, de la presencia o la ausencia de la sustitución aminoacídica del E (ácido glutámico) en la posición 65 por una K (lisina) en el polipéptido codificado por el gen KCNMB1 o en un fragmento de este polipéptido que comprende la posición 65.16. Method of prognosis or diagnosis of essential hypertension in a being human, which comprises the detection, in a separate sample of said human, of the presence or absence of the amino acid substitution of E (glutamic acid) at position 65 with a K (lysine) in the polypeptide encoded by the KCNMB1 gene or in a fragment of this polypeptide comprising position 65.
17. Método según la reivindicación 16, donde el fragmento del polipéptido comprende una secuencia de aminoácidos incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 40 a la posición 156.17. Method according to claim 16, wherein the polypeptide fragment comprises an amino acid sequence included in the range from position 40 to position 156.
18. Método según la reivindicación 16, donde el fragmento del polipéptido comprende SEQ ID NO: 9.18. Method according to claim 16, wherein the polypeptide fragment comprises SEQ ID NO: 9.
19. Método según la reivindicación 16, donde el fragmento del polipéptido comprende SEQ ID NO: 10.19. Method according to claim 16, wherein the polypeptide fragment comprises SEQ ID NO: 10.
20. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 16-19, donde la detección de la presencia o la ausencia de la sustitución aminoacídica se utiliza como un pronóstico del riesgo de padecer hipertensión esencial, la presencia estando asociada con un riesgo relativamente bajo, y la ausencia estando asociada con un riesgo relativamente alto.20. Method according to any of claims 16-19, wherein the detection of the presence or absence of amino acid substitution is used as a prognosis of the risk of suffering from essential hypertension, the presence being associated with a relatively low risk, and the absence being associated with a relatively high risk.
21. Método según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 16-19, donde la detección de la presencia o la ausencia de la sustitución aminoacídica se utiliza como un diagnóstico de la hipertensión esencial padecida por un ser humano, la ausencia estando asociada con una disfunción del canal BK, y la presencia estando asociada con una mejora de función del canal BK.21. Method according to any of claims 16-19, wherein the detection of the presence or absence of amino acid substitution is used as a diagnosis of essential hypertension suffered by a human being, the absence being associated with a dysfunction of the BK channel , and the presence being associated with an improved function of the BK channel.
22. Oligonucleótido que híbrida una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo definido en la reivindicación 1 o su secuencia complementaria.22. Oligonucleotide that hybridizes a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism defined in claim 1 or its complementary sequence.
23. Oligonucleótido según la reivindicación 22, con una secuencia seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID NO: 1-6 y sus secuencias complementarias.23. Oligonucleotide according to claim 22, with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-6 and its complementary sequences.
24. Oligonucleótido según la reivindicación 22, que híbrida una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo definido en la reivindicación 2 o su secuencia complementaria.24. Oligonucleotide according to claim 22, which hybridizes a sequence of nucleotides comprising the polymorphism defined in claim 2 or its complementary sequence.
25. Oligonucleótido según la reivindicación 24, que híbrida una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo definido en la reivindicación 3 o su secuencia complementaria.25. Oligonucleotide according to claim 24, which hybridizes a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism defined in claim 3 or its complementary sequence.
26. Oligonucleótido según la reivindicación 25, donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7.26. Oligonucleotide according to claim 25, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
27. Oligonucleótido según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 22-26, donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo tiene una longitud de al menos 15 nucleótidos.27. Oligonucleotide according to any of claims 22-26, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides.
28. Sonda para utilizar en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) a tiempo real que híbrida una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo definido en la reivindicación 1 o su secuencia complementaria.28. Probe for use in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that hybridizes a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism defined in claim 1 or its complementary sequence.
29. Sonda según la reivindicación 28, con una secuencia seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID NO: 5-6 y sus secuencias complementarias.29. Probe according to claim 28, with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5-6 and its complementary sequences.
30. Sonda según la reivindicación 28, que híbrida una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo definido en la reivindicación 2 o su secuencia complementaria.30. Probe according to claim 28, which hybridizes a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism defined in claim 2 or its complementary sequence.
31. Sonda según la reivindicación 30, que híbrida una secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo definido en la reivindicación 3 o su secuencia complementaria.31. Probe according to claim 30, which hybridizes a nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism defined in claim 3 or its complementary sequence.
32. Sonda según la reivindicación 31 , donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo está incluida dentro de SEQ ID NO: 7.32. Probe according to claim 31, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism is included within SEQ ID NO: 7.
33. Sonda según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 28-32, donde la secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende el polimorfismo tiene una longitud de al menos 15 nucleótidos. 33. Probe according to any of claims 28-32, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprising the polymorphism has a length of at least 15 nucleotides.
34. Molécula aislada de ácido nucleico de al menos 15 nucleótidos, que comprende una secuencia incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 277 a la posición 627 de la secuencia del gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo el polimorfismo de G a A en la posición 352.34. Isolated nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides, comprising a sequence included in the range from position 277 to position 627 of the sequence of the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having the polymorphism of G to A at position 352.
35. Molécula de ácido nucleico según la reivindicación 34, que comprende SEQ ID NO: 7.35. Nucleic acid molecule according to claim 34, comprising SEQ ID NO: 7.
36. Molécula de ácido nucleico según la reivindicación 35, que comprende SEQ ID NO: 8.36. Nucleic acid molecule according to claim 35, comprising SEQ ID NO: 8.
37. Molécula de ácido nucleico que codifica un polipéptido que comprende la secuencia de aminoácidos SEQ ID NO: 9.37. Nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9.
38. Molécula de ácido nucleico según la reivindicación 37, donde el polipéptido comprende la secuencia de aminoácidos SEQ ID NO: 10.38. Nucleic acid molecule according to claim 37, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 10.
39. Polipéptido aislado que comprende una secuencia de aminoácidos incluida dentro del intervalo desde la posición 40 a la posición 156 del polipéptido codificado por el gen KCNMB1. dicha secuencia teniendo una sustitución aminoacídica del E (ácido glutámico) por una K (lisina) en la posición 65.39. Isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence included in the range from position 40 to position 156 of the polypeptide encoded by the KCNMB1 gene. said sequence having an amino acid substitution of E (glutamic acid) with a K (lysine) at position 65.
40. Polipéptido según la reivindicación 39, que comprende SEQ ID NO: 9.40. Polypeptide according to claim 39, comprising SEQ ID NO: 9.
41. Polipéptido según la reivindicación 40, que comprende SEQ ID NO: 10.41. Polypeptide according to claim 40, comprising SEQ ID NO: 10.
42. Anticuerpo o fragmento de anticuerpo que se une específicamente a un polipéptido definido en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 39-41.42. Antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds to a polypeptide defined in any of claims 39-41.
43. Vector recombinante que comprende una molécula de ácido nucleico definida en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 34-38.43. Recombinant vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule defined in any of claims 34-38.
44. Kit para llevar a cabo el método definido en cualquiera de las revindicaciones 1-3, que comprende reactivos apropiados para detectar la presencia o la ausencia del polimorfismo. 44. Kit for carrying out the method defined in any of claims 1-3, which comprises appropriate reagents to detect the presence or absence of polymorphism.
45. Kit para llevar a cabo el método definido en la reivindicación 4, que comprende uno o más oligonucleótidos definidos en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 22-27.45. Kit for carrying out the method defined in claim 4, comprising one or more oligonucleotides defined in any of claims 22-27.
46. Kit para llevar a cabo el método definido en la revindicación 9, que comprende uno o más cebadores definidos en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 22-27 y, una o más sondas definidas en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 28-33.46. Kit for carrying out the method defined in claim 9, comprising one or more primers defined in any of claims 22-27 and, one or more probes defined in any of claims 28-33.
47. Kit para llevar a cabo el método definido en la reivindicación 16, que comprende un reactivo que se une específicamente al polipéptido o al fragmento del polipéptido.47. Kit for carrying out the method defined in claim 16, comprising a reagent that specifically binds to the polypeptide or to the polypeptide fragment.
48. Kit según la reivindicación 47, donde el reactivo es un anticuerpo o un fragmento de anticuerpo definido en la reivindicación 42.48. Kit according to claim 47, wherein the reagent is an antibody or an antibody fragment defined in claim 42.
49. Uso de un vector recombinante definido en la reivindicación 43, para la preparación de un agente terapéutico para el tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano.49. Use of a recombinant vector defined in claim 43, for the preparation of a therapeutic agent for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human being.
50. Uso de una molécula de ácido nucleico definida en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 34-38, para la preparación de un agente terapéutico para el tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano.50. Use of a nucleic acid molecule defined in any of claims 34-38, for the preparation of a therapeutic agent for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human being.
51. Uso de un polipéptido definido en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 39-41 , para la preparación de un agente terapéutico para el tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un ser humano.51. Use of a polypeptide defined in any of claims 39-41, for the preparation of a therapeutic agent for the prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human being.
52. Método de tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un humano, que comprende la administración de una cantidad efectiva del vector definido en la revindicación 43.52. Method of prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human, comprising the administration of an effective amount of the vector defined in the revindication 43.
53. Método de tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un humano, que comprende la administración de una cantidad efectiva de una molécula de ácido nucleico definido en cualquiera de las revindicaciones 34-38. 53. Method of prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human, comprising the administration of an effective amount of a nucleic acid molecule defined in any of the claims 34-38.
54. Método de tratamiento profiláctico o curativo de la hipertensión esencial en un humano, que comprende la administración de una cantidad efectiva de un polipéptido definido en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 39-41. 54. Method of prophylactic or curative treatment of essential hypertension in a human, comprising the administration of an effective amount of a polypeptide defined in any of claims 39-41.
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