WO2005088283A1 - Detection of diamonds - Google Patents
Detection of diamonds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005088283A1 WO2005088283A1 PCT/IB2005/000643 IB2005000643W WO2005088283A1 WO 2005088283 A1 WO2005088283 A1 WO 2005088283A1 IB 2005000643 W IB2005000643 W IB 2005000643W WO 2005088283 A1 WO2005088283 A1 WO 2005088283A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- particle
- diamond
- particles
- photons
- carbon
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/221—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material by activation analysis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
- B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
- B07C5/00—Sorting according to a characteristic or feature of the articles or material being sorted, e.g. by control effected by devices which detect or measure such characteristic or feature; Sorting by manually actuated devices, e.g. switches
- B07C5/34—Sorting according to other particular properties
- B07C5/346—Sorting according to other particular properties according to radioactive properties
Definitions
- This invention relates to the detection of diamonds.
- the invention is applicable to the detection of diamonds as individual, free particles, as embedded in host bodies typically of kimberlite or as particles included in a mass of other particles.
- One aspect of the present invention provides a method of detecting the presence of diamond in a particle, wherein the particle is irradiated with photons of selected energy at which the GDR (giant dipole resonance) is excited for the nuclear reaction of the photons with carbon, and identifying the particle as potentially a diamond or diamond-containing particle according to its interaction within the incident photons.
- the particle may be irradiated with bremsstrahlung encompassing a range of energy levels including a characteristic GDR energy level, typically 22MeV for carbon.
- the particle is identified as potentially a diamond or diamond-containing particle according to whether the isotope 11 C, with a characteristic half-life of approximately twenty minutes, is produced by the photon/carbon nuclear reaction and/or according to whether coincident and collinear gamma ray photons at a distinctive energy level are emitted by the particle.
- an on-line particle sorting method comprising the steps of irradiating particles with photons of gamma radiation at an energy level at which GDR (giant dipole resonance) is excited for the nuclear reaction of the photons with carbon, identifying particles as potentially diamond or diamond-containing particles according to whether the isotope 11 C, with a characteristic half-life of approximately twenty minutes, is produced by the photon/carbon nuclear reaction and whether coincident and collinear gamma ray photons at a distinctive energy level are emitted by the particles, and separating from other particles those particles which are identified as potentially diamond or diamond-containing particles.
- GDR giant dipole resonance
- the invention provides an apparatus for detecting the presence of diamond in a particle, the apparatus comprising means for irradiating the particle with photons of gamma radiation at a selected energy at which the GDR (giant dipole resonance) is excited for the nuclear reaction of the photons with carbon, and means for identifying the particle as potentially a diamond or diamond-containing particle according to the interaction of the particle with the incident photons.
- the apparatus comprising means for irradiating the particle with photons of gamma radiation at a selected energy at which the GDR (giant dipole resonance) is excited for the nuclear reaction of the photons with carbon, and means for identifying the particle as potentially a diamond or diamond-containing particle according to the interaction of the particle with the incident photons.
- GDR giant dipole resonance
- the invention also provides an on-line particle sorting apparatus comprising irradiation means for irradiating particles which are to be sorted with photons of gamma radiation at an energy level at which GDR (giant dipole resonance) is excited for the nuclear reaction of the photons with carbon and identification means for identifying particles as potentially diamond or diamond-containing particles according to whether the isotope 11 C, with a characteristic half-life of approximately twenty minutes, is produced by the photon/carbon nuclear reaction and whether coincident and collinear gamma ray photons at a distinctive energy level are emitted by the particles, and means for separating from other particles those particles which are identified as potentially diamond or diamond-containing particles.
- GDR giant dipole resonance
- bremsstrahlung is produced by means of a particle accelerator of sufficient energy to excite GDR in carbon nuclei which may be present in particles undergoing analysis.
- GDR is a fundamental mode of excitation of all nuclei, including carbon nuclei, characterised by its considerable intensity, width and median energy.
- the full, continuous bremsstrahlung can be used with an energy end point exceeding the upper end of the energy band window which encompasses the characteristic GDR value for carbon, i.e. about 22 MeV.
- the bremsstrahlung may be monochromatised, typically by collimation of particular anglers of emission, to have an energy bandwidth sufficient to cover the characteristic GDR width at a selected median value.
- Particles typically kimberlite particles, which are undergoing analysis for the presence of diamond, are individually irradiated with the bremsstrahlung.
- the particles may for instance be transported in single file or in a monolayer through an irradiation station at which they are individually irradiated. This may, for instance, be on a conveyor such as a conveyor belt, or during free fall of the particles from a discharge point.
- the bremsstrahlung is absorbed to a far greater extent by carbon, i.e. diamond, in the particles at the characteristic photon energy than it is by host rock in which the diamonds are embedded. From a derived, differential absorption image it is then possible to detect the presence of diamond in the particle. Imaging may be achieved by simple linear geometry detection arrays or by more complex tomographic systems. In either event, standard image enhancement techniques can be used to improve the contrast between diamond and the associated rock in the image.
- the generally low concentration of carbon, homogenously distributed in the associated rock forms a faint outline background on which the higher density, higher concentration of carbon in diamond is superimposed.
- any suitable form of sorting apparatus can be used to separate particles for which there is a positive identification of diamond presence from other, barren particles for which there is no such identification.
- the particles undergoing analysis are again irradiated with gamma ray bremsstrahlung at a predetermined energy.
- the incident photons activate the carbon content of relevant particles through the nuclear reaction:
- the twenty minute half-life for the decay of 11 C makes the reaction distinctive and represents a convenient period of time for the application of subsequent interrogative procedures, as described below.
- the two gamma rays are coincident and collinear and each has a distinctive energy of 0.511 MeV, making them readily detectable.
- Their unique signature back-to-back, time coincident and energy resolved
- the sensitivity of the method just described can be enhanced by careful selection of the incident photon energy.
- the threshold energy level for the reaction to occur is +18.7215 MeV.
- the characteristic GDR value for carbon, i.e. diamond is about 22 MeV. It is therefore considered that the incident photon energy should optimally extend to a value beyond 30 MeV. This can be provided either in the form of continuous bremsstrahlung with its end-point in this range or by an energy window of photons with a width sufficiently broad to embrace the full GDR spectrum and a suitable median energy.
- particles which are positively identified as having diamond inclusions are separated from the other, barren particles for which there is no positive identification.
- the distinctiveness of the 11 C half-life and two coincident and collinear gamma ray photons each with energy 0,511 MeV, together with the imaging of the source points of this radiation, makes the method suitable for distinguishing and separating not only diamonds which are fully or partially embedded inclusions in host particles, but also free diamonds as discrete particles whether in isolation or mixed with other particles, eg in a container, in a gravel concentrate or during conveyance on a conveyor belt or the like.
- the particles may be irradiated with the incident photon flux at an upstream position on a conveyor belt, with gamma ray detection then taking place at a downstream position on the belt selected to take account of the characteristic 20 minute half-life.
- the detectors may be used in singles mode, coincidence mode or a combination thereof.
- the method of the second aspect of the invention it is possible to determine not only whether a particle has a diamond inclusion, but also the location and size of the inclusion in the particle. From the absolute intensity of the gamma ray emission it is possible to determine the size of the diamond inclusion. For determination of the location of the diamond in the particle, it would be possible to implement image reconstruction algorithms. It would for instance be possible to use two gamma ray detectors and to rotate the particle between them. Alternatively it would be possible to use a PET camera system with a large array of stationary detectors or a smaller array of movable detectors in order to create a three-dimensional image with adequate spatial resolution for accurate determination of the location of the inclusion. Modern detectors with sufficient spatial resolution and sophisticated software are available and the principle has been experimentally verified. More is said below about a currently preferred detector arrangement.
- the most common element in a kimberlite sample is oxygen, the half-life of which, as produced by the relevant nuclear reaction, is however only 2.03 minutes.
- the problem which the interference could cause can be sufficiently mitigated by only performing the carbon detection steps after several 16 O half-lives, for example after ten minutes or so, after the oxygen activation has ceased.
- the remaining positron decay will be dominated by the twenty minute half-life and accordingly distinctive of carbon.
- the radioactivity of the irradiated kimberlite after it is discarded can be shown to be small.
- the majority of the elements that are activated have half-lives from a few seconds to a few hours. After one day the radiation levels would be significantly reduced.
- irradiated diamonds containing large inclusions it has been shown experimentally that by far the dominant source of radiation is 11 C which decays away after a few hours.
- Both diamond and non-diamond sources of carbon will lead to the same signature of coincident and collinear photons.
- the non-diamond forms of carbon in kimberlite are in finer particulates or are essentially homogeneously distributed, as compared to the diamond form of carbon in the size range of interest.
- the typical concentration of non-diamond carbon is about 0,2%.
- the intensity of the carbon signal alone is insufficient to recognise the potential occurrence of a diamond particle for host kimberlite volumes larger than about 500 times the volume of the diamond.
- a suitable PET type algorithm is one which makes use of a two dimensional array of detectors with the source material moving relative thereto, typically an array of PET type detectors arranged along the length of and surrounding the conveyor system.
- the kimberlite or other source material 10 is moved at constant velocity by a transport system, such as the illustrated conveyor belt 12, through two imaging devices 14 and 16.
- the first device 14 images the rough physical dimensions of the material particles. This could for instance be achieved by an array of photodiodes to produce a two dimensional "shadow " of the material which, along with the associated time component, can be reconstructed by suitable software algorithms to create a three dimensional representation of the transported particles.
- the second device 16 which is a quasi-imaging device as referred to above, works in a manner analogous to that of a PET device.
- the coincident and collinear- photons are detected by an array of position sensitive photon detectors 18 ( Figure 2) which measure the position of the detected photon, the time at which such measurement took place and the photon energy.
- the information so obtained by the detectors 18 can then be analysed by appropriate software which correctly assigns the detected photons into coincident pairs at given times relative to the instantaneous position of the source material.
- the software algorithm freezes the motion of the source material and employs a ray tracing technique, based on the collinear back-to-back emission to reconstruct a density map of carbon signals from the source material.
- the eventual image reconstruction is reliant on the position sensitive nature of the photon detectors 18 as well as the identified photon pairs and their collinear nature.
- Combining the reconstructed image with the physical image of the source material particle obtained by the device 14 enables a decision to be made as to whether the particle in question contains a localised concentration of carbon, i.e. a localised concentration of carbon which is significantly higher than the average carbon concentration in kimberlite particles that are barren of diamond, and which are accordingly indicative of diamond 22, or not.
- a localised concentration of carbon i.e. a localised concentration of carbon which is significantly higher than the average carbon concentration in kimberlite particles that are barren of diamond, and which are accordingly indicative of diamond 22, or not.
- the particulate source material enters a sorting device 20 ( Figure 1) which separates the identified particles from other particles.
- FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates the components of a processing plant which can be used to implement the method just described.
- the numeral 30 indicates a crusher set to reduce the particle size to 10cm or less.
- a chute 32 directs the crushed particles onto an endless conveyor belt 34 which transports the particles through a 22MeV irradiator 36 which irradiates the particles with gamma radiation as described above.
- the particles are deposited by the belt into a hopper 38 which retains the particles for at least a twenty minute period before depositing them on an endless conveyor belt 40.
- the latter belt transports the particles through a detection station at which an array 42 of detectors 44 surrounds the belt, as described above.
- particles identified as potentially containing diamond are tagged by a tagging device 46, whereafter the tagged particles are removed from the general stream of particles by a mechanical picking device 48.
- Barren particles 50 are deposited onto a further conveyor which transports them to waste while selected particles 52 are if necessary crushed at crushing stations 54 and subjected to conventional dense medium separation in dense medium separation units 56 followed, possibly, by conventional X-ray sorting in an X-ray sorter 58 to yield a diamond-rich product 60. It is envisaged that in an underground diamond mine the process described above, at least up to the sorting stage, could be carried out underground. The barren rocks could then be disposed of underground without the necessity to transport them to the surface. Only the selected particles are raised to surface for further processing.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2559516A CA2559516C (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-03-14 | Detection of diamonds |
AU2005220403A AU2005220403B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-03-14 | Detection of diamonds |
CN2005800116079A CN1942759B (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-03-14 | Detection of diamonds |
AP2006003753A AP1986A (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2006-09-29 | Detection of diamonds |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ZA200402010 | 2004-03-12 | ||
ZA2004/2010 | 2004-03-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005088283A1 true WO2005088283A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
Family
ID=34962210
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2005/000643 WO2005088283A1 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2005-03-14 | Detection of diamonds |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN1942759B (en) |
AP (1) | AP1986A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005220403B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2559516C (en) |
RU (1) | RU2334974C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005088283A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200608025B (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011151414A2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2011-12-08 | Element Six Limited | Diamond tools |
RU2470714C1 (en) * | 2011-07-21 | 2012-12-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Лаборатория рентгенодиагностических систем" | Method of separating diamonds |
RU2670677C2 (en) * | 2017-02-07 | 2018-10-24 | Акционерная компания "АЛРОСА" (публичное акционерное общество) "АК "АЛРОСА" (ПАО)) | Diamond separation method and device for its implementation |
WO2019077580A1 (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2019-04-25 | University Of Johannesburg | Gamma ray tomographic radiography |
WO2020121214A1 (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2020-06-18 | University Of Johannesburg | Detector arrangement, detection system and method of processing data from a detector arrangement for high throughput data handling |
WO2020152618A1 (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2020-07-30 | University Of Johannesburg | Detector arrangement, detection system and method of positioning a detector arrangement to reduce imaging artefacts |
NL2026338B1 (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2022-04-29 | Univ Johannesburg | Material analysis method and system |
RU2772789C1 (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2022-05-25 | Евгений Матвеевич Лукьянченко | Diamond separation method and device for its implementation |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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AP2011005890A0 (en) * | 2009-02-23 | 2011-10-31 | Tech Resources Pty Ltd | Detecting a mineral within a material. |
WO2012016286A1 (en) * | 2010-08-04 | 2012-02-09 | Technological Resources Pty. Limited | Sorting mined material |
GB2504052B (en) * | 2012-03-16 | 2017-05-10 | De Beers Uk Ltd | Sorting aggregate material |
RU2517148C1 (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2014-05-27 | Евгений Матвеевич Лукьянченко | Method of useful material particles separation and device to this end |
RU2521723C1 (en) * | 2013-03-01 | 2014-07-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Нейтронные технологии" | Method and apparatus for detecting diamonds in kimberlite |
RU2612734C2 (en) * | 2015-08-18 | 2017-03-13 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Диамант" | Installation for dry enrichment of kimberlite ore by method of labelled neutrons |
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CN112024451B (en) * | 2020-08-28 | 2021-08-31 | 北京科技大学 | Ore sorting decision-making method based on analysis of operation characteristic curve of subject |
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GB2285506A (en) * | 1994-01-07 | 1995-07-12 | De Beers Ind Diamond | Detecting diamond inclusions in kimberlite particles |
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GB2219081B (en) * | 1988-05-06 | 1992-12-02 | Gersan Ets | Identifying specific objects or zones |
GB2219394B (en) * | 1988-05-06 | 1992-09-16 | Gersan Ets | Sensing a narrow frequency band of radiation and examining objects or zones |
US5334652A (en) * | 1991-06-18 | 1994-08-02 | Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc. | Polyester-based coating compositions having high pigment-to-binder ratios |
CA2138503C (en) * | 1993-12-22 | 2004-10-12 | Ulf Anders Staffan Tapper | Method and apparatus for the classification of particulate matter |
CN1363836A (en) * | 2001-08-18 | 2002-08-14 | 李晓蔚 | Method for judging natural product |
-
2005
- 2005-03-14 ZA ZA200608025A patent/ZA200608025B/en unknown
- 2005-03-14 RU RU2006135960/28A patent/RU2334974C2/en active
- 2005-03-14 CN CN2005800116079A patent/CN1942759B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-14 AU AU2005220403A patent/AU2005220403B2/en active Active
- 2005-03-14 CA CA2559516A patent/CA2559516C/en active Active
- 2005-03-14 WO PCT/IB2005/000643 patent/WO2005088283A1/en active Application Filing
-
2006
- 2006-09-29 AP AP2006003753A patent/AP1986A/en active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0059033A1 (en) * | 1981-02-24 | 1982-09-01 | Sphere Investments Limited | Ore sorting |
US4428902A (en) * | 1981-05-13 | 1984-01-31 | Murray Kenneth M | Coal analysis system |
US4756866A (en) * | 1985-10-09 | 1988-07-12 | Alvarez Luis W | Nitrogen detection |
GB2285506A (en) * | 1994-01-07 | 1995-07-12 | De Beers Ind Diamond | Detecting diamond inclusions in kimberlite particles |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8884251B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2014-11-11 | Element Six Limited | Diamond tools |
US8884252B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2014-11-11 | Element Six Limited | Diamond tools |
US8890091B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2014-11-18 | Element Six Limited | Diamond tools |
WO2011151414A2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2011-12-08 | Element Six Limited | Diamond tools |
RU2470714C1 (en) * | 2011-07-21 | 2012-12-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Лаборатория рентгенодиагностических систем" | Method of separating diamonds |
RU2670677C2 (en) * | 2017-02-07 | 2018-10-24 | Акционерная компания "АЛРОСА" (публичное акционерное общество) "АК "АЛРОСА" (ПАО)) | Diamond separation method and device for its implementation |
RU2670677C9 (en) * | 2017-02-07 | 2019-09-13 | Акционерная компания "АЛРОСА" (публичное акционерное общество) "АК "АЛРОСА" (ПАО)) | Device for diamond separation |
US11415722B2 (en) | 2017-10-19 | 2022-08-16 | University Of Johannesburg | Gamma ray tomographic radiography |
WO2019077580A1 (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2019-04-25 | University Of Johannesburg | Gamma ray tomographic radiography |
CN111433635A (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2020-07-17 | 约翰内斯堡大学 | Gamma ray tomography |
CN111433635B (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2023-09-15 | 约翰内斯堡大学 | gamma ray tomography |
WO2020121214A1 (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2020-06-18 | University Of Johannesburg | Detector arrangement, detection system and method of processing data from a detector arrangement for high throughput data handling |
US11921064B2 (en) | 2018-12-11 | 2024-03-05 | University Of Johannesburg | Detector arrangement, detection system and method of processing data from a detector arrangement for high throughput data handling |
WO2020152618A1 (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2020-07-30 | University Of Johannesburg | Detector arrangement, detection system and method of positioning a detector arrangement to reduce imaging artefacts |
RU2813286C2 (en) * | 2019-01-23 | 2024-02-09 | Юниверсити Оф Йоханнесбург | Detection device, detection system and method for positioning detection device for reducing image artifacts |
NL2026338B1 (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2022-04-29 | Univ Johannesburg | Material analysis method and system |
RU2772789C1 (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2022-05-25 | Евгений Матвеевич Лукьянченко | Diamond separation method and device for its implementation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2334974C2 (en) | 2008-09-27 |
AU2005220403A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
AP2006003753A0 (en) | 2006-10-31 |
CA2559516C (en) | 2012-07-10 |
CA2559516A1 (en) | 2005-09-22 |
CN1942759B (en) | 2011-01-12 |
RU2006135960A (en) | 2008-04-20 |
ZA200608025B (en) | 2008-06-25 |
AP1986A (en) | 2009-04-01 |
CN1942759A (en) | 2007-04-04 |
AU2005220403B2 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
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