WO2005073638A1 - Method and system for determining relative duct sizes by zone in an hvac system - Google Patents
Method and system for determining relative duct sizes by zone in an hvac system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005073638A1 WO2005073638A1 PCT/US2005/001637 US2005001637W WO2005073638A1 WO 2005073638 A1 WO2005073638 A1 WO 2005073638A1 US 2005001637 W US2005001637 W US 2005001637W WO 2005073638 A1 WO2005073638 A1 WO 2005073638A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- zones
- dampers
- zone
- information
- ducts
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
- F24F3/044—Systems in which all treatment is given in the central station, i.e. all-air systems
- F24F3/0442—Systems in which all treatment is given in the central station, i.e. all-air systems with volume control at a constant temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/89—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
- F24F13/02—Ducting arrangements
- F24F13/0245—Manufacturing or assembly of air ducts; Methods therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
- F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
- F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
Definitions
- Multi-zone HVAC systems are known, and include a component(s) for changing the temperature and condition of air (a furnace, air conditioner, heat pump, etc.). For simplicity, these components will be referred to collectively as a temperature changing component.
- an indoor air handler drives air from the temperature changing component through supply ducts to several zones within a building.
- Each of the supply ducts typically have dampers that may be controlled to restrict or allow flow of air into each zone to achieve a desired temperature.
- sizes of the ducts leading to each of the zones may vary due to restrictions, etc. which could occur along the length of the ducts.
- a control performs an initial determination of the relative duct sizes for the ducts leading to each of the zones in a multi- zone HVAC system. This determination can be done initially at system set-up, and should be relatively reliable for the life of the HVAC system.
- the determination of the zone duct sizes, i I once complete, can be utilized for various control features such as are disclosed in co- pending United States Patent Application Serial No. 10/889,735, filed on July 13, 2004, and entitled "Method and System for Automatically Optimizing Zone Duct Damper Positions," and which is generally disclosed in the above-referenced United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/537,717.
- a control opens a damper associated with one of the zones, while maintaining the other dampers in a relatively close position.
- the system is then able to determine a condition, such as relative static pressure, for each of the zones relative to all others. This information can then be utilized in an iterative process to determine the relative duct sizes for each of the zones. Once the relative duct sizes are known, better control of airflow to each zone can be achieved.
- the system also determines the airflow characteristics with all dampers believed to be closed. This provides an indication of the amount of leakage across the system, which allows further refinement of the determination of the relative duct sizes.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view of a building HVAC system.
- Figure 2 is a flowchart of the inventive method.
- Figure 3 is a flowchart of one portion of the invention.
- Figure 4 is a flowchart of a step subsequent to the Figure 3 flowchart.
- Figure 5 shows exemplary displays at a control.
- a multi-zone HVAC system is shown schematically at 20 in Figure 1.
- a temperature changing component 22 for changing the condition of air e.g., an indoor unit (furnace/heater coil) and/or an outdoor unit (air conditioning/heat pump), is associated with an indoor air handler 24.
- Air handler 24 takes air from return ducts 26 and drives the air into a plenum 31, and a plurality of supply ducts 28, 30, and 32 associated with distinct zones 1, 2, and 3 in a building.
- a damper 34 is provided on each of the supply ducts 28, 30 and 32.
- a control such as a microprocessor control 36 controls the dampers 34, temperature changing component 22, indoor air handler 24, and also communicates with controls 130 associated with each of the zones.
- the controls 130 can essentially be thermostats allowing a user to set desired temperature, noise levels, etc. for each of the zones relative to the others.
- the controls 130 preferably include a temperature sensor for providing an actual temperature back to the control 36.
- the control 36 is mounted within one of the thermostat controls 130, and communicates as a system control with all of the other elements through control wiring schemes such as is disclosed in co-pending United States Patent Application Serial No.
- control 36 is able to receive configuring information with regard to each of these system components so that control 36 understands individual characteristics of the elements 22, 24, 30 and 34. Details of this feature may be as disclosed in co-pending United States Patent Application Serial No. 10/752,628, filed on January 7, 2004 and entitled “Self-Configuring Controls for Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems.” The disclosure of each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference. [0018] In the prior art, the amount of air driven by the air handler 24 to each of the zones 1, 2 and 3 sometimes become excessive. Dampers 34 may be opened or closed to restrict or allow additional airflow into the zones 1, 2 and 3.
- dampers While there are dampers that are driven to either be full open or full closed, the present invention is disclosed as used with a damper having not only full open and full closed positions, but also several incrementally closed positions. In one example, there are 16 incremental positions for the damper between full open and full closed. As any one of the dampers 34 is closed to reduce conditioning in r that zone, additional airflow is driven to the more open of the dampers. This may sometimes result in too much air being delivered to one of the zones, which can cause excessive temperature change, and undue noise.
- pressure responsive bypass valves may be associated with the ducting 28, 30, 32 or upstream in plenum 31. The bypass of the air has undesirable characteristics, as it requires additional valves, ducting, etc., and thus complicates assembly.
- the bypass air is returned to the temperature changing component 22 through return duct 26.
- the air approaching temperature changing component 22 has already been changed away from ambient, and may be too cold or too hot for efficient operation.
- a flowchart of a control for the dampers to eliminate the need for bypass is illustrated in Figure 2.
- a zone airflow limit is set for each of the zones 1, 2, and 3.
- the controls 30 may be provided with input settings allowing these limits to be set.
- the controls 30 may be provided with settings allowing the maximum airflow limit to be LOW, NORMAL, HIGH or MAXIMUM. These settings increase the weighting of allowing additional conditioned air into the zone at the expected cost of potential additional noise as the airflow increases. Thus, a user most concerned about reducing noise might set the control to the LOW level. Also, some factory set default is included. In simpler designs, it may well be that only the default is utilized, and no operator override of this default value is provided. [0021]
- the invention includes an automatic duct size assessment step 52 orchestrated by control 36, performed shortly after installation of the system in a home, and repeated periodically thereafter.
- This duct size assessment process consists of a measurement process and a computational process. This duct size assessment process provides a control with information allowing it to improve the efficient and accurate control of airflow throughout the zones.
- the control 36 temporarily turns off temperature changing component 22. This process is generally shown in Figure 3.
- Control 36 commands the dampers 34 of all zones to fully open.
- Control 36 then commands the system air handler 24 to deliver a predetermined fraction of the maximum system airflow (test airflow) into plenum 31 and ducts 28, 30, 32.
- the air handler 24 determines the speed of its blower motor and communicates this information to control 36, which stores it in a memory.
- control 36 closes all dampers 34 except for a first zone's.
- Air handler 24 is still asked to deliver the same test airflow as before, and it reports the new blower motor speed to control 36.
- the relative blower speeds are indicative of the relative restriction in the ducts, as explained below.
- dampers 34 for each zone in the system are opened while all other zone dampers 34 are closed.
- the same airflow is delivered by air handler 34, and the resulting blower speed is recorded.
- all zone dampers 34 are closed and the same test airflow is forced through any leaks in the dampers 34 or in the ducts 28, 30, 32, 34 around them. Again, the blower speed is recorded.
- n + 2 blower speed measurements SP are taken; SPopen for all zones open; SPclosed for all zones closed; and SP/ for each zone open by itself.
- SP blower speed measurements
- FIG. 4 A computational process to determine duct size is shown in Figure 4. Initially, a series of air handler static pressures (ASP) are determined based upon the blower speeds. An algorithm for determining these static pressures is disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/426,463, filed April 30, 2003 and entitled "Method of Determining Static Pressure in a Ducted Air Delivery System Using a Variable Speed Motor.” The entire disclosure of this application is incorporated herein by reference, and in particular, the algorithm to determine static pressures across a system is incorporated.
- ASP air handler static pressures
- the algorithm relates the static pressure developed across air handler unit 24 (from its inlet to its outlet) to 1) the airflow delivered by it, 2) the speed of its blower motor and 3) predetermined constants depending on the physical characteristics of the air handler.
- the control 36 receives initial configuration information on all of the responsive components in system 20. During this self- configuration, and perhaps during installation of the system, the air handler unit 24 communicates with control 36 and provides its characteristic constants.
- the system control uses the formula in the above application, including unit characteristic constants of air handler unit 24, a commanded airflow and a measured blower speed to compute the static pressure across the air handler unit.
- the ASP values are utilized to calculate fixed static pressure (FSP) values.
- FSP fixed static pressure
- the static pressure developed across air handler unit 24 is dropped across any external equipment units that the airflow passes through (such as filters and external air conditioning coils) and the entire duct system, both supply side 28, 30, 31, 32 and return side 26.
- Each zone's dampers 34 control the segment of the supply duct that delivers air to the zone. In this disclosed system, there are no dampers in return ducts 26.
- VSP variable static pressure
- VSP FSP + VSP
- the VSP in any measurement step is indicative of the size of the duct segments that are open. The more restrictive a duct segment is (smaller size), the higher will be the static pressure (VSP) across it for the same system airflow.
- VSP static pressure
- the duct segment size is inversely related to the VSP.
- Duct segment size is conveniently computed in terms of airflow capacity, so as to easily determine its fair share of the entire system airflow. For this reason, utilizing the square law relationship between airflow and pressure mentioned above, duct segment size is inversely proportional to the square root of the VSP.
- each zone's duct size is computed as a fraction (or percentage) of the entire supply duct system (all zones).
- SL/ SQRT (VSPopen / VSP/)
- HAS the higher ofx CFM / TON or y * High Furnace Airflow.
- CFM cubic feet per minute is the unit measure for airflow. The capacity of air conditioners and heat pumps is typically measured in TONs.
- a highest zone airflow is then determined. Again, the duct size assessment allows this determination to be made. With all dampers fully open, each zone gets a share of the total system airflow depending on the "relative size" of the duct segments delivering air to that zone. "Relative size" of a duct segment is a measure of its ability to allow more or less air to flow through it at a certain system pressure. Thus, a zone with a larger duct size will get a higher share of the system airflow than a zone with a smaller duct size. Control 36 has determined the relative duct sizes for all zones in the system.
- HZA/ Highest Zone Airflow
- control 36 "scales" the MAX zone airflow (MZA) limit to the highest zone airflow computed above.
- MZA MAX zone airflow
- the MAX Zone Airflow limits are computed as: Selection MZA/ LOW HZA/ NORMAL 1.5 *HZA/ (This may be the Factory Default) HIGH 2*HZA/ MAXIMUM 2*HZA/ [0043]
- the MAXIMUM selection has the same airflow limit as HIGH, and is used to reduce system airflow and adjust set points if possible as explained below. However, if adjustment is not possible, with the MAXIMUM setting, the heating or cooling stages (step 56, explained below) are never reduced. Comfort in a zone with MAXIMUM airflow limit is achieved even if noise may be unacceptable.
- each of the zones (1, 2, 3) allows an operator to set a desired temperature set point at control 130. Further, the control 130 provides the actual temperature at each of the zones, along with an actual humidity, and a humidity set point if the system is so sophisticated.
- control 36 calculates a desired stage of heating/cooling.
- One way of calculating the desired stage of heating or cooling is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/760,664, filed on January 20, 2004 and entitled "Control of Multi-Zone and Multi-Stage HVAC System.” Based upon the equipment size and the stage of heating/cooling, some total system airflow will then be known or can be calculated by control 36.
- Control 36 is also able to calculate a desired damper position for each of the zones to meet the desired temperature set point in the zone, and in consideration of the actual temperature in each of the zones at that time.
- the algorithms to perform these computations are all as known in the art.
- control 36 calculates expected airflow for each zone, by considering the total system airflow, the damper position in each zone and, again, the relative zone duct sizes.
- the dampers 34 are modulating in that its rotating blade can be controlled to any angular position between open and closed.
- the dampers are controlled to 16 positions, labeled 0 through 15 with 0 being fully closed and 15 being fully open; each position in between is achieved by a step of equal angular movement.
- the embodiment also assumes a linear relationship between the dampers angular position and its "openness" or relative ability to allow airflow.
- D the relative airflow capability
- the relative airflow capability is 100% while for position 0 (fully closed) it is 0.
- the relationship may also non-linear and laboratory tests may be used to determine this relationship for a particular style of damper, and then used in the following computation.
- Control 36 uses relative duct sizes for each zone in the system, labeled SI through S « for a system with n zones here again.
- Control 36 modulates the zone dampers 34 to deliver more or less air to each zone in response to each zone's comfort demand.
- the control 36 determines the desired damper position and the corresponding damper airflow capability for each zone. These are labeled Dl through On.
- control 36 compares the expected airflow for each zone to its maximum limits.
- control 36 goes to step 64, and simply operates the HVAC system.
- control 36 asks whether the total system airflow can be reduced. This is generally a function of the design of the temperature changing component, and the air handler. If the total system airflow can be reduced, then it is reduced to a lower limit at step 64, and control returns to step 60 to recalculate the actual airflow for each zone and move back to step 62.
- control 36 moves to step 66, where it considers the availability of adjustment for an unoccupied zone.
- the controls 30 may allow an operator to set whether a zone is unoccupied. For example, rooms that are only used during certain periods of the year may be kept at a less conditioned temperature to reduce the cost of operating the HVAC system 20. If such a room is set as an I unoccupied zone in the system 20, then, as part of step 66, control 36 considers providing additional conditioning at that zone. [0053] Normally, the set points for unoccupied zones are set to a minimum temperature for heating (such as 60 degrees) or a maximum temperature for cooling (such as 85 degrees). With these set points, these zones rarely need any cooling or heating and their dampers remain closed. This saves energy and also allows more of the airflow (and capacity) to be delivered to the occupied zones, as needed to achieve their comfort set points.
- the inventive control 36 can open up the dampers of any unoccupied zones so they can absorb some of the airflow. This enables the occupied zone to be comfort conditioned while staying within its desired noise maximum airflow limit.
- the control 36 accomplishes this by I raising the unoccupied zone heating set point or lowering the cooling set point until the demand in the unoccupied zone causes its damper to open.
- a limit is applied to this set point adjustment. The heating set point is not adjusted above the highest heating set point in any (occupied) zone, while the cooling set point is not adjusted below the lowest cooling set point in any zone.
- dampers 34 in unoccupied zones may also simply be directly opened without adjusting their set points and their temperature may be allowed to be conditioned to any predetermined limit. [0054] Again, if the unoccupied zone set points can be adjusted, this is done, and the system returns to step 68 where the zone damper conditions can be recalculated, and then to steps 60 and 62. If the unoccupied zone set points cannot be adjusted, (initially, or anymore), then the system then moves to step 70, where the occupied zone set points are considered for adjustment.
- the control adjusts the set points of other occupied zones in a manner similar to the unoccupied zones in order to direct more airflow to those zones.
- the adjustment limit for an occupied heating set point is set no higher than three degrees below the highest heating set point in any zone.
- the adjustment limit for an occupied cooling set point is set no lower than the three degrees above the lowest cooling set point. Again, different limits may be chosen.
- step 56 the system moves to step 56, and considers whether a lower heating or cooling stage is available. If one is available, the system moves into that lower stage, and returns to step 72 to recalculate the total system airflow, and then to steps 68, 60, 62, etc. As mentioned above, if a zone has been set at a MAXIMUM setting, and it is this zone that might be receiving airflow exceeding its maximum airflow, step 56 may not be run. [0057] If no lower stage is available, then heating and cooling may be stopped until the next calculation period. The above calculations are performed on a periodic basis. [0058] Embodiments of this invention have been disclosed. A worker of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this invention. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05705882A EP1711749A4 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-01-18 | Method and system for determining relative duct sizes by zone in an hvac system |
AU2005208297A AU2005208297A1 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-01-18 | Method and system for determining relative duct sizes by zone in an HVAC system |
HK07107953.3A HK1103787A1 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2007-07-23 | Method and system for determining relative duct sizes by zone in an hvac system |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US53752404P | 2004-01-20 | 2004-01-20 | |
US60/537,524 | 2004-01-20 | ||
US10/932,179 US6964174B2 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2004-09-01 | Method and system for determining relative duct sizes by zone in an HVAC system |
US10/932,179 | 2004-09-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005073638A1 true WO2005073638A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
Family
ID=34830447
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2005/001637 WO2005073638A1 (en) | 2004-01-20 | 2005-01-18 | Method and system for determining relative duct sizes by zone in an hvac system |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1711749A4 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100732574B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005208297A1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1103787A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005073638A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10184678B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2019-01-22 | Carrier Corporation | System and method for measuring duct leakage in a HVAC system |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101911227B1 (en) * | 2012-10-09 | 2018-10-24 | 대우조선해양 주식회사 | System for air conditioning in vessel and method thereof |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4549601A (en) * | 1982-06-21 | 1985-10-29 | Carrier Corporation | Variable volume multizone system |
US4948040A (en) * | 1987-06-11 | 1990-08-14 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Air conditioning system |
US5573181A (en) * | 1995-01-06 | 1996-11-12 | Landis & Gyr Powers, Inc. | Global control of HVAC distribution system |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS58165531U (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1983-11-04 | 東京プレス工業株式会社 | Air conditioner with double ceiling as supply chamber |
JPH02230046A (en) * | 1989-02-28 | 1990-09-12 | Matsushita Seiko Co Ltd | Duct type air conditioner |
US5350113A (en) * | 1993-07-23 | 1994-09-27 | Landis & Gyr Powers, Inc. | Air flow control system and method for a dual duct system |
US6719625B2 (en) * | 2001-09-26 | 2004-04-13 | Clifford Conrad Federspiel | Method and apparatus for controlling variable air volume supply fans in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems |
-
2005
- 2005-01-18 WO PCT/US2005/001637 patent/WO2005073638A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-01-18 AU AU2005208297A patent/AU2005208297A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-01-18 EP EP05705882A patent/EP1711749A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-01-18 KR KR1020067013569A patent/KR100732574B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-07-23 HK HK07107953.3A patent/HK1103787A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4549601A (en) * | 1982-06-21 | 1985-10-29 | Carrier Corporation | Variable volume multizone system |
US4948040A (en) * | 1987-06-11 | 1990-08-14 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Air conditioning system |
US5573181A (en) * | 1995-01-06 | 1996-11-12 | Landis & Gyr Powers, Inc. | Global control of HVAC distribution system |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1711749A4 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10184678B2 (en) | 2013-09-06 | 2019-01-22 | Carrier Corporation | System and method for measuring duct leakage in a HVAC system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100732574B1 (en) | 2007-06-27 |
KR20060111669A (en) | 2006-10-27 |
EP1711749A4 (en) | 2009-06-24 |
EP1711749A1 (en) | 2006-10-18 |
HK1103787A1 (en) | 2007-12-28 |
AU2005208297A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
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