WO2005040394A1 - Procede de fabrication de compose comprenant un groupement hydroxyle libre et un groupement hydroxyle protégé par une fonction ester par reaction enzymatique - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication de compose comprenant un groupement hydroxyle libre et un groupement hydroxyle protégé par une fonction ester par reaction enzymatique Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005040394A1 WO2005040394A1 PCT/FR2004/002665 FR2004002665W WO2005040394A1 WO 2005040394 A1 WO2005040394 A1 WO 2005040394A1 FR 2004002665 W FR2004002665 W FR 2004002665W WO 2005040394 A1 WO2005040394 A1 WO 2005040394A1
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- 0 CC(C*=CC)*NC Chemical compound CC(C*=CC)*NC 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/62—Carboxylic acid esters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a compound comprising a free hydroxyl group and a hydroxyl group protected by an ester function by enzymatic reaction using a lipase of class EC 3.1.1.3.
- the present invention also relates to the use of this compound as an intermediate for the manufacture of medicaments and pharmaceutical products.
- Chiral synthons comprising a free hydroxyl group and a hydroxyl group protected by an ester function are particularly advantageous for the asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutical products.
- chiral synthons of the 1-acetoxy-4-hydroxycyclopent-1-ene type are particularly used as a precursor of prostaglandins, des. prostacyclins and thromboxanes.
- pancreatin an enzyme from pig pancreas, catalyzes the monoacetylation reaction of 1,4-dihydroxycyclopent-2-ene to produce enantiomerically pure monoacetate S compounds.
- the present invention relates to a new process for manufacturing chiral synthons comprising a free hydroxyl group and a hydroxyl group protected by an ester function, using a lipase originating from Gram-negative bacteria Alcaligenes spp.
- the manufacturing process consists of an enzymatic transesterification of a diol compound with a lipase and an acylating agent, for example, as follows:
- lipase thus makes it possible to obtain a transesterification reaction of the compound (I) with performances superior to those obtained with an enzyme of animal origin, with significantly lower amounts. From the compound of formula (II) of the invention it is possible to manufacture medicaments and pharmaceutical products using this compound as an intermediate.
- the present invention firstly relates to a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (II):
- R is a covalent bond or a hydrocarbon chain comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms;
- R 1 is a hydrocarbon group comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
- R 2 corresponds to a hydrogen atom;
- n is an integer between 0 and 2, ie 0, 1 or 2;
- X is an atom chosen from the group comprising: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, preferably carbon; comprising at least the following steps: a) reacting at least one compound of formula (I):
- the present invention also relates to a compound of formula (II) capable of being obtained by the process as described above.
- the a subject of the present invention is also a composition capable of being obtained by the process as described above.
- the lipases used according to the invention are lipases of class EC 3.1.1.3 of the genus (genus) Alcaligenes spp.
- the genus Alcaiigenes spp, of the family Alcaligenacae includes several species, such as: , Alcaligenes ruhlandii, Alcaligenes venustus, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans.
- Different lipases according to the invention can be used according to the method of the invention.
- the lipases of the invention can be obtained from a culture of Alcaligenes spp.
- the culture conditions can vary depending on the type of strain used. It is recommended to choose these conditions in order to produce the lipases in the most advantageous way possible.
- the culture temperature is generally between 5 and 50 ° C.
- the culture period is generally between 1 and 10 days.
- the recovery of lipases from Alcaligenes spp can be carried out in various ways well known to those skilled in the art. It is for example possible to carry out a separation of the bacteria and the culture medium, in particular by centrifugation or filtration, and then to carry out a purification of the lipases. For example, the purification of lipases can be carried out by precipitation, lyophilization, ion exchange chromatography, immunoaffinity using specific mono- or polyclonal antibodies, and / or dialysis. It is also possible to collect the lipases of Alcaligenes spp by destruction of the bacteria, for example by sonication and recovery of the ground material, or by an enzymatic lysis of the cell walls.
- the lipases of the invention can in particular be purified from the strains of Alcaligenes spp by adding salts, using for example ammonium sulphate, passage through an ion exchange chromatography and then gel filtration. It is understood that natural, synthetic, mutated, chimeric and / or recombinant lipases originating from Alcaligenes spp can be used in the process according to the invention, to the extent or their transesterification activity with respect to the substrates of the invention is preserved, see improved. Thus, mutated lipases of Alcaligenes spp expressed by other microorganisms or produced by chemical synthesis are also concerned by the present invention.
- the alkaligenes spp lipases used according to the invention make it possible to obtain the following parameters: - Enantiomeric excess in compound (II) greater than or equal to 50%, preferably greater than or equal to 70%, particularly greater than or equal to 90 %; especially equal to 100%.
- the lipases used according to the method of the invention have an amino acid sequence having a percentage of homology greater than or equal to 80%, in particular 90%, preferably 95, more preferably 100% with the acid sequence of the QL lipase of Alcaligenes sp PL-266, registered under the number FERM-P No. 3187, the protein having a transesterification activity on the substrates of the invention.
- the lipases used according to the invention can come from nucleotide sequences having a percentage of homology greater than or equal to 80%, in particular 90%, preferably 95, more preferably 100% with the nucleotide sequence of the QL lipase gene.
- Alcaligenes sp PL-266 registered under the number FERM-P No. 3187, the lipase obtained having transesterification activity on the substrates of the invention.
- homology refers to the perfect resemblance or identity between the amino acids compared but also to the non-perfect resemblance which is called similarity.
- the amino acid sequence may differ from the reference sequence by substitution, deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids, preferably by a reduced number of amino acids, in particular by substitution of natural amino acids by unnatural amino acids or pseudo-amino acids, at positions such that these modifications do not significantly affect the biological activity of the protein.
- Homology is generally determined using sequence analysis software (e.g.
- amino acid sequences of natural, synthetic, mutated, chimeric and / or recombinant lipases can be the same length as the reference sequences.
- the lipases of class EC 3.1.1.3 can come from bacteria of the genus of Alcaligenes spp. However, for example in the context of an industrial process for manufacturing these lipases, it is possible that they are produced by host cells or by chemical processes.
- the nucleotide sequences leading to the synthesis of natural, synthetic, mutated, chimeric and / or recombinant lipases can be inserted into vectors with autonomous replication within the chosen host, or integrative vectors.
- Such vectors will be prepared according to methods commonly used by those skilled in the art, and the resulting clones can be introduced into an appropriate host by standard methods, such as for example electroporation or transformation with calcium chloride, polyethylene.
- the signals controlling the expression, or the overexpression, of the nucleotide sequences are chosen according to the cell host used.
- Host cells can be transiently or stably transfected with these expression vectors. These cells can be obtained by introduction into host, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Examples of host cells include in particular mammalian cells, such as cells 293, CMV (cytomegalovirus cell), insect cells such as cells derived from ovary of Spodoptera frugiperda or embryonic cells of Drosophila melanogaster, bacteria such as E. coli, B. subtilis and yeast strains such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- mammalian cells such as cells 293, CMV (cytomegalovirus cell)
- insect cells such as cells derived from ovary of Spodoptera frugiperda or embryonic cells of Drosophila melanogaster
- bacteria such as E. coli, B. subtilis and yeast strains such as Saccharomyces cerevisia
- the lipases of the invention can also be produced by chemical synthesis.
- chemical synthesis For this purpose, one can use any method well known to those skilled in the art.
- the peptide of the invention can for example be synthesized by the techniques of synthetic chemistry, such as Merrifield type synthesis which is advantageous for reasons of purity, antigenic specificity, absence of unwanted secondary products and for its ease of production.
- Chemical synthesis makes it possible in particular to produce nucleotide or amino acid sequences, optionally comprising substitutions, deletions and / or insertions with respect to a reference sequence.
- one or more expression cassettes containing the nucleotide sequence expressing the lipases of the invention may be inserted into the genome of the microorganism, under the dependence of one or more elements allowing its expression or the regulation of its expression, such as in particular promoters, activators and / or transcription terminators.
- the QL lipase from Alcaligenes sp PL-266 registered under the number FERM-P N ° 3187 (also called QLM) mentioned for example in patent JP 58-36953, or the lipase PL of Alcaligenes sp PL-679, registered under the number FERM-P N ° 3783, but also ATCC 31371 and DSM 1239, mentioned for example in patent JP 60-15312.
- the lipase can be immobilized on a suitable solid support or not immobilized.
- the solid support can be chosen from the group comprising: DEAE cellulose, DEAE sepharose, diatom, silica, alumina, polypropylene, ceramic particles and / or mixtures thereof.
- lipases of class EC 3.1.1.3 of Alcaligenes spp it is possible in particular to use Chirazyme TM L-10 sold by the company Roche or the lipases QL (or QLM), QLC, QLG, PL, PLC and PLG sold by the Meito-Sangyo company.
- the PLC and PLG lipases correspond respectively to the PL lipase immobilized on diatoms and on diatomaceous earth granules.
- the QLC and QLG lipases correspond respectively to the QL lipase immobilized on diatomaceous earth and on diatomaceous earth granules.
- Many substrates of formula (I) can be monoacylated according to the process of the present invention.
- the group R may be a covaited bond or a hydrocarbon chain comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, aliphatic, cyclic and / or aromatic, which may comprise and / or form one or more cycles, possibly aromatic.
- This hydrocarbon chain can optionally comprise one or more heteroatoms chosen from the group comprising carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, silicon and sulfur. If R is a co perennial bond, the compound of formula (1) will be a compound derived from cyclopropane.
- R is a hydrocarbon chain comprising at least one unsaturation.
- R can be a hydrocarbon chain comprising one or more aromatic or non-aromatic cycle (s).
- the compound of formula (I) is cis-4-cyclopentene-1,3-diol, the group R corresponds to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain comprising 2 carbon atoms.
- the compound of formula (I) is chosen from the group comprising chosen from the group comprising the compounds of formula (V), (VI) and / or (VII):
- the preferred substrate according to the invention is cis-4-cyclopentene-1,3-diol.
- the compound of formula (II) obtained from this substrate according to the process of the invention is (1R, 4S) -4-acetoxy-cyclopent-2-en-1-ol.
- the isolated lipase can be used in aqueous solution, optionally buffered, in organic solvents, in mono-phasic or bi-phasic solution.
- the solvent is by definition capable of dissolving, at least partially, the substrate, such as the compound of formula (I). Particularly preferred is an organic solvent miscible with water.
- the organic solvent can be an aliphatic, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon compound, optionally comprising chlorine, nitrogen, acid, ketone, nitrile aldehyde and / or ester functions.
- the organic solvent is preferably chosen from the group comprising: ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK); ethers such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and tetrahydrofuran (THF); nitriles such as acetonitrile; and aromatic compounds such as toluene.
- the solvent is compatible with the lipase of the invention, that is to say that it does not degrade the protein and / or that it does not decrease its biological activity with respect to the process of the invention in addition.
- the reaction medium in particular that of step a), can comprise water, for example 0.1 and 30% by weight of water relative to the weight of the compound of formula (I) , preferably from 5 to 20% by weight of water, in particular from 5 to 30% by weight of water.
- acylating agent is intended to mean a compound capable of reacting with a hydroxyl function of the compound (I) so as to protect the latter via an ester function.
- the acylating agent can in particular be an ester, an anhydrous or a carbonate.
- the acylating agent can be a compound of formula (VIII): R 1 -COO-R 3 (VIII) in which: - R 1 is defined above; and R 3 is a hydrocarbon group comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, optionally linear, cyclic, aromatic, branched, saturated and / or unsaturated; and optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or chlorine.
- R 3 is preferably an alkyl group comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by one or more fluorine atoms, or an alkenyl group comprising from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 1 can be a hydrocarbon group comprising from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; optionally linear, cyclic, aromatic and / or branched and optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or chlorine.
- R 1 can be chosen from the group comprising methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl and isopropyl.
- This acylating agent can be chosen from the group comprising: acetates, benzoates and isobutyrates.
- the acylating agent is preferably chosen from the group comprising: vinyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acetate, and acetate isopropenyl.
- the acylating agent can also be used as an organic solvent. According to the process of the invention, the proportion of acylating agent is preferably greater than 1 mole equivalent relative to the compound of formula
- (I) preferably between 2 and 6 moles equivalent, more preferably between 1 and 10 moles equivalent.
- the reaction medium can be obtained by mixing the compound of formula (I), and optionally the acylating agent with the solvent, and then adding the lipase of the invention.
- the reaction medium can also be obtained by successive addition of the following products: compound of formula (I), lipase, solvent and finally addition of the acylating agent.
- the proportion of lipase can be between 0.1 to 30% by weight relative to the weight of the compound of formula (I), preferably from 0.1 to 20% by weight, particularly from 0 , 5 to 10% by weight.
- the enzymatic catalysis reaction of step a) is preferably carried out at a temperature between -5 and 40 ° C, preferably between 1 and 15 ° C.
- a temperature between -5 and 40 ° C, preferably between 1 and 15 ° C.
- a person skilled in the art is perfectly capable of easily determining the optimal duration conditions for a given substrate. This can be achieved by taking regular samples of the reaction medium on which the evolution of the enantiomeric excess and the conversion rate are evaluated.
- the duration of the enzymatic reaction of step a) is generally between 1 and 24 hours, preferably between 4 and 16 hours.
- the enzymatic reaction is carried out in a suitable reactor possibly provided with suitable stirring means or mixtures.
- the enzymatic reaction can in particular be stopped by any suitable chemical means, such as by adding a solvent, adding base or acid, detergents, and / or salts; or suitable physical means, such as for example by freezing, centrifugation, heating, and / or filtration.
- suitable chemical means such as by adding a solvent, adding base or acid, detergents, and / or salts
- suitable physical means such as for example by freezing, centrifugation, heating, and / or filtration.
- the compound of formula (II) can be isolated in different ways known to a person skilled in the art, such as for example by purification by filtration, extraction, distillation, crystallization, column chromatography, and / or centrifugation. In particular, filtration can be carried out at the end of the reaction, followed by one or more distillations and crystallization before filtration.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (II) obtained by a manufacturing process as defined above, as an intermediate, for the manufacture of a medicament or of a product.
- pharmaceutical such as prostaglandins, prostacyclins and / or thromboxanes.
- From the compound of formula (II) of the invention it is possible to manufacture medicaments and pharmaceutical products using this compound as an intermediate.
- (1 R, 4S) -4- acetoxy-cyclopent-2-en-1-ol, corresponding to a compound of formula (II) is used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products, as mentioned in patent WO9526729 and the following publications: J. Stjenschantz et al.
- Example 1 Materials used: Lipase d'Alcaligenes sp. : GLG, QLC or QL sold by the company Meito-Sangyo; or Chirazyme L10 TM sold by the company Roche (hereinafter called L10); Pancreatin Lipase: Pancreatin from pigs marketed by the company Sigma; Diol substrate: cis-4-cyclopentene-1, 3-diol sold by the company Fluka (compound of formula (I)).
- a sample of 0.5 ml of medium is taken reaction which is centrifuged. 200 ⁇ L are taken and diluted in 800 ⁇ L of acetone before injection by chiral gas chromatography. The rest of the reaction medium is filtered so as to separate the lipase; the cake is washed with approx. 3 g of acetone. The filtrate to which about 8 g of TMBE (tert-butyl methyl ether) was added is then distilled in vacuo so as to remove acetone and vinyl acetate. About 15 g of TMBE and activated carbon are added at the end of this first devolatilization. The reaction medium is stirred and filtered on clarsel. The filtrate is devolatilized.
- TMBE tert-butyl methyl ether
- Heptane is then added to crystallize the desired product and the temperature is reduced from 28 to 8 ° C. The start of crystallization is observed around 16 ° C.
- the desired compound is then filtered, which is in the form of white crystals.
- the crystals comprising the monoacetate R (compound III) and the monoacetate S (compound II) are dried under 50 mbar at room temperature for 18 hours.
- Gas chromatography (GC) is carried out using a Cyclodex B column composed of permethylated beta-cyclodextrin deposited in a silicone oil consisting of 86% of dimethylsiloxane units and 14% of methyl-cyanopropylsiloxane units.
- the column has a length of 30 m, an internal diameter of 250 ⁇ m and a thickness of silicone oil film of 0.25 ⁇ m.
- the diol (compound (I)) is eluted with a relative retention time of 1.00, the monoacetate R (compound (III)) of 1.10, the monoacetate S (compound (II)) of 1.13 and the diacetate compound (IV)) of 1.38.
- the conversion or conversion rate of the compound (I) (%) is calculated as follows: (surface percentage of the compound (I) at time 0 (start of the reaction) - the surface percentage of the compound (I) at the end of reaction) / area percentage of compound (I) at time 0.
- the enantiomeric excess of compound (II) (%) is calculated as follows: (absolute value of (area area of compound (II) - area area of compound (III))) / (area percentage of compound (II) + area percentage of compound (III)).
- the selectivity is calculated as follows: It corresponds to (area percentage of the compounds (II) + (III)) / (area percentage of the compound (IV)).
- the yield of compound (II) (%) is calculated as follows: (surface area of compound (II)) / (area area of compound (I) at time 0).
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04817290A EP1689874A1 (fr) | 2003-10-22 | 2004-10-19 | Procede de fabrication de compose comprenant un groupement hydroxyle libre et un groupement hydroxyle protege par une fonction ester par reaction enzymatique |
US10/576,773 US20080039635A1 (en) | 2003-10-22 | 2004-10-19 | Method for the Production of a Compound, Comprising a Free Hydroxyl Group and a Hydroxyl Group Which is Protected by an Ester Function by Enzymatic Reaction |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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FR0312329 | 2003-10-22 | ||
FR0312329 | 2003-10-22 |
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WO2005040394A1 true WO2005040394A1 (fr) | 2005-05-06 |
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PCT/FR2004/002665 WO2005040394A1 (fr) | 2003-10-22 | 2004-10-19 | Procede de fabrication de compose comprenant un groupement hydroxyle libre et un groupement hydroxyle protégé par une fonction ester par reaction enzymatique |
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US (1) | US20080039635A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1689874A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005040394A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006021420A2 (fr) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-03-02 | Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh | Procede de production de derives de diarylcycloalkyle |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103304488B (zh) * | 2013-06-13 | 2015-12-09 | 暨明医药科技(苏州)有限公司 | 光学纯2-(1-羟基乙基)-5-羟基嘧啶的制备方法 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS62257396A (ja) * | 1986-04-30 | 1987-11-09 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | 光学活性な4−ヒドロキシ−2−シクロペンテノンの製造法 |
DD290662A5 (de) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-06-06 | Ve Fz Biotechnologie,De | Verfahren zur herstellung von (1s, 4r)-1-acyloxy-4-hydroxy-cyclopent-2-enen |
JPH09206093A (ja) * | 1996-02-08 | 1997-08-12 | Chisso Corp | 光学活性ジシクロペンタジエン誘導体の製造法 |
EP1428888A1 (fr) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-06-16 | Clariant GmbH | Procédé de préparation d'esters de (1S,4R)-(-)-4-Hydroxycyclopentényle |
-
2004
- 2004-10-19 EP EP04817290A patent/EP1689874A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-10-19 WO PCT/FR2004/002665 patent/WO2005040394A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2004-10-19 US US10/576,773 patent/US20080039635A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS62257396A (ja) * | 1986-04-30 | 1987-11-09 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | 光学活性な4−ヒドロキシ−2−シクロペンテノンの製造法 |
DD290662A5 (de) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-06-06 | Ve Fz Biotechnologie,De | Verfahren zur herstellung von (1s, 4r)-1-acyloxy-4-hydroxy-cyclopent-2-enen |
JPH09206093A (ja) * | 1996-02-08 | 1997-08-12 | Chisso Corp | 光学活性ジシクロペンタジエン誘導体の製造法 |
EP1428888A1 (fr) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-06-16 | Clariant GmbH | Procédé de préparation d'esters de (1S,4R)-(-)-4-Hydroxycyclopentényle |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
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DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 198750, Derwent World Patents Index; Class B05, AN 1987-352974, XP002284058 * |
GHORPADE S R ET AL: "Desymmetrization of meso-cyclopenten-cis-1,4-diol to 4-(R)-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-(S)-acetate by irreversible transesterification using Chirazyme<(>R)", TETRAHEDRON: ASYMMETRY, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 10, no. 5, 12 March 1999 (1999-03-12), pages 891 - 899, XP004162512, ISSN: 0957-4166 * |
HENLY R ET AL: "The influence of protecting groups on lipase catalyzed transesterifications: Enzymatic resolution of racemic cis-1,3-cyclopentanediol derivatives", TETRAHEDRON LETTERS, vol. 34, no. 18, 1993, pages 2923 - 2926, XP002284057, ISSN: 0040-4039 * |
KOKUSHO Y ET AL: "STUDIES ON ALKALINE LIPASE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LIPASE PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS", AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 46, no. 5, 1982, pages 1159 - 1164, XP001189617, ISSN: 0002-1369 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006021420A2 (fr) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-03-02 | Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh | Procede de production de derives de diarylcycloalkyle |
WO2006021420A3 (fr) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-12-21 | Sanofi Aventis Deutschland | Procede de production de derives de diarylcycloalkyle |
US7803950B2 (en) | 2004-08-23 | 2010-09-28 | Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh | Method for the production of diarylcycloalkyl derivatives |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1689874A1 (fr) | 2006-08-16 |
US20080039635A1 (en) | 2008-02-14 |
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