WO2004102161A2 - Procede et appareil d'identification de materiau par emission de rayonnements caracteristiques - Google Patents
Procede et appareil d'identification de materiau par emission de rayonnements caracteristiques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004102161A2 WO2004102161A2 PCT/US2004/007013 US2004007013W WO2004102161A2 WO 2004102161 A2 WO2004102161 A2 WO 2004102161A2 US 2004007013 W US2004007013 W US 2004007013W WO 2004102161 A2 WO2004102161 A2 WO 2004102161A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- radiative
- characteristic
- atom
- emissions
- emitted
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 37
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 241000920340 Pion Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 30
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 29
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000011824 nuclear material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 5
- JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl sulfide Chemical compound O=C=S JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002083 X-ray spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005274 electronic transitions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005610 quantum mechanics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002601 radiography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004846 x-ray emission Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/36—Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
- G01V5/22—Active interrogation, i.e. by irradiating objects or goods using external radiation sources, e.g. using gamma rays or cosmic rays
- G01V5/234—Measuring induced radiation, e.g. thermal neutron activation analysis
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to detection and identification of materials, and in a particular example, to detecting materials by characteristic energetic radiative emissions from exotic atoms of the materials.
- a unique and known electronic shell structure is associated with each atomic species of matter.
- the electrons populating the shell structure are associated with energies and levels of excitation described by the laws of quantum mechanics.
- an electronic transition from a first shell or energy state to a second shell or energy state is accompanied by a discrete emission of energetic radiation, such as photons.
- These radiative emissions are sometimes termed "atomic” to indicate that they correspond to atomic shell structure transitions, and include gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, and invisible photonic radiation.
- Other radiative emissions, sometimes termed “nuclear” emissions are due to interactions and transitions occurring within the nucleus of an atom rather than in the electronic shell structure.
- An exotic atom is generally one which has captured a negatively-charged subatomic particle into its electronic shell structure, and can be accompanied by complex physical behavior within the electronic shell structure. Examples of subatomic particles which may cause an atom to become an exotic atom include negative muons and pions. An exotic atom may then return to its ground state by emission of one or more energetic radiative emissions, such as X-rays, having known characteristic and unique energies. [0005] This behavior has been exploited in the past for antiparticle detection and identification.
- Antimatter particles were captured by one or more nitrogen atoms to create exotic nitrogen atoms, which subsequently decayed to a lower energy state.
- the deexcitation of a nitrogen atom released characteristic subatomic particles, which were detected using the segmented X-ray spectrometer and used to identify the antimatter particle, e.g. an antiproton.
- the antimatter particle was then identified by studying the unique fingerprint provided by the characteristic emitted particles as the nitrogen atom decayed from its excited exotic state to its ground state. This method is inherently fairly immune to noise, since detection of the unique characteristic X-ray spectrum is a sure indication of the type of antimatter particle that excited the nitrogen atoms.
- Muons are negatively-charged leptons, or "heavy electrons,” known to have a small cross section for absorption in matter, and are therefore capable of penetrating materials which would otherwise be relatively opaque to traditional ionizing radiation. Because muons are deflected when penetrating dense or heavy materials rather than being absorbed, they can be used to detect the presence of such dense materials hidden within containment devices or shielded from traditional detection.
- a source of muons and a detector may be placed on either side of a container holding an unknown material. By using the detector to detect the deflection of the muons, it can be surmised whether dense materials are present in the container. In one application, it has been suggested that this technique could be used to detect banned materials, such as nuclear materials, hidden in shipping containers or suitcases. Others in the field have suggested that an artificial source of muons or a natural source of muons can be used for such purposes.
- Subatomic particles can be generated in a laboratory or can be naturally- occurring. Artificially-generated muons are produced in accelerators, which can be room-sized according to the present state of the art. Naturally-occurring muons are created in atmospheric interactions with cosmic radiation, and are therefore sometimes called "secondary cosmic radiation.”
- One embodiment is directed to a device for detecting correlated radiative emissions from a sample, having a chamber that substantially contains the sample, the chamber being permeable to an incident subatomic particle entering the chamber and interacting with the sample, thereby causing the sample to emit a first emitted radiative emission and a second emitted radiative emission; and a detector that detects a first interaction with the first emitted radiative emission and detects a second interaction with the second emitted radiative emission.
- Another embodiment is directed to a method for determining a correlation between two emitted radiative emissions and a detector, including detecting a first radiative emission from deexcitation of an exotic atom; detecting a second radiative emission from deexcitation of the exotic atom; and correlating the first and second radiative emissions to determine a correlation between the first and second radiative emissions.
- Yet another embodiment is directed to a device for screening objects, including a chamber that substantially contains an object to be screened; and an X-ray detector that detects at least one characteristic X-ray emitted by an excited (exotic) atom within the object; wherein the exotic atom emits the characteristic X-ray on transitioning from a first (high-energy) atomic state to a second (low-energy) atomic state.
- Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of a detector apparatus
- Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a system for detecting and identifying materials
- Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of a detector apparatus having multiple detector layers
- Figure 4 illustrates an embodiment of a method for detection and identification of materials.
- a method and apparatus for simultaneous detection of simultaneously-emitted characteristic radiative emissions are presented.
- the characteristic radiative emissions e.g. X-rays
- the characteristic X-rays are used to identify the sample according to its characteristic identifying spectrum.
- One application of the method and apparatus is in detecting and identifying hidden materials, such as special nuclear materials (SNM) disposed in sealed and shielded containers.
- SNM special nuclear materials
- radiative emission it is meant to generally include any emission emanating from the atom or its nucleus. This includes emissions traditionally considered particulate emissions as well as photonic and other radiation. Also, the radiative emission generally is of some measurable energy and can be considered energetic radiative emission, although it is not constrained to any energy band or range for the present purposes.
- characteristic radiative emission it is generally meant that a characterizable attribute (such as energy, frequency) is associated with the radiative emission, such attribute being detectable or measurable, and characterizing the emission and/or its source in some way.
- Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of a detector apparatus 10 for detecting a material sample 100 contained in a container 110.
- a second material 120 fills some or all of the space surrounding the sample 100 and within the container 110.
- sample 100 comprises a nuclear material such as uranium-238.
- Container 110 comprises a metal casing such as a shipping container made of aluminum or steel.
- the sample 100 may be further enclosed by a layer of some shielding material (not shown) that may for instance be made of lead, tantalum or bismuth.
- the second material 120 is a packaging material, such as plastic, water, wood, etc., or includes more than one material, such as a plastic and a metal.
- the detector apparatus 10 is designed to allow an incident subatomic particle 130 to enter a chamber containing the container 110.
- the container 110 and its contents are entirely or substantially enclosed within a detector 150.
- the detector 150 can be in the form of a chamber that can house a sample or a sample in a container.
- the detector 150 is a scintillation X-ray detector formed of several segments (e.g., 150A-C).
- the detector 150 is a liquid scintillator that detects both X-rays and neutrons.
- An incident particle (a muon) 130 is captured by an atom within sample
- the atom 102 subsequently decays to a lower energy level, such as its ground state energy level, emitting a plurality of characteristic X-rays 140A-C.
- Each of the characteristic X-rays 140A-C is generally emitted in a separate direction, interacts with a segment of detector 150, and imparts a signal to the detector
- Figure 2 illustrates a system 20 including the detector apparatus 10 for detecting and identifying the material sample 100 shown in Figure 1.
- Detector apparatus 10 is coupled to an X-Ray spectrometer 300, constructed and arranged to receive signals from the detector apparatus 10 and analyze a characteristic (such as energy or frequency) of the characteristic X-rays 140A-C.
- the spectrometer 300 is further coupled to a processor 200, such as a computer, that receives output signals from the spectrometer 300 corresponding to the detected characteristics of X-rays 140A-C.
- Processor 200 includes, or is coupled to a storage device 400, containing stored data indicative of characteristics of various known characteristic radiation. For example, tables of energies of characteristic radiated X-rays for each element are kept in storage device 400.
- processor 200 in conjunction with the output of spectrometer 300 and the data in storage device 400, executes software instructions to identify material sample 100. This is accomplished in the instant embodiment by comparing the measured energies of the characteristic radiated X-rays 140 with known X-ray energies previously loaded in a digitally-stored look-up table of such energies.
- the stored information is not limited to atomic (electronic) shell radiative emissions, but can also include nuclear radiative emission data, such as data for emitted neutrons which are released following nuclear capture of the subatomic particle.
- processor 200 correlates the incoming signals from spectrometer 300 to determine which X-ray detection events are closely related in time, and would thus have resulted from the same event or exotic atom deexcitation within sample 100.
- the correlation is preferably a temporal window, predefined according to expected maximum delays between detection events for each of the plural emitted characteristic X-rays 140.
- An exemplary window is less than 10 nanoseconds in duration. In fact, the window is short enough in one embodiment so as to be determined by the geometry of the detector and the required time-of-flight of the detected radiation rather than the physics of the exotic atom deexcitation.
- a match may then be determined between the detected characteristic radiation and the stored data, indicating the identity of the atom from which the characteristic radiation was emitted.
- radiated emission from deexcited exotic atoms is scattered or otherwise interacts with other materials in the sample, packaging, shielding, detector apparatus, or general environment of the detector. These interactions can cause the unique characteristic (e.g. energy level) of the emitted radiation to change, and possibly to a value not indicative of the specific sample material 100.
- detector 150 picks up other emitted radiations 140 from the same event, some of those other emissions will bear the unique signature of the sample material 100. Specifically, even one detected radiation 140 from the sample material 100 can be used to identify the material.
- the other scattered and altered radiations can be nonetheless time or space correlated with the unaltered detected radiation to make a determination as to the material 100 and to determine that the altered radiations were scattered by something other than the material 100.
- the resulting apparatus is thus essentially impervious to background events, and can identify a material from as little as a single detection event.
- An output device 500 is coupled to processor 200 for providing results to an operator or another coupled device.
- Output device 500 comprises for example a computer display monitor, showing graphically and/or using an alphanumeric display the energies or the name of the identified material sample 100.
- Auxiliary interfaces and devices may be further coupled to processor 200 or output device
- an operating station may be equipped with an audible alarm activated on detection and identification of a flagged substance (e.g., nuclear material, explosives, illegal drugs, etc.).
- the processor can carry out a number of functions such as analysis of a measured energy value or spectrum, thereby functioning at least in part as an analyzer and/or a comparator that then compares the measured spectrum with those stored in memory.
- material identification of the sample 100 is not restricted to elemental identification. That is, if a complex substance comprising several elements is programmed for detection, processor 200 can indicate whether the given atomic constituents of the complex substance were identified in sample 100.
- processor 200 can indicate whether the given atomic constituents of the complex substance were identified in sample 100.
- the characteristic X-rays are emitted from the excited (exotic) atom 102 as a result of a single atomic event, they arrive at the respective segments 150A-C of the detector 150 at substantially the same time, with delays being essentially time- of-flight and/or circuit related. Furthermore, since the characteristic set of energies or lines obtained from such simultaneous X-ray emissions are unique, it is virtually impossible to mistakenly confuse one atomic species with another according to the present technique.
- the incident subatomic particle 130 can be of a highly-penetrating type, such as a muon or a pion. These particles can penetrate containers that are intended to obscure the container 110 contents from conventional screening devices, such as X-ray imaging machines.
- the source of incident particles 130 may be natural or artificial.
- a muon source may be created from an accelerator which can be arranged with respect to the system 20 of Figure 2 so that a source of muons is available for exciting sample 100.
- naturally- occurring particles such as muons showering Earth from cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere may be used, in which case the system 20 may eliminate the need for a special source of muon particles.
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- PMT photo-multiplier tube
- Hamamatsu Corporation Japan, can be used, as is well known in the field, to amplify weak signals from the X-ray detector 150.
- a scintillation detector generates a weak light signal on detecting an emitted radiative emission, the PMT multiplies the weak light signal and generates a useful multiplied electronic output signal.
- photodiodes can be used to amplify and/or detect events in the detector 150.
- nuclear events can also be sensed and used to identify the material sample 100.
- additional by-products may be emitted from the atom 102, such as neutrons.
- neutrons may also be detected using appropriate detectors to further confirm the identity of the sample 100. That is, a detector or set of detectors may be employed that detect at least one atomic (electron shell) characteristic X-ray in addition to at least one nuclear characteristic product (e.g., a neutron) to identify the material of sample 100.
- a detector or set of detectors may be employed that detect at least one atomic (electron shell) characteristic X-ray in addition to at least one nuclear characteristic product (e.g., a neutron) to identify the material of sample 100.
- a retarding layer or material can be applied to the detection device 10 to slow down or retard the incident subatomic particle(s) 130. This is helpful in some embodiments, for slowing the particle 130 down increases the probability it will be captured by the atom 102.
- the detector apparatus 10 may comprise a chamber sufficiently large to hold an almost arbitrary payload, including a truck, shipping container, or other object of interest which can be driven or moved into the chamber.
- a room-sized detector apparatus 10 can be constructed at a shipping port or customs station such that tracks and shipping containers are moved through the detector apparatus 10 before being admitted to the destination country or before being released by the country of origin. In so doing, it is possible to monitor and control the movement of prohibited materials such as special nuclear materials (SNM).
- SNM special nuclear materials
- the system 20 can be made safe for commercial use. Since a source of ionizing radiation (e.g. imaging X-rays from X-ray screening devices) is not used, the system is safe for human operators who will not be exposed to a large dose of X-rays as conventional X-ray machine operators are. Furthermore, the system 20 is safe for screening containers which may have persons intentionally or accidentally located therein, where a danger exists from irradiating the persons with large doses of X-ray or radiographic radiation.
- a source of ionizing radiation e.g. imaging X-rays from X-ray screening devices
- Figure 3 illustrates a detector apparatus 30 having multiple layers. An outer layer including a detector segment 152 and an inner layer including a detector segment 154 are shown in the figure. Using this arrangement it is possible to localize the position of an atomic event because a spatial trajectory may be drawn for objects of known behavior. This "array" of detectors or detector segments can be considered a spatial correlator.
- Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary method for detecting and identifying a material in a container.
- a system detects a first interaction of a first emitted subatomic particle from de-excitation of an exotic atom and a detector; at step 1000,
- the system detects a second interaction of a second emitted subatomic particle emitted from de-excitation of the exotic atom and the detector; and at step 1004, the system correlates the first and second interactions of emitted subatomic particles in steps 1000 and 1002 to determine a correlation between the first and second interactions with the emitted subatomic particles.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US46837603P | 2003-05-06 | 2003-05-06 | |
US60/468,376 | 2003-05-06 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004102161A2 true WO2004102161A2 (fr) | 2004-11-25 |
WO2004102161A3 WO2004102161A3 (fr) | 2006-03-09 |
Family
ID=33452206
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2004/007013 WO2004102161A2 (fr) | 2003-05-06 | 2004-03-08 | Procede et appareil d'identification de materiau par emission de rayonnements caracteristiques |
PCT/US2004/013902 WO2005003718A2 (fr) | 2003-05-06 | 2004-05-06 | Procede et appareil d'identification de materiau par emission de rayonnements caracteristiques |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2004/013902 WO2005003718A2 (fr) | 2003-05-06 | 2004-05-06 | Procede et appareil d'identification de materiau par emission de rayonnements caracteristiques |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1620716A4 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2004254570A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2524845A1 (fr) |
WO (2) | WO2004102161A2 (fr) |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5164953A (en) * | 1989-07-31 | 1992-11-17 | Ltv Aerospace And Defense Company | Population inversion by excited energy level absorption |
US5323004A (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1994-06-21 | Scientific Innovations, Inc. | Nuclear resonances in activation analysis, and particularly, its application to detection of nitrogen based explosives in luggage |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4858768A (en) * | 1986-08-04 | 1989-08-22 | The Coca-Cola Company | Method for discrimination between contaminated and uncontaminated containers |
FR2746927B1 (fr) * | 1996-03-29 | 1998-04-24 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Dispositif et procede de localisation a distance de sources alpha |
-
2004
- 2004-03-08 WO PCT/US2004/007013 patent/WO2004102161A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2004-05-06 CA CA002524845A patent/CA2524845A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2004-05-06 EP EP04785792A patent/EP1620716A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-05-06 WO PCT/US2004/013902 patent/WO2005003718A2/fr active Search and Examination
- 2004-05-06 AU AU2004254570A patent/AU2004254570A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5323004A (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1994-06-21 | Scientific Innovations, Inc. | Nuclear resonances in activation analysis, and particularly, its application to detection of nitrogen based explosives in luggage |
US5164953A (en) * | 1989-07-31 | 1992-11-17 | Ltv Aerospace And Defense Company | Population inversion by excited energy level absorption |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1620716A2 (fr) | 2006-02-01 |
AU2004254570A1 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
WO2005003718A2 (fr) | 2005-01-13 |
WO2005003718A3 (fr) | 2005-07-14 |
CA2524845A1 (fr) | 2005-01-13 |
EP1620716A4 (fr) | 2008-01-23 |
WO2004102161A3 (fr) | 2006-03-09 |
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