WO2004070310A1 - Process for producing heat-generating counter-measures and a pack containing heat-generating counter-measures - Google Patents
Process for producing heat-generating counter-measures and a pack containing heat-generating counter-measures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004070310A1 WO2004070310A1 PCT/SE2004/000071 SE2004000071W WO2004070310A1 WO 2004070310 A1 WO2004070310 A1 WO 2004070310A1 SE 2004000071 W SE2004000071 W SE 2004000071W WO 2004070310 A1 WO2004070310 A1 WO 2004070310A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pack
- heat
- measures
- iron
- oxygen
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910005084 FexOy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxy(oxo)iron Chemical compound [O][Fe]O AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021519 iron(III) oxide-hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41J—TARGETS; TARGET RANGES; BULLET CATCHERS
- F41J2/00—Reflecting targets, e.g. radar-reflector targets; Active targets transmitting electromagnetic or acoustic waves
- F41J2/02—Active targets transmitting infrared radiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for producing heat-generating counter-measures which are intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air-based systems, with heat being generated when an iron compound reacts with oxygen, thereby forming iron oxide.
- the invention also relates to a pack containing heat- generating counter-measures, which pack comprises a container with a lid and is intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air-based systems, with heat being generated when the pack is opened, during the dispensing, such that the content of the pack, in the form of an iron compound, makes contact, and is allowed to react, with oxygen, thereby forming iron oxide and heat.
- the object of the invention is achieved by means of a process which is characterized in that the iron compound which is to react with oxygen consists of iron sulphide and by means of a pack which is characterized in that the content of the pack, which content reacts with oxygen, chiefly consists of iron sulphide.
- the iron sulphide can be synthesized inside the pack and, after the pack has been opened, reacts in an attractive manner with the oxygen in the air, thereby forming heat having an appropriate IR signature.
- the reaction between the iron sulphide and the oxygen is guided to at least partially follow one of the reactions shown below or a combination of these reactions: 4FeS + 30 2 -» 2Fe 2 0 3 + 4S + heat 4FeS + 70 2 -> 2Fe 2 0 3 + 4S0 2 + heat.
- the degree of pyrophorous activity i.e. the total energy and the time required to reach maximum temperature
- the degree of pyrophorous activity can be regulated by controlling the supply/ flow of hydrogen sulphide and the temperature at which, and the exposure time over which, the conversion from iron oxide to iron sulphide takes place. Additional regulation can be effected by storing the completed product, when some of the sulphur which remains subsequently reacts and increases still further the degree of the pyrophorous effect possessed by the material.
Abstract
The invention relates to a process for producing heat-generating counter-measures which are intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air based systems, with heat being generated when an iron compound reacts with oxygen thereby forming iron oxide. The invention also relates to a pack (1) containing heat-generating counter-measures (8) which pack comprises a container (2) and a lid (3), accommodates heat-generating counter-measures and is intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air-based systems, with heat being generated when the pack (1) is opened, during the dispensing, such that the content of the pack in the form of an iron compound makes contact, and is allowed to react, with oxygen thereby forming iron oxide and heat. According to the invention, the iron compound which is to react with oxygen consists of iron sulphide. The invention provides a less complicated process for producing heat-generating counter-measures, which process does not require the use of vacuum chambers or special spaces containing a protective atmosphere and which, at the same time, makes it possible to produce reliable packs which have an effective action.
Description
Process for producing heat-generating counter-measures, and a pack containing heat-generating counter-measures
The present invention relates to a process for producing heat-generating counter-measures which are intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air-based systems, with heat being generated when an iron compound reacts with oxygen, thereby forming iron oxide. The invention also relates to a pack containing heat- generating counter-measures, which pack comprises a container with a lid and is intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air-based systems, with heat being generated when the pack is opened, during the dispensing, such that the content of the pack, in the form of an iron compound, makes contact, and is allowed to react, with oxygen, thereby forming iron oxide and heat.
Examples of dispensing systems which can be used for dispensing counter-measure packs of the type which is of interest above are disclosed, inter alia, by our US patent 4 650 092.
It has been known for some time that, when coming into contact with oxygen or air, certain materials trigger a reaction which releases heat. It can be a matter of the material being ignited. It can also be a matter of material which oxidizes rapidly in contact with oxygen. In many contexts, these materials are described as being pyrophorous. Pyrophorous materials and substances can be present in liquid or solid form and, in the latter case, as solid bodies or as powders.
The principle of using pyrophorous liquids as counter- measures is said to have been commercialized by Bristol Aerospace in Canada, inter alia, with the liquid being stored in a counter-measure cartridge and being
discharged using a pyrotechnic squib of the standard type. The cartridge is loaded into, and discharged from, a pyrotechnic dispenser of the standard type.
There is an abundance of pyrophorous liquids on the commercial market. However, these liquids have little or no potential for counter-measure applications . There are several reasons for this. One of these which may be pointed out is that of the safety risks associated with handling the liquids. Furthermore, when using them, careful attention must be paid to the possibility of damage occurring, for example, during action and of other potential leakage occurring from the cartridge. Many of the pyrophorous liquids are compounds which are based on methyl, propyl, hexyl, ethyl or butyl, all of which are associated with serious safety risks.
The group of pyrophorous solids includes, on the one hand, the families of materials which ignite sponta- neously on contact with 02 and, on the other hand, pyrophorous solids which oxidize rapidly and then release heat. Solids which oxidize rapidly have proved to be of particular interest for preemptive purposes . The solids oxidize and release heat of a temperature which is suitable for preventing a target seeker from locking onto the platform we are attempting to protect, thereby preventing a missile being discharged.
Examples of known technologies for manufacturing pyro- phorous counter-measures are described, inter alia, in US patent 5 501 751.
However, viewed generally, known technologies for producing pyrophorous counter-measures are relatively complicated and can require, inter alia, vacuum chambers and/or spaces containing a protective gas atmosphere. Heating during the course of carefully controlled temperature and time sequences is also required.
The object of the present invention is to procure a less complicated process for producing heat-generating counter-measures, which process does not require the use of vacuum chambers or special spaces containing a protective gas atmosphere and which, at the same time, makes it possible to produce reliable and protection- efficient packs containing heat-generating counter- measures .
The object of the invention is achieved by means of a process which is characterized in that the iron compound which is to react with oxygen consists of iron sulphide and by means of a pack which is characterized in that the content of the pack, which content reacts with oxygen, chiefly consists of iron sulphide. The iron sulphide can be synthesized inside the pack and, after the pack has been opened, reacts in an attractive manner with the oxygen in the air, thereby forming heat having an appropriate IR signature.
According to an advantageous further development of the process according to the invention, the reaction between the iron sulphide and the oxygen is guided to at least partially follow one of the reactions shown below or a combination of these reactions: 4FeS + 302 -» 2Fe203 + 4S + heat 4FeS + 702 -> 2Fe203 + 4S02 + heat.
According to another advantageous further development of the process, the iron sulphide is produced from some form of iron oxide of the form FexOy, or, alternatively,
Fex0y(0zHn) . In this connection, the iron sulphide can advantageously be formed in accordance with the formula: Fe203 + 3H2S - 2FeS + 3H20 + S.
Alternatively, the iron sulphide can be formed in accordance with the formula:
FeO(OH) + 3H2S -» 2FeS + 4H20 + S.
According to yet another advantageous further development of the process according to the invention, the iron oxide is enclosed in a pack consisting of a container and lid, hydrogen sulphide is supplied to an inlet in the pack, resulting in iron sulphide being formed in the container, residual products are removed via an outlet and the inlets and outlets are sealed. The process is relatively simple to implement and, in principle, a completed pack containing heat-generating counter-measures is obtained directly.
In order to remove residual products, it is possible to supply an inert gas to the inlet, with this gas being allowed to pass to the interior of the pack, with the gas then leaving the pack via its outlet together with the residual products . Another method of removing residual products is to cook them away.
According to yet another advantageous further develop- ment of the process according to the invention, sulphur is supplied to the surface layer of the iron sulphide as a mask for the purpose of limiting the ability of the atmospheric oxygen to come into contact with the whole of the surface of the iron sulphide at one and the same time. In this way, it is possible to regulate the course of the oxidation, and thereby the evolution of heat, in a more controlled manner.
The heat-generating counter-measures are expediently produced under normal atmospheric pressure.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the pack according to the invention containing heat-generating counter-measures, the pack comprises at least one sealable inlet and at least one sealable outlet. In this connection, a first outlet can advantageously be arranged diametrically opposite a first inlet. The arrangement of in- and out-lets creates opportunities for synthesizing the iron sulphide.
The pack, which consists of a container and a lid, can be sealed hermetically in a known expedient manner, for example by means of the container and the lid being welded together.
The invention will be described in more detail below while referring to the enclosed drawings in which:
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show, in overhead view and, respectively, in sectioned side view in accordance with A-A in Figure 1, an exemplary embodiment of a pack in accordance with the invention containing heat-generating counter-measures .
The pack 1 consists of a container 2 and a lid 3. The termination of the container against the lid is designed with a circumferential flange 4. On sealing, the flange 4 of the container is joined to the peripheral parts of the lid using a suitable sealing method, such as welding. The welding is indicated in Figure 1 by means of broken lines 5a-5d. In connection with two of the corners of the lid 3 , there are a gas inlet 6 and, respectively, a gas outlet 7, which are marked by broken lines. The gas inlet and the gas outlet are arranged so that they can be easily sealed. The container accommodates a heat-generating counter- measure 8.
When a pack which is of the type which has been described in the preceding paragraph and which contains heat-generating counter-measures is being produced, iron oxide, on a substrate or in loose powder form, is first of all placed in the container 2 under atmospheric pressure. The lid 3 and the container 2 are then sealed hermetically apart from a small aperture 6 for the gas inlet and a small aperture 7 for the gas outlet. After that, hydrogen sulphide is supplied through the gas inlet 6 in the pack 1. Under the influence of the
hydrogen sulphide which has been supplied, the iron oxide in the container is converted into iron sulphide. The following two formulae illustrate examples of conversions which can take place:
Fe203 + 3H2S → 2FeS + 3H20 + S FeO(OH) + 3H2S *-*-» 2FeS + 4H20 + S
Once iron sulphide has been formed, and any residual products which may be present have been eliminated, for example using an inert gas and/or by means of cooking, the inlet and outlet are sealed. The pack 1 is thereby ready for use.
The degree of pyrophorous activity, i.e. the total energy and the time required to reach maximum temperature, can be regulated by controlling the supply/ flow of hydrogen sulphide and the temperature at which, and the exposure time over which, the conversion from iron oxide to iron sulphide takes place. Additional regulation can be effected by storing the completed product, when some of the sulphur which remains subsequently reacts and increases still further the degree of the pyrophorous effect possessed by the material.
Packs as described above constitute ammunition for dispensing systems . These dispensing systems can be airborne, located on land in a fixed or mobile manner, or located at sea in a fixed or mobile manner. When the dispensing system dispenses a pack, the pack is opened and atmospheric oxygen gains access to the interior of the pack. In connection with this, a reaction takes place between the iron sulphide and the atmospheric oxygen, thereby forming heat. The following two formulae show examples of reactions which can occur:
4FeS + 302 - 2Fe203 + 4S + heat 4FeS + 702 -» 2Fe203 + 4S02 + heat.
The heat which the packs evolve gives an IR signature which is such that a threat in the form of target- seeking missiles or the like is prevented from locking on the target which is to be protected. In this case, the counter-measure functions as a pre-emptive counter- measure which is dispensed as a preventive measure in order to prevent a target seeker locking on the target we are attempting to protect and which thereby prevents any missile discharge taking place.
In order to regulate the course of the oxidation and to initially limit the heat reaction, it is possible to use sulphur as a mask. This prevents the atmospheric oxygen from coming into contact with the entire iron sulphide surface at one and the same time. In this case, the sulphur is supplied to the pack 1 before the inlet and outlet of the pack are finally sealed.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments which have been demonstrated above as examples that can be subjected to modifications within the context of the patent claims which follow.
Claims
1. Process for producing heat-generating counter- measures which are intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air-based systems, with heat being generated when an iron compound reacts with oxygen thereby forming iron oxide, characterized in that the iron compound which is to react with oxygen consists of iron sulphide.
2. Process according to Patent Claim 1, characterized in that the reaction between the iron sulphide and the oxygen is guided to at least partially follow one of the reactions shown below or a combination of these reactions:
4FeS + 302 → 2Fe203 + 4S + heat 4FeS + 702 -> 2Fe203 + 4S02 + heat.
3. Process according to one of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that the iron sulphide is produced from some form of iron oxide of the form FexOy or, alternatively, FexOy(OzHn) .
4. Process according to Patent Claim 3 , characterized in that the iron sulphide is formed in accordance with the following formula: Fe203 + 3H2S → 2FeS + 3H20 + S.
5. Process according to Patent Claim 3 , characterized in that the iron sulphide is formed in accordance with the following formula: FeO(OH) + 3H2S -» 2FeS + 4H20 + S.
6. Process according to one of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that iron oxide is enclosed in a pack comprising a container and lid, in that hydrogen sulphide is supplied to an inlet in the pack, resulting in iron sulphide being formed in the container, in that residual products are removed via an outlet and in that the inlet and outlet are sealed.
7. Process according to Patent Claim 6, characterized in that residual products are removed by an inert gas being supplied to the inlet, which gas is allowed to pass through the interior of the pack after which it leaves the pack via its outlet together with residual products.
8. Process according to Patent Claim 6 or 7 , characterized in that residual products are removed by cooking.
9. Process according to one of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that sulphur is supplied to the surface layer of the iron sulphide as a mask for the purpose of restricting the ability of atmospheric oxygen to come into contact with the whole of the surface of the iron sulphide at one and the same time.
10. Process according to one of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that the heat-generating counter-measures are produced under ambient atmospheric pressure.
11. Pack which contains heat-generating counter- measures, which comprises a container and a lid, which accommodates heat-generating counter- measures and which is intended to be dispensed from sea-based, land-based or air-based systems, with heat being generated when the pack is opened, during the dispensing, such that the content of the pack, in the form of an iron compound, makes contact, and is allowed to react, with oxygen thereby forming iron oxide and heat, characterized in that the content of the pack, which content reacts with oxygen, chiefly consists of iron sulphide.
12. Pack according to Patent Claim 11, characterized in that the pack comprises at least one sealable inlet and at least one sealable outlet.
13. Pack according to Patent Claim 12, characterized in that a first outlet is arranged diametrically opposite a first inlet.
14. Pack according to one of the preceding Patent Claims 11-13, characterized in that the lid is welded to the container so as to achieve hermetic sealing.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE0300322A SE525519C2 (en) | 2003-02-10 | 2003-02-10 | Process for producing heat-generating countermeasures, as well as packaging with heat-generating countermeasures |
| SE0300322-5 | 2003-02-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004070310A1 true WO2004070310A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
Family
ID=20290330
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE2004/000071 WO2004070310A1 (en) | 2003-02-10 | 2004-01-23 | Process for producing heat-generating counter-measures and a pack containing heat-generating counter-measures |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| SE (1) | SE525519C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004070310A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1637829A1 (en) * | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-22 | Saab Ab | Pack of heat-generating countermeasures |
| WO2010093292A1 (en) | 2009-02-11 | 2010-08-19 | Saab Ab | Decoy material package, a dispenser and a method for dispensing decoy material |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3578974A (en) * | 1969-03-03 | 1971-05-18 | Talley Industries | Infrared source utilizing an exothermic chemical charge having stable and nonsegregating reaction products |
| US4622899A (en) * | 1982-10-16 | 1986-11-18 | Pyrotechnische Fabrik F. Feistel Gmbh & Co. Kg | Smoke projectile with sequential charges and central ignitor |
| US4650092A (en) * | 1983-05-03 | 1987-03-17 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Device for the ejection of boxes through the exit of a container and box adapted for use in such a device |
| US5328717A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1994-07-12 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Method of making a salt-doped metal-coated article having an evanescent electromagnetic detection signature |
| US5352519A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1994-10-04 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Sulfurized chaff fiber having an evanescent radar reflectance characteristic, and method of making the same |
| US5571621A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1996-11-05 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Infrared radiation-interactive article, and method of generating a transient infrared radiation response |
-
2003
- 2003-02-10 SE SE0300322A patent/SE525519C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2004
- 2004-01-23 WO PCT/SE2004/000071 patent/WO2004070310A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3578974A (en) * | 1969-03-03 | 1971-05-18 | Talley Industries | Infrared source utilizing an exothermic chemical charge having stable and nonsegregating reaction products |
| US4622899A (en) * | 1982-10-16 | 1986-11-18 | Pyrotechnische Fabrik F. Feistel Gmbh & Co. Kg | Smoke projectile with sequential charges and central ignitor |
| US4650092A (en) * | 1983-05-03 | 1987-03-17 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Device for the ejection of boxes through the exit of a container and box adapted for use in such a device |
| US5328717A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1994-07-12 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Method of making a salt-doped metal-coated article having an evanescent electromagnetic detection signature |
| US5352519A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1994-10-04 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Sulfurized chaff fiber having an evanescent radar reflectance characteristic, and method of making the same |
| US5571621A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1996-11-05 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Infrared radiation-interactive article, and method of generating a transient infrared radiation response |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1637829A1 (en) * | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-22 | Saab Ab | Pack of heat-generating countermeasures |
| WO2010093292A1 (en) | 2009-02-11 | 2010-08-19 | Saab Ab | Decoy material package, a dispenser and a method for dispensing decoy material |
| EP2396221A1 (en) * | 2009-02-11 | 2011-12-21 | Saab AB | Decoy material package, a dispenser and a method for dispensing decoy material |
| EP2396221A4 (en) * | 2009-02-11 | 2014-03-12 | Saab Ab | Decoy material package, a dispenser and a method for dispensing decoy material |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE525519C2 (en) | 2005-03-01 |
| SE0300322D0 (en) | 2003-02-10 |
| SE0300322L (en) | 2004-08-11 |
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