WO2004068760A1 - Procede pour coder et appliquer des codes d'acces multiples a etalement du spectre avec des fenetres de correlation intergroupe nulle - Google Patents

Procede pour coder et appliquer des codes d'acces multiples a etalement du spectre avec des fenetres de correlation intergroupe nulle Download PDF

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WO2004068760A1
WO2004068760A1 PCT/CN2003/000115 CN0300115W WO2004068760A1 WO 2004068760 A1 WO2004068760 A1 WO 2004068760A1 CN 0300115 W CN0300115 W CN 0300115W WO 2004068760 A1 WO2004068760 A1 WO 2004068760A1
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code
zero
correlation window
orthogonal complementary
zero correlation
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PCT/CN2003/000115
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French (fr)
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WO2004068760A8 (fr
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Yongzhong Zou
Daoben Li
Yongsheng Zhang
Li Fang
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Linkair Communications, Inc.
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Priority to PCT/CN2003/000115 priority Critical patent/WO2004068760A1/zh
Priority to AU2003303842A priority patent/AU2003303842A1/en
Priority to CN03805482.5A priority patent/CN1640040A/zh
Publication of WO2004068760A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004068760A1/zh
Publication of WO2004068760A8 publication Critical patent/WO2004068760A8/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04JMULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/10Code generation
    • H04J13/14Generation of codes with a zero correlation zone
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04JMULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J13/00Code division multiplex systems
    • H04J13/0007Code type
    • H04J13/004Orthogonal

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of spread spectrum and code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communications, and in particular, to a high-frequency and universal spread-spectrum multiple access coding with zero correlation window in a personal communication system (PCS). Specifically, it is a spread-spectrum multiple access code with a zero correlation window between groups and its symptomatic method.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • PCS personal communication system
  • spectrum efficiency refers to the maximum number of users that can be accommodated by a system in a cell (cel l) or sector (sector) when given the user's transmission rate and system bandwidth. Its measurement unit is per cell (or sector). The total transmission rate supported by the system per unit bandwidth. Obviously, the higher the frequency efficiency, the larger the system capacity.
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • CDMA Code division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • the capacity of a code division multiple access (CDMA) system depends on the level of interference in the system. Therefore, whether or not the interference level in the system can be controlled will become the key to the success or failure of a code division multiple access system.
  • Interference can be divided into four major parts: First, the local and internal noise levels, there is no other method except for using low-noise amplifiers; Second, inter-symbol also known as inter-symbol interference (ISI); Third, multiple-access interference ( MAI), that is, interference from other users in the cell; the fourth is adjacent cell or inter-channel interference (ACI). for ISI, MAI. ACI can be reduced or even eliminated by selecting an address code with good performance.
  • ISI inter-symbol interference
  • ACI inter-channel interference
  • each user has its own unique address code for mutual identification.
  • the spreading address codes of each user should also be orthogonal to each other. The requirement of this orthogonality is consistent for any multiple-access system. If the channel is an ideal linear time-frequency non-proliferation system, and there is a strict synchronization relationship within the system, then the orthogonality between user address codes can be ensured. But none of the actual channels is ideal, and strict synchronization is impossible for signals in time and frequency spread channels. Therefore, it is the life of a code division multiple access (CDMA) system to maintain the orthogonality between address codes in a non-ideal time-frequency diffusion channel.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • mobile communication channels are typical random time-varying channels.
  • the former will cause time-selective fading of the received signal, that is, the level of the received signal will have different random fluctuations over time; the latter will cause frequency-selective fading of the received signal, that is, different spectral components of the received signal will have different random fluctuations. Variety.
  • fading will also significantly reduce system capacity.
  • the time spread of the channel caused by multipath propagation prevents the signals from reaching the receiving point at the same time, so that the signals between adjacent symbols of the same user overlap with each other, resulting in inter-symbol interference (ISI).
  • ISI inter-symbol interference
  • the time spread of the channel will also worsen multiple access interference. This is because when the relative delay between different user signals is zero, its orthogonality is easily guaranteed, and any orthogonal code can be used. But when the relative delay between signals is not zero, it will become very difficult to maintain their orthogonality.
  • the signal waveform selected by each user that is, the autocorrelation function of its address code should be an ideal impulse function, that is, it should be zero except for the origin.
  • the signal waveform selected by each user that is, the cross-correlation function between the address codes should be zero at various relative delays. From the perspective of orthogonality, apart from the relative zero delay, each spreading address code should be orthogonal to any non-zero relative delay, and any relative delay (including (Zero delay) should be orthogonal to each other.
  • the value of the autocorrelation function at the origin is referred to as the main peak of the correlation function, and the value of the autocorrelation or cross-correlation function outside the origin is referred to as the peak of the correlation function.
  • the peaks of the auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions between ideal multiple access codes should all be zero.
  • the Welch bound of the theory states that there are no multiple access code groups with zeros everywhere in the binary, finite, and even complex domains.
  • the peaks of the auto-correlation function and the peaks of the cross-correlation function are a contradiction. When one is required to decrease, the other is necessarily increased.
  • NASA also announced that it has exhaustively calculated various codes and proved that the Welch world cannot be broken.
  • NASA calculates only the group codes exhaustively, and the Welch bound is only valid for the sub-plural domains. Outside of this, ideal address codes are possible.
  • UCLA Los Angeles
  • UCLA Los Angeles
  • NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS applied their ideas to the time division / code division (TDMA / CDMA) mixed system and applied The European patent, whose patent publication number is EP 0600713A2, and the application number is 93309556. 4.
  • This encoding method is actually encoding in a high-dimensional space.
  • the high-dimensional space has broken through the conditions for the establishment of the Welch world. But this encoding method The spectrum efficiency is extremely low and has no practical value. This is the reason why it was proposed that no one has used it for nearly thirty years.
  • this coding method needs to use N 2 basic codes and each at least for an N-bit code, i.e. total of N 3-bit addresses supported e.g. N: If N is the number of addresses 128, a 16QAM modulation scheme, the It should frequency of the system only 441 ⁇ 1 ( ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ ; 3 / ⁇ (bits / hertz).
  • the complementary code group is ⁇ C S l M
  • the code length of the C or S part is N
  • the width of the one-sided zero correlation window is: ⁇
  • the zero correlation window bound M ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ So given the code length and zero window size
  • one method is to send a non-zero window code at the transmitting end, and use joint detection technology at the receiving end to achieve the maximum Excellent reception.
  • the complexity of this detection method is as the number of users M
  • some sub-optimal joint detection algorithms are used, such as decorrelated multi-user detection, interference cancellation techniques, etc., but these algorithms will bring performance loss, and when the number of users is large The complexity is still significant.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a spread spectrum multiple access code encoding and application method with zero correlation windows between groups, so that the correlation characteristics between the formed spread spectrum multiple address codes and the groups have a "zero correlation window, That is, the cross-correlation function between the groups of address codes in the zero correlation window does not have peaks, thereby eliminating multiple access interference (MAI) between groups, and although there is multiple access interference between each address code in the same group ( MAI), but in specific applications, joint detection technology can be used to achieve optimal reception.
  • the new spreading code coding method with inter-group zero correlation window code proposed by the present invention uses both the characteristics of zero correlation window and The use of technologies such as joint detection, interference cancellation technology, equalization technology, etc., provides the possibility for increasing the system capacity.
  • the present invention solves the complexity problem of applying joint detection in a traditional CDMA system, which can greatly increase the complexity. The reduction.
  • the above-mentioned spread-spectrum multi-address codes with "zero correlation windows" between groups have the following four characteristics: (1) A cross-correlation function between the spread-spectrum address codes of each group has a zero-correlation window near the origin.
  • the relative delay between each group of spreading address codes is completely orthogonal when the relative delay is less than the width of the zero correlation window;
  • the autocorrelation function of each spreading address code is between the above groups Except for the origin, the zero correlation window is not zero only at two non-zero relative delays, and is zero at other places, that is, it has ideal characteristics;
  • a method for encoding a spread spectrum multiple access code with a zero correlation window between groups is characterized by including the following steps: Generate a pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups;
  • the generating a pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups refers to: selecting a pair of basic orthogonal complementary code group pairs (C S ' x ), (C, 2 ) where each code length is N and the zero correlation window width is L. S, 2 );
  • C (C n C 12 ... C 1N ), S '(S u S 12 ... S 1N ), S 22 ... S 2N );
  • Group refers to complement core: substantially complementary orthogonal codes of the group of (C, S), (C '2, s, 2) expanded into complementary orthogonal code groups having a core group of zero correlation window:
  • the expansion of the orthogonal complementary code group cores with zero correlation windows between groups refers to: according to the actual maximum number of user addresses required, the orthogonal complementary code group cores are coded in the spanning tree structure. And the expansion of the number of codes, there is a zero correlation window near the origin of the cross-correlation function between each set of spreading address codes, and the width of the window is greater than or equal to 2L-1; according to the orthogonality, it can be obtained that:
  • the spreading address codes are completely orthogonal when the relative delay is smaller than the width of the zero correlation window; the autocorrelation function of each spreading address code after the expansion is in the zero correlation window between the groups except the origin, Only at two non-zero relative delays are not zero, and zero everywhere else; within the same group
  • the cross-correlation function of each spread-spectrum address code is not zero only at two non-zero relative delays within the above-mentioned inter-group zero correlation window, and is zero elsewhere.
  • a zero guard interval or time slot can be inserted into the orthogonal complementary code group core of the inter-group zero correlation window or the extended spreading address codes, so as to increase the interval between the spreading address codes formed by the groups.
  • the present invention also provides a method for applying a spread spectrum multiple access code with a zero correlation window between groups, which is characterized by including the following steps:
  • the generating or selecting a pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups refers to: generating or selecting one or more groups of basic orthogonal complementary code group pairs.
  • the non-periodic autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions of the C code and the s code are oppositely formed in the zero correlation window except the origin, and the value of the autocorrelation function and the cross-correlation function after addition are zero except for the origin.
  • the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups (c, s), (c, 2 , s, 2 ) refer to: their auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions are aperiodic auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions between C codes and Aperiodic between S codes Sum of auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions, where within a zero correlation window of width L, the aperiodic auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions of C code and S code are opposite to each other except the origin, and the value of the added autocorrelation function and cross-correlation The value of the function is zero except for the origin; a method for generating the basic orthogonal complementary code pair (C 15 Si), (C 2 , S 2 ) can be used by Professor Li Daoben in PCT / CN00 / 00028 Generating method of basic orthogonal complementary code pair.
  • the length of each code of the extended orthogonal complementary code group kernel is 2N, and the width of the zero correlation window between groups is greater than or equal to 2L-1.
  • the insertion of a zero guard interval or time slot into the core of an orthogonal complementary code group with zero correlation windows between groups refers to: First, a basic orthogonal complementary code group with a length N of each code and a width L of a zero correlation window window.
  • every L + 1 chips T zeros are inserted, and a new orthogonal complementary code group kernel formed therefrom has a width of zero correlation window greater than or equal to 2L-1, and thus the new orthogonal complementary code group kernel continues to expand according to a tree structure, and the obtained The width of the zero correlation window between the orthogonal complementary code group pairs is greater than or equal to 2L-1;
  • each code of the basic orthogonal complementary code group pair (CS t X (C 2 , S 2 ) is N and the width of the zero correlation window is L
  • the length of each code after the expansion is 2N positive T zeros are inserted for every L + 1 chips (Chip) of the cross complementary code group core, and are inserted according to the following zero guard interval or time slot insertion mode, that is, each L + 1 chip (Chip) is inserted at the tail T zeros, and the width of the zero correlation window between the new orthogonal complementary code group cores formed thereby is greater than or equal to 2L-1, and thus the new orthogonal complementary code group cores are continuously expanded according to the spanning tree structure.
  • the inter-group zero correlation window width of the orthogonal complementary code group pair is greater than or equal to 2L-1; after inserting the T zeros, the inter-group zero correlation window width of the new orthogonal complementary code group kernel formed thereby is maximized.
  • the manner of inserting the T zeros includes: T zeros are inserted at the tail of each L + 1 chip (chip), or T zeros are inserted at the head of each L + 1 chip (chip), and the like.
  • the maximum number of user addresses required determine the maximum number of user addresses required, and use the selected orthogonal complementary code group kernel with zero correlation window between groups as the origin of the spanning tree structure, and perform code length and number of codes in the spanning tree structure.
  • the cross-correlation function between the spreading address codes of each group after expansion has a zero correlation window between the groups near the origin; the expansion will be based on the maximum number of users required and the number of pairs of selected basic orthogonal complementary code pairs Determine the number of expansion stages required in the spanning tree structure.
  • the width of the inter-group zero correlation window of the orthogonal complementary code group obtained in the third step is 2L-1, then we can insert T zeros for every L + 1 chips (Chip), thus forming a new positive
  • the width of the zero correlation window between the complementary code groups is greater than or equal to 2L-1.
  • the criterion for inserting the T zeros is to maximize the width of the zero correlation window between the new orthogonal complementary code groups thus formed.
  • There are many methods for inserting the T zeros for example, every L + 1 codes The tail of the chip is inserted at the head of each L + 1 chip, and will not be listed here.
  • Equivalent transformation can be performed on the generated multi-address code.
  • the equivalent transformation includes: exchanging positions of C and S codes, exchanging positions of C1 and C2 and S1 and S2 at the same time, inverting code sequence, inverting each code position, and the like.
  • the spreading address code formed above must be used to ensure that C code operates only with C code (including itself and other codes), and S code operates with S code (including itself and other codes).
  • Two orthogonal transmission channels with synchronous fading can be used to transmit the above-mentioned c code and S code, respectively, and carry the same information bits during modulation, and despread and decompress them to the output port.
  • the C code and the S code can be respectively modulated on mutually orthogonal polarized waves, or the C code and the S code are placed on each other and are not mutually separated after transmission. Overlapping two time slots.
  • the expansion of the code length and code number of the orthogonal complementary code group core in a tree structure refers to: if (d, S,), (C 2 , S z ) are a pair of code lengths of N.
  • Orthogonal complementary code group kernels with a width L of zero correlation window window can generate two pairs, that is, four orthogonal complementary code group pairs each having a code length of 2N in the following manner:
  • the description of the extended spreading address codes with inter-group zero correlation windows by inserting zero guard intervals or time slots refers to: for each of the groups with inter-group zero correlation windows generated by the orthogonal complementary code group core extension
  • the spreading address code is inserted into a certain number of zero guard intervals or time slots, and the new orthogonal complementary code group formed by the group has a width of the zero correlation window larger than that of the original orthogonal complementary code group. .
  • the beneficial effect of the present invention is that by providing a spread spectrum multiple access code encoding and application method with zero correlation windows between groups, the correlation characteristics between the formed spread spectrum multiple address codes and the groups have a "zero correlation window" ", That is, the correlation function and the cross-correlation function between the address codes of each group in the zero correlation window have no peaks, thereby eliminating multiple access interference (MAI) between groups, and although each address code in the same group exists, Multiple access interference (MAI), but in specific applications, joint detection technology can be used to achieve optimal reception.
  • MAI multiple access interference
  • MAI Multiple access interference
  • the new inter-group zero-correlation window code spreading code encoding method proposed by the present invention not only uses the characteristics of the zero-correlation window, but also uses technologies such as joint detection, interference cancellation technology, and equalization technology, which is to increase the system. Capacity offers the possibility.
  • the present invention solves the complexity problem of applying joint detection in the traditional CDMA system, which can greatly reduce the complexity.
  • the above-mentioned spread-spectrum multi-address codes with "zero correlation windows" between groups have the following four characteristics: (1) A cross-correlation function between the spread-spectrum address codes of each group has a zero-correlation window near the origin. From the perspective of orthogonality, the relative delay between the spreading address codes is completely orthogonal when the relative delay is less than the width of the zero correlation window; (2) The autocorrelation function of each spreading address code is zero between the groups described above.
  • FIG. 1 is a first schematic diagram of a spanning complementary code group spanning tree having a zero correlation window between groups according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a second schematic diagram of a spanning complementary code group spanning tree with a zero correlation window between groups according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a method for generating a basic orthogonal complementary code group pair according to the present invention.
  • the first step is to generate or select a pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups.
  • the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups (C 1 S, (C 2 , S 2 ) with each code length N and the width of the zero correlation window window L refers to: its autocorrelation and crosscorrelation
  • the functions are the sum of the non-periodic autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions between the C code and the S-code, and the non-periodic autocorrelation and cross-correlation function between the S code.
  • the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions are opposite to each other except the origin, and the value of the added autocorrelation function and the cross-correlation function are zero except for the origin.
  • the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups (Ci, Si), (C 2 , S 2 ) —A method for generating a pair of basic orthogonal complementary code pairs in which each code length in PCT / CNOO / 00028 by Professor Li Daoben is N zero correlation window width is 2N-1.
  • the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups can be extended as follows in code length and zero correlation window width:
  • the width of the zero correlation window is greater than or equal to L.
  • Table 1 shows the values of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions of the C1 and C2 code pairs with different mutual shifts.
  • the number of address codes is 2, and the length of each code is 1.
  • the basic orthogonal complementary code group pair has only one of the above basic forms, and other forms such as exchange (C 2 , and Si, S 2 positions, and exchange C, S code positions Sequence inversion or interleaving polarity and rotation are equivalent to the above basic forms, and there is no substantial difference between them. It should be noted that for orthogonal complementary codes, when performing correlation or matching filtering operations on them, the C code It only operates with C code, S code, and S code only. C code and S code do not meet each other during operation.
  • a longer pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups can be generated as follows:
  • the S code is formed by concatenating the original 3 1 and S 2 codes, and is expressed as:
  • Table 4 shows the correlation function of the new basic orthogonal complementary code pair. It can be seen that its complementary autocorrelation function and cross-correlation function are all ideal. Another method is to reverse the order of the codes, that is,
  • FIG. 3 is a spanning tree diagram of a basic complementary code group pair.
  • the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups shown in Figure 3 will be used.
  • a pair of code groups within ⁇ > are basically orthogonal complementary code group pairs, and their complementary autocorrelation functions and cross-correlation functions
  • ⁇ in FIG. 3 is only a basic complementary code group pair, and there are many equivalent forms, for example, exchanging the order of them up and down, or left and right, reversing the order of them before and after, reversing the separation, In-plane rotation, etc. Both can get equivalent basic complementary code group pairs.
  • Their autocorrelation function and cross-correlation function are all ideal.
  • the second step is to generate an orthogonal complementary code group kernel with a zero correlation window between groups.
  • the length of each code of the extended orthogonal complementary code group kernel is 2N, and the width of the zero correlation window between the groups is greater than or equal to 2L-1.
  • Each L + 1 chips (Chip) T zeros are inserted at the tail, and the new orthogonal complementary code group kernel has a width of zero correlation window width greater than or equal to 2L-1, and the new orthogonal complementary code group kernel follows the tree shape of the third step.
  • the structure continues to expand, and the width of the zero correlation window between the orthogonal complementary code group pairs obtained is greater than or equal to 2L-1.
  • the criterion for inserting these T zeros is to make the new orthogonal complementary code group core group formed thereby.
  • the width of the zero correlation window is maximized.
  • a method of inserting the T zeros is, for example, inserted at the tail of each L + 1 chip (Chip), and inserted at the end of each L + 1 chip (Chip). The head is not listed in jtb-enumeration.
  • a pair of orthogonal complementary code groups can obtain two pairs or two groups of four new orthogonal complementary codes, but the length of each code is doubled. From these two pairs or two groups of four new orthogonal complementary codes, A total of eight new orthogonal complementary code groups of four ten or four groups can be derived, and then eighteen or eight groups of sixteen orthogonal code groups can be derived.
  • Complementary codes ... where there is a zero correlation window for the cross-correlation function of code groups between pairs. This process can be described by a spanning tree graph relationship. Fig. 1 is one kind of this kind of spanning tree graph, and Fig. 2 is another kind of spanning tree. There are many other types of spanning trees, and the relationships between them are equivalent transformations. The equivalent transformation does not change the width of the zero correlation window between groups, but sometimes it can change the height and distribution of the peaks outside the zero correlation window.
  • the width is greater than or equal to II 5; the autocorrelation function of each spreading address code after expansion is between the above groups
  • the zero correlation window is zero except for the origin and the relative shift ⁇ is 1 and ⁇ 1; the cross-correlation function of two spread-spectrum address codes in the same group is only two in the above-mentioned inter-group zero correlation window. Relative shifts ⁇ are 1 and -1 are not zero at +
  • the fourth step is to insert a certain number of zero guard intervals or time slots for each spread-spectrum address code that has an inter-group zero correlation window after expansion, thereby forming a new orthogonal complementary code group with zero correlation between groups.
  • the window width is greater than or equal to the inter-group zero correlation window width of the original orthogonal complementary code group.
  • the inter-group zero correlation window width of the orthogonal complementary code group obtained in the third step is 2L-1
  • the inter-group zero correlation window width of the cross complementary code group is greater than or equal to 2L-1.
  • the criterion for inserting the T zeros is to maximize the width of the zero correlation window between the new orthogonal complementary code groups thus formed. There are many methods for inserting the T zeros, for example, every L + 1 The tail of the chip is inserted at the head of every L + 1 chip. It will not be listed here.
  • the width of the zero-correlation window between the four groups with each code length being 8 orthogonal complementary code groups is 5. If we insert a zero at the end of every 4 chips, a new two pairs are also generated.
  • the four complementary codes of four orthogonal complementary code groups each having a code length of 10 are now renumbered and arranged as follows:
  • the eight complementary codes of the four orthogonal complementary code groups each having a code length of 10 may also be kerneled first. :
  • the new orthogonal complementary code group core is expanded once according to the tree structure of the third step.
  • the obtained orthogonal complementary code group pair is obviously the same as the four orthogonal complementary codes shown in Table 6, which means that we You can insert a certain number of zero guard intervals or time slots into the orthogonal complementary code group core, or you can insert zero guard intervals or time slots into the extended spreading address codes with zero correlation windows between groups
  • the inter-group zero correlation window width of the new orthogonal complementary code group thus formed is larger than the inter-group zero correlation window width of the original orthogonal complementary code group.
  • Table 6 shows the correlation function values of the eight complementary codes. From Table 6, it can be seen that the cross-correlation function between the extended sets of spreading address codes has a zero correlation window near the origin, and the width of the window is greater than or Equal to 7; The autocorrelation function of each spreading address code after expansion is zero except for the origin and the relative shift ⁇ is 1 and -1 in the zero correlation window between the groups, and is zero everywhere; the same group is shifted ⁇ 1 and -1 are not zero, others are zero.
  • R 13 (T) R CiC] (T) + R ⁇ (T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • R (T) R CiC4 (T) + R SiS4 (T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • R 15 (T) R CiC5 (r) + R SiS5 (r) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • R L7 (T) R CiCi (r) + R SISI (T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • R 15 (T) R CICS (T) + R S2SS (T)
  • R 15 (T) R C3Cs (r) + R S3S5 (r) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • R a1 (T) R C4Ci (T) + R S4Si (T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • R 56 (r) R C5C6 (T) + R SsS6 (T) 0 0 8 0 -8 0 0
  • the second step is to generate or select one or more sets of basic orthogonal complementary code groups X ⁇ according to the width of the required zero correlation window.
  • the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups (C 1 7 S x (C 2 , S 2 ) in which each code length is N and the width of the zero correlation window window is L refers to: its autocorrelation and mutual correlation
  • the correlation function is the sum of the non-periodic auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions between the C code and the S-code, and the non-periodic auto-correlation and cross-correlation function between the S code.
  • the periodic autocorrelation and the cross-correlation function are oppositely formed except for the origin, and the value of the autocorrelation function and the cross-correlation function after addition are zero except for the origin.
  • the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups (C 15 Si), (C 2 , S 2 ) —A kind of generation method can use the basic orthogonal complementary code group pair generation method of Professor Li Daoben in PCT / CN00 / 00028.
  • the width of the zero correlation window can be selected from FIG. 3 to be greater than or equal to the required width
  • the length of each code of the orthogonal complementary code group core formed after the expansion is 2N, and the width of the zero correlation window between groups is greater than or equal to 2L-1.
  • each code of the pair of basic orthogonal complementary code groups (C p S, (C 2 , S 2 ) in the second step is N and the width of the zero correlation window is L
  • T zeros are inserted for every L + 1 chips (Chip) of the 2N orthogonal complementary code group core, and the zero guard interval or time slot insertion method is used as follows:
  • Each L + 1 chips (Chi p) inserting T zeros at the tail, and the new orthogonal complementary code group kernel formed by the zero-correlation window width of the group is greater than or equal to 2L-1, and thus the new orthogonal complementary code group kernel is as shown in FIG.
  • the tree structure continues to expand, and the width of the zero correlation window between the obtained orthogonal complementary code group pairs is greater than or equal to 2L-1.
  • the criterion for inserting these T zeros is to make the new orthogonal complementary code group kernel thus formed.
  • the width of the zero correlation window between groups is maximized.
  • There are many ways to insert these T zeros for example, the tail of each L + 1 chips (Chi p), and the insertion of each L + 1 chips (Chip). Head, not here-list.
  • the fourth step is to determine the required maximum number of user addresses according to the actual number of users, and use the selected orthogonal complementary code group kernel with a zero correlation window between groups as the origin in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 in the tree diagram.
  • the code length and the number of codes are extended to expand, and the cross-correlation function between the spread groups of spreading address codes has a zero correlation window between the groups near the origin.
  • the two pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups can be separately identified. As the original point in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, the code length and the number of codes are extended in the tree diagram, and the number of stages to be extended is 5, and the two pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups are expanded into a total of 64 groups. A total of 128 address codes can be used as the selected multi-address code. If there are four pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups that meet the system design requirements, these four pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups can be used as shown in Figure 1 or Figure 2, respectively. The original point of the code length and number of codes are expanded in the tree map, and the number of stages required for expansion is 4.
  • the 64 address codes and 128 address codes can meet the system design requirements; if there are eight pairs of basic codes, The orthogonal complementary code groups meet the system design requirements.
  • the eight pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups can be used as the origin in Figure 1 or Figure 1, respectively, and the code length and number of codes are expanded in the tree diagram. The number of extended stages is 3, and the resulting 64 groups of codes with a total of 128 address codes can meet the system design requirements.
  • the 16 pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups can be separately identified. As the origin in Figure 1 or Figure 2, the code length and the number of codes are expanded in the tree diagram. The number of stages to be expanded is 2.
  • the 64 address codes and a total of 128 address codes can meet the system design. Requirements; when there are 32 pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups that meet the system design requirements, the 32 pairs of basic orthogonal complementary code groups can be used as the origin in Figure 1 or Figure 2, respectively, and the code length and number of codes are respectively performed in the tree diagram. If the number of stages to be expanded is 1, the number of stages required to be expanded is 1, and the resulting 64 groups of codes and 128 address codes can meet the system design requirements. Other user design can be deduced by analogy.
  • Each code position is inverted.
  • Interleave the polarity of each code point For example, (++-+, + ---), (+++-, +-++) can be used to interleave the polarity of each code point, that is, the first of each code, The polarity of the third-order odd digits does not change, and the second and fourth-order even digits change polarity, so (+ ⁇ , ++-+), (+-++, +++-), or odd-numbered digits The polarity is changed, and the even bit is unchanged.
  • can be any initial angle.
  • Figure 2 is an equivalent transformation of Figure 1, that is, Figure 2 is formed by moving all the upper half of C1 and S1 in Figure 1 to the left and C2 and S2 to the right. C1 and S1 in all the lower half of FIG. 1 are moved to the right, and C2 and S2 are moved to the left.
  • the code positions of the C code and the S code in the generated multi-address code group can be staggered according to a certain rule, or the polarity can be changed.
  • This kind of transformation is called mathematically equivalent transformation in mathematics. There are many types of equivalent transformations. Please forgive me if I can't list them here.
  • S codes are respectively modulated on mutually orthogonal polarized waves (horizontal and vertical polarized waves, left-handed and right-handed polarized waves).
  • the C code and the S code can be placed separately and still do not overlap each other after transmission.
  • the transmission channel changes randomly over time, to ensure the realization of complementarity, the channel characteristics in the two polarized waves and in the two time slots should be kept consistent during the transmission process. In other words, in engineering description languages, their decline should be synchronized. This requires that when polarized separation is used, a frequency band that can guarantee the simultaneous fading of orthogonally polarized waves without depolarization and corresponding measures must be used.
  • time-division separation the interval between two time slots must be much smaller than The correlation time of the channels must also ensure their synchronous fading when using other separation methods.
  • the invention provides a new method for encoding a spread spectrum multi-address code, so that the correlation characteristics between the groups of the formed spread spectrum multi-address code have a "zero correlation window", that is, each within the zero correlation window Correlation functions and cross-correlation functions between group address codes have no peaks, thereby eliminating multiple access interference between groups
  • inter-group zero-correlation window-based spreading code encoding method provides both the zero-correlation window characteristics and joint detection and interference. Offset technology and equalization technology provide the possibility to increase the system capacity. At the same time, the present invention solves the complexity problem of applying joint detection in the traditional CDMA system.

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Description

一种具有组间零相关窗妁扩频多址码编码 及应用方法
技术领域
本发明涉及扩频与码分多址(CDMA )无线通信技术领域, 特别涉及在 个人通信***(PCS ) 中的具有零相关窗的高频 i普效率的扩频多址编码。 具 体的讲是一种具有组间零相关窗的扩频多址码编码及症用方法。
背景技术 .
随着信息化社会及个人通信时代的到来 , 人们对提高无线通信***中 的频谱效率变得越来越迫切了, 因为频率资源是十分有限的。 所谓频谱效 率是指在给定用户传信率与***带宽时, 在一个小区 (cel l ) 或扇区 ( sector ) 内***可容纳的最大用户数, 其度量单位是每小区 (或扇区) 每单位带宽***所支撑的总传信率。 显然, 频 i 效率越高的***容量越大。
传统的无线多址接入技术, 如频分多址(FDMA ), 时分多址(TDMA ), 其***容量受***的时间带宽积所限定, 额外增加用户根本不可能。 例如: 用户的基本传信率为 1/T符号秒, ***(含信道) 带宽为 B赫兹(Hertz ), 则其时间带宽积为 BT, BT就是***内的最大用户数, 多一个也不可能。
码分多址(CDMA ) 则完全不同, 其***容量仅决定于信扰比, 具有大 容量与软容量的特点, 增加用户只会减小信扰比, 争低通信质量, 但不会 被拒绝。 即***容量不象频分多址(FDMA ) 或时分多址(TDMA ) 那样有一 个不可愈越的界限 BT值。
码分多址(CDMA ) ***的容量取决于***内的干扰电平, 因此, 能否 控制***内干扰电平将成为码分多址***成败或好坏的关键。 干扰可分为 四大部分: 一是本地及***内部噪声电平, 对于它除了采用低噪声放大器 外, 没有其它方法; 二是码间又称符号间干扰(ISI ); 三是多址干扰(MAI ), 即来自小区内其他用户的干扰; 四是相邻小区或信道间干扰(ACI )。 对于 ISI、 MAI . ACI是可以靠选择性能良好的地址码来减少乃至消除的。
在码分多址 (CDMA ) ***中, 各个用户都有自己特有的供相互识别的 地址码。 不仅如此, 各个用户的扩频地址码间还应相互正交, 这种正交性 的要求对任何多址***来说都是一致的。 如果信道是一个理想的线性时间 频率不扩散***, 同时***内部又有严格的同步关系, 则保证各用户地址 码间的正交性还是能够实现的。 但是现实信道没有一个是理想的, 而严格 同步对于时间、 频率扩散信道中的信号而言, 又是不可能的。 因此, 在非 理想的时间频率扩散信道中仍然保持各地址码间的正交性是码分多址 ( CDMA ) ***的生命所在。
众所周知, 移动通信信道是典型的随机时变信道, 其中存在着随机性 的频率扩散(由多卜勒效应产生), 及随机性的时间扩散(由多径传播效应 产生)。 前者将使接收信号产生时间选择性衰落, 即接收信号电平会随时间 有不同的随机起伏变化; 后者将使接收信号产生频率选择性衰落, 即接收 信号不同频谱分量会有不同的随机起伏变化。 衰落除严重恶化***的性能 以外, 还将大幅度减小***的容量。 特別是由多径传播造成的信道的时间 扩散, 使信号不能同时到达接收点, 而使同一用户相邻符号间的信号互相 重叠, 产生符号间的干扰(ISI )。 另外, 信道的时间扩散还会恶化多址干 扰, 这是因为当不同用户信号间的相对时延为零时, 其正交性是艮容易保 证的, 任何正交码都可以使用。 但当信号间的相对时延不为零时, 仍然保 持其正交性将变得非常困难。
为了减小符号间干扰(ISI ), 每个用户所选用的信号波形, 也就是其 地址码的自相关函数应该是一个理想的冲激函数, 即除原点外, 应处处为 零。 为了减小多址干扰(MAI ), 各个用户所选用的信号波形, 即其地址码 间的互相关函数应对各种相对时延处处为零。 从正交性的观点来讲, 各个 扩频地址码与其自身除相对零时延处外, 对任何非零相对时延都应该相互 正交, 而扩频地址码间对任何相对时延(含零时延)都应相互正交。 为形象其见, 将原点处的自相关函数值称为相关函数的主峰, 将原点 之外的自相关或互相关函数值称为相关函数的付峰。 理想多址码间的自相 关及互相关函数的付峰应全为零。 遗憾的是, 理论的 Welch界指出: 在二 元域、 有限域甚至复数域中均不存在付峰处处为零的多址码组。 特别是自 相关函数的付峰与互相关函数的付峰是一对矛盾, 当要求一个减小时, 另 一个必然增大。 另外, 美国国家宇航局 (NASA ) 亦宣布已穷举计算出各种 码, 并证明 Welch界是无法突破的。
事实上, 美国国家宇航局 (NASA ) 穷举计算的仅仅是群码, 而 Welch 界仅对复数以下域成立, 在此之外理想性质的地址码是有可能存在的。 例 如在 1971年, 美国加州洛杉矶大学 ( UCLA ) 的 B. P. Schwe i tzer在其博 士论文 "广义互^卜码组,, ( General ized com lementary Code Sets ) 中就 已经找到了一种可以达到理想地址码组性能的编码方法。 随后 1993年欧洲 NOKIA公司 (NOKIA MOBILE PHONES LTD.; NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS ) 的 Leppanen, pent t i等人又将其思想应用于时分 /码分( TDMA/CDMA ) 混合 ***中, 并申请了欧洲专利, 其专利公开号为 EP 0600713A2 , 申请号为 93309556. 4。 这种编码方式实际上是高维空间中的编码, 高维空间已经突 破了 Welch界成立的条件。 但是这种编码方式的频谱效率极低, 不具有实 用价值, 这正是其提出近三十年仍没有人使用的原因。 因为对于一个需要 个地址的通信***, 该编码方式需要使用 N2个基本码而每个码至少需 N 位, 也就是说共需 N3位来支撑 N个地址。 例如: 若地址数 N为 128 , 采用 16QAM调制方式, 则对应***的频 i t率只有
Figure imgf000005_0001
441χ1(Γ¾ίί;3/Ηζ (比 特 /赫)。 可见, 地址数越多, 这种编码方式的频谱效率越低。 但是这种编码 方式给出了一个艮好的启示, 即可以通过 "互补" 的方法来构造性能良好 的地址码组, 不过一定要避免 B. P. Schwei tzer 博士的所需总码位数随 地址数的三次方而增长的缺点。
另外, 如果采用双向同步技术, 则在随机时变信道中, 各个地址码内 或相互之间的相对延时, 将不会超过信道的最大时间扩散量(最大多径时 延差)加上最大定时误差。 设该量为 Δ秒, 那么, 只要在(-△, Δ ) 内地 址码间相关函数及互相关函数没有付峰, 就可以保证使符号间干扰(ISI ) 及多址干扰(MAI )为零。 具有这样性质的地址码, 称之谓具有 "零相关窗" 的地址码。 显然只要地址码的相关特性具有 "零相关窗" 且窗口宽度大于 信道的最大时间扩散量(最大多径时延差)加上最大定时误差, 则对应的 码分多址(CDMA ) ***的性能就将是 ¾想的, 同时传统码分多址(CDMA ) ***中致命的 "远近效应" 将随之消失。 "远近效应" 是由地址码的自相关 与互相关特性不理想所引起的, 因为一个近距离信号的付峰可能会淹没远 距离信号的主峰。 为了克服 "远近效应", 必须使各个地址用户的信号在到 达基站时强度基本相等, 这就导致必须采用精确、 复杂及快速的功率控制 算法, 从而使***复杂化。 在采用具有 "零相关窗" 的地址码后, 由于在 工作条件下, 地址码的自相关与互相关函数根本没有付峰, "远近效应" 将 完全消失, 当然功率控制的重要性也随之大大减弱了。
1997年, 发明人李道本在申请号为: PCT/CN00/00028的发明专利申请 中提出了一种新型具有零相关窗的扩频码。假设信道的最大时间扩散量 (最 大多径时延差)加上最大定时误差。 设该量为△, 这种码字保证在(-Δ , Δ ) 内的相关特性是理想的。 应用这种码字的***消除了 ISI 和 MAI , 大 大地提高了***的容量。
假设互补码组为 {C S l M , C部或 S部的码长为 N , 单边零相关 窗宽度为: Γ , 则根据零相关窗界: M≤^±^。 所以给定码长和零窗大小
T + 1
后, 可能的最大码数就已经确定了, 想要找到更多的码字是不可能了。
为了消 ^干扰的影响, 除了在码字设计时直接构造出零窗口码之外, 另夕 1、一种方法就是在发送端发送非零窗口码, 而在接收端采用联合检测技 术来达到最优接收。 假设一共存在 M个码道, 采用 元调制, 则采用最优 联合检测时总的检测量为 0、qM ) , 这种检测方法的复杂度是随着用户数 M 以指数增长的, 当用户数 M增大时, 会使接收机无能为力, 这就限制了系 统容量的增加。 为了降低接收机的复杂度, 人们采用了一些次优的联合检 测算法, 如解相关多用户检测, 干扰消除技术等等, 但这些算法又会带来 性能上 损失, 并且在用户数很大时的复杂度仍然很大。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种具有组间零相关窗的扩频多址码编码及应 用方法, 使所形成的扩频多地址码的组与组之间的相关特性具有 "零相关 窗,,, 即在零相关窗内各组地址码间的互相关函数没有付峰, 从而消除组与 组之间的多址干扰(MAI ), 而同组内的各个地址码间虽然存在多址干扰 ( MAI ), 但是在具体应用中可以利用联合检测技术来达到最优接收。 本发 明所提出的这种新的具有组间零相关窗码扩频码编码方法既利用了零相关 窗特性, 又可以利用联合检测、 干扰抵消技术、 均衡技术等技术, 这就为 增大***容量提供了可能。 同时本发明解决了传统 CDMA***中应用联合检 测的复杂度问题, 其可使所述的复杂度大大的降低。
上述的具有组间 "零相关窗" 的扩频多地址码具有以下四个特点: (一) 各组扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点附近存在一个零相关窗口。 从正交 性观点讲, 各组扩频地址码之间在相对时延小于该零相关窗口的宽度时是 完全正交的; (二)各个扩频地址码的自相关函数在上述的组间零相关窗口 内除原点外, 仅在两个非零相对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零, 即其具有 较理想的特性; (三) 同一组内的各个扩频地址码的互相关函数在上述的组 间零相关窗口内仅在两个非零相对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零; (四)对 关窗口的大小。
为实现上述发明目的, 本发明的技术方案如下:
一种具有组间零相关窗的扩频多址码编码方法, 其特征在于包括以下 步骤: 生成基本正交互补码组对;
将) 关窗的正交互 补码组核;
将所述的具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码組核进行扩展;
对扩展后的具有组间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码, ***零保护间隔或 时隙, 由此形成的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度大于原有的正交互 补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度。
所述的生成基本正交互补码組对是指: 选取一对各码长度均为 N 的、 零相关窗口宽度为 L的基本正交互补码组对(C S'x), (C,2, S,2);
可设: C = (Cn C12...C1N), S' (Su S12...S1N) ,
Figure imgf000008_0001
S22...S2N);
其中: C码与 s码的非周期自相关与互相关函数在零相关窗口内除原 点外相反相成, 相加后的自相关函数值与互相关函数值除原点外处处为零。 补码组核是指: 对所述的基本正交互补码组对 (C , S )、 (C'2, s,2)扩展成 为具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核:
Sn S12 S12 ...S1N S1N
-Su S12 -S12 ...S1N - S1N i S21 S22 S22 * ..S2N S2N
Figure imgf000008_0002
- C2i C22 - C22...C2N - c 2N J -S21 S22 - S22 .
所述的将具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核进行扩展是指: 根据实 际所需的最大用户地址数, 在生成树结构中将所述的正交互补码组核进行 码长及码数目的扩展, 扩展后的各組扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点附 近存在一个零相关窗口, 其窗口的宽度大于或等于 2L-1 ; 根据正交性可得 出: 各组扩频地址码之间在相对时延小于该零相关窗口的宽度时是完全正 交的; 扩展后的各个扩频地址码的自相关函数在所述的组间零相关窗口内 除原点外, 仅在两个非零相对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零; 同一组内的 各个扩频地址码的互相关函数在上述的组间零相关窗口内仅在两个非零相 对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零。
可对所述的组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核或者扩展后的各个扩频地 址码***零保护间隔或时隙, 用以增大扩展后形成的各組扩频地址码间的 组间零相关窗口的大小。
本发明还提供了一种具有组间零相关窗的扩频多址码的应用方法, 其 特征在于包括以下步驟:
根据所应用***的传播奈件、 ***所采用的基本扩频码速率(工程上 称之谓切普率, 以 MCPS '计) 以及***中的最大定时误差, 确定所需的零相 关窗口的宽度;
根据所需零相关窗口的宽度, 生成或选取基本正交互补码组对; 补码组核; 将所述的具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核进行扩展;
对扩展后的具有组间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码, ***零保护间隔或 时隙, 由此形成的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度大于原有的正交互 补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度。
所述的生成或选取基本正交互补码组对是指: 生成或选取一组或者多 组基本正交互补码组对。
所述的生成或选取基本正交互补码组对包括: 选取一对各码长度均为 N的、 零相关窗口宽度为 L的基本正交互补码組对 (CV S ), (C,2, S,2); 可设: C = (Cn C12...C1N), s - (su st2...sm) ,
C'2 =(C21 C22...C2N), S,2=(S21 S22...S2N)。
其中: C码与 s码的非周期自相关与互相关函数在零相关窗口内除原 点外相反相成, 相加后的自相关函数值与互相关函数值除原点外处处为零。
所述的基本正交互补码组对(c , s ), (c,2, s,2)是指: 其自相关与 互相关函数分别为 C码间的非周期自相关与互相关函数与 S码间的非周期 自相关与互相关函数之和, 其中在宽度为 L的零相关窗口内, C码与 S码 的非周期自相关与互相关函数除原点外相反相成, 相加后的自相关函数值 与互相关函数值除原点外处处为零; 其中所述的基本正交互补码组对(C15 Si ), ( C2, S2 )的一种生成方法可以用李道本教授在 PCT/CN00/00028 中的 基本正交互补码组对的生成方法。 所述的将正交互补码组对进行扩展并生成 具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核是指: 对得到的各码长度为 N、 零相 关窗窗口的宽度为 L的基本正交互补码组对(C S^ (C^ S^.C^CnC^.-.C^), C2=(C21 C22〜C2N), St=(Sn S12...S1N), S2=(S21 S22...S2N)按如下方式扩展成为具有组间 零相关窗的正交互补码组核:
Figure imgf000010_0001
-S21 S22 "S22 -S2N J
该扩展后的正交互补码组核的各码长度为 2N、 组间零相关窗窗口的宽 度为大于或等于 2L-1。
所述的对具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核***零保护间隔或时隙 是指: 首先由各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L 的基本正交互补码 组对 S ), (C,2, S,2), C' Cu C12...C1N), CV=(C21 C22〜C2N:), SV=(S„ S12...S1N), S,2=(S21 S22...S2N)扩展成为如下的各码长度为 2N、 组间零相关窗窗口的宽度 为 2L- 1的正交互补码组核,
Figure imgf000010_0002
"S2i S22 - S22...S2N -S2N J
然后可以对上述的正交互补码组核***一定数量的零保护间隔或时 隙, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于原 有的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度;
例如按照如下的零保护间隔或时隙***方式: 每 L+1 个码片 (Chip) *** T个零, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于 或等于 2L- 1 , 由此新的正交互补码组核按树形结构持续扩展, 所得到的正 交互补码组对的组间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L - 1;
Figure imgf000011_0001
如果所述的基本正交互补码组对 ( C St X (C2, S2)的各码长度为 N且 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L, 那么可以在扩展后的各码长度为 2N正交互补码 组核的每 L+1个码片 ( Chip )*** T个零,并按照如下的零保护间隔或时隙 ***方式插零, 即: 每 L+1个码片 (Chip )尾部*** T个零, 由此形成的 新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L- 1 , 由此新的正 交互补码组核按生成树结构持续扩展, 所得到的正交互补码组对的组间零 相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L- 1; ***这 T个零后, 使得由此形成的新的正 交互补码组核的組间零相关窗口宽度最大化。
***这 T个零的方式包括: T个零插在每 L+1个码片 ( Chip )的尾部, 或 T个零插在每 L+1个码片 ( Chip )的头部等。
根据实际用户数, 确定所需的最大用户地址数, 并将所选用的具有组 间零相关窗的正交互补码组核作为生成树结构的原点, 在生成树结构中进 行码长及码数目的扩展, 扩展后的各组扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点 附近存在一个组间零相关窗口; 扩展将根据所需最大用户数和所选取基本 正交互补码组对的组数共同确定生成树结构中所需的扩展阶段数。
旨: 对扩展 后的具有組间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码可以通过***一定数量的零保护 间隔或时隙, 由此形成的新的的正交互补码組的组间零相关窗口宽度大于 或等于原有的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度。
如果由第三步所得到的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度为 2L-1, 那么我们可以每 L+1个码片 (Chip )*** T个零, 由此形成的新的正交互 补码组的組间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L- 1。 ***这 T个零的准则是使 得由此形成的新的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度为最大化, ***这 T 个零的方法艮多, 例如插在每 L+1 个码片 (Chip ) 的尾部, 插在每 L+1 个码片 (Chip ) 的头部, 在此恕不——列举。
可以对所产生的多地址码进行等效变换。 所述的等效变换包括: 交换 C与 S码的位置、 同时交换 C1与 C2及 S1与 S2的位置、 码序取反、 各码 位取反等。
在实际工程中应用上述形成的扩频地址码, 必须保证 C码只与 C码运 算(含自身及其他码), S码只与 S码运算(含自身及其他码)。
可利用两个正交的同步衰落的传输信道, 分别传输上述的 c码和 S码, 且在调制时荷载相同的信息比特, 而在解扩与解 ΐϋΐ^将它们的输出进 口。
所述的两个正交的同步衰落的传输信道, 可采取将 C码和 S码分别调 制在相互正交的极化波上, 或将 C码和 S码分别放在经传输后仍互不重叠 的两个时隙内。
所述的在一树形结构中将正交互补码组核进行码长与码数目的扩展是 指: 若(d, S,)、 (C2, Sz)是一对各码长度均为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L的正交互补码组核,则可按以下方式生成两对也就是四组各码长度均为 2N 的正交互补码组对:
(c3 cv st s2)
Figure imgf000012_0001
函数在原点附近存在一个零相关窗口, 其窗口宽度大于或等于 L。 我们可 零相关窗窗口的宽度大于或等于 L 的正交互补码组核, 继续进行扩展。 上 述的扩展可按图 1所示的树形结构持续下去, 以产生出编码长度为 N2n, 组 间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 L的 2n组正交互补码组对,其中 η=0 , 1 , 2 , ... , 为扩展的次数。
并且对所形成的正交互补码组对可进行等效变换。
所述的对扩展后的具有组间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码可以通过*** 零保护间隔或时隙是指: 对于由正交互补码组核扩展生成的具有组间零相 关窗的各个扩频地址码***一定数量的零保护间隔或时隙, 由此形成的新 的的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度大于原有的正交互补码组的组间 零相关窗口宽度。
本发明的有益效果在于通过提供一种具有组间零相关窗的扩频多址码 编码及应用方法, 使所形成的扩频多地址码的组与组之间的相关特性具有 "零相关窗" , 即在零相关窗内各组地址码间的相关函数及互相关函数没有 付峰, 从而消除组与组之间的多址干扰(MAI ), 而同组内的各个地址码间 虽然存在多址干扰( MAI ), 但是在具体应用中可以利用联合检测技术来达 到最优接收。 本发明所提出的这种新的具有组间零相关窗码扩频码编码方 法既利用了零相关窗特性, 又可以利用联合检测、 干扰抵消技术、 均衡技 术等技术, 这就为增大***容量提供了可能。 同时本发明解决了传统 CDMA ***中应用联合检测的复杂度问题, 其可使所述的复杂度大大的降低。
上述的具有组间 "零相关窗"的扩频多地址码具有以下四个特点: (一) 各組扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点附近存在一个零相关窗口。 从正交 性观点讲, 各扩频地址码之间在相对时延小于该零相关窗口的宽度时是完 全正交的; (二)各个扩频地址码的自相关函数在上述的组间零相关窗口内 除原点外, 仅在两个非零相对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零, 即其具有较 理想的特性; (三) 同一组内的各个扩频地址码的互相关函数在上述的组间 零相关窗口内仅在两个非零相对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零; (四)对于 上述的 "扩频 马可以通过 保妒间隔或时隙, 增 且间斜目关窗口的大小。 附图说明
图 1为本发明具有組间零相关窗的正交互补码组生成树第一示意图。 图 2为本发明具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组生成树第二示意图。 图 3为本发明的基本正交互补码组对的一种生成方法示意图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例及附图对本发明进行详细阐述。
第一步, 基本正交互补码组对的生成或选取。
本发明技术方案所述的各码长度为 Ν、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L 的基 本正交互补码组对(C1 S , ( C2, S2 )是指: 其自相关与互相关函数分别 为 C码间的非周期自相关与互相关函数与 S码间的非周期自相关与互相关 函数之和, 其中在宽度为 L的零相关窗口内, C码与 S码的非周期自相关 与互相关函数除原点外相反相成, 相加后的自相关函数值与互相关函数值 除原点外处处为零。 所述的基本正交互补码组对(Ci, Si ), ( C2, S2 )—种 生成方法可以用李道本教授在 PCT/CNOO/00028中的各码长度均为 N零相关 窗口宽度为 2N- 1的基本正交互补码组对的生成方法。
所述的基本正交互补码组对可按如下方式进行码长和零相关窗窗口宽 度的扩展:
Figure imgf000014_0001
其中, 若基本正交互补码组对(Cp S 、 (C2, S2 ) 的各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L, 则扩展后的两对基本互补码组对的各码长度为
2N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度大于或等于 L。 首先从最简单的地址数为 2 , 各个码长度亦为 2 的基本正交互补码组 对开始, 详述本发明的编码步骤。
现有一组长度均为 2的基本正交互补码组对:
C码組: C^ (+, +) C2= (-, +)
S码組: S,= (+, -) S2= (-, -)
其中 "+,, 表示数字 +1 , "-" 表示数字 -1 , 以下表示与此相同。
可以发现, 在不存在相互移位(相对时延) 时, (^与 C2、 S2、 Ci 与 ( 2与 s2之间都是正交的, 即相关函数值为零。 但一旦存在相互移位
(即相对时延), 它们之间的正交性即被破坏, 即相关函数值不再为零。 表 一是 C1与 C2码对不同相互移位的自相关与互相关函数值, 表二是 S1与 S2 码对不同相互移位的自相关与互相关函数值。
表一: C码相关函数
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000015_0002
从表一与表二所列出的相关函数值来看, 它们都不理想。 但是将表一 与表二对应项的数字相加后, 则出现了如表三所示的结果, 即若自相关函 数 Rj ( r J定义为 RC1 ( τ ) + RS1 ( τ ), 自相关函数 R2 ( r J定义为 RC2 ( τ ) + RS2 ( τ X 互相关函数 R12 ( τ )定义为 RC1C2 ( τ ) + RS1S2 ( τ ), 即新的 相关函数(含自相关与互相关)定义为 C码间的相关函数与 S码间的相关 函数之和后, 码 1与码 2间的自相关与互相关函数值均变成理想的了, 即 它们之间具有相反相成的性 。 为方便起见可将上述码组表示成: (C Si ) = ( ++, +- )及(C2, S2 ) = ( -+, ―)。
表三: 基本正交互补码组对相关函数
(C1 ? SJ = C++; +-); (C2, S2) = (-+; -)
Figure imgf000016_0002
地址码数为 2 , 各个码的长度均为 1的基本正交互补码组对只有上述 一种基本形式, 其它形式如交换( C2、 及 Si、 S2位置, 交换 C、 S码的位 置, 顺序取反或交错极性及旋转均属于上述基本形式的等效形式, 其间并 没有实质性的区别。 需要说明的是对于正交互补码, 对其作相关或匹配滤 波运算时, C码只与 C码、 S码只与 S码作运算, C码与 S码在运算时不相 遇。
较长的基本正交互补码组对, 可按如下扩展方式生成:
( , Si)
(c2, s2)
Figure imgf000016_0001
其中, 若基本正交互补码组对(C1 5 S^, ( C2, S2 ) 的各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L , 则扩展后形成的两对基本互补码组对的各码长 度为 2N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度大于或等于 L。
上述 N=2时的一个基本正交互补码组对为:
( ++ , +— )
( — , - - )
其中, "+" 表示数字 +1, "-"表示数字 -1, 零相关窗窗口宽度为 3。 上述的扩展可按树形结构持续扩展下去, 以产生出 2n对编码长度为 N2n 的基本正交互补码组对, 其中 n=0, 1, 2, 为扩展的次数。
并且对所形成的基本正交互补码组对可进行等效变换。
例如各个码长均为 4的基本正交互补码组对可由上述 N=2 的基本正交 互补码组对构成, 其构成方法之一为:
( Ci, S; ) - (C1C2,
Figure imgf000017_0001
(C2 , S2 ) = (CrC2, S -S2);
即 码由原 (^与 C2码的串连而成, C'2码由原 (^与 C2码的反码串 连而成, S;码由原 31与 32码的串连而成, S 码由原 31与 S2码的反码串 连而成, 表示为:
( s Ί ) = (++-+, +— - );
( C 2 , S 2 ) = (+++-, + -++ );
表四给出了新基本正交互补码组对的相关函数, 可见其互补自相关函 数及互相关函数全是理想的。 另外一种构成方法是颠倒码的顺序, 即
( C:, S 1 ) = ( C2C1? S2SJ = (-+++, --+- );
( C';, S 2 ) = ( c2 - C S2- = (-+— , -― +);
其互补自相关与互相关函数也全是理想的。 该新码组的正交互补相关 函数与前一组完全一样(表四)。
表四: 基本正交互补码组对相关函数表(各码长为 22=4 )
( Cl, S i ) = (++-+, +—— ); ( C2, S 2 ) = (+++—, + -++) 或 ( C!, S > ) (_+++, - -+-); ( C2, S 2 ) + )
Figure imgf000018_0001
将这种方法继续执行下去, 可得地址数为 2 , 各码长度均为 2 " ( « = 1,2,... ) 的基本正交互补码组对, 它们的自相关函数与互相关函数值很 容易验证也都是理想的。
请参见图 3 所示, 这是一种基本互补码组对的生成树图。 在具体的多 地址编码过程中将利用图 3 中的基本正交互补码组对。 图中凡是 < > 内 的一对码组就是基本正交互补码组对, 它们的互补自相关函数及互相关函
^殳有 ^, 亦即^^里超持 ί生。 需要说明的是 图 3中^ 的仅仅是一种基 本互补码组对, 还有众多等效形式, 例如, 交换它们上下, 或左右的顺序, 颠倒它们前后的顺序, 隔位取反, 在复平面内旋转等。 都可得到等效的基 本互补码組对。 它们的自相关函数与互相关函数也全是理想的。
第二步, 生成具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核
对第一步得到的各码长度为 Ν、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L 的基本正交 互^卜码組十 (C'j , S' )、(C'2, S'2), C =(CLT CU...C1N), cv=(c21 C22〜C2N), S,i=(S„ S12,..S1N), S'2=(S21 s22...s2N)按如下方式扩展成为具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核:
Figure imgf000018_0002
" S21 S22 - S22 ...S2N - S2N ,
该扩展后的正交互补码组核的各码长度为 2N、 组间零相关窗窗口的宽 度为大于或等于 2L - 1。
我们可以对上述的正交互补码组核***一定数量的零保护间隔或时 隙, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于原有的正 交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度。 如果笫一步中的选定的基本正交互 补码组对(Cp Si ( C2, S2 )的各码长度为 N且零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L, 那么我们可以该扩展后的各码长度为 2N正交互补码组核的每 L+1 个码片 ( Chip )*** T个零。 按照如下的零保护间隔或时隙***方式: 每 L+1个 码片个码片 (Chip )尾部*** T个零, 由此形成的新的正交互补码組核的 组间零相关窗口宽度宽度大于或等于 2L- 1, 由此新的正交互补码组核按第 三步的树形结构持续扩展, 所得到的正交互补码组对的组间零相关窗口宽 度大于或等于 2L- 1。 ***这 T个零的准则是使得由此形成的新的正交互补 码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度为最大化, ***这 T 个零的方法^ ί艮多, 例如 插在每 L+1个码片 (Chip ) 的尾部, 插在每 L+1个码片 (Chip ) 的头部, 在 jtb恕不——列举。
例如我们选取如下的各个码长度为 1零相关窗窗口宽度为 3 的基本正 交互补码组对:
(cv s ) = (++, +-)及(c'2, s,2) = (-+, --)
Figure imgf000019_0001
第三步, 对第二步生成的具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核进行码 长及码数目的扩展, 扩展后的各组扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点附近 存在一个零相关窗口。 均为 2N的正交互补码:
(Ct C2, St Sa)
Figure imgf000019_0002
因为由一对正交互补码组可以得到两对或两组共四个新的正交互补 码, 但各码的长度加倍, 由这两对或两组共四个新的正交互补码又可派生 出四 ^十或四组共八个新的正交互补码组, 然后, 八对或八组共十六个正交 互补码 ......, 其中对与对之间的码组的互相关函数存在一零相关窗口。 这 种过程可由一生成树图关系来描述, 图 1 就是这种生成树图的一种, 图 2 是另一种生成树。 还有其它很多种生成树, 它们之间的关系均属等效变换, 等效变换不会改变组间的零相关窗口的宽度, 但有时可改变零相关窗口外 付峰的高度及分布。
例如我们选取如下的各码长度为 4正交互补码组核:
Figure imgf000020_0001
- + - +/
按照上述的扩展方法进行一次扩展后我们得到两对也就是四组各码长 度均为 8的正交互补码组:
Figure imgf000020_0002
对于上述生成的两对也就是四组各码长度均为 8 的正交互补码组的 8 个互补码, 现将它们重新编号排列如下:
(C1, S1) = (+ + + +—— + +, + + - -);
(C2, S2) = ( + - +—— + +—, +—— + - + -+);
(C3, S3) = (+ + + + + +——, + +—— + + + +);
(C4, S4) = (+- + - +—— +, +—— + +— + - );
(C5, S5) = (—— + + + + + +, + + - -);
(C6, S6) = (- + + - + - + - , - + - + + - --+);
(C7, S7) = ( -- + + , + +); (C8, S8) = (- + + - - + - +, - + - + - + + - );
表五给出了这 8 个互补码的相关函数值, 从表五可以看出扩展后的各 组扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点附近存在一个零相关窗口, 其窗口的
宽度大于或等于 II 5; 扩展后的各个扩频地址码的自相关函数在上述的组间
II
零相关窗口内除原点外和相对移位 τ为 1和- 1外, 其他处处为零; 同一组 内的两个扩频地址码的互相关函数在上述的组间零相关窗口内仅在两个相 对移位 τ为 1和- 1处不为零 +
+, 其他处处为零。
表五 ·· 互补相关函数表(各码长为 23 =8 )
(C1, S1) = (+ + + +—— + +, + + + + - );
(C2, + - + -+);
(C3, S3) = (+ + + + + +——, + + - - + + + +);
(C4, + + - + - );
(C5, S5) = (—— + + + + + +, - + +—— );
(C6, S6) = (- + + - + - + - , - + - - + +—— + )
(C7, S7) = ( - - + + , + + );
(C8, S8) = (- + + - - + - +, — +— + - + + - );
Figure imgf000021_0001
or
Figure imgf000022_0001
SllOOO/£OOZN3/X3d 09Ζ.890/^00∑: OAV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8 0 -8 0 0
第四步, 对扩展后的具有组间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码可以通过插 入一定数量的零保护间隔或时隙, 由此形成的新的的正交互补码组的组间 零相关窗口宽度大于或等于原有的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度。
如果由第三步所得到的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度为 2L - 1 , 那么我们可以每 L+1个码片 (Chip)*** T个零, 由此形成的新的正交互 补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L-1。 ***这 T个零的准则是使 得由此形成的新的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度为最大化, ***这 T 个零的方法 ^艮多, 例如插在每 L+1 个码片 (Chip) 的尾部, 插在每 L+1 个码片 (Chip) 的头部, 在此恕不——列举。
例如对于上述第三步生成的两对也就是四组各码长度均为 8 的正交互 补码组的 8个互补码:
(CI, S1) = (+ + + + - - + +, + + );
(C2, S2) = (+ - + - - + + -, + - - + - + - +);
(C3, S3) = (+ + + + + + -一, + + - - + + + +);
(C4, S4) = (+— +— +—— +, +—— + + - + - );
(C5, S5) = (- - + + + + + +, + + --);
(C6, S6) = (- + + - + - + - , - + - + + - - +);
(C7, S7) = (—— + + , + +);
(C8, S8) = (- + +—— +— +, - + - + - + + - );
这四组各码长度均为 8正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度为 5,如果 我们在每 4个码片 (Chip) 的尾部*** 1个零, 由此生成新的两对也就是 四组各码长度均为 10 (如果不考虑零其有效长度为 8 ) 的正交互补码组的 8个互补码, 现将它们重新编号排列如下:
(Cl, SI ) = ( + + + + 0一一 + + 0, + +—— 0 0 );
(C2, S2) = ( + - + - 0 - + + - 0 +—— + 0 - + - + 0 );
(C3, S3 ) = ( + + + + 0 + +一一 0 + +—— 0 + + + + 0 );
(C4, S4) = ( + - + - 0 +一一 + 0 + - - + 0 + - + - 0 );
(C5, S5 ) = ( - - + + 0 + + + + 0 0 + +—— 0 );
(C6, S6) = ( - + + - 0 + - + - 0 - + - + 0 +—— + 0 );
(C7, S7) = ( - - + + 0 0 0 - - + + 0 );
(C8, S8) = ( - + + - 0 - + - + 0 一 +— + 0 - + + - 0 );
这四组各码长度均为 10 (如果不考虑零其有效长度为 8 ) 的正交互补 码组的 8个互补码, 也可以先将如下的各码长度为 4的正交互补码组核:
Figure imgf000024_0001
对于这对正交互补码组核, 我们可以每 4个码片 ( Chip )*** 1个零, 按照如下的零保护间隔或时隙***方式: 每 4 个码片 (Chip )尾部*** 1 个零, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度为 7 , 如下 所示:
+ + + + o\ + + - - 0\
+ - + - 0/ +—一 + 0/
Figure imgf000024_0002
由此新的正交互补码组核按第三步的树形结构扩展一次, 所得到的正 交互补码组对显然与表六所示的四组正交互补码完全相同, 也就是说我们 既可以通过对正交互补码组核***一定数量的零保护间隔或时隙也可以通 过对扩展后的具有组间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码***零保护间隔或时隙 由此形成的新的的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度大于原有的正交互 补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度。
表六给出了这 8 个互补码的相关函数值, 从表六可以看出扩展后的各 组扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点附近存在一个零相关窗口, 其窗口的 宽度大于或等于 7; 扩展后的各个扩频地址码的自相关函数在上述的组间 零相关窗口内除原点外和相对移位 τ为 1和 -1外, 其他处处为零; 同一组 对移位 τ为 1和- 1处不为零, 其他处处为零。
表六: 互补相关函数表(各码长为 23+2=10)
(C1, SI) = (+ + + + 0 - - + + 0 , + + -一 0 0 );
(C2, S2) = (+ - + - 0 - + + - 0 , + + 0 - + - + 0 );
(C3, S3) = (+ + + + 0 + + - - 0 , + + - -― 0 + + + + 0 );
(C4, S4) = (+ - + - 0 + - - + 0 , + + 0 + - + - 0 );
(C5, S5) = (- - + + 0 + + + + 0 , - —— - - 0 + + - - 0 );
(C6, S6) = (一 + + - 0 + - + - 0 , - + - +.0 + -— + 0 );
(C7, S7) = ( - - + + 0 0, .—— -一 0 - - + + 0 );
(C8, S8) = (- + + - 0 - + - + 0 , ― +一 + 0 - + + - 0 );
Figure imgf000025_0001
0 0 -8 16 -8 0 0 ?12(T) = ?CiC2(r) + ?iii2(r) 0 0 8 0 -8 0 0
R13(T) = RCiC](T) + R^(T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R (T) = RCiC4(T) + RSiS4(T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R15(T) = RCiC5(r) + RSiS5(r) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RL7(T) = RCiCi(r) + RSISI (T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R15(T) = RCICS(T) + RS2SS(T)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8 0 -8 0 0
R15(T) = RC3Cs(r) + RS3S5(r) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ra1(T) = RC4Ci(T) + RS4Si(T) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R56(r) = RC5C6 (T) +RSsS6 (T) 0 0 8 0 -8 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8 0 -8 0 0
下面描述本发明扩频地址码的生成过程:
首先, 根据所应用***的传播条件, ***所采用的基本扩频码速率(工 程上称之谓切普率, 以 MCPS计)以及***中的最大定时误差, 确定所需的 零相关窗口的宽度。
第二步, ; t艮据所需零相关窗口的宽度, 生成或选取一组或者多组基本 正交互补码组 X†。
本发明技术方案所述的各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L 的基 本正交互补码组对 (C1 7 Sx ( C2, S2 )是指: 其自相关与互相关函数分别 为 C码间的非周期自相关与互相关函数与 S码间的非周期自相关与互相关 函数之和, 其中在宽度为 L的零相关窗口内, C码与 S码的非周期自相关 与互相关函数除原点外相反相成, 相加后的自相关函数值与互相关函数值 除原点外处处为零。 所述的基本正交互补码组对(C15 Si )、 (C2, S2 )—种 生成方法可以用李道本教授在 PCT/CN00/00028中的基本正交互补码组对的 生成方法。 例如可以从图 3 中选出零相关窗口宽度大于或等于该所需宽度
第三步, 对第二步得到的各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L 的 基本正交互^卜码组对 (Cx, S 、 (C2, S2), C^(Cn C12...C1N), C2=(C21 C22...C2N), S,=(S„ S12...S1N), S2=(S21 S22...S2N)按如下方式扩展成为具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码 sn S12 S12 ...S1N S1N
-Sn S12 -S12 ...S1N -Sm
S22 S22 ...S2N S2N
Figure imgf000028_0001
- C21 C22 - C22 - - .C2N - C2N/ _ S21 S22 -S22 ...S2N -S2N
该扩展后形成的正交互补码组核的各码长度为 2N、 组间零相关窗窗口 的宽度为大于或等于 2L - 1。
我们可以对上述的正交互补码组核***一定数量的零保护间隔或时 隙, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于原有的正 交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度。 如果笫二步中的基本正交互补码组 对(Cp S , ( C2, S2 ) 的各码长度为 N且零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L, 那么 我们可以对该扩展后的各码长度为 2N 正交互补码组核的每 L+1 个码片 ( Chip )*** T个零,按照如下的零保护间隔或时隙***方式: 每 L+1个码 片个码片 (Chi p )尾部*** T 个零, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组 间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L- 1 , 由此新的正交互补码组核按图 1所示 的树形结构持续扩展, 所得到的正交互补码组对的组间零相关窗口宽度大 于或等于 2L- 1。 ***这 T个零的准则是使得由此形成的新的正交互补码组 核的组间零相关窗口宽度为最大化, ***这 T 个零的方法很多, 例如插在 每 L+1个码片 (Chi p ) 的尾部, 插在每 L+1个码片 (Chip ) 的头部, 在此 恕不——列举。
第四步, 根据实际用户数, 确定所需的最大用户地址数, 并将所选用 的具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核作为图 1或图 2 中的原点, 在树图 中进行码长及码数目的扩展进行扩展, 扩展后的各组扩频地址码间的互相 关函数在原点附近存在一个组间零相关窗口。
扩展将根据所需最大用户数和所选取基本正交互补码组对的组数共同 确定图 1或图 1 中所需的扩展阶段数, 例如所需最大用户数为 120 , 如果 只有一对基本正交互补码组符合***设计要求, 由于 26=64 > 120/2, 则所 需扩展的阶段数为 6 , 而图 1或图 2中第 6阶段中的 26=64組码共 128个 地址码就可作为所选的多地址码。 此时实际最大用户地址数为 128 , 它大 于所需用户数 120, 完全可以满足要求; 如果有两对基本正交互补码组符 合***设计要求, 可以对这两对基本正交互补码组分别作为图 1或图 2 中 的原点, 各自在树图中进行码长及码数目的扩展进行扩展, 则所需扩展的 阶段数为 5 , 这两对基本正交互补码组一共扩展为 64组码共 128个地址码 就可作为所选的多地址码; 如果有四对基本正交互补码组符合***设计要 求, 可以对这四对基本正交互补码组分别作为图 1或图 2 中的原点, 各自 在树图中进行码长及码数目的扩展进行扩展, 则所需扩展的阶段数为 4 , 所得 64组码共 128个地址码即可满足***设计要求; 如果有八对基本正交 互补码组符合***设计要求, 可以对这八对基本正交互补码组分别作为图 1 或图 1 中的原点, 各自在树图中进行码长及码数目的扩展进行扩展, 则 所需扩展的阶段数为 3 , 所得 64组码共 128个地址码即可满足***设计要 求; 当有 16对基本正交互补码组符合***设计要求 , 可以对这 16对基本 正交互补码组分别作为图 1或图 2 中的原点, 各自在树图中进行码长及码 数目的扩展进行扩展, 则所需扩展的阶段数为 2, 所得 64组码共 128个地 址码即可满足***设计要求; 当有 32对基本正交互补码组符合***设计要 求, 可以对这 32对基本正交互补码组分别作为图 1或图 2中的原点, 各自 在树图中进行码长及码数目的扩展进行扩展, 则所需扩展的阶段数为 1 , 所得 64组码共 128个地址码即可满足***设计要求。 其他用户数设计可以 依此类推。
在工程实际中, 有时需要更多的地址码的变种。 这就需要对所产生的 多地址码进行等效变换, 这些变换种类繁多, 不能一一列它, 现将一些最 基本的等效变换列出如下:
交换 C与 S码的位置。
同时交换 C1与 C2及 S1与 S2的位置。 码序取反。
各码位取反。
交错各码位的极性: 例如可将(++-+, + --- ), ( +++-, +-++ ) 交错各 码位的极性, 即其中各码的第一, 三等奇数码位的极性不变, 而二, 四等 偶数码位变极性, 得(+― , ++-+ ), ( +-++, +++- ), 或奇数码位极性改变, 而偶数码位极性不变。
在复平面内对各码位作旋转变化: 例如, 可将基本互补码组对
( ++-+, + --- ), ( +++-, +- ++ )各码位顺序旋转《度得
>01 7' (? ' +«) ;>.,, _ /(¾■! +«) _ (ft, +2«) _ Λ¾, +3α)
Figure imgf000030_0001
J +") +2") J ,2 ― Κφ +«) Λφ,2 +2 ) Ηφ^ +3α) 这里, ,^ 及 可为任意初始角度。
适当选择不同的旋转角度, 可使旋转后的码组之间正交, 即可由一组 正交码产生多组正交码, 这对工程应用带来^艮大方便。 特别是当码长较长 时, 有时能得出奇妙的结果, 能满足各种实际工程需求, 例如说组网要求, 切换要求, 乃至增加容量要求等。
在生成树中进行变化: 例如, 图 2 就是图 1 的一种等效变换, 即图 2 是将图 1 中所有上半部分的 C1及 S1移到左边, C2及 S2移到右边而成, 而将图 1中所有下半部分的 C1及 S1移到右边, C2及 S2移到左边而成。 又如可将所生成的多地址码组中 C码与 S码的码位按一定规律交错, 或改 变极性排列。 在数学上称这种变换为等效变换, 等效变换的种类很多, 请 恕在此不可能——列出。
在工程应用中使用正交互补码必须保证 C码只与 C码运算(含自身及其 他码), S码只与 S码运算(含自身及其他码), C码与 S码之间是绝对不允 许见面的。 因此在实际应用中应采取特殊的分离措施。 例如, 可将 c码与
S 码分别调制在相互正交的极化波上(水平及垂直极化波, 左旋及右旋极 化波), 又如, 可将 C码与 S码分别放在经传输后仍互不重叠的两个时隙内。 由于传输信道随时间有随机变化, 为保证互补性的实现, 在传输过程中两 个极化波内及两个时隙内的信道特性应该保持一致。 换句工程上的描述语 言, 它们的衰落应该同步。 这就要求在利用极化分离时, 必须使用能保证 正交极化波同步衰落, 无去极化的频段及相应措施, 在利用时分方式分离 时, 必须使两个时隙间的间隔远小于信道的相关时间, 在采用其它分离方 式时也必须保证它们的同步衰落。
由于 C码与 S码应分离传输同时还要利用它们的互补性, 显而易见, 调制 在它们上面的信息比特应该相同, 而对 c码与 s码解: 与解调后的输出应 i亥 目力口。
本发明的给出一种新的扩频多地址码的编码方法, 使所形成的扩频多地 址码的组与组之间的相关特性具有 "零相关窗", 即在零相关窗内各组地址 码间的相关函数及互相关函数没有付峰, 从而消除组与组之间的多址干扰
( MAI ), 而同组内的各个地址码间虽然存在多址干扰(MAI ), 但是可以利 用联合检测技术、 来达到最优接收。 本发明所提出的这种具有组间零相关 窗特性的扩频码编码方法, 这种新的组间零相关窗码扩频码编码既利用了 零相关窗特性, 又可以利用联合检测、 干扰抵消技术、 均衡技术技术, 这 就为增大***容量提供了可能。 同时本发明解决了传统 CDMA***中应用联 合检测的复杂度问题。

Claims

权 利 要 求
-种具有组间零相关窗的扩频多址编码方法, 其特征在于包括以下 生成基本正交互补码组对; 补码组核;
将所述的具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核进行扩展;
对扩展后的具有組间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码***零间隔。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的生成基本正交互 补码组对是指:
生成或选取一对或多对各码长度均为 N的、 零相关窗口宽度为 L的基 本正交互补码组对 (C (C,2, S'2); 可设:
= (Cn C12...C1N) , S'^ (Sn S12...S1N) ,
C,2=(C21 C22...C2N), S,2=(S21 S22...S2N) ;
其中: c码与 s码的非周期自相关与互相关函数在零相关窗口内除原 点外相反相成, 相加后的自相关函数值与互相关函数值除原点外处处为零。
3. 根据权利要求 2所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的将基本正交互补 码组对进行扩展并生成具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核是指:
对所述的基本正交互补码组对(C,15 S ), (C,2, S,2)扩展成为具有组 间零相关窗的正交互补码组核:
Cl Cl C ^12 C ^12 · c c 、 Su Sn S12 S12 , SIM S IN
11 - Cn C12 c C -Γ 、SU -Sn S12 -S12...S1N -S S21 S22 S22...S2N s
Figure imgf000032_0001
-S21 S22 -S22 '
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的将具有组间零相 关窗的正交互补码组核进行扩展是指: 根据实际所需的最大用户地址数, 在生成树结构中将所述的正交互补 码組核进行码长及码数目的扩展; 基本正交互补码組对的零相关窗口宽度 为 L扩展后的各组扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点附近存在一个零相关 窗口, 其窗口的宽度大于或等于 2L-1 ;
各组扩频地址码之间在相对时延小于该零相关窗口的宽度时是完全正 交的; 扩展后的各个扩频地址码的自相关函数在所述的组间零相关窗口内 除原点外, 仅在两个非零相对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零; 同一组内的 各个扩频地址码的互相关函数在上述的组间零相关窗口内仅在两个非零相 对时延处不为零, 其他处处为零。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 可对所述的组间零相关 窗的正交互补码组核或者扩展后形成的各个扩频地址码***零保护间隔或 时隙, 用以增大扩展后形成的各组扩频地址码间的组间零相关窗口的大小。
6. —种具有组间零相关窗的扩频多址编码的应用方法, 其特征在于包 括以下步骤:
根据所应用***的传播条件、 ***所采用的基本扩频码速率以及*** 中的最大定时误差, 确定所需的零相关窗口的宽度;
根据所需零相关窗口的宽度, 生成或选取基本正交互补码组对; 补码组核;
将所述的具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核进行扩展;
对扩展后的具有组间零相关窗的各个扩频地址码可以***零保护间隔 或时隙, 由此形成的正交互补码组的組间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于原有 的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽度。
7. 根据权利要求 6所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的生成或选取基本 正交互补码组对是指: 生成或选取一组或者多组基本正交互补码组对。
8. 根据权利要求 6所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的生成或选取基本 正交互补码组对包括:
生成或选取一对或多对各码长度均为 N的、 零相关窗口宽度为 L的基 本正交互补码组对(C,p ( C,2, S,2 ); 可设:
C'i= (Cn C12...C1N) , S = (S S12...S1N) ,
C,2= (C21 C22...C2N), S,2 = (S21 S22...S2N)。
其中: c码与 s码的非周期自相关与互相关函数在零相关窗口内除原 点外相反相成, 相加后的自相关函数值与互相关函数值除原点外处处为零。
9. 根据权利要求 8所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的基本正交互补码 组对 ( C\, S'j ), ( C,2, S,2 )是指:
其自相关与互相关函数分别为 C码间的非周期自相关与互相关函数与 S码间的非周期自相关与互相关函数之和, 其中在宽度为 L 的零相关窗口 内, C码与 S码的非周期自相关与互相关函数除原点外相反相成, 相加后 的自相关函数值与互相关函数值除原点外处处为零; 其中:
可选取零相关窗口宽度大于或等于所需宽度的任一对或多对基本正交 互补码组对作为的基本正交互补码組对。
10. 根据权利要求 6 所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的将正交互补码 组对进行扩展并生成具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组核是指:
对得到的各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L 的基本正交互补码 組对 ( Cp S ( C2, S2 )3 Cx= (C C12. ..CIN) > C2= (C21 C22...C2N), Sx= (S S12...S1N) , S2= (S21 S22...S2N)按如下方式扩展成为具有组间零相关窗的正交互补码组 核:
Cn Cn C12 C12 ...Clfv Sn sn S12 S12 ...S1N s
C - C C - C c Sn - Sn SI2 - S12 ...S1N - !
S22 S22 ...S2N S2
Figure imgf000034_0001
S22 " S22 · · -S2N " S
该扩展后的正交互补码组核的各码长度为 2N、 组间零相关窗窗口的宽 度大于或等于 2L- 1。
11. 根据权利要求 5或 6所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的正交互补 码组核***零保护间隔或时隙是指:
对所述的正交互补码组核***一定数量的零保护间隔或时隙, 由此形 成的正交互补码組核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于原有的正交互补码组核的 组间零相关窗口宽度。
12. 根据权利要求 11所述的方法, 其特征在于,
如果所述的基本正交互补码组对( , Si ), ( C2, S2 ) 的各码长度为 N 且零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L, 那么可以在扩展后的各码长度为 2N正交互补 码组核的每 L+1个码片 ( Chip )*** T个零,并按照如下的零保护间隔或时 隙***方式插零, 即: 每 L+1个码片 (Chip )尾部*** T个零, 由此形成 的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L- 1 , 由此新的 正交互补码组核按生成树结构持续扩展, 所得到的正交互补码组对的组间 零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L-1;
***这 T 个零后, 使得由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关 窗口宽度最大化。
13. 根据权利要求 12所述的方法, 其特征在于,
***这 T个零的方式包括: T个零插在每 L+1个码片 ( Chip )的尾部, 或 T个零插在每 L+1个码片 (Chip ) 的头部等。
14. 根据权利要求 6所述的方法, 其特征在于,
根据实际用户数, 确定所需的最大用户地址数, 并将所选用的具有组 间零相关窗的正交互补码组核作为生成树结构的原点, 在生成树结构中进 行码长及码数目的扩展, 扩展后的各组扩频地址码间的互相关函数在原点 附近存在一个组间零相关窗口; 扩展将根据所需最大用户数和所选取基本 正交互补码组对的组数共同确定生成树结构中所需的扩展阶段数。
15. 根据权利要求 1或 6所述的方法, 其特征在于, 可对所产生的多 地址码进行等效变换。
16. 根据权利要求 15所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的等效变换包括: 交换 C与 S码的位置、 同时交换 C1与 C2及 S 1与 S2的位置、 码序取反、 各码位取反等。
17. 根据权利要求 15所述的方法, 其特征在于, 在实际工程应用中, 所述的扩频地址码必须保证 C码只与 C码运算,含自身及其他码; S码只与 S 码运算,含自身及其他码。
18. 根据权利要求 17所述的方法, 其特征在于, 可利用两个正交的同 步衰落的传输信道, 分别传输上述的 C码和 S码; 且在调制时荷载相同的 信息比特, 在解扩与解调后将它们的输出进行相加。
19. 根据权利要求 17所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的两个正交的同 步衰落的传输信道, 可采取将 C码和 S码分别调制在相互正交的极化波上, 或将 C码和 S码分别放在经传输后仍互不重叠的两个时隙内。
20. 根据权利要求 3 所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的基本正交互补 码组对可按如下方式进行码长和零相关窗窗口宽度的扩展:
(C2, S2)
Figure imgf000036_0001
其中, 若基本正交互补码组对(CP S^, ( C2 , S2 )的各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L , 则扩展后的基本互补码组对的各码长度为 2N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度大于或等于 L;
并且对所形成的基本正交互补码組对可进行等效变换。
21. 根据权利要求 5或 11所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的对组间零 相关窗的正交互补码組核***零保护间隔或时隙是指: '
首先由各码长度为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度为 L 的基本正交互补码組 对 ( C'1 ? S )、 ( C?2? S ?2 C,i= (C11。Ι2·· ·。ΙΝ), C,2- (C2i。22·· ·。2Ν), S' (SJJ S12...S1N), S'2=(S21 S22...S2N) 扩展成为如下的各码长度为 2N、 組间零相关 窗窗口的宽度为 2L-1的正交互补码组核,
Figure imgf000037_0001
然后可以对上述的正交互补码组核***一定数量的零保护间隔或时 隙, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于原 有的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度;
所述的零保护间隔或时隙***是指: 每 L+1个码片 (Chip)*** T个 零, 由此形成的新的正交互补码组核的组间零相关窗口宽度为 2L- 1, 由此 新的正交互补码組核按树形结构持续扩展, 所得到的正交互补码组对的组 间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 2L-1;
/c'i Cn C12 C12... C L+1 C L+i o〜o C"L+1 ,、 C"L+1,"...C1N C,N (L.O
1 1 1
C ( 2 2 、
Cu -Cn Ci2 -C12...C L+1 -C L+1 (λ··0 C L+I L+1 C1N -C1N ( ··0
1 ■ 1('
/s sn S12 S12... S L+1 S L+1 (Χ··0 s L+1 s L+1 ...s1N SIN (Χ.·0
1 1 1( +1 +1 )
sn _sn si2 -S12... S L+I -S L+, CL.O S"L+1 '、 - S',L+K..S1N -S1N (X..0
1 1 1( 1(
/C21 C21 C22 C22 C L+1 ( ..0 C L+1 C L+i 〜C2N C2N (λ.·0
Q
Figure imgf000037_0002
丁 "
C21 - C2】 C22 -C22,..C L+1 -C L+1 0...0 c L+1 _C L+1 .C2N -C2N (λ.·0
2 2 2( S2N (L.O -S2N (L.O
Figure imgf000037_0003
22. 根据权利要求 1或或 6所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的在一树 形结构中将正交互补码组核进行码长与码数目的扩展是指:
若(C15 S , (C2, S2)是一对各码长度均为 N、 零相关窗窗口的宽度 为 L 的正交互补码组核, 则可按以下方式生成两对也就是四組各码长度均 为 2N的正交互补码组对:
Figure imgf000038_0001
其中
函数在原点附近存在- -个零相关窗口, 其窗口宽度大于或等于 L; 可以把 为 2N、 零相 关窗窗口的宽度大于或等于 L的正交互补码组核, 继续进行扩展;
上述的扩展可按所述的树形结构持续下去, 以产生出编码长度为 N2n, 组间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于 L的 2n个正交互补码组对, 其中:
n=0 , 1 , 2 , 为扩展的次数;
并且对所形成的正交互补码组对可进行等效变换。
23. 根据权利要求 5或 6所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的对扩展后 指: 对于由正交互补码组核扩展生成的具有组间零相关窗的各个扩频地址 码***一定数量的零保护间隔或时隙, 由此形成的新的的正交互补码组的 組间零相关窗口宽度大于或等于原有的正交互补码组的组间零相关窗口宽 度。
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WO2008092301A1 (fr) * 2007-01-26 2008-08-07 Daoben Li Procédé et système de multiplexage par répartition en code

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CN1175828A (zh) * 1997-08-12 1998-03-11 李道本 一种扩频地址编码技术
WO2002001759A1 (fr) * 2000-06-26 2002-01-03 Linkair Communications, Inc. Procede de mise en place de groupes de codes d'etalement de spectre orthogonaux

Patent Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1175828A (zh) * 1997-08-12 1998-03-11 李道本 一种扩频地址编码技术
WO2002001759A1 (fr) * 2000-06-26 2002-01-03 Linkair Communications, Inc. Procede de mise en place de groupes de codes d'etalement de spectre orthogonaux

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008092301A1 (fr) * 2007-01-26 2008-08-07 Daoben Li Procédé et système de multiplexage par répartition en code

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