WO2004061448A1 - Apparatus for the detection of radon gas concentration variation in the environment, method for such detection and their use in forecasting of seismic events. - Google Patents

Apparatus for the detection of radon gas concentration variation in the environment, method for such detection and their use in forecasting of seismic events. Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004061448A1
WO2004061448A1 PCT/EP2003/014656 EP0314656W WO2004061448A1 WO 2004061448 A1 WO2004061448 A1 WO 2004061448A1 EP 0314656 W EP0314656 W EP 0314656W WO 2004061448 A1 WO2004061448 A1 WO 2004061448A1
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radon
detection
detectors
gas concentration
decay
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PCT/EP2003/014656
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French (fr)
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Gioacchino Giuliani
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Gioacchino Giuliani
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Priority to AU2003296694A priority Critical patent/AU2003296694A1/en
Publication of WO2004061448A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004061448A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/01—Measuring or predicting earthquakes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
    • G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
    • G01N33/0055—Radionuclides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/17—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector
    • G01T1/178—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector for measuring specific activity in the presence of other radioactive substances, e.g. natural, in the air or in liquids such as rain water

Definitions

  • the present invention regards a device and a method for detection of Radon gas concentration variation in the environment and their use in the forecasting of seismic events. State of the art The presence of Radon is mainly detectable by using two kind of instrumentation: passive detectors and active detectors.
  • the main drawback of the passive detectors is that with this kind of devices it is not possible to have an instantaneous detection of Radon concentration in the air. For this reason, those detectors are not able to detect in real time any momentary oscillation in Radon concentration, so they are often useless for seismic events forecasting.
  • the active detectors overcome this passive detectors drawback but only partially, due to the Radon detection methods so far utilised.
  • active detectors measure the Radon gas concentration mainly as alpha particles emission due to Radon decay, so they are subject to environmental in- terference that could compromise the required precision.
  • the radon which is a radioactive gas produced by uranium decay, has an half life higher than three days, the traditional methods utilised by active detectors are not able to detect variation in Radon gas concentration in the environment accurately, except considering a lifetime scale of some days. Consequently, even the measurements performed with the well-known active detectors have some limitations because of the discontinuity of the obtained detection.
  • the invention regards an apparatus for the detection of Radon gas concentration variation comprising a device able to detect the flashes of gamma particles generated from Radon decay ( 222 Rn) or its secondary products, especially during the phase of beta-decay from lead ( 2 i4Pb) to bismuth ( 2 ⁇ 4 Bi) to polo- nium ( 214 P0) that follows the alpha-decays from Radon ( 222 Rn); in fact, when the concentration of Radon gas in the observed environment is higher, the quantity of gamma particles coming from its decay is higher.
  • Figure 1 shows the device for detecting the Radon gas concentration in the environment according to this invention, in open position;
  • Figure 2 shows some details of the device in figure 1 ;
  • Figure 3 shows a first diagram reporting the variation of Radon gas concentration detected with the invented device and the correlation with occurred seismic events
  • Figure 4 shows a second diagram reporting the variation of Radon gas concentration detected with the invented device and the correlation with occurred seismic events.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus to detect the variation of Radon gas concentration in the environment, very accurate in the measurements, free from environmental interference and, above all, able to detect variations in concentrations on a time scale of a few hours as needed for an effective earthquake forecast.
  • the new Radon detection method allows to detect, in the Radon decay cycle (including its secondary products), the presence of some particles (i.e.
  • gamma particles produced especially during the beta-decay from lead ( 2 ⁇ 4 Pb) to bismuth ( 2 ⁇ Bi) to polonium ( 2 ⁇ 4 Po), whose average lifetime is respectively 26.8 minutes for the lead ( 2 ⁇ 4 Pb), 19.8 minutes for the bismuth ( 2 ⁇ 4 Bi) and 0.2 seconds for the polo- nium ( 2 - ⁇ Po).
  • a first specific object of the present invention is therefore an apparatus comprising a detector device capable to measure the gamma particles (also called gamma rays) generated from Radon decay (222Rn) or its secondary products, especially during the phase of beta-decay from lead (214Pb) to bismuth (214Bi) to polonium (214Po) that follows the alpha-decays from Radon (222Rn).
  • a detector device capable to measure the gamma particles (also called gamma rays) generated from Radon decay (222Rn) or its secondary products, especially during the phase of beta-decay from lead (214Pb) to bismuth (214Bi) to polonium (214Po) that follows the alpha-decays from Radon (222Rn).
  • a detector device as above indicated can be for example a scintillator and photomultiplier, Multi Wire Proportional Chambers, Silicon Detectors, Proportional and Drift Chambers, Time Projection Chambers, Transition Radiation Detector, Calorimeters, Micro Strip Gas Chamber, Gas Electron Multipliers, Charge Coupled Devices, Cherenkov Detectors, Gaseous Detectors, Geiger Detectors, Photodiodes Devices, Pixel Detectors, Proportional Tubes, Straw Tubes Detectors, Spark Chamber and the like.
  • the above mentioned apparatus comprises a device for light shielding (e.g.
  • the apparatus will comprise the usual means for the readout, multiplexing, shaping, amplification, attenuation, conversion, acquisition, processing and elaboration of the detected signal.
  • conversion means are meant means for the signal analog to digital conversion.
  • Such conversion means are, preferably, a double threshold discriminator device the threshold values of which will have the appropriate range for the detection of the above mentioned particles emitted during the Radon decay chain (including its secondary products).
  • the means for the digital signal acquisition can be, for example, a computer and an acquisition board which sends out the signal to the sealer board of the above mentioned computer.
  • An appropriate data analysis algorithm is used to calculate the right counting threshold values, in order to detect the above mentioned gamma rays after the local Radon mean counting rate evaluation (related to the place in which the device has been installed).
  • the apparatus according to the present invention is positioned in a place at least partially planted and not airy, in proximity of which no radioactive sources are present.
  • a further object of the present invention is a method for the seismic events forecast using an apparatus as above described.
  • the above mentioned algorithm can comprise the setting of a modifiable Radon counting rate threshold which allows to provide an alarm related to an incoming earthquake. It can also allow, after some standard calibration procedures, to provide an indication of the magnitude and of the ipocentre of the incoming seismic event.
  • two or more above mentioned apparatus are arranged together, connected by software and/or hardware network, so as to determine the epicentre area of the incoming seismic event by comparing amongst themselves the signals detected by each single devices.
  • an exam- pie of an apparatus according to the invention is reported hereinafter with a description of its use in forecasting of earthquakes.
  • the device for detecting the Radon gas concentra- tion in the environment consists of a plastic scintillator (1), NE102 type (organic plastic type), with volume 756cm 3 ; on four opposite walls of the scintillator, are applied four photomultipliers (2) at direct contact, for example XP3462B type by Philips, so to be in opposite position each other.
  • the block with the plastic scintillator (1) and four photomultipliers (2) is accommo- dated inside a light seal cubic box (3), made by PVC, shown in figure 1 in open position, i.e. without the cover that close it during the utilisation.
  • the walls of the light seal box (3) are covered, on all sides (including the not shown cover), by sheet of lead (4), 4mm width.
  • the apparatus for detecting Radon gas concentration according to the present invention has been shielded by surrounding every side of the light seal box (3) with bricks of lead (5), in order to ensure a cover width of 10cm for each face; then it has been further located in a carton box (6).
  • the shielding obtained using the bricks of lead isolates the detector system from the natural nuclear radiation of the surrounding environment.
  • the supply cables of the photomultipliers (2) are connected to a power supply that gives them a negative voltage, whose value depends on the photomultiplier features.
  • the calibration of signal observation range has been fixed to 1 MeV.
  • the signal cables are connected to a multiplexer (not shown) that reissues on the output, as a single amplified signal, the sum of the input signals.
  • the amplified signal is sent to an attenuator device (not shown) that allows to establish, using decibel values, the adequate threshold in order to determine the energy range (about 1 MeV) in which the record of the gamma rays pulses can be detected.
  • the signal coming from the attenuator goes in a double threshold discriminator device (not illustrated), which allows to convert the received analog signal in a digital one, in order to send it to an acquisition system in a computer.
  • the values calibrated on the discriminator device depend on the features of the photomultipliers (2), whose threshold values range, in the present example, from 2mV up to 20mV for the lower threshold and from 3.5mV up to 50mV for the higher threshold.
  • the signal is then sent to an adapter board (not shown), for example NIM-TTL- NIM type, that forwards the signal to the sealer board of a computer, in order to acquire the measurement of the variation of Radon gas concentration in real time.
  • an adapter board not shown
  • NIM-TTL- NIM type that forwards the signal to the sealer board of a computer
  • Figures 3 and 4 show the correlation among a pick in Radon gas concentration in the environment and the subsequent seismic event.
  • the time is reported the counting rate in 7200 seconds.
  • the points addressed with "ev” plus a number represent two seismic events with light intensity that occurred in Pizzoli-Montereale area on 28 th of September 2002, respectively at 11 :43 PM (ev1 point) and at 11 :58 PM (ev2 point); both the events have been anticipated by an increasing of Radon concentration detected in the same day at about 6:34 AM.
  • the sensitivity and the measurement resolution of the apparatus besides detecting an increase in Radon gas concentration, allow to foreseen, with a certain approximation, the distance from the point that will be the epicentre of the incoming seismic event.

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Abstract

An apparatus and a method for the detection of Radon gas concentration variation in the environment is provided. The detector device, e.g. a scintillator and a photomultiplier tube (PMT), is able to detect gamma particles generated from the decay of Radon (222Rn) and its progeny. Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a light shielding and a natural nuclear radiation shielding means. In addition, a method of forecasting seismic events, e.g. earthquakes, is described, using a detection net consisting of several of the aforementioned detection devices located over the territory to be monitored, linked together by a software or hardware network.

Description

APPARATUS FOR THE DETECTION OF RADON GAS CONCENTRATION VARIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT, METHOD FOR SUCH DETECTION AND THEIR USE IN FORECASTING OF SISMIC EVENTS. Field of the invention The present invention regards a device and a method for detection of Radon gas concentration variation in the environment and their use in the forecasting of seismic events. State of the art The presence of Radon is mainly detectable by using two kind of instrumentation: passive detectors and active detectors.
The main drawback of the passive detectors is that with this kind of devices it is not possible to have an instantaneous detection of Radon concentration in the air. For this reason, those detectors are not able to detect in real time any momentary oscillation in Radon concentration, so they are often useless for seismic events forecasting.
The active detectors overcome this passive detectors drawback but only partially, due to the Radon detection methods so far utilised.
In fact, active detectors measure the Radon gas concentration mainly as alpha particles emission due to Radon decay, so they are subject to environmental in- terference that could compromise the required precision. Moreover, since the radon, which is a radioactive gas produced by uranium decay, has an half life higher than three days, the traditional methods utilised by active detectors are not able to detect variation in Radon gas concentration in the environment accurately, except considering a lifetime scale of some days. Consequently, even the measurements performed with the well-known active detectors have some limitations because of the discontinuity of the obtained detection.
Summary of the invention In particular, the invention regards an apparatus for the detection of Radon gas concentration variation comprising a device able to detect the flashes of gamma particles generated from Radon decay (222Rn) or its secondary products, especially during the phase of beta-decay from lead (2i4Pb) to bismuth (2ι4Bi) to polo- nium (214P0) that follows the alpha-decays from Radon (222Rn); in fact, when the concentration of Radon gas in the observed environment is higher, the quantity of gamma particles coming from its decay is higher. Description of the drawings Figure 1 shows the device for detecting the Radon gas concentration in the environment according to this invention, in open position; Figure 2 shows some details of the device in figure 1 ;
Figure 3 shows a first diagram reporting the variation of Radon gas concentration detected with the invented device and the correlation with occurred seismic events;
Figure 4 shows a second diagram reporting the variation of Radon gas concentration detected with the invented device and the correlation with occurred seismic events. Detailed description of the invention The present invention provides an apparatus to detect the variation of Radon gas concentration in the environment, very accurate in the measurements, free from environmental interference and, above all, able to detect variations in concentrations on a time scale of a few hours as needed for an effective earthquake forecast. The new Radon detection method allows to detect, in the Radon decay cycle (including its secondary products), the presence of some particles (i.e. gamma particles) produced especially during the beta-decay from lead (2ι4Pb) to bismuth (2ι Bi) to polonium (2ι4Po), whose average lifetime is respectively 26.8 minutes for the lead (2ι4Pb), 19.8 minutes for the bismuth (2ι4Bi) and 0.2 seconds for the polo- nium (2-ι Po).
It was surprisingly found that using an apparatus comprising a device able to count the flashes of gamma rays generated from Radon decay, it is possible to set up a device to detect the Radon gas concentration variation, able to measure variations in the order of two hours and therefore useful in the seismic events fore- cast. With a preliminary data analysis it has been possible to verify that the variation in concentration of Radon gas in the environment, due to an incoming seismic event, happens in a certain time range before the earthquake which can be preliminarily estimated between six and twenty-eight hours.
A first specific object of the present invention is therefore an apparatus comprising a detector device capable to measure the gamma particles (also called gamma rays) generated from Radon decay (222Rn) or its secondary products, especially during the phase of beta-decay from lead (214Pb) to bismuth (214Bi) to polonium (214Po) that follows the alpha-decays from Radon (222Rn). A detector device as above indicated can be for example a scintillator and photomultiplier, Multi Wire Proportional Chambers, Silicon Detectors, Proportional and Drift Chambers, Time Projection Chambers, Transition Radiation Detector, Calorimeters, Micro Strip Gas Chamber, Gas Electron Multipliers, Charge Coupled Devices, Cherenkov Detectors, Gaseous Detectors, Geiger Detectors, Photodiodes Devices, Pixel Detectors, Proportional Tubes, Straw Tubes Detectors, Spark Chamber and the like. Preferably, according to this invention, the above mentioned apparatus comprises a device for light shielding (e.g. a box in plastic material, preferably PVC) and a device for natural nuclear radiation shielding (e.g. sheets of lead and bricks of lead). Obviously the apparatus according to the invention will comprise the usual means for the readout, multiplexing, shaping, amplification, attenuation, conversion, acquisition, processing and elaboration of the detected signal. In particular, with conversion means are meant means for the signal analog to digital conversion. Such conversion means are, preferably, a double threshold discriminator device the threshold values of which will have the appropriate range for the detection of the above mentioned particles emitted during the Radon decay chain (including its secondary products).
The means for the digital signal acquisition, after its conversion from analog to digital, can be, for example, a computer and an acquisition board which sends out the signal to the sealer board of the above mentioned computer. An appropriate data analysis algorithm is used to calculate the right counting threshold values, in order to detect the above mentioned gamma rays after the local Radon mean counting rate evaluation (related to the place in which the device has been installed).
Preferably the apparatus according to the present invention is positioned in a place at least partially planted and not airy, in proximity of which no radioactive sources are present.
A further object of the present invention is a method for the seismic events forecast using an apparatus as above described.
If preferred the above mentioned algorithm can comprise the setting of a modifiable Radon counting rate threshold which allows to provide an alarm related to an incoming earthquake. It can also allow, after some standard calibration procedures, to provide an indication of the magnitude and of the ipocentre of the incoming seismic event.
According to a particular embodiment of the invention in the method for the seismic events forecast by means of the Device for the detection of the Radon gas concentration variation as above defined two or more above mentioned apparatus are arranged together, connected by software and/or hardware network, so as to determine the epicentre area of the incoming seismic event by comparing amongst themselves the signals detected by each single devices. To better illustrate the features and advantages of the present invention an exam- pie of an apparatus according to the invention is reported hereinafter with a description of its use in forecasting of earthquakes. Example
Mechanical assembly of the Radon gas detecting device example Referring to the figures 1 and 2, the device for detecting the Radon gas concentra- tion in the environment, consists of a plastic scintillator (1), NE102 type (organic plastic type), with volume 756cm3; on four opposite walls of the scintillator, are applied four photomultipliers (2) at direct contact, for example XP3462B type by Philips, so to be in opposite position each other. The block with the plastic scintillator (1) and four photomultipliers (2) is accommo- dated inside a light seal cubic box (3), made by PVC, shown in figure 1 in open position, i.e. without the cover that close it during the utilisation. The walls of the light seal box (3) are covered, on all sides (including the not shown cover), by sheet of lead (4), 4mm width.
The apparatus for detecting Radon gas concentration according to the present invention has been shielded by surrounding every side of the light seal box (3) with bricks of lead (5), in order to ensure a cover width of 10cm for each face; then it has been further located in a carton box (6). The shielding obtained using the bricks of lead isolates the detector system from the natural nuclear radiation of the surrounding environment. The supply cables of the photomultipliers (2) are connected to a power supply that gives them a negative voltage, whose value depends on the photomultiplier features.
The calibration of signal observation range has been fixed to 1 MeV. The signal cables are connected to a multiplexer (not shown) that reissues on the output, as a single amplified signal, the sum of the input signals. The amplified signal is sent to an attenuator device (not shown) that allows to establish, using decibel values, the adequate threshold in order to determine the energy range (about 1 MeV) in which the record of the gamma rays pulses can be detected. The signal coming from the attenuator goes in a double threshold discriminator device (not illustrated), which allows to convert the received analog signal in a digital one, in order to send it to an acquisition system in a computer. The values calibrated on the discriminator device depend on the features of the photomultipliers (2), whose threshold values range, in the present example, from 2mV up to 20mV for the lower threshold and from 3.5mV up to 50mV for the higher threshold. The signal is then sent to an adapter board (not shown), for example NIM-TTL- NIM type, that forwards the signal to the sealer board of a computer, in order to acquire the measurement of the variation of Radon gas concentration in real time. Use of Radon gas detection apparatus for seismic events forecasting An apparatus according to the invention was located in a defined area and the measures of variation of Radon concentration were performed.
Figures 3 and 4 show the correlation among a pick in Radon gas concentration in the environment and the subsequent seismic event. In the diagrams, on the x-axis is reported the time, while in the y-axis is reported the counting rate in 7200 seconds.
In particular, in figure 3, the points addressed with "ev" plus a number represent two seismic events with light intensity that occurred in Pizzoli-Montereale area on 28th of September 2002, respectively at 11 :43 PM (ev1 point) and at 11 :58 PM (ev2 point); both the events have been anticipated by an increasing of Radon concentration detected in the same day at about 6:34 AM.
In figure 4, the points addressed with "ev" plus a number represent several seismic events, with different intensity, that occurred in Mouse region in the period between the 29th of October and the 1st of November 2002; all the events have been anticipated by an increasing of Radon concentration detected in the hours well in advance respect to the events happening.
As reported in the figures, the sensitivity and the measurement resolution of the apparatus, besides detecting an increase in Radon gas concentration, allow to foreseen, with a certain approximation, the distance from the point that will be the epicentre of the incoming seismic event.
However in order to detect the area where the aforementioned epicentre will be located it is necessary to compare the data collected from two or more apparatuses arranged several kilometres far from one another and linked by a software and/or hardware net.
From the above said it is clear how, arranging a detection net consisting of a series of detector devices uniformly located over the territory to be monitored and linked by a software and/or hardware network, it is possible to foresee a seismic event in an area of whatever extension.

Claims

1. Apparatus for the detection of Radon gas concentration variation comprising a detector device able to detect the flashes of gamma particles generated from Radon decay (222Rn) or its secondary products.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said gamma particles are generated during the phase of beta-decay from lead (2ι4Pb) to bismuth (2ι4Bi) to polonium (2ι Po) that follows the alpha-decays from Radon (222Rn).
3. Apparatus according to Claims 1 and 2 wherein such detector device is chosen in the group consisting of a scintillator and photomultiplier, Multi Wire Propor- tions Chambers, Silicon Detectors, Proportional and Drift Chambers, Time
Projection Chambers, Transition Radiation Detector, Calorimeters, Micro Strip Gas Chamber, Gas Electron Multipliers, Charge Coupled Devices, Cherenkov Detectors, Gaseous Detectors, Geiger Detectors, Photodiodes Devices, Pixel Detectors, Proportional Tubes, Straw Tubes Detectors, Spark Chamber.
4. Apparatus according to claims 1 - 3 comprising a device for light shielding.
5. Apparatus according to Claim 4 wherein said light shielding devise is a box in plastic material.
6. Apparatus according to Claims 1 - 5 comprising a device for natural nuclear radiation shielding.
7. Apparatus according to Claim 6 wherein said natural nuclear radiation shielding device consists of sheets of lead and bricks of lead.
8. Apparatus according to claims 1 - 7 consisting of :
- a detector device able to detect the flashes of gamma particles generated from Radon decay (222Rn) or its secondary products; - a device for light shielding;
- a device for natural nuclear radiation shielding
- the usual means for the readout, multiplexing, shaping, amplification, attenuation, conversion, acquisition, processing and elaboration of the detected signal.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the conversion means are means for the signal analog to digital conversion.
10. Apparatus according to Claim 9 wherein said conversion means are, a double threshold discriminator device.
11. Apparatus according to Claim 10 wherein the acquisition means are a computer and an acquisition board which sends out the signal to the sealer board of said computer.
12. A method for the detection of Radon gas concentration variation wherein one or more apparatuses according to Claims 1 - 11 is/are used.
13. A method according to Claim 12 wherein when more then one apparatus are used said apparatuses are connected by a software and/or hardware net.
14. Method for forecasting earthquakes wherein one or more apparatus/es according to claims 1 - 11 is/are displaced on a given area and the variation of concentration of Radon is measured by detecting the flashes of gamma particles generated from Radon decay (222Rn) or its secondary products.
15. Method according to Claim 14 wherein two or more apparatuses are arranged several kilometres far from one another, linked by a software and/or hardware net, and the collected data are compared in order to detect the area of the earthquake epicentre.
16. Detection net consisting of a series of apparatuses according to claims 1 - 11 uniformly located over the territory to be monitored and are linked each other by a software and/or hardware network
PCT/EP2003/014656 2002-12-20 2003-12-19 Apparatus for the detection of radon gas concentration variation in the environment, method for such detection and their use in forecasting of seismic events. WO2004061448A1 (en)

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WO2012076775A1 (en) 2010-12-08 2012-06-14 Observatoire De Paris Device for measuring radiation
FR2996010A1 (en) * 2012-09-27 2014-03-28 Gregory Jean DEVICE FOR PREDICTING SEISM AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, LOCATION OF EPICENTERS AND MAGNITUDES BY MEASURING RADON IN THE SOIL
CZ305772B6 (en) * 2014-06-29 2016-03-09 STÁTNÍ ÚSTAV RADIAČNÍ OCHRANY, v. v. i. Method of monitoring changes in earth lithosphere and atmosphere and apparatus for making the same
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