WO2004051138A1 - 圧力容器およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
圧力容器およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004051138A1 WO2004051138A1 PCT/JP2003/015426 JP0315426W WO2004051138A1 WO 2004051138 A1 WO2004051138 A1 WO 2004051138A1 JP 0315426 W JP0315426 W JP 0315426W WO 2004051138 A1 WO2004051138 A1 WO 2004051138A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- pressure
- pressure vessel
- container
- resin layer
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
- B29C70/32—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core on a rotating mould, former or core
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
- B29C70/08—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers
- B29C70/088—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers and with one or more layers of non-plastics material or non-specified material, e.g. supports
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
- B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
- B29C70/56—Tensioning reinforcements before or during shaping
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
- F17C1/02—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge involving reinforcing arrangements
- F17C1/04—Protecting sheathings
- F17C1/06—Protecting sheathings built-up from wound-on bands or filamentary material, e.g. wires
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/712—Containers; Packaging elements or accessories, Packages
- B29L2031/7154—Barrels, drums, tuns, vats
- B29L2031/7156—Pressure vessels
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/05—Size
- F17C2201/058—Size portable (<30 l)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0604—Liners
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0621—Single wall with three layers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0624—Single wall with four or more layers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0636—Metals
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0636—Metals
- F17C2203/0646—Aluminium
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0636—Metals
- F17C2203/0648—Alloys or compositions of metals
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
- F17C2203/0665—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments radially wound
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
- F17C2203/0668—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments axially wound
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
- F17C2203/0673—Polymers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
- F17C2209/2154—Winding
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/23—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations
- F17C2209/232—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations of walls
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
- F17C2260/011—Improving strength
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
- F17C2260/012—Reducing weight
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/04—Reducing risks and environmental impact
- F17C2260/042—Reducing risk of explosion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
- Y10T428/1362—Textile, fabric, cloth, or pile containing [e.g., web, net, woven, knitted, mesh, nonwoven, matted, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pressure vessel used for a high-pressure gas storage vessel and the like, and a method for producing the same.
- steel containers have been used as high-pressure gas storage containers.
- steel storage containers were heavy and required enormous labor to move and transport.
- a pressure vessel made of a composite material in which a resin or metal liner material is reinforced with reinforcing fibers has been used as a high-pressure gas storage vessel instead of a conventional steel vessel.
- the pressure vessel made of the fiber reinforced composite material can increase the filling pressure and reduce the weight.
- a typical method for winding a reinforcing fiber is a filament winding method.
- the filament winding method is a method of manufacturing a pressure vessel made of a fiber-reinforced composite material by winding a continuous reinforcing fiber impregnated with a resin around a liner material (container body) and then curing the resin.
- Patent Literature 1 proposes a pressure vessel provided with two or more fiber-reinforced composite material layers using different reinforcing fibers.
- the strand elastic modulus of the outer layer is made higher than the strand elastic modulus of the inner layer so that the magnitude of the stress applied to each layer is substantially constant, so that the rupture pressure (burst pressure) Characteristics) can be increased.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-331032
- FIG. 3 shows a pressure vessel disclosed in Patent Document 1.
- This pressure vessel 5 0 is the resin-coated reinforcing material 52a, 53a, 54a on the body 5la of the cylindrical metal liner material 51 (container body) from inside to outside.
- the coating layers 52, 53, and 54 made of fiber-reinforced resin were formed by winding the layers in a layer.
- the pressure vessel 50 by setting the strand elastic modulus of the outer coating layer to be larger than the strand elastic modulus of the inner coating layer, the circumferential direction acting on each of the coating layers 52, 53, and 54 is set.
- the magnitude of the tensile stress can be made almost constant. Therefore, in the pressure vessel 50, high pressure resistance is obtained, and the weight can be reduced.
- the characteristics required for the pressure vessel not only the burst characteristics but also the fatigue characteristics are important.
- compressive stress is applied to the liner material by performing self-tensioning treatment at high pressure, and this compressive stress is applied to the range of linear characteristics of the liner material. By setting so that the fatigue characteristics can be improved.
- the burst pressure may be higher than necessary. If the pressure vessel is designed with emphasis on burst pressure, the necessary compressive stress will not be applied. As a result, there were problems such as an increase in the container weight.
- pressure vessel standards such as the High Pressure Gas Safety Association Standard (KHK) S1121
- KHK High Pressure Gas Safety Association Standard
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has as its object to provide a lightweight pressure vessel having excellent fatigue characteristics and burst characteristics and a method of manufacturing the same.
- the pressure vessel of the present invention is a high-strength reinforced fiber in which the surface of the vessel body is impregnated with resin.
- the internal pressure is 0.7% or more and 0.9% or less, and the container body is plastically deformed by applying internal pressure, and the burst pressure is 2.2 to 2.8 times the filling pressure.
- the method for manufacturing a pressure vessel according to the present invention includes forming a fiber reinforced resin layer made of a reinforced fiber resin, which is a reinforced fiber impregnated with a resin, on the surface of the container body, curing the fiber reinforced resin layer, After obtaining a pressure vessel of 2.2 to 2.8 times the filling pressure, apply internal pressure so that the circumferential strain on the vessel surface is 0.7% or more and 0.9% or less. It is characterized by plastic deformation.
- the container body is applied by applying an internal pressure to the cured fiber-reinforced resin layer so that the strain in the circumferential direction of the vessel surface becomes 0.7% or more and 0.9% or less.
- Plastic deformation of the steel is set to 2.2 to 2.8 times the filling pressure, so that the fatigue characteristics and burst characteristics are improved and the weight is reduced. It becomes possible.
- FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view showing one embodiment of the pressure vessel of the present invention.
- FIG. 3A is a partial cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a conventional pressure vessel.
- 3 is an enlarged view of a main part of the pressure vessel shown in FIG. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the pressure vessel of the present invention.
- the pressure vessel 1 shown here has a substantially cylindrical vessel body 2 provided with a fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 made of a reinforcing fiber resin 3 which is a reinforcing fiber impregnated with a resin, on a surface thereof.
- reference numeral 2a indicates a trunk
- 2b indicates an opening
- 2c indicates a bottom.
- the container body 2 is preferably made of metal. Construct container body 2
- the metal material is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include an aluminum alloy, a magnesium alloy, and iron.
- an aluminum alloy is suitable for reducing the weight of the container body 2.
- the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 preferably has a multilayer structure.
- the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 has a reinforcing fiber resin 3 on a circumferential orientation layer 3 a in which the fiber orientation is wound around the circumferential direction of the container body 2. It is configured to have an axial orientation layer 3b wound so that the orientation direction of the fiber is the long axis direction of the container body 2.
- the fiber reinforced resin layer is not limited to the configuration shown in the figure, and may have a structure in which a plurality of circumferentially oriented layers and axially oriented layers are alternately laminated on the container body.
- the outermost layer of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 be the circumferential orientation layer 3a because a good appearance state can be obtained.
- the number and thickness of each layer can be arbitrarily selected depending on the use of the container, the type of the contents, the size, and the like.
- the resin (matrix resin) impregnated into the reinforcing fibers is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include an epoxy resin, a vinyl ester resin, a phenol resin, and an acrylic resin.
- reinforcing fiber examples include, but are not particularly limited to, carbon fiber, glass fiber, aramide fiber, boron fiber, and PBO fiber.
- the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 has a multilayer structure composed of a plurality of constituent layers, and the strand elastic modulus of the reinforcing fiber used for one of the constituent layers is used for one of the other constituent layers.
- the strand elastic modulus By making the strand elastic modulus different from that of the reinforcing fiber, fatigue characteristics and burst characteristics can be improved.
- a layer having a high strand elasticity is used for the inner (closer to the container body 2) constituent layer, it is less likely to be broken when ruptured, so that the safety of the container is improved.
- the strand elastic modulus of the reinforcing fiber is 25 OGPa or more, the fatigue characteristics and Light weight can be improved.
- the reinforcing fiber 8 is impregnated with the matrix resin 7 in the storage tank 6 to obtain the reinforcing fiber resin 3.
- the reinforcing fiber resin 3 is wound around the container body 2 while rotating the container body 2 in the circumferential direction.
- a circumferential orientation layer 3 a in which the fiber orientation direction of the reinforcing fiber resin 3 is the circumferential direction of the container body 2 is formed.
- the axial orientation layer 3b is formed.
- the fiber orientation direction of the reinforcing fiber resin 3 is set to be the major axis direction of the container body 2.
- the intermediate container 5 is heated in the heating furnace 9.
- the heating temperature is preferably from 40 to 180 ° C. If the temperature is lower than the above range or exceeds the above range, the fatigue characteristics and the burst characteristics of the pressure vessel 1 deteriorate.
- the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 is cured.
- the production conditions are set so that the burst pressure is 2.2 to 2.8 times (preferably 2.4 to 2.7 times) the filling pressure.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface is 0.7% or more (preferably 0.75% or more) and 0.9% or less (preferably 0.85% or less).
- the self-tightening treatment means increasing the internal pressure of the container of the intermediate container 5 (hereinafter, the maximum value of the internal pressure of the container at this time is referred to as the self-tightening pressure), and after the container body 2 made of the liner material is plastically deformed. This is a process of applying a compressive stress to the container body 2 due to the rigidity of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 by lowering the internal pressure of the container.
- the self-compression pressure is 53 times or more the filling pressure and less than the burst pressure.
- the pressure vessel 1 is obtained (FIG. 2D).
- the manufacturing conditions are set so that the burst pressure is 2.2 to 2.8 times the filling pressure (preferably, 2.4 to 2.7 times). .
- the burst pressure is less than 2.2 times the filling pressure, the fatigue properties and burst properties of the pressure vessel 1 will be insufficient.
- the rupture pressure exceeds 2.8 times the filling pressure, the fatigue characteristics and rupture characteristics of the pressure vessel 1 become overspec. In this case, the weight of the container increases, which is not preferable in terms of weight reduction.
- the burst pressure is the internal pressure of the container when the container is ruptured by increasing the internal pressure of the container.
- the strain in the circumferential direction of the vessel surface during the self-tightening treatment is 0.7% or more and 0.9% or less, and the burst pressure is 2.2 times or more of the filling pressure. Since it is not more than twice, the fatigue characteristics and the burst characteristics are improved, and the reinforcing fiber resin 3 (fiber reinforced resin layer 4) can be made thinner, so that the weight can be reduced.
- the reinforcing fiber resin 3 fiber reinforced resin layer 4
- the vessel was set on a hydraulic destruction tester manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., and water pressure was applied to the vessel at a pressure increase rate of 1.4 MPa or less, and the pressure when the vessel burst was measured. This measurement The average was calculated three times.
- the lightness was evaluated by measuring the weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 of each container.
- the materials used in Examples and Comparative Examples are as follows.
- Reinforced fiber II Carbon fiber TRH 50-12 L manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. was used. This carbon fiber has a single fiber diameter of 7, a filament count of 12,000, a strand strength of 4900 MPa, a strand elastic modulus of 255 GPa, and an elongation of 1.9%.
- (b) Reinforced fiber II Carbon fiber MR40-12K manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. was used. This carbon fiber has a single fiber diameter of 6 m, a filament count of 12,000, a strand strength of 440 OMPa, a strand elasticity of 295 GPa, and an elongation of 1.5%.
- Reinforced fiber 3 Carbon fiber MR 50-12 K manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. was used. This carbon fiber has a single fiber diameter of 6 m, a filament count of 12000, a strand strength of 530 OMPa, a strand elastic modulus of 290 GPa, and an elongation of 1.8%.
- Reinforced fiber 4 Carbon fiber HR40-12K manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. was used. This carbon fiber has a single fiber diameter of 6 mm, a number of filaments of 12000, a strand strength of 460 OMPa, a strand elasticity of 390 GPa, and an elongation of 1.2%.
- Reinforced fiber 5 Carbon fiber TR 5 OS—ALA—12 manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. L was used. This carbon fiber has a single fiber diameter of 7 zm, a filament count of 12000, a strand strength of 490 OMPa, a strand elasticity of 238 GPa, and an elongation of 2.0%.
- Resin II Epoxy resin # 700B (Epicoat 828 / XN1045 / BYK-A506) manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. was used.
- Tow pre-reader 1 As a pre-predator consisting of one tow, a WDE-3D-1 (MR60H-24P) manufactured by Newport Ad e s iv e s and Compo s ite s inc. was used.
- This tow prepredder is a carbon fiber MR 6 OH-24P manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., which is pre-impregnated with epoxy resin (viscosity at 50 ° C: about 30 poises). %.
- the carbon fiber used had a single fiber diameter of 5 tm, a filament count of 24,000, a strand strength of 5700 MPa, and a strand elastic modulus of 295 GPa.
- Tow Pre-Predator II WDE-3D-1 (HR40-12L) manufactured by Newport Adhesives and Compositesinc.
- This tow prepredder is manufactured by replacing the above-mentioned MR 60H-24P with carbon fiber HR 40-12L manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. in the above tow prepredder, and has a width of about 3.5 mm and contains resin. Rate is about 28% by weight.
- the carbon fiber used has a single fiber diameter of 7 m, a filament count of 12000, a strand strength of 460 OMPa, and a strand elastic modulus of 390 GPa.
- the strand elastic modulus was determined in accordance with JISR 7601 by preparing a test piece, recording the load-elongation curve by a tensile test, and measuring the slope (specifically, 40 kgf From the increase in load ⁇ P (20 kgf) when a load was applied from to 60 kgf and the increase in elongation caused by ⁇ (the ratio APZAL).
- the impregnating resin used when preparing the test pieces was ERL-4221 ( An epoxy resin Ji-Min was used in which an alicyclic epoxy resin (Dow Chemical Japan Co., Ltd.) was blended with Anchor 111 (boron trifluoride monoisopropylamine complex, PTI Japan Co., Ltd.) as a curing agent.
- a 9-liter aluminum container body (total length 540 mm, trunk length 415 mm, trunk outer diameter 163 mm, wall thickness 3 mm at the center of the trunk) was used.
- a pressure vessel 1 with a filling pressure of 70 MPa was produced by the following procedure.
- the reinforcing fiber resin 3 impregnated with resin is wrapped around the container body 2 using a filament winding machine manufactured by Entec Co. immediately osite Machines Inc.
- the resin layer 4 was formed.
- the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 has, from the inside to the outside, a circumferential orientation layer 3a a Z-axis orientation layer 3b a circumferential orientation layer 3a / an axial orientation layer 3b Structured.
- the thickness of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 measured at the center of the trunk of the obtained intermediate container 5 was about 13 mm.
- the intermediate container 5 was placed in the heating furnace 9, and the temperature in the furnace was raised from room temperature to 13 by 1 ° CZ. After confirming that the surface temperature of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 reached 135 ° C., it was left for 1 hour. Thereafter, the temperature in the furnace was lowered to 60 ° C. at 1 ° C./min, and the intermediate container 5 was taken out of the heating furnace 9 and allowed to cool to room temperature. The weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 was 5653.
- the intermediate container 5 is subjected to a self-compression treatment at a self-compression treatment pressure of 125 MPa using a self-compression treatment device 10 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.), and a compressive stress is applied to the container body 2.
- Pressure vessel 1 was obtained.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface during the self-tightening treatment was 0.81%.
- the burst pressure (average value) of the obtained pressure vessel 1 was 184 MPa. This value was equivalent to 2.6 times the filling pressure.
- the rupture state at this time was an ideal way of rupture, in which the hole only near the center of the trunk and the container did not split.
- the number of repetitions of the pressure fluctuation operation until the pressure vessel 1 burst was 11078.
- the weight of the fiber-reinforced resin layer was 5653 g, so that light-weight dangling was possible.
- a pressure vessel having a filling pressure of 7 OMPa was produced in the following procedure.
- a reinforcing fiber having a relatively large elongation was used.
- a fiber reinforced resin layer 4 made of a reinforced fiber resin 3 in which a reinforced fiber 1 was impregnated with a resin ⁇ was formed on the container body 2 to obtain an intermediate container 5.
- the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 had a five-layer structure similar to that of Example 1.
- the thickness of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 measured at the center of the body of the intermediate container 5 was about 15 mm.
- the intermediate container 5 was heat-treated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 was 6641 g.
- the intermediate container 5 was subjected to a self-tightening treatment in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a pressure container.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface during the self-tightening treatment was 0.81%.
- the burst pressure of the pressure vessel was 23 IMPa. This value was equivalent to 3.3 times the filling pressure.
- the rupture state at this time was an ideal way of rupture in which only a hole was made near the center of the trunk and the container did not split.
- the bursting pressure / filling pressure was increased by using a reinforcing fiber with high elongation, but it was confirmed that the fatigue properties were kept high, but the weight increased.
- a pressure vessel having a filling pressure of 70 MPa was produced by the following procedure.
- a reinforcing fiber having a relatively small elongation was used.
- a fiber reinforced resin layer 4 made of a reinforcing fiber resin 3 in which a reinforcing fiber 4 was impregnated with a resin 1 was formed on the container body 2 to obtain an intermediate container 5.
- the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 had a five-layer structure similar to that of Example 1.
- the thickness of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 measured at the center of the body of the intermediate container 5 was about 9 mm.
- the intermediate container 5 was heat-treated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 was 4129 g.
- the intermediate container 5 was subjected to a self-tightening treatment in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a pressure container.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface during the self-tightening treatment was 0.81%.
- the burst pressure of the pressure vessel was 148 MPa. This value corresponded to 2.1 times the filling pressure. At the time of the rupture, the container split from near the center of the trunk.
- the weight was reduced by using reinforcing fibers with low elongation, but it was confirmed that the burst pressure was reduced, the burst pressure and the filling pressure of the cano were reduced, and the fatigue properties were also deteriorated.
- a pressure vessel 1 having a filling pressure of 70 MPa was produced by the following procedure.
- a circumferential orientation layer 3 a / axial direction orientation layer 3 b and a Z circumferential direction orientation layer 3 a were sequentially formed on the container body 2.
- the axial alignment layer 3b / the circumferential alignment layer 3 is formed on the circumferential alignment layer 3a. a were sequentially formed to obtain an intermediate container 5.
- the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 has a five-layer structure, and the strand elastic modulus of the reinforcing fibers used in the inner three layers of the constituent layers is the reinforcing fiber used in the outer two layers. It is larger than the strand elastic modulus of the fiber.
- the thickness of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 measured at the center of the body of the intermediate container 5 was about 10.5 mm.
- the intermediate container 5 was heat-treated in the same manner as in Example 1. Weight of fiber reinforced resin layer 4 The amount was 4861 g.
- the intermediate container 5 was subjected to a self-tightening treatment in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a pressure container.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface during the self-tightening treatment was 0.81%.
- the rupture pressure of pressure vessel 1 was 188 MPa. This value was 2.7 times the filling pressure.
- the rupture condition at this time was an ideal way of rupture in which only a hole was made near the center of the torso and the container did not split.
- a pressure vessel with a filling pressure of 70 MPa was produced by the following procedure.
- a fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 was formed on the container body 2 to obtain an intermediate container 5.
- the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 had a five-layer structure similar to that of Example 1.
- the thickness of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 4 measured at the center of the body of the intermediate container 5 was about 16.5 mm.
- the intermediate container 5 was heat-treated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 was 7355.
- the intermediate container 5 was subjected to a self-tightening treatment in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a pressure container.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface during the self-tightening treatment was 0.81%.
- the burst pressure of the pressure vessel was 247 MPa. This value was equivalent to 3.5 times the filling pressure.
- the rupture state at this time was an ideal way of rupture in which only a hole was made near the center of the trunk and the container did not split.
- a pressure vessel with a filling pressure of 7 OMPa was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the self-tensioning treatment pressure was set to 105 MPa.
- the weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 was 5631 g.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface during the self-tightening treatment was 0.68%.
- the burst pressure was 186MPa. This value was equivalent to 2.7 times the filling pressure.
- the rupture state at this time was an ideal way of rupture in which the container was only opened with a hole near the center of the trunk and the container did not split.
- a pressure vessel having a filling pressure of 70 MPa was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the self-tightening treatment pressure was set to 14 OMPa.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface was about 0.91%.
- the weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer 4 was 5647 g.
- the rupture pressure was 183MPa. This value was equivalent to 2.6 times the filling pressure.
- the rupture state at this time was an ideal way of rupture in which the container was only opened with a hole near the center of the trunk and the container did not split.
- the weight of the fiber reinforced resin layer was 4608 g.
- the circumferential strain on the container surface during the self-tensioning process was about 0.81%.
- the burst pressure was 187MPa. This value was equivalent to 2.7 times the filling pressure.
- the rupture state at this time was an ideal way of rupture in which the container was only opened with a hole near the center of the trunk and the container did not split.
- Table 1 shows the results of the above Examples and Comparative Examples.
- the pressure vessels of Examples 1 to 3 were excellent in burst characteristics and fatigue characteristics, could be reduced in weight, and exhibited an ideal burst state.
- the pressure vessel of the comparative example having good burst characteristics or fatigue characteristics had a problem in weight reduction '(Comparative Examples 1 and 3).
- the pressure vessel of the comparative example, in which the weight was reduced had inferior burst characteristics and fatigue characteristics (Comparative Examples 2, 4, and 5). In the pressure vessel of Comparative Example 2, the rupture state was also poor.
- the strain in the circumferential direction of the vessel surface when the fiber-reinforced resin layer is subjected to self-tightening treatment is reduced to 0.7% or more and 0.9% or less.
- the bursting pressure is 2.2 to 2.8 times the filling pressure, so that the fatigue characteristics and burst characteristics can be improved and the weight can be reduced.
- the pressure vessel of the present invention is suitably used for a high-pressure gas storage vessel or the like.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
- Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004556894A JP4639085B2 (ja) | 2002-12-02 | 2003-12-02 | 圧力容器およびその製造方法 |
EP03777176A EP1571389B1 (en) | 2002-12-02 | 2003-12-02 | Pressure container and method of manufacturing the pressure container |
DE60332268T DE60332268D1 (de) | 2002-12-02 | 2003-12-02 | Druckbehälter und verfahren zur herstellung des druckbehälters |
US10/537,015 US20060099366A1 (en) | 2002-12-02 | 2003-12-02 | Pressure container and method of manufacturing the pressure container |
CA002507872A CA2507872C (en) | 2002-12-02 | 2003-12-02 | Pressure vessel and method for producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2002-350373 | 2002-12-02 | ||
JP2002350373 | 2002-12-02 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2004051138A1 true WO2004051138A1 (ja) | 2004-06-17 |
WO2004051138A8 WO2004051138A8 (ja) | 2004-08-05 |
Family
ID=32463084
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2003/015426 WO2004051138A1 (ja) | 2002-12-02 | 2003-12-02 | 圧力容器およびその製造方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060099366A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1571389B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4639085B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1720411A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2507872C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE60332268D1 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2341442T3 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004051138A1 (ja) |
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JP7226346B2 (ja) * | 2020-01-09 | 2023-02-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 高圧タンクの製造方法およびその製造装置 |
CN112223778A (zh) * | 2020-09-23 | 2021-01-15 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种制备复合材料缠绕板材的方法 |
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US8528763B2 (en) | 2009-03-11 | 2013-09-10 | Avure Technologies Ab | Pressure vessel for a high pressure press |
WO2014174845A1 (ja) * | 2013-04-26 | 2014-10-30 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 蓄圧器 |
JP5956602B2 (ja) * | 2013-04-26 | 2016-07-27 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 蓄圧器 |
US10837602B2 (en) | 2013-04-26 | 2020-11-17 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Hydrogen storage tank |
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JP7031806B1 (ja) * | 2020-12-11 | 2022-03-08 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 圧力容器および圧力容器の製造方法 |
WO2022123883A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-11 | 2022-06-16 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 圧力容器および圧力容器の製造方法 |
EP4261027A1 (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2023-10-18 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Pressure vessel and method for manufacturing pressure vessel |
EP4261027A4 (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2024-05-22 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | PRESSURE VESSEL AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE PRESSURE VESSEL |
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US20060099366A1 (en) | 2006-05-11 |
DE60332268D1 (de) | 2010-06-02 |
CN1720411A (zh) | 2006-01-11 |
ES2341442T3 (es) | 2010-06-21 |
JP4639085B2 (ja) | 2011-02-23 |
EP1571389B1 (en) | 2010-04-21 |
EP1571389A4 (en) | 2009-01-21 |
WO2004051138A8 (ja) | 2004-08-05 |
CA2507872C (en) | 2008-05-06 |
CA2507872A1 (en) | 2004-06-17 |
JPWO2004051138A1 (ja) | 2006-04-06 |
EP1571389A1 (en) | 2005-09-07 |
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