WO2004023036A1 - A spotlight - Google Patents
A spotlight Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004023036A1 WO2004023036A1 PCT/AU2003/001172 AU0301172W WO2004023036A1 WO 2004023036 A1 WO2004023036 A1 WO 2004023036A1 AU 0301172 W AU0301172 W AU 0301172W WO 2004023036 A1 WO2004023036 A1 WO 2004023036A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- spotlight
- lens
- filter housing
- aperture
- filter
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V14/00—Controlling the distribution of the light emitted by adjustment of elements
- F21V14/06—Controlling the distribution of the light emitted by adjustment of elements by movement of refractors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S10/00—Lighting devices or systems producing a varying lighting effect
- F21S10/007—Lighting devices or systems producing a varying lighting effect using rotating transparent or colored disks, e.g. gobo wheels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V9/00—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters
- F21V9/40—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters with provision for controlling spectral properties, e.g. colour, or intensity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
- F21W2131/40—Lighting for industrial, commercial, recreational or military use
- F21W2131/406—Lighting for industrial, commercial, recreational or military use for theatres, stages or film studios
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a spotlight, especially a spotlight for generating an output light beam of variable width.
- the invention is of particular application to the fields of search and rescue operations, the entertainment industry, security and law enforcement.
- Spotlights are presently used in a wide variety of applications for the purpose of illuminating objects at night, especially distant objects
- spotlights are used in search and rescue operations to find missing persons.
- Spotlights are also used in the entertainment industry to illuminate performers on stage or entertainment venues. In these and other applications, spotlights are usually required to produce sufficient and consistent illumination at varying distances. This requires the output light beam to be adjustable in width while maintaining the intensity of the output light beam to be constant across the beam width.
- Present prior art spotlights usually employ a parabolic mirror in conjunction with a light source to generate a light beam which is then collimated to produce an output light beam of approximately 200 - 500 millimeters in diameter.
- the intensity of the output light beam from such spotlights is generally around 4 kW/m .
- Such intensities are often insufficient to meet the requirements for the application in hand, especially during night operations, hi addition, the output light beam tends to focus at one part of the light beam width, thus producing a beam of uneven intensity.
- This type of beam has variations in brightness resulting in a variable intensity, structured beam, profile.
- Filters are often used in conjunction with spotlights to produce a particular desired lighting effect.
- a filter may be used to produce light of a particular colour or to produce a light beam with a range of wavelengths.
- Filters are ordinarily placed in the expanded output light beam path of the spotlight. That is, past the focal point of the light source. This is because standard filters cannot withstand the heat generated from the light source at closer distances.
- Another disadvantage with the prior art is that the filters are non-adjustable; that is, filters are usually installed mechanically through a slot or located at the front of the lens in the spotlight, meaning that a filter must be physically replaced with another filter by opening the spotlight assembly.
- one aspect of the present invention provides a spotlight for generating an output light beam of variable width, including a light source having a selected focal length, and an aperture for directing light from said light source to a first lens, said first lens being movable to adjust the width of said output light beam, wherein the first lens is moveable to a position closely adjacent to said aperture and substantially about or at said selected focal length to minimise said output light beam width.
- Positioning the moveable first lens closely adjacent to the aperture substantially about or at the selected focal length means that most, if not all, of the light from the light source is collected by the first lens and the moveability of the first lens adjusts the output beam width while retaining the same intensity output.
- the spotlight is able to produce output light beams of variable width while maintaining a sufficiently high intensity required for spotlight applications.
- the selected light focal length is such that the spotlight has an f number of between 1 and 1.6. Most preferably, the f number is at least 1.3. It is preferred that the positioning of the first lens substantially at or about the selected focal length maximises the intensity of the output light beam.
- the intensity of the output light beam, at the focal point of the spotlight preferably ranges between 2 megawatt/m to 16 megawatts/m 2 .
- the spotlight in addition to the features of the first aspect, includes a selectively variable filter housing having two or more filters, said filter housing being rotatable to selectively interpose one of the said filters between said light source and said aperture to filter light from said light source.
- a selectively variable filter housing allows for more than one filter to be fitted to the housing and enables a filter to be substituted by another filter easily and conveniently.
- the filter housing preferably includes a portion to selectively interpose one of said filters, rotatable relative to the filter housing.
- the rotatable portion is a filter wheel.
- the filter housing has at least one chamber for receiving one of the filters.
- the at least one chamber is formed in the rotatable portion.
- the chambers are preferably radially offset in the filter housing from the rotational axis of the filter housing for selective interposition between the light source and the aperture.
- At least one of the filters preferably includes multiple filter elements.
- the multiple filter elements can be formed in a stack in at least one chamber.
- the stack may include four to ten filter elements.
- the filter elements can be coated on one or both sides.
- the filters preferably filter light of different wavelengths.
- the filter wheel has at least one chamber.
- the chambers are radially offset in the rotatable portion from the rotational axis of the rotatable portion.
- the rotational axis of the filter housing or the rotatable portion is preferably parallel to and laterally disposed from the longitudinal axis of the spotlight.
- the filter housing may be formed integrally with the aperture. It is preferred that the aperture is located in a recess portion of the filter housing and a portion of the first lens, when positioned closely adjacent to the aperture, nests in the recess portion.
- the recess portion may be correspondingly shaped to the shape of the portion of said first lens.
- the aperture may be radially located in the filter housing to be aligned with at least one chamber. In a preferred embodiment, the aperture is located on the opposite side of the filter housing to said at least one chamber.
- the filter housing has a plurality of chambers and a plurality of apertures.
- a second lens is provided which is moveable relative to the first lens so as to collimate the output light beam at different distances.
- the first lens and second lens are preferably located on a lens mounting for simultaneous movement.
- the first lens and second lens may move at different linear rates, thus maintaining a crisp-edged, even beam profile at various distances from the spotlight output.
- Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a spotlight according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating the principles of operation of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment
- Figure 3 is a perspective view of the filter housing used with the spotlight according to Figure 1;
- Figure 4 is a perspective view of the filter housing of Figure 1;
- Figure 5 is an exploded view of the filter housing of Figure 1 with multiple filter elements
- Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of the filter housing of Figure 1;
- Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of a filter housing of another embodiment
- Figure 8A is an exploded view of a lens mounting and a filter housing according to a preferred embodiment
- Figure 8B is a perspective view of the assembled lens mounting and filter housing
- Figure 9A is an exploded view of the lens mounting and filter housing of Figures 8A and 8B with a light source;
- Figure 9B is a perspective view of the assembled lens mounting, filter housing and light source of Figure 9 A.
- a spotlight according to a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 1.
- the spotlight has a light source 1, an aperture 3 and convex lens 5.
- the light source 1 has a selected focal length FL and a focal point F, as shown more clearly in Figure 2A.
- the light source also generates a light beam angle .
- the lens 5 is moveable along the longitudinal axis X of the spotlight. Lens 5 is moveable along axis X so as to vary the width of the output light beam 9. In the position illustrated in Figure 1, the lens 5 is located closely adjacent to aperture 3 substantially at the focal length FL and the focal point F of light source 1.
- the spotlight operates by light from light source 1 passing through aperture 3 to the lens 5.
- the lens 5 By placing the lens 5 at the selected focal length FL of light source 1, the width of the output light beam 9 is minimised.
- the light generated by the light source 1 is substantially collected by lens 5 and therefore maximises the intensity of the output light beam 9.
- the f number of the spotlight ranges between 1 and 1.6 with intensities of 2 MWatt/m to 16 MWatt/m .
- the resultant spotlight has an f number of 1.3 with an output light beam having an intensity of 2.6 MWatts/m 2 .
- intensities of up to 16 Mwatt/m 2 can be obtained.
- the longer the focal length FL the higher the intensity of the light beam, measured at a distance of 20 metres from the output.
- lens 5 is convex so as to collimate the output light beam 9.
- a second (plano-convex) lens 7 is positioned after convex lens 5 to collimate the output light beam 9.
- the lens and second lens 7 can be convex, plano-convex, or any other shape to collimate output light bean 9.
- the preferred embodiment as described is unique to the field of spotlights as it is quite difficult in the prior art to achieve the desirable relatively small beam width at large distances while maintaining the intensity of the output light beam.
- FIG. 1 also shows a further aspect in that the spotlight has a selectively variable filter housing 10.
- the filter housing 10 has a filter wheel 12, which contains two or more filters 14.
- the filter wheel 12 is driven by stepping motor 16, operable by a control unit 18 in conjunction with a positioning microswitch 20.
- the filter wheel 12 is rotatable about axis R relative to filter housing 10.
- the rotational axis R is parallel to and laterally displaced from longitudinal axis X of the spotlight.
- the motor 16 employs a drive gear 22 to selectively rotate filter wheel 12 so as to change the filter 14 interposed between the light source 1 and the aperture 3.
- the filters 14 are held on filter wheel 12 via chambers 24 which are formed within the filter wheel 12. As shown in more detail in Figure 4, the chambers 24 in filter wheel 12 are radially offset from rotational axis R to facilitate selective interposition of one of the filters 14 between the light source 1 and the aperture 3.
- Microswitch 20 is located in a recess in the circumference of filter wheel 12. Each chamber 24 is associated with at least one and preferably two recess locating points on the filter wheel 12 for selection and positioning by microswitch 20.
- Each filter 14 may be composed of one or more individual filter elements 15. As shown in Figures 1 and 5, the filters 14 include a stack of separate filter elements 15 in each chamber 24. The number of filter elements 15 may vary between each filter 14 from four filter elements up to ten filter elements 15 (see Figure 5) at a time. Moreover, the filter elements 15 can be coated on one or both of their sides. Figure 5 also shows the filter wheel 12 in more detail, the filter wheel 12 having an end plate 28 which holds the filter elements 15 within chambers 24 via screws 29.
- the filter housing 10 operates as follows.
- control unit 18 activates the stepping motor 16 so as to rotate filter wheel 12 about axis R, selectively interposing one filter 14 between the light source 1 and aperture 3 to achieve the desired lighting effect.
- control unit 18 is activated, and as described before, filter wheel 12 rotates about axis R, selectively rotating chamber 24 until the required filter 14 is interposed between light source 1 and aperture 3.
- the aperture 3 is formed integrally with filter housing 10.
- more than one aperture 3 may be provided so that there is an aperture 3 associated with each chamber 24.
- the aperture 3 is located in the filter housing 10 so as to correspond with the chamber 24 containing filter 14.
- a recessed portion 26 is provided in the filter housing 10 around aperture 3 so that the lens 5, when positioned closely adjacent to aperture 3, nests in the recess portion 26.
- the recessed portion 26 is also shaped to correspond with the shape of the lens 5.
- the aperture 3 is located on the opposite side of filter housing 10 to filter 14 (and chamber 24) interposed between light source 1 and aperture 3.
- Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the filter housing 10, where there is no integrally formed aperture. Rather, a separate housing or frame can be provided in the spotlight for the aperture. Providing a separate housing for the aperture allows the aperture to be adjustable so as to vary the output light beam width. In the case of the embodiment of Figure 1, an adjustable aperture may be provided by providing apertures of differing diameters associated with different chambers 24 in the filter housing 10.
- FIGS 8A and 8B show a further preferred embodiment of the invention employing a second lens 7 as discussed in relation to Figure 2B.
- filter housing 10 is connected to a lens mounting 40 via rods 42.
- the lens mounting 40 has lens holders 44, 46 for the lens 5 and second lens 7, respectively.
- An end frame 48 is provided for supporting the lens mounting 40.
- Both lens holders 44, 46 are moveable along rods 42, allowing the lens 5 and second lens 7 to move simultaneously.
- the rods 42 may be provided with helical tracks of different pitches to cause the lens holders 44, 46 to move at different rates. This allows for adjustment of the focus of the spotlight at different distances.
- Figures 9A and 9B illustrate an assembled version of the preferred embodiment wherein light source 1, filter housing 10 (with filter wheel 12), lens mounting 40 (holders 44, 46 and end frame 48) are connected with an end plate 50 to form a single assembly which can be installed in a spotlight housing.
- the invention is applicable to spotlights in a variety of uses where powerful illumination is required for an output light beam of variable width.
- the invention can be applied to spotlights for search and rescue operations, security lighting, and lighting in entertainment industry.
- the invention may be used in conjunction with the filter housing for the entertainment industry in providing the ability to use different coloured lights from the same spotlight as well as for security or military applications in providing green light, full covert or infrared (LR) covert light for the same spotlight.
- LR infrared
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03793500A EP1537355A4 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2003-09-08 | A spotlight |
AU2003258362A AU2003258362A1 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2003-09-08 | A spotlight |
US10/527,273 US20060104063A1 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2003-09-08 | Spotlight |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2002951304 | 2002-09-09 | ||
AU2002951304A AU2002951304A0 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2002-09-09 | A spotlight |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004023036A1 true WO2004023036A1 (en) | 2004-03-18 |
WO2004023036A8 WO2004023036A8 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
Family
ID=27792578
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU2003/001172 WO2004023036A1 (en) | 2002-09-09 | 2003-09-08 | A spotlight |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1537355A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002951304A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004023036A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITMI20101614A1 (en) * | 2010-09-07 | 2012-03-08 | Clay Paky Spa | STAGE PROJECTOR |
US8905587B1 (en) | 2011-08-09 | 2014-12-09 | The Boeing Company | Internal covert IR filter for searchlight systems |
CN106523996A (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2017-03-22 | 华强方特(芜湖)文化科技有限公司 | Secondary guide control device for lamplight |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3594566A (en) * | 1969-10-13 | 1971-07-20 | Kneisley Electronic Co | Light projector |
US4232359A (en) * | 1979-04-09 | 1980-11-04 | Berkey-Colortran, Inc. | Spotlight or other illuminator |
US4462067A (en) * | 1983-04-08 | 1984-07-24 | Altman Stage Lighting Co., Inc. | Spotlight and adjusting system |
US4519020A (en) * | 1983-11-14 | 1985-05-21 | Little William D | Variable magnification stage light |
US4745531A (en) * | 1985-05-31 | 1988-05-17 | Cameleon | Lighting device with all parameters adjustable simultaneously, in particular for use as a stage light |
EP0565218A2 (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1993-10-13 | Vari-Lite, Inc. | Colour wheel assembly for lighting equipment |
US6092914A (en) * | 1998-06-22 | 2000-07-25 | Electronics Theatre Controls | Zoom lighting fixture having multifunction actuator |
WO2000049334A1 (en) * | 1999-02-15 | 2000-08-24 | Reuven Avital | A light source |
-
2002
- 2002-09-09 AU AU2002951304A patent/AU2002951304A0/en not_active Abandoned
-
2003
- 2003-09-08 WO PCT/AU2003/001172 patent/WO2004023036A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-09-08 EP EP03793500A patent/EP1537355A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3594566A (en) * | 1969-10-13 | 1971-07-20 | Kneisley Electronic Co | Light projector |
US4232359A (en) * | 1979-04-09 | 1980-11-04 | Berkey-Colortran, Inc. | Spotlight or other illuminator |
US4462067A (en) * | 1983-04-08 | 1984-07-24 | Altman Stage Lighting Co., Inc. | Spotlight and adjusting system |
US4519020A (en) * | 1983-11-14 | 1985-05-21 | Little William D | Variable magnification stage light |
US4745531A (en) * | 1985-05-31 | 1988-05-17 | Cameleon | Lighting device with all parameters adjustable simultaneously, in particular for use as a stage light |
EP0565218A2 (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1993-10-13 | Vari-Lite, Inc. | Colour wheel assembly for lighting equipment |
US6092914A (en) * | 1998-06-22 | 2000-07-25 | Electronics Theatre Controls | Zoom lighting fixture having multifunction actuator |
WO2000049334A1 (en) * | 1999-02-15 | 2000-08-24 | Reuven Avital | A light source |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITMI20101614A1 (en) * | 2010-09-07 | 2012-03-08 | Clay Paky Spa | STAGE PROJECTOR |
US8684561B2 (en) | 2010-09-07 | 2014-04-01 | Clay Paky S.P.A. | Stage lighting fixture |
US9222649B2 (en) | 2010-09-07 | 2015-12-29 | Clay Paky S.P.A. | Stage lighting fixture |
US8905587B1 (en) | 2011-08-09 | 2014-12-09 | The Boeing Company | Internal covert IR filter for searchlight systems |
CN106523996A (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2017-03-22 | 华强方特(芜湖)文化科技有限公司 | Secondary guide control device for lamplight |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1537355A1 (en) | 2005-06-08 |
AU2002951304A0 (en) | 2002-09-26 |
EP1537355A4 (en) | 2006-03-15 |
WO2004023036A8 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
USRE40015E1 (en) | Lighting device with beam altering mechanism incorporating a plurality of light sources | |
US6364506B1 (en) | Adjustable up-angle led lantern utilizing a minimal number of light emitting diodes | |
JP2649423B2 (en) | Variable beam width stage lights | |
US6866401B2 (en) | Zoomable spot module | |
EP2025995B1 (en) | Variable optics spot module | |
CN100498052C (en) | Flashlight | |
EP1384941B1 (en) | Spotlight with perimetrical delimitation of the emitted light beam | |
US7690806B2 (en) | Illuminating headlamp providing substantially uniform illumination | |
WO1999006758B1 (en) | Light fixture with elliptical reflector and mechanical shutter dimmer | |
JPH05198201A (en) | Outdoor luminaire | |
WO2005093319A1 (en) | Floodlight with variable beam | |
EP1844262B1 (en) | Optical system for a wash light | |
US6572246B1 (en) | Lighting device | |
US6513954B2 (en) | Rainbow projection light | |
EP2550673B1 (en) | Plasma light source automated luminaire | |
EP1537355A1 (en) | A spotlight | |
US20060104063A1 (en) | Spotlight | |
AU2003258362A1 (en) | A spotlight | |
CN107526129B (en) | Light irradiation device and optical fiber path used for the same | |
US5384881A (en) | Multi-lens fiber optic luminaire | |
EP3176496B1 (en) | Lighting device | |
US11959630B2 (en) | Lighting device with motorised collimation control | |
KR101683149B1 (en) | Optical illuminating apparatus having multi-focal point | |
RU2253887C2 (en) | Linear light-emitting diode array | |
WO2006114744A2 (en) | Illumination system |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2003258362 Country of ref document: AU |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2003793500 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2003793500 Country of ref document: EP |
|
CFP | Corrected version of a pamphlet front page | ||
CR1 | Correction of entry in section i |
Free format text: IN PCT GAZETTE 12/2004 UNDER (30) REPLACE "2003951304" BY "2002951304" |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2006104063 Country of ref document: US Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 10527273 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 10527273 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: JP |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Country of ref document: JP |