WO2003071225A1 - Thermally compensated test piece for coordinate measuring machines - Google Patents

Thermally compensated test piece for coordinate measuring machines Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003071225A1
WO2003071225A1 PCT/EP2003/001508 EP0301508W WO03071225A1 WO 2003071225 A1 WO2003071225 A1 WO 2003071225A1 EP 0301508 W EP0301508 W EP 0301508W WO 03071225 A1 WO03071225 A1 WO 03071225A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
elements
test specimen
fastening
shaped
specimen according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2003/001508
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean Blondeau
Original Assignee
Metronom Gmbh Industrial Measurements
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Metronom Gmbh Industrial Measurements filed Critical Metronom Gmbh Industrial Measurements
Priority to US10/505,345 priority Critical patent/US7188428B2/en
Priority to AU2003210275A priority patent/AU2003210275A1/en
Priority to CA2476753A priority patent/CA2476753C/en
Publication of WO2003071225A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003071225A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
    • G01B21/02—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness
    • G01B21/04—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness by measuring coordinates of points
    • G01B21/042—Calibration or calibration artifacts
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B1/00—Measuring instruments characterised by the selection of material therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a test specimen with at least two shaped contact elements and with at least one connecting element for connecting the at least two shaped contact elements, each connecting element having at least one fastening element for fastening a shaped contact element at one end of the connecting element.
  • test specimen is known from DE 199 15 012.
  • Test specimens are generally used for the setting and monitoring of spatially positioning or measuring systems, in particular of mobile coordinate measuring systems. They usually consist of reference elements, so-called probing elements, which are connected to one another by connecting elements and have precisely defined distances from one another. A coordinate measuring system is checked by determining the relative positions of the probing elements. The relative distances thus obtained are compared with the actual distances of the test specimen.
  • Test specimens should meet various requirements. On the one hand, the properties of a test specimen should not change, or should change only slightly, under standard measuring conditions, i.e. at temperatures between -20 ° Celsius and +70 ° Celsius and an air humidity between 0% and 100%. This means in particular that the relative positions of the probing elements should not change significantly with changes in temperature or air humidity under standard measuring conditions. On the other hand, a test specimen should be able to be transported with economically justifiable effort so that it can be used to monitor mobile devices suitable. Therefore, a test specimen must not have a high weight and should also be easy to assemble and disassemble.
  • the test specimen described in DE 199 15 012 comprises spherical shaped contact elements and rod-shaped connecting elements.
  • a total of a tetrahedron is formed by the probe shaped elements and the connecting elements, at the corners of which the probe shaped elements are arranged.
  • the material and / or the dimensioning of the probing elements and the material and / or the dimensioning of the connecting elements are coordinated with one another in such a way that the distance between two probing points does not essentially change under standard measuring conditions. This is achieved in that the probing elements have a material with a positive or negative coefficient of linear expansion and the connecting elements have a material with a negative or positive coefficient of linear expansion under standard measuring conditions, so that the respective length contractions or dilations are compensated for.
  • the connecting elements consist, for example, of carbon fiber composite materials or glass ceramic material.
  • connection elements consist of a fiber composite material in which layers of peripheral windings and cross windings alternate, the cross windings being wound with a fiber which has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion.
  • the balls are made of a material that has a positive coefficient of thermal expansion.
  • a first disadvantage of the cited prior art is that the material and / or the dimensions of the entire connecting element must be selected in such a way that expansion or contraction of the shaped probe elements is compensated for. Thus, the choice of material and in particular the dimensions of the connecting element are severely restricted.
  • a further disadvantage is that materials with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion in particular are generally expensive to produce, which results in a high price for the test element.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to overcome the disadvantages mentioned and to provide a test specimen which is suitable for precise checking, in particular of mobile coordinate measuring machines, but in which the material and / or the dimensions of the connecting elements no longer depend primarily on the material and / or the dimensions of the probing elements must be selected.
  • the test specimen according to the invention comprises at least two probing elements and at least one connecting element for connecting the at least two probing elements, each connecting element having at least one fastening element for fastening a probing element at one end of the connecting element, characterized in that that changes in length of the at least two probing elements and / or of the at least one connecting element are compensated for by each fastening element such that the distance between two probing points is essentially constant under standard measuring conditions.
  • test specimen changes in length of the shaped contact elements and / or the connecting elements are compensated for by the fastening elements. This ensures a high level of accuracy when checking coordinate measuring machines in particular.
  • material and / or dimensions of the shaped scanning elements and the connecting elements can largely be chosen freely. If an expensive material with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion is chosen for a fastening element, the amount of material required is considerably less than if an entire connecting element had to be made from it.
  • the test specimen according to the invention thus results in significantly greater flexibility in the choice of materials and / or dimensions; in addition, the manufacturing costs can be reduced.
  • Each fastening element of a test specimen according to the invention preferably comprises a material with a positive or negative thermal coefficient of longitudinal expansion and the shape and / or dimensioning of each fastening element is selected such that changes in length of each probe element and / or each connecting element are compensated for under standard measuring conditions.
  • each fastening element can also comprise a material with a positive coefficient of linear expansion.
  • the shape and / or dimensioning of the fastening element can then be selected such that the length dilatations of the probe shaped elements and / connecting elements are compensated for in the event of a positive temperature change under standard measuring conditions. In this case, the use of expensive materials with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion is eliminated.
  • each fastening element comprises a first sub-element made of a first material and a second sub-element made of a second material, each fastening element being arranged on the connecting element and the shape and / or dimensioning of the two sub-elements being selected such that that changes in length of each probe element and / or each connecting element are compensated for under standard measuring conditions.
  • the first partial element is designed as a hollow body, in particular in the form of a sleeve.
  • a simple mechanism for compensating changes in length of the connecting elements and probing elements can thus be obtained.
  • the fastening element can, for example, be arranged on the connecting element or also within the connecting element or around the connecting element.
  • the connecting elements of a test specimen are preferably rod-shaped. This makes it easy to check the changes in length.
  • a comparatively rough positioning of the connecting elements can lead to relatively precise positions of the scanning form elements with respect to one another.
  • the fastening elements are preferably connected to the connecting elements in such a way that on the one hand an accurate and firm positioning can be achieved, but on the other hand excessive tensions or explosive effects in the materials can also be avoided in the event of length dilatations or contractions.
  • the connection can be achieved, for example, by gluing or brazing.
  • the shaped probe elements are spherical.
  • the centers or centers of gravity of the probing elements in this case the balls, can advantageously lie on the extensions of the axes of the rod-shaped connecting elements.
  • the center points of the balls can form the touch points. In this way, the relative position of the probing elements or the probing points can be determined with high accuracy.
  • the sections of the fastening elements in particular the end surfaces to which the shaped probe elements are attached, can be designed conically, preferably adapted to the radius of the spherical shaped probe elements. This means that the positioning accuracy of the probing elements with respect to the fastening and connecting elements can be further increased.
  • the shaped contact elements and the fastening elements can be releasably connected to one another.
  • the releasable connection is realized by magnetic forces.
  • the fastening elements can comprise magnets. These can be glued or soldered to the fastening element, for example.
  • the shaped probe elements can consist of magnetic material or also have magnets.
  • At least one shaped probe element is connected to at least two connecting elements.
  • test specimens with different geometries can be obtained.
  • a possible example is a test specimen composed of three probing elements, three fastening elements and two connecting elements, the probing elements lying in one axis and the outer probing elements being connected to the inner probe element via a respective connecting element.
  • the connecting elements form the edges and the probing elements form the corners of a tetrahedron.
  • Such a test specimen geometry allows for easy setup.
  • all probing elements are accessible with just a single stylus.
  • Figure 1 is a (not to scale) cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of a fastener according to the invention with a connecting and a probe element and
  • Figure 2 is a (not to scale) cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of a fastener according to the invention with a connecting and a probe element.
  • FIG. 1 shows a fastening element which is embedded in a connecting element 11.
  • the end of the connecting element 11 was hollowed out, so that a cavity 16 is formed.
  • the entire connecting element can also be hollow.
  • the fastening element comprises a hollow body in the form of a sleeve 14, a first partial element which is glued to the inside of the fastening element 11 at points 15 at the upper edge.
  • This connection can either be located only at a few punctiform points or, for example, run around the entire sleeve in a narrow area at the upper edge. The smaller the bonded area, the less tension occurs during contractions and dilatations.
  • the sleeve 14 there is a second sub-element 13 on which the spherical shaped contact element 12 with contact point P is arranged.
  • the sub-element 13 is glued to the base of the sleeve 14 on its base. This can be done via a layer 17 or only at individual points.
  • the sub-element 13 can also be connected to the sleeve 14 at other points in addition or instead and with other connecting devices.
  • the sub-element 13 is preferably a magnet, and the probe shaped element 12 consists of a magnetic material.
  • the shaped contact element 12 is detachably connected to the fastening element, which in this exemplary embodiment comprises the partial elements 13 and 14.
  • both the connecting element 11, the probe shaped element 12, the magnet 13 and the sleeve-shaped partial element 14 can have a positive thermal length coefficient. With a positive temperature change, all materials then undergo length dilation. However, the sleeve-shaped part element 14 extends along the rod axis 10 into the connecting element 11. If the dimension of the sleeve-shaped partial element 14 is now selected appropriately, the expansion of the other elements can be compensated for so that the distance between two probing points remains essentially constant. This compensation mechanism works for different combinations of thermal expansion coefficients.
  • the magnet 13 can have a vanishing expansion coefficient, the probe element 12 a positive and the connecting element 11 a negative coefficient of expansion, but an expansion of the probe element 12 is only partially compensated for by the corresponding contraction of the connecting element 11.
  • the first partial element, the hollow body 14, it is not necessary for the first partial element, the hollow body 14, to be connected to the connecting element 11 at the upper edge.
  • the connection must be such that a compensating expansion of the hollow body 14 along the rod axis is possible.
  • the fastening element is applied to one end of the connecting element 21.
  • the fastening element comprises an outer hollow body 28 which is glued to the connecting element 21 at the points 29.
  • An inner hollow body 24 is located within the outer hollow body 28, a cavity 26 remaining between the inner and outer hollow body. In contrast to that shown in the figure, there may also be a space between the side walls of the two hollow bodies, so that the hollow bodies can also expand unhindered in directions perpendicular to the rod axis 20.
  • the two hollow bodies are connected to one another at points 25 via an adhesive layer.
  • the inner hollow body can also be plugged onto the outer hollow body in such a way that no gluing is necessary.
  • a magnet 23 can be located within the inner hollow body 24, which in the exemplary embodiment shown is connected to the inner hollow body 24 via an adhesive layer 27.
  • a magnetic contact element 22 with contact point P is detachably attached to this magnet 23.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices With Unspecified Measuring Means (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a test piece that comprises at least two shaped probe elements (12) and at least one connecting element (11) for connecting the at least two shaped probe elements. Each connecting element is provided with at least one fastening element for fastening a shaped probe element to an end of the connecting element. The test piece is thermally compensated, i.e. the distance of the shaped probe elements (12) remains constant across a wide temperature range. Thermal compensation is ensured by the fastening element for which, for example, only materials having a positive coefficient of thermal expansion can be used.

Description

THERMISCH KOMPENSIERTER PRÜFKÖRPER FÜR KOORDINATENMESSMASCHINEN THERMALLY COMPENSATED TEST BODY FOR COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
Gebiet der ErfindungField of the Invention
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Prüfkörper mit mindestens zwei Antastformelementen und mit mindestens einem Verbindungselement zur Verbindung der mindestens zwei Antastformelemente, wobei jedes Verbindungselement mindestens ein Befestigungselement zur Befestigung eines Antastformelements an einem Ende des Verbindungselement aufweist.The invention relates to a test specimen with at least two shaped contact elements and with at least one connecting element for connecting the at least two shaped contact elements, each connecting element having at least one fastening element for fastening a shaped contact element at one end of the connecting element.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Ein derartiger Prüfkörper ist aus DE 199 15 012 bekannt.Such a test specimen is known from DE 199 15 012.
Prüfkörper dienen im Allgemeinen der Einstellung und der Überwachung von räumlich positionierenden bzw. messenden Systemen, insbesondere von mobilen Koordina- tenmeßsystemen. Sie bestehen gewöhnlich aus Referenzelementen, sogenannten Antastformelementen, die durch Verbindungselemente miteinander verbunden sind und genau definierte Abstände voneinander aufweisen. Ein Koordinatenmeßsystem wird überprüft, indem mit ihm die relativen Positionen der Antastformelemente bestimmt werden. Die somit erhaltenen relativen Abstände werden mit den tatsächlichen Abständen des Prüfkörpers verglichen.Test specimens are generally used for the setting and monitoring of spatially positioning or measuring systems, in particular of mobile coordinate measuring systems. They usually consist of reference elements, so-called probing elements, which are connected to one another by connecting elements and have precisely defined distances from one another. A coordinate measuring system is checked by determining the relative positions of the probing elements. The relative distances thus obtained are compared with the actual distances of the test specimen.
Prüfkörper sollten verschiedene Anforderungen erfüllen. Zum einen sollten sich die Eigenschaften eines Prüfkörpers bei Standardmessbedingungen, also bei Temperaturen zwischen -20 ° Celsius und +70 ° Celsius und einer Luftfeuchtigkeit zwischen 0 % und 100 %, nicht oder nur unwesentlich ändern. Dies bedeutet insbesondere, dass sich die relativen Positionen der Antastformelemente bei Änderungen der Temperatur oder der Luftfeuchtigkeit bei Standardmessbedingungen nicht wesentlich verändern sollten. Zum anderen sollte ein Prüfkörper mit wirtschaftlich vertretbaren Aufwand transportiert werden können, damit er sich zur Überwachung von mobilen Geräten eignet. Daher darf ein Prüfkörper kein hohes Eigengewicht aufweisen und sollte auch einfach montier- und demontierbar sein.Test specimens should meet various requirements. On the one hand, the properties of a test specimen should not change, or should change only slightly, under standard measuring conditions, i.e. at temperatures between -20 ° Celsius and +70 ° Celsius and an air humidity between 0% and 100%. This means in particular that the relative positions of the probing elements should not change significantly with changes in temperature or air humidity under standard measuring conditions. On the other hand, a test specimen should be able to be transported with economically justifiable effort so that it can be used to monitor mobile devices suitable. Therefore, a test specimen must not have a high weight and should also be easy to assemble and disassemble.
Der in DE 199 15 012 beschriebene Prüfkörper umfasst kugelförmige Antastformelemente und stabförmige Verbindungselemente. Durch die Antastformelemente und die Verbindungselemente wird insgesamt ein Tetraeder gebildet, an dessen Ecken die Antastformelemente angeordnet sind. Das Material und/oder die Bemessung der Antastformelemente und das Material und/oder die Bemessung der Verbindungselemente sind derart aufeinander abgestimmt, dass sich der Abstand zwischen jeweils zwei Antastpunkten bei Standardmessbedingungen im Wesentlichen nicht ändert. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, dass die Antastformelemente ein Material mit positivem oder negativem Längenausdehnungskoeffizienten und die Verbindungselemente ein Material mit negativem bzw. positivem Längenausdehnungskoeffizienten bei Standardmessbedingungen aufweisen, so dass sich die jeweiligen Längenkontraktionen oder - dilatationen kompensieren. Die Verbindungselemente bestehen beispielsweise aus Kohlenstofffaserverbundwerkstoffe oder Glaskeramik-Werkstoff.The test specimen described in DE 199 15 012 comprises spherical shaped contact elements and rod-shaped connecting elements. A total of a tetrahedron is formed by the probe shaped elements and the connecting elements, at the corners of which the probe shaped elements are arranged. The material and / or the dimensioning of the probing elements and the material and / or the dimensioning of the connecting elements are coordinated with one another in such a way that the distance between two probing points does not essentially change under standard measuring conditions. This is achieved in that the probing elements have a material with a positive or negative coefficient of linear expansion and the connecting elements have a material with a negative or positive coefficient of linear expansion under standard measuring conditions, so that the respective length contractions or dilations are compensated for. The connecting elements consist, for example, of carbon fiber composite materials or glass ceramic material.
Ein weiterer Prüfkörper ist aus EP 0 350 532 bekannt. Dort bestehen die Verbindungselemente aus einem Faserverbundwerkstoff, bei dem sich Schichten aus Um- fangswicklungen und Kreuzwicklungen abwechseln, wobei die Kreuzwicklungen mit einer Faser gewickelt sind, die einen negativen Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten hat. Die Kugeln bestehen dagegen aus einem Werkstoff, der einen positiven Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten hat.Another test specimen is known from EP 0 350 532. There the connecting elements consist of a fiber composite material in which layers of peripheral windings and cross windings alternate, the cross windings being wound with a fiber which has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion. The balls, on the other hand, are made of a material that has a positive coefficient of thermal expansion.
Ein erster Nachteil des genannten Standes der Technik besteht darin, dass das Material und/oder die Bemessungen des gesamten Verbindungselementes so gewählt werden müssen, dass Ausdehnungen oder Kontraktionen der Antastformelemente kompensiert werden. Somit ist man bei der Wahl des Materials und insbesondere der Abmessungen des Verbindungselementes stark eingeschränkt. Als weiterer Nachteil kommt hinzu, dass speziell Materialien mit negativem Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten im Allgemeinen teuer in der Herstellung sind, woraus sich ein hoher Preis für das Prüfungselement ergibt. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es daher, die genannten Nachteile zu überwinden und einen Prüfkörper bereitzustellen, der sich zur genauen Überprüfung insbesondere von mobilen Koordinatenmessgeräten eignet, bei dem aber das Material und/oder die Abmessungen der Verbindungselemente nicht mehr in erster Linie abhängig vom Material und/oder den Abmessungen der Antastformelemente gewählt werden muss.A first disadvantage of the cited prior art is that the material and / or the dimensions of the entire connecting element must be selected in such a way that expansion or contraction of the shaped probe elements is compensated for. Thus, the choice of material and in particular the dimensions of the connecting element are severely restricted. A further disadvantage is that materials with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion in particular are generally expensive to produce, which results in a high price for the test element. The object of the invention is therefore to overcome the disadvantages mentioned and to provide a test specimen which is suitable for precise checking, in particular of mobile coordinate measuring machines, but in which the material and / or the dimensions of the connecting elements no longer depend primarily on the material and / or the dimensions of the probing elements must be selected.
Beschreibung der ErfindungDescription of the invention
Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch einen Prüfkörper gemäß Anspruch 1. Demgemäss umfasst der erfindungsgemäße Prüfkörper mindestens zwei Antastformelemente und mindestens ein Verbindungselement zur Verbindung der mindestens zwei Antastformelemente, wobei jedes Verbindungselement mindestens ein Befestigungselement zur Befestigung eines Antastformelementes an einem Ende des Verbindungselements aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Längenveränderungen der mindestens zwei Antastformelemente und/oder des mindestens einen Verbindungselementes durch jedes Befestigungselement derart kompensiert werden, dass der Abstand zwischen jeweils zwei Antastpunkten bei Standardmessbedingungen im Wesentlichen konstant ist.This object is achieved by a test specimen according to claim 1. Accordingly, the test specimen according to the invention comprises at least two probing elements and at least one connecting element for connecting the at least two probing elements, each connecting element having at least one fastening element for fastening a probing element at one end of the connecting element, characterized in that that changes in length of the at least two probing elements and / or of the at least one connecting element are compensated for by each fastening element such that the distance between two probing points is essentially constant under standard measuring conditions.
Der Vorteil eines solchen Prüfkörpers besteht darin, dass Längenveränderungen der Antastformelemente und/oder der Verbindungselemente durch die Befestigungselemente kompensiert werden. Dadurch wird eine hohe Genauigkeit bei der Überprüfung insbesondere von Koordinatenmessgeräten erreicht. Außerdem können Material und/oder Abmessungen der Abtastformelemente und der Verbindungselemente weitgehend frei gewählt werden. Falls für ein Befestigungselement ein teures Material mit einem negativen Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten gewählt wird, ist die erforderliche Materialmenge wesentlich geringer, als wenn ein ganzes Verbindungselement daraus gefertigt werden müsste. Somit ergibt sich durch den erfindungsgemäßen Prüfkörper ein wesentlich größere Flexibilität in der Wahl der Materialien und/oder Bemessungen; zusätzlich können die Herstellungskosten verringert werden. Vorzugsweise umfasst jedes Befestigungselement eines erfindungsgemäßen Prüfkörpers ein Material mit einem positivem oder negativem thermischen Längeausdehnungskoeffizienten und ist die Form und/oder Bemessung jedes Befestigungselementes so gewählt, dass Längenänderungen jedes Antastformelementes und/oder jedes Verbindungselementes bei Standardmessbedingungen kompensiert werden.The advantage of such a test specimen is that changes in length of the shaped contact elements and / or the connecting elements are compensated for by the fastening elements. This ensures a high level of accuracy when checking coordinate measuring machines in particular. In addition, the material and / or dimensions of the shaped scanning elements and the connecting elements can largely be chosen freely. If an expensive material with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion is chosen for a fastening element, the amount of material required is considerably less than if an entire connecting element had to be made from it. The test specimen according to the invention thus results in significantly greater flexibility in the choice of materials and / or dimensions; in addition, the manufacturing costs can be reduced. Each fastening element of a test specimen according to the invention preferably comprises a material with a positive or negative thermal coefficient of longitudinal expansion and the shape and / or dimensioning of each fastening element is selected such that changes in length of each probe element and / or each connecting element are compensated for under standard measuring conditions.
Also kann beispielsweise bei Antastformelementen und Verbindungselementen mit positiven thermischen Längenausdehnungskoeffizienten auch jedes Befestigungselement ein Material mit einem positiven Längenausdehnungskoeffizienten umfassen. Die Form und/oder Bemessung des Befestigungselements kann dann so gewählt werden, dass bei einer positiven Temperaturänderung bei Standardmessbedingungen die Längendilatationen der Antastformelemente und/Verbindungselemente kompensiert werden. In diesem Fall entfällt somit die Verwendung von teuren Materialien mit negativem Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten.Thus, for example in the case of shaped contact elements and connecting elements with positive coefficients of thermal expansion, each fastening element can also comprise a material with a positive coefficient of linear expansion. The shape and / or dimensioning of the fastening element can then be selected such that the length dilatations of the probe shaped elements and / connecting elements are compensated for in the event of a positive temperature change under standard measuring conditions. In this case, the use of expensive materials with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion is eliminated.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der vorher beschriebenen Prüfkörper umfasst jedes Befestigungselement ein erstes Teilelement aus einem ersten Material und ein zweites Teilelement aus einem zweiten Material, wobei jedes Befestigungselement derart an dem Verbindungselement angeordnet ist und die Form und/oder Bemessung der beiden Teilelemente so gewählt ist, dass Längenänderungen jedes Antastformelements und/oder jedes Verbindungselements bei Standardmessbedingungen kompensiert werden.According to an advantageous development of the test specimens described above, each fastening element comprises a first sub-element made of a first material and a second sub-element made of a second material, each fastening element being arranged on the connecting element and the shape and / or dimensioning of the two sub-elements being selected such that that changes in length of each probe element and / or each connecting element are compensated for under standard measuring conditions.
Auf diese vorteilhafte Weise ist es möglich durch ein Befestigungselement, das ein Material mit einem positiven Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten umfasst, Längenveränderungen von Antastformelementen und/oder Verbindungselementen mit positivem Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten zu kompensieren.In this advantageous manner, it is possible to compensate for changes in length of shaped probe elements and / or connecting elements with a positive thermal expansion coefficient by means of a fastening element which comprises a material with a positive thermal expansion coefficient.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung wird das erste Teilelement als Hohlkörper, insbesondere in Form einer Hülse, ausgebildet. Damit kann ein einfacher Mechanismus zur Kompensation von Längenveränderungen der Verbindungselemente und Antastformelemente erhalten werden. Das Befestigungselement kann bspw. auf dem Verbindungselement oder auch innerhalb des Verbindungselements oder um das Verbindungselement herum angeordnet sein. Vorzugsweise sind die Verbindungselemente eines Prüfkörpers stabförmig ausgebildet. Damit ist in einfacher Weise eine Kontrolle der Längenveränderungen möglich. Außerdem kann in diesem Fall bereits ein vergleichsweise grobes Positionieren der Verbindungselemente zu relative genauen Positionen der Abtastformelemente zueinander führen.According to an advantageous development, the first partial element is designed as a hollow body, in particular in the form of a sleeve. A simple mechanism for compensating changes in length of the connecting elements and probing elements can thus be obtained. The fastening element can, for example, be arranged on the connecting element or also within the connecting element or around the connecting element. The connecting elements of a test specimen are preferably rod-shaped. This makes it easy to check the changes in length. In addition, in this case, a comparatively rough positioning of the connecting elements can lead to relatively precise positions of the scanning form elements with respect to one another.
Vorzugsweise werden die Befestigungselemente so mit den Verbindungselementen verbunden, dass einerseits eine genaue und feste Positionierung erreicht werden kann, andererseits aber auch bei Längendilatationen oder -kontraktionen übermäßige Spannungen oder Sprengeffekte in den Materialien vermieden werden. Das Verbinden kann bspw. durch Verkleben oder Hartlöten erreicht werden.The fastening elements are preferably connected to the connecting elements in such a way that on the one hand an accurate and firm positioning can be achieved, but on the other hand excessive tensions or explosive effects in the materials can also be avoided in the event of length dilatations or contractions. The connection can be achieved, for example, by gluing or brazing.
Vorteilhafterweise sind die Antastformelemente kugelförmig ausgebildet. Die Mittelpunkte oder Schwerpunkte der Antastformelemente, in diesem Fall der Kugeln, können vorteilhafterweise auf den Verlängerungen der Achsen der stabförmigen Verbindungselemente liegen. Die Mittelpunkte der Kugeln können die Antastpunkte bilden. Auf diese Weise kann die relative Position der Antastformelemente bzw. der Antastpunkte mit hoher Genauigkeit festgelegt werden.Advantageously, the shaped probe elements are spherical. The centers or centers of gravity of the probing elements, in this case the balls, can advantageously lie on the extensions of the axes of the rod-shaped connecting elements. The center points of the balls can form the touch points. In this way, the relative position of the probing elements or the probing points can be determined with high accuracy.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung können die Abschnitte der Befestigungselemente, insbesondere die Endflächen, an denen die Antastformelemente angebracht werden, kegelförmig, vorzugsweise dem Radius der kugelförmigen Antastformelemente angepasst, ausgebildet werden. Dies führt dazu, dass die Positionierungsgenauigkeit der Antastformelemente bezüglich der Befestigungs- und Verbindungselemente weiter gesteigert werden kann.According to an advantageous development, the sections of the fastening elements, in particular the end surfaces to which the shaped probe elements are attached, can be designed conically, preferably adapted to the radius of the spherical shaped probe elements. This means that the positioning accuracy of the probing elements with respect to the fastening and connecting elements can be further increased.
Es ist von Vorteil, wenn die Antastformelemente und die Befestigungselemente miteinander lösbar verbindbar sind. Gemäß einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung wird die lösbare Verbindung durch Magnetkräfte realisiert. Hierdurch wird ein Mechanismus zur Verfügung gestellt, der ein besonders einfaches Montieren und Demontieren des Prüfkörpers erlaubt und damit einen vereinfachten Transport des Prüfkörpers an seinen Einsatzort ermöglicht. Zur Ausbildung der magnetischen Verbindung können die Befestigungselemente Magnete umfassen. Diese können bspw. in dem Befestigungselement verklebt oder angelötet angeordnet sein. Bei dieser Weiterbildung können die Antastformelemente aus magnetischem Material bestehen oder ebenfalls Magnete aufweisen.It is advantageous if the shaped contact elements and the fastening elements can be releasably connected to one another. According to a preferred development, the releasable connection is realized by magnetic forces. In this way, a mechanism is made available which allows the test specimen to be assembled and disassembled in a particularly simple manner and thus enables the test specimen to be transported more easily to its place of use. To form the magnetic connection, the fastening elements can comprise magnets. These can be glued or soldered to the fastening element, for example. In this development, the shaped probe elements can consist of magnetic material or also have magnets.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung aller vorher beschriebenen Prüfkörper ist mindestens ein Antastformelement mit mindestens zwei Verbindungselementen verbunden. Auf diese Weise können Prüfkörper mit verschiedenen Geometrien erhalten werden. Ein mögliches Beispiel ist ein Prüfkörper aus drei Antastformelementen, drei Befestigungselementen und zwei Verbindungselementen, wobei die Antastformelemente in einer Achse liegen und die äußeren Antastformelemente über jeweils ein Verbindungselement mit dem inneren Antastformelement verbunden sind.According to an advantageous development of all the test specimens described above, at least one shaped probe element is connected to at least two connecting elements. In this way, test specimens with different geometries can be obtained. A possible example is a test specimen composed of three probing elements, three fastening elements and two connecting elements, the probing elements lying in one axis and the outer probing elements being connected to the inner probe element via a respective connecting element.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung dieses Prüfkörpers bilden die Verbindungselemente die Kanten und die Antastformelemente die Ecken eines Tetraeders. Eine solche Prüfkörpergeometrie erlaubt ein einfaches Aufstellen. Außerdem sind wegen der Tetraederform alle Antastformelemente mit nur einem einzigen Taststift zugänglich.According to an advantageous development of this test specimen, the connecting elements form the edges and the probing elements form the corners of a tetrahedron. Such a test specimen geometry allows for easy setup. In addition, due to the tetrahedron shape, all probing elements are accessible with just a single stylus.
Weitere Vorteile ergeben sich aus der folgenden Beschreibung spezieller Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung und der Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungen. In den Zeichnungen zeigen:Further advantages result from the following description of specific exemplary embodiments of the invention and the reference to the drawings. The drawings show:
Figur 1 eine (nicht maßstabsgetreue) Querschnittsansicht eines ersten Ausführungsbeispiels eines erfindungsgemäßen Befestigungselementes mit einem Verbindungs- und einem Antastformelement undFigure 1 is a (not to scale) cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of a fastener according to the invention with a connecting and a probe element and
Figur 2 eine (nicht maßstabsgetreue) Querschnittsansicht eines zweiten Ausführungsbeispiels eines erfindungsgemäßen Befestigungselementes mit einem Verbindungs- und einem Antastformelement.Figure 2 is a (not to scale) cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of a fastener according to the invention with a connecting and a probe element.
Figur 1 zeigt ein Befestigungselement, das in ein Verbindungselement 11 eingelassen ist. Dazu wurde das Ende des Verbindungselements 11 ausgehöhlt, so dass sich ein Hohlraum 16 bildet. Alternativ kann auch das gesamte Verbindungselement hohl sein. Das Befestigungselement umfasst einen Hohlkörper in Form einer Hülse 14, ein erstes Teilelement, der am oberen Rand an Stellen 15 mit der Innenseite des Befestigungselements 11 verklebt ist. Diese Verbindung kann sich entweder nur an einigen punktförmigen Stellen befinden oder bspw. um die gesamte Hülse in einem schmalen Bereich am oberen Rand herumlaufen. Je geringer die verklebte Fläche ist, desto weniger Spannungen treten bei Kontraktionen und Dilatationen auf. Innerhalb der Hülse 14 befindet sich ein zweites Teilelement 13, auf dem das kugelförmige Antastformelement 12 mit Antastpunkt P angeordnet ist. Das Teilelement 13 ist an seiner Grundfläche mit dem Boden der Hülse 14 verklebt. Dies kann über eine Schicht 17 erfolgen oder auch nur an einzelnen Punkten. Das Teilelement 13 kann auch an anderen Stellen zusätzlich oder stattdessen und mit anderen Verbindungsvorrichtungen mit der Hülse 14 verbunden werden. Vorzugsweise ist das Teilelement 13 ein Magnet, und das Antastformelement 12 besteht aus einem magnetischem Material. In diesem Fall ist das Antastformelement 12 in einfacher weise lösbar mit dem Befestigungselement, das in diesem Ausführungsbeispiel die Teilelemente 13 und 14 umfasst, verbunden. In diesem Ausführungsbeispiel können nun sowohl das Verbindungselement 11 , das Antastformelement 12, der Magnet 13 als auch das hülsenförmige Teilelement 14 einen positiven thermischen Längenkoeffizienten aufweisen. Bei einer positiven Temperaturänderung erfahren dann alle Materialien eine Längendilatation. Dabei dehnt sich allerdings das hülsenförmige Teilelement 14 entlang der Stabachse 10 in das Verbindungselement 11 hinein aus. Wird nun die Abmessung des hülsenförmigen Teilelements 14 geeignet gewählt, kann hiermit die Ausdehnung der übrigen Elemente kompensiert werden, so dass der Abstand zwischen zwei Antastpunkten im Wesentlichen konstant bleibt. Dieser Kompensierungsmechanismus funktioniert für verschiedene Kombinationen von Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten. So kann beispielsweise der Magnet 13 einen verschwindenden Ausdehnungskoeffizienten, das Antastformelement 12 einen positiven und das Verbindungselement 11 einen negativen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten aufweisen, wobei aber eine Ausdehnung des Antastformelementes 12 nur teilweise durch die entsprechende Kontraktion des Verbindungselements 11 kompensiert wird. In dem Ausführungsbeispiel ist es nicht nötig, dass das erste Teilelement, der Hohlkörper 14, am oberen Rand mit dem Verbindungselement 11 verbunden ist. Die Verbindung muss allerdings dergestalt sein, dass eine kompensierende Ausdehnung des Hohlkörpers 14 entlang der Stabachse möglich ist. In einem alternativen Ausführungsbeispiel, siehe Figur 2, ist das Befestigungselement auf einem Ende des Verbindungselements 21 aufgebracht. In diesem Fall umfasst das Befestigungselement einen äußeren Hohlkörper 28, der mit dem Verbindungselement 21 an den Stellen 29 verklebt ist. Um Spannungen oder Sprengeffekte zu vermeiden, kann das Verkleben auch nicht mit einer Klebeschicht sondern nur mit einzelnen Klebepunkten erfolgen. Innerhalb des äußeren Hohlkörpers 28 befindet sich ein innerer Hohlkörper 24, wobei zwischen innerem und äußerem Hohlkörper ein Hohlraum 26 verbleibt. Zwischen den Seitenwänden der beiden Hohlkörper kann, anders als in der Figur gezeigt, auch noch ein Zwischenraum sein, so dass sich die Hohlkörper auch in Richtungen senkrecht zur Stabachse 20 ungehindert ausdehnen können. Die beiden Hohlkörper sind über eine Klebeschicht an Stellen 25 miteinander verbunden. Alternativ kann der innere Hohlkörper auch so auf den äußeren Hohlkörper aufgesteckt sein, dass kein Verkleben nötig ist. Innerhalb des inneren Hohlkörpers 24 kann sich ein Magnet 23 befinden, der in dem dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel über eine Klebeschicht 27 mit dem inneren Hohlkörper 24 verbunden ist. An diesem Magneten 23 ist ein magnetisches Antastformelement 22 mit Antastpunkt P lösbar befestigt.FIG. 1 shows a fastening element which is embedded in a connecting element 11. For this purpose, the end of the connecting element 11 was hollowed out, so that a cavity 16 is formed. Alternatively, the entire connecting element can also be hollow. The fastening element comprises a hollow body in the form of a sleeve 14, a first partial element which is glued to the inside of the fastening element 11 at points 15 at the upper edge. This connection can either be located only at a few punctiform points or, for example, run around the entire sleeve in a narrow area at the upper edge. The smaller the bonded area, the less tension occurs during contractions and dilatations. Within the sleeve 14 there is a second sub-element 13 on which the spherical shaped contact element 12 with contact point P is arranged. The sub-element 13 is glued to the base of the sleeve 14 on its base. This can be done via a layer 17 or only at individual points. The sub-element 13 can also be connected to the sleeve 14 at other points in addition or instead and with other connecting devices. The sub-element 13 is preferably a magnet, and the probe shaped element 12 consists of a magnetic material. In this case, the shaped contact element 12 is detachably connected to the fastening element, which in this exemplary embodiment comprises the partial elements 13 and 14. In this exemplary embodiment, both the connecting element 11, the probe shaped element 12, the magnet 13 and the sleeve-shaped partial element 14 can have a positive thermal length coefficient. With a positive temperature change, all materials then undergo length dilation. However, the sleeve-shaped part element 14 extends along the rod axis 10 into the connecting element 11. If the dimension of the sleeve-shaped partial element 14 is now selected appropriately, the expansion of the other elements can be compensated for so that the distance between two probing points remains essentially constant. This compensation mechanism works for different combinations of thermal expansion coefficients. For example, the magnet 13 can have a vanishing expansion coefficient, the probe element 12 a positive and the connecting element 11 a negative coefficient of expansion, but an expansion of the probe element 12 is only partially compensated for by the corresponding contraction of the connecting element 11. In the exemplary embodiment, it is not necessary for the first partial element, the hollow body 14, to be connected to the connecting element 11 at the upper edge. However, the connection must be such that a compensating expansion of the hollow body 14 along the rod axis is possible. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, see FIG. 2, the fastening element is applied to one end of the connecting element 21. In this case, the fastening element comprises an outer hollow body 28 which is glued to the connecting element 21 at the points 29. In order to avoid tension or explosive effects, the gluing cannot be done with an adhesive layer but only with individual glue points. An inner hollow body 24 is located within the outer hollow body 28, a cavity 26 remaining between the inner and outer hollow body. In contrast to that shown in the figure, there may also be a space between the side walls of the two hollow bodies, so that the hollow bodies can also expand unhindered in directions perpendicular to the rod axis 20. The two hollow bodies are connected to one another at points 25 via an adhesive layer. Alternatively, the inner hollow body can also be plugged onto the outer hollow body in such a way that no gluing is necessary. A magnet 23 can be located within the inner hollow body 24, which in the exemplary embodiment shown is connected to the inner hollow body 24 via an adhesive layer 27. A magnetic contact element 22 with contact point P is detachably attached to this magnet 23.
Im Rahmen der beschriebenen Erfindung sind auch weitere Abwandlungen und verschiedenste Kombinationen der genannten Merkmale möglich. Within the scope of the described invention, further modifications and various combinations of the features mentioned are also possible.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Prüfkörper mit mindestens zwei Antastformelementen und mit mindestens einem Verbindungselement zur Verbindung der mindestens zwei Antastformelemente, wobei jedes Verbindungselement mindestens ein Befestigungselement zur Befestigung eines Antastformelements an einem Ende des Verbindungselements aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass1. Test specimen with at least two shaped probe elements and with at least one connecting element for connecting the at least two shaped probe elements, each connecting element having at least one fastening element for fastening a shaped probe element at one end of the connecting element, characterized in that
Längenveränderungen der mindestens zwei Antastformelemente und/oder des mindestens einen Verbindungselements durch die entsprechenden Befestigungselemente derart kompensiert werden, dass der Abstand zwischen jeweils zwei Antastpunkten bei Standardmessbedingungen im Wesentlichen konstant ist.Changes in length of the at least two probing elements and / or the at least one connecting element can be compensated for by the corresponding fastening elements in such a way that the distance between two probing points is essentially constant under standard measuring conditions.
2. Prüfkörper nach Anspruch 1 , in welchem jedes Befestigungselement ein Material mit einem positiven oder negativen thermischen Längenausdehnungskoeffizienten umfasst und die Form und/oder Bemessung jedes Befestigungselements so gewählt ist, dass Längenänderungen jedes Antastformelements und/oder jedes Verbindungselements bei Standardmessbedingungen kompensiert werden.2. Test specimen according to claim 1, in which each fastening element comprises a material with a positive or negative thermal coefficient of linear expansion and the shape and / or dimensioning of each fastening element is selected such that changes in length of each probe element and / or each connecting element are compensated for under standard measuring conditions.
3. Prüfkörper nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, in welchem jedes Befestigungselement ein erstes Teilelement aus einem ersten Material und ein zweites Teilelement aus einem zweiten Material umfasst, wobei das Befestigungselement derart an dem Verbindungselement angeordnet ist und die Form und/oder Bemessung der beiden Teilelemente so gewählt ist, dass Längenänderungen jedes Antastformelements und/oder jedes Verbindungselements bei Standardmessbedingungen kompensiert werden.3. Test specimen according to one of the preceding claims, in which each fastening element comprises a first partial element made of a first material and a second partial element made of a second material, the fastening element being arranged on the connecting element and the shape and / or dimensioning of the two partial elements so is chosen that changes in length of each probing element and / or each connecting element are compensated for under standard measuring conditions.
4. Prüfkörper nach Anspruch 3, in welchem das erste Teilelement als Hohlkörper ausgebildet wird.4. Test body according to claim 3, in which the first sub-element is designed as a hollow body.
5. Prüfkörper nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, in welchem die Verbindungselemente stabförmig ausgebildet sind. 5. Test specimen according to one of the preceding claims, in which the connecting elements are rod-shaped.
6. Prüfkörper nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, in welchem die Antastformelemente kugelförmig ausgebildet sind.6. Test specimen according to one of the preceding claims, in which the shaped probe elements are spherical.
7. Prüfkörper nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, in welchem die Antastformelemente und die Befestigungselemente miteinander lösbar verbindbar sind.7. Test specimen according to one of the preceding claims, in which the probe shaped elements and the fastening elements can be releasably connected to one another.
8. Prüfkörper nach Anspruch 8, in welchem die lösbare Verbindung durch Magnetkräfte realisiert ist.8. Test specimen according to claim 8, in which the releasable connection is realized by magnetic forces.
9. Prüfkörper nach Anspruch 9, in welchem die Befestigungselemente zur Ausbildung der magnetischen Verbindung Magnete umfassen.9. Test specimen according to claim 9, in which the fastening elements for forming the magnetic connection comprise magnets.
10. Prüfkörper nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, in welchem mindestens ein Antastformelement mit mindestens zwei Verbindungselementen verbunden ist.10. Test specimen according to one of the preceding claims, in which at least one shaped probe element is connected to at least two connecting elements.
11. Prüfkörper nach Anspruch 10, in welchem die Verbindungselemente die Kanten und die Antastformelemente die Ecken eines Tetraeders bilden. 11. Test specimen according to claim 10, in which the connecting elements form the edges and the probing elements form the corners of a tetrahedron.
PCT/EP2003/001508 2002-02-20 2003-02-14 Thermally compensated test piece for coordinate measuring machines WO2003071225A1 (en)

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US20050252017A1 (en) 2005-11-17
DE50208406D1 (en) 2006-11-23

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