WO2003053456A1 - Use of hyperforin or st john's wort extracts against anaphylactic states of shock and for maintaining and improving bone health - Google Patents

Use of hyperforin or st john's wort extracts against anaphylactic states of shock and for maintaining and improving bone health Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003053456A1
WO2003053456A1 PCT/EP2002/014207 EP0214207W WO03053456A1 WO 2003053456 A1 WO2003053456 A1 WO 2003053456A1 EP 0214207 W EP0214207 W EP 0214207W WO 03053456 A1 WO03053456 A1 WO 03053456A1
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acid
hyperforin
bone
john
hci
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PCT/EP2002/014207
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German (de)
French (fr)
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Oliver Werz
Dana Albert
Dieter Steinhilber
Andreas Bock
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Phenion Gmbh & Co. Kg
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Priority to AU2002358698A priority Critical patent/AU2002358698A1/en
Publication of WO2003053456A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003053456A1/en

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/12Ketones
    • A61K31/122Ketones having the oxygen directly attached to a ring, e.g. quinones, vitamin K1, anthralin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/38Clusiaceae, Hypericaceae or Guttiferae (Hypericum or Mangosteen family), e.g. common St. Johnswort
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock conditions and for maintaining and improving the health of bones, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis; as well as food supplements and pharmaceutical preparations containing hyperforin or St. John's wort extract.
  • Hypericum perforatum L is a medicinal plant whose use can be traced back to ancient times.
  • the origin of the botanical name is derived from the Greek hyper (over) and eikon (picture). Plants of the genus Hypericum are said to have been fixed above god figures or images to ward off evil spirits. Hypericum was used in various cultures to deter ghosts.
  • the type designation perforatum refers to the translucent dotted leaves. These are oil tanks of lysigenic or schizogenic origin.
  • the German name and their synonyms indicate the flowering period around St. Johannis (St. John's wort, Walpurgiskraut, Clarwendkraut), the red dyes (Herrgottsblut, Blutkraut) and the sometimes heavily wooded stems (Tüfpel-hartheu, Hartheu).
  • St. John's wort was also used to flavor the beer similar to hops (forest hop herb, field hop herb).
  • One reason for this use is the chemical relationship of Hyperforin to the bitter hop substances (Humulon, Lupulon), which are said to give the beer durability and taste.
  • Hypericum perforatum L. is a representative of the family Hypericaceae (hard hay family), the term Guttiferae (lat .: gutta, drops), which is no longer used, indicates the family's peculiarity for the formation of excretory containers.
  • the genus Hypericum L. is widespread worldwide and so far comprises 378 known species. It represents a peculiarity within the order of the Theales in that it also shows herbaceous, non-tropical representatives.
  • Hypericum perforatum L. can be described as follows:
  • the stems have two longitudinal edges and are covered with glands towards the tip.
  • the leaves have an elliptical-egg-shaped to oblong or linear shape, whereby the shape and size of the leaves may differ slightly depending on the position on the plant. They are translucent dotted and show mostly black glands on the edge.
  • the flowers are arranged in an umbel and provided with bare, black glandular stems.
  • the sepals are about 6 mm long and finely pointed, sawn or with entire margins.
  • the petals are crooked-elliptical and notched on one side with a length of 10-13 mm, of golden yellow color with black dots or lines.
  • Hypericin and hyperforin are known as therapeutically important ingredients.
  • the hypericin content in an extract can be an important indicator of the amount of flower components contained in the original drug, since the hypericin content is particularly high there.
  • the derivatives of phloroglucin, hyperforin and adhyperforin are characteristic of Hypericum perforatum L. Other phloroglucin derivatives have been detected in other species of the genus Hypericum. Hyperforin is present in the dried plant at an average content of about 1% to 2.5%. Hyperforin is considered to be extremely sensitive to oxidation and unstable in certain solvents.
  • a hyperforin-containing ointment or cream is known from DE-A-198 54 446, which may contain pure hyperforin or St. John's wort extract and which is used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
  • WO 00/30660 describes the use of hyperforin as a cytostatic.
  • Hyperforin can also be effective against Alzeimer disease. Molecular and cell biological studies would have shown that hyperforin can help prevent Alzheimer's plaques from developing.
  • the amyloid precursor molecule is cleaved in such a way that fragments are formed which are rapidly broken down and therefore cannot accumulate.
  • These two enzymes are, on the one hand, the alpha secretase, which correctly breaks down the precursor molecule, and, on the other hand, the protein kinase C, which in turn activates the alpha secretase.
  • Hyperforin inhibits the growth of resistant Gram-positive bacteria. This is based on the effect of Hyperforin on several staphylococcal and streptococcal strains - also on Staphylococcus aureus strains that were resistant to penicillin and methicillin - or to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Hyperforin, on the other hand, is said to have no effect on gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans.
  • hyperforin and St. John's wort extract can also be effective against anaphylactic shock conditions and for maintaining and improving bone health, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis.
  • the present invention therefore relates to the use of hyperforin or St. John's wort extract for anaphylactic shock conditions or for maintaining and improving bone health, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis.
  • Anaphylactic shock is defined as a shock due to an acute, severe and generalized intolerance reaction. In a narrow sense, anaphylactic shock is based on an immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction. Today we know that other mechanisms can trigger the intolerance reaction.
  • drugs such as antibiotics, anesthetics, analgesics, colloids, contrast agents
  • foreign proteins and polysaccharides such as insect and snake venoms, serums, vaccines, organ extracts or allergen solutions for desensitization.
  • mediators In the case of anaphylactic shock, mediators (histamine, leukotrienes (LTs ⁇ PAF)) are released by immunological as well as non-immunological reactions, which cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability with plasma exudation, bronchoconstriction, etc.
  • mediators histamine, leukotrienes (LTs ⁇ PAF)
  • LTs ⁇ PAF leukotrienes
  • Leukotrienes which are essential mediators in the development of anaphylactic shock, are - like the prostaglandins - formed by the so-called arachidonic acid cascade.
  • PGs prostaglandins
  • 5-lipoxygenase 5-lipoxygenase
  • LTs are pro-inflammatory and bronchoconstrictive.
  • LTs mediate effects of the platelet activating factor (PAF), e.g. systemic drop in blood pressure and anaphylactic shock.
  • PAF platelet activating factor
  • a major effect of PAF is the strong systemic lowering of blood pressure, which is linked to the pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock.
  • Wild-type mice succumb to the lethal effects of PAF (systemic drop in blood pressure and reduced cardiac output) while 5-LO-Knockout (KO) mice are more or less resistant to these PAF effects. It is assumed that the KO mice are spared the PAF effects due to the lack of LT. This suggests that the pharmacological inhibition of LT synthesis could protect against the PAF-induced systemic drop in blood pressure associated with the pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock.
  • Hyperforin is an inhibitor of 5-LO. Based on these properties, extracts of H. perforatum or isolated hyperforin, in addition to their known anti-inflammatory activity, have considerable potential for the treatment of PAF-induced systemic blood pressure drop and anaphylactic shock.
  • hyperforin or St. John's wort extracts for maintaining and improving the health of bones and in particular for treating osteoporosis is based on the surprising property of this active substance or mixture of active substances to positively influence the bone metabolism.
  • Hyperforin or St. John's wort extracts can therefore also be used according to the invention to prevent calcium metabolism diseases or to treat them.
  • the following clinical applications are to be subsumed under this central term: hypercalcaemia, tumor osteolysis, ossifications, ostitis deformans Paget.
  • Osteoporosis is defined as a loss or decrease in bone mass, bone structure and bone function associated with fractures.
  • the osteoporosis can be reduced according to the decrease in bone mass and the deterioration in the microarchitecture of the bone, causing the bone overall brittle and more prone to fractures, divide into several stages:
  • osteoopenia Age-related loss of bone mass
  • osteoporosis is based on morphological and functional changes in the bone structure.
  • the strength of the bone is largely dependent on the existing bone mass. During the growth phase there is an increase in the total bone mass. The maximum bone mass is reached around the age of 30 to 35. Then there is a slow but steady loss of bone mass.
  • Osteoporosis usually develops in the mature skeleton because the natural balance between bone growth and bone loss is disturbed
  • the bone consists of two parts: the cortex, which makes up 80% of the bone in the human skeleton, and the cancellous bone.
  • the alignment of the cancellous trabeculae takes place under the influence of bending stress and compressive stress. As a result, tension bundles and cancellous pressure bundles are formed, which contribute to the stability of the bone.
  • the majority of the bone matrix consists of type I collagen.
  • the collagen units each consisting of two alpha-1 and one alpha-2 chain
  • the hydroxylation of proline and lysine follows as a post-translational modification.
  • the hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline released during collagen breakdown cannot be used by the organism to build new protein structures. Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline are excreted in the urine. The excretion of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline in the urine therefore gives an insight into bone breakdown or bone turnover.
  • hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline are not specific bone markers, since about 20% of the collagen is found in the organism, for example in the skin.
  • crosslinks are certain proteins that ensure the cross-linking of the collagen fibrils. When the collagen molecule is broken down, these proteins are released.
  • Desoxypyridinolines are specific for bone collagen. Their determination is therefore particularly suitable to get an insight into the bone metabolism. They are excreted in the urine in a free and peptide-bound form in a ratio of approximately 40:60. Their determination has proven to be a specific and sensitive method for bone loss
  • Bone metabolism disorders are best recognized where the bone offers the largest exchange area, i.e. in the trabecular system. Therefore, in metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, the cancellous bone is first broken down.
  • the trabeculae are rarefied, which are used for cross-linking and are therefore responsible for the rigidity of the overall system.
  • the structures subject to direct tensile and compressive stress are preserved longer, so that the osteoporotic bone impresses as a structure with longitudinally arranged trabeculae. Bone build-up and breakdown are caused by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
  • osteoblasts The task of osteoblasts is the production of collagen type I and osteocalcin as components of the bone matrix, the production of growth factors and the regulation of bone resorption.
  • the osteoblast receptors for PTH and calcitriol In contrast to the osteoclasts, the osteoblast receptors for PTH and calcitriol.
  • PTH does not directly stimulate osteoclasts; rather, the osteoclasts are stimulated by paracrine hormones of the osteoblasts. Only an orderly interaction of osteoblasts and osteoclasts guarantees a physiological bone remodeling.
  • Calcium and vitamin D are used as the so-called basic therapy for osteoporosis.
  • the enteral calcium absorption decreases postmenopausally due to the lack of estrogen and the calcium requirement increases as a result, the increased calcium requirement must either be covered by a suitable change in diet (lots of milk and milk products) or a corresponding medication must be taken.
  • the need for vitamin D is not adequately covered, at least in north, central and western Europe, especially during the winter months. Due to the insufficient sun exposure from November to March and the insufficient intake of vitamin D with food, additional medication measures are recommended. You can choose between vitamin D preparations and the active vitamin D metabolites.
  • fluorine salts have an anabolic effect on the bones. They induce growth factors in the osteoblasts. If fluorine preparations are administered long-term, they can reinforce existing trabeculae by bone apposition. The activity of the osteoclasts is not inhibited, so the risk of fracture decreases.
  • 5-LO metabolites such as 5-HETE, LTB 4 and the cysteinyl LTs
  • 5-LO metabolites stimulate the formation and activity of the osteoclasts [Gallwitz, WE, Mundy, GR, Lee, CH, Qiao, M., Roodman, GD, Raftery, M ., Gaskell, SJ, Bonewald, LF (1993)
  • 5-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid stimulate isolated osteoclasts to resorb calcified matrices.
  • LTB 4 or LTD 4 stimulates bone resorption in vitro and in vivo
  • Leukotriene B4 stimulates osteoclastic bone absorption both in vitro and in vivo.
  • 5-LO KO mice have a significantly higher cortical bone density and strength than WT mice and lose far less bone mass after ovariotomy [Bonewald, L.F., Flynn, M., Qiao, M., Dallas, M.R., Mundy, G.R., Boyce, B.F. (1997) Mice lacking 5-lipoxygenase have increased cortical bone thickness. Adv Exp Med Biol 433, 299-302].
  • 5-LO metabolites are considered negative regulators of bone formation and it is believed that elevated LT levels favor postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • 5-LO inhibitors could therefore be important for the therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • the anti-osteoporotic effects of various dual inhibitors of 5-LO and COX are noteworthy [Rajendran, KG, Chen, SY, Sood, A., Spielvogel, BF, Hall, IH (1995) The anti-osteoporotic activity of amine-carboxyboranes in rodents.
  • Hyperforin is a dual inhibitor of COX and 5-LO. Based on these properties, extracts of H. perforatum or isolated hyperforin, in addition to their known anti-inflammatory effects, have considerable potential for the therapy of osteoporosis. Experiments by the applicant also show that hyperforin induces the apoptosis of osteoclast macrophages, as a result of which bone degradation could be suppressed in vivo (example 3).
  • hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock or osteoporosis and of pharmaceutical preparations containing hyperforin or St. John's wort extract is preferred in humans, but can also be done in animals.
  • Hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort are preferably used intraperitoneally, orally, nasally, buccally, rectally, intramuscularly, topically, subcutaneously, by inhalation, intra-articularly or intravenously.
  • the use according to the invention takes the form of tablets, dragées, capsules, solutions, emulsions, ointments, creams, inhalation preparations, aerosols or suppositories.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of Hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) for the production of a food supplement which, in the prophylactic sense, supports the maintenance and improvement of bone health.
  • Another object of the present invention is a nutritional supplement containing hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum), which in the prophylactic sense supports the maintenance and improvement of bone health.
  • the nutritional supplement according to the invention can also contain other substances which are beneficial to bone health, in particular fluorine salts, calcium salts and vitamin D.
  • the nutritional supplement according to the invention can be taken directly in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions or emulsions or can be incorporated into foods, in particular calcium-containing foods such as milk or milk products. Foods enriched in this way enable a healthy bone density to be maintained even at an advanced age.
  • the nutritional supplement according to the invention can be used in particular in the sports, fitness and wellness sector and can be taken in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions or emulsions or incorporated into sports, fitness and wellness supplements, in particular in protein powder, vitamin preparations or mineral preparations. It is particularly preferred to combine the food supplement according to the invention with compounds which are selected from: "Branched chain amino acids" (BCAA),? -Hydroxy-?
  • creatine is a dietary supplement that is often used in weight training and is said to have muscle and bone-strengthening effects, particularly strong synergistic effects can be expected from the combined administration.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of Hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) for the production of a pharmaceutical preparation or a medicament for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock conditions or for maintaining and improving the health of bones, in particular for Treatment of osteoporosis.
  • Another object of the present invention is a pharmaceutical preparation for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock states or for maintaining and improving the health of bones, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis, which contains hyperforin or St. John's wort extract as active ingredient.
  • the preparation of the preparation according to the invention is carried out in a manner known to the person skilled in the art, eg. B., as in WO 00/30660, or in Kaul, R. "St. John's wort, botany, ingredients, quality control, pharmacology, toxicology and clinic", Wiss. Verl.-Gesell., 2000, described, whereupon in full Reference is made.
  • the concentration of the active ingredient in the pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention can be adapted and varied by the person skilled in the art depending on the intended use.
  • the dosage of the H. perforatum extract can, for example, be about 300 to 600 mg (e.g. as a coated tablet) about 3 times a day. This would correspond to a dosage of the Hyperforin of about 5 - 25 mg.
  • the dosage and duration of use of the hyperforin or St. John's wort extract to be used according to the invention or the pharmaceutical preparation containing hyperforin or St. John's wort extract can also be adapted and varied by the person skilled in the art depending on the intended use.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention can contain at least one further auxiliary or additive, such as. B. contain oils, protective colloids, plasticizers, antioxidants and / or emulsifiers.
  • a physiologically compatible oil such as, for example, sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil or peanut oil, esters of medium-chain vegetable fatty acids or fish oils such as, for example, mackerel, sprat or To use salmon oil.
  • stabilizers such as a-tocopherol, t-butylhydroxy-toluene, t-butylhydroxyanisole, ascorbic acid or ethoxyquine. It is also preferred, because of the photosensitivity of the hyperforin, to pack and store the preparations according to the invention in an opaque manner.
  • hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort can take place together with other, preferably chemically pure, medicinal substances and / or herbal medicinal products, or the pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention can contain such other, preferably chemically pure, medicinal substances or medicinal products.
  • Suitable drugs or drugs are listed in WO 00/30660 and DE-A-42 01 903, to which reference is hereby made in full.
  • Antipsoriatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are examples of antipsoriatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Pyrazole derivatives:
  • Flufenamic acid mefenamic acid, niflumic acid.
  • Naproxen, piroxicam, pirprofen, tiaprofenic acid Naproxen, piroxicam, pirprofen, tiaprofenic acid.
  • Oxicame tenoxicam
  • LT inhibition of synthesis To determine the LT inhibition of synthesis, freshly isolated granulocytes from human blood were incubated with Hyperforin or H. perforatum extract (light weir) and then stimulated with ionophore A23187 in the presence and absence of arachidonic acid. A dose-dependent inhibition of 5-LO product formation (5-HETE, LTB and its trans-isomers) was observed in each case.
  • the IC 50 values are around 1 ⁇ M Hyperforin or 8.5 - 14.2 ⁇ g / ml extract. From 3 ⁇ M Hyperforin (or 28.4 ⁇ g / ml extract) the LT synthesis is almost completely ( ⁇ 3%) suppressed.
  • J774 cells in particular are accepted as osteoclast models and have been used as test models for the screening of bisphosphonates (Luckman et al., 1998: Heterocycle-containing bisphosphonates cause apoptosis and inhibit bone resorption by preventing protein prenylation: Evidence from structure-activity relationships in J774 macrophages. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13 (11): 1668-1678; Rogers et al., 1996: Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in mouse macrophage-like cells in vitro by a nitrite oxide-independent mechanism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11 (10): 1482-1491).

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of hyperforin or St John's wort (hypericum) extracts for the prophylaxis and/or therapy of anaphylactic states of shock and for maintaining and improving bone health, particularly for treating osteoporosis, and as a nutritional supplement and for pharmaceutical preparations containing hyperforin or St John's wort extract.

Description

Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut gegen anaphylaktische Schockzustände sowie zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen Use of Hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort against anaphylactic shock and for maintaining and improving bone health
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut (Hypericum) zur prophylaktischen und/oder therapeutischen Behandlung von anaphylaktischen Schockzuständen sowie zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen, insbesondere zur Behandlung von Osteoporose; sowie Nahrungsergänzungsmittel und pharmazeutische Zubereitungen, enthaltend Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakt.The present invention relates to the use of hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock conditions and for maintaining and improving the health of bones, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis; as well as food supplements and pharmaceutical preparations containing hyperforin or St. John's wort extract.
Johanniskraut, Hypericum perforatum L, ist eine Arzneipflanze, deren Nutzung sich bis in die Antike zurückverfolgen läßt. Die Herkunft des botanischen Namens leitet sich aus dem griechischen hyper (über) und eikon (Bild) ab. Pflanzen der Gattung Hypericum sollen zur Abwendung böser Geister über Götterfiguren oder Bildern befestigt worden sein. Hypericum diente in verschiedenen Kulturen zur Abschreckung von Geistern.St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum L, is a medicinal plant whose use can be traced back to ancient times. The origin of the botanical name is derived from the Greek hyper (over) and eikon (picture). Plants of the genus Hypericum are said to have been fixed above god figures or images to ward off evil spirits. Hypericum was used in various cultures to deter ghosts.
Die Artbezeichnung perforatum weist auf die durchscheinend punktierten Blätter hin. Es handelt sich dabei um Ölbehälter lysigenen oder schizogenen Ursprungs. Die deutsche Bezeichnung und deren Synonyme deuten auf die Blühzeit um St. Johannis (Johanniskraut, Walpurgiskraut, Sonnenwendkraut), auf die roten Farbstoffe (Herrgottsblut, Blutkraut) und die mitunter stark verholzten Stengel (Tüfpel- hartheu, Hartheu) hin. Ferner wurde Johanniskraut auch zum Würzen des Bieres ähnlich wie Hopfen verwendet (Waldhopfenkraut, Feldhopfenkraut). Ein Grund für diese Verwendung ist in der chemischen Verwandtschaft des Hyperforins zu den Hopfenbitterstoffen (Humulon, Lupulon) zu sehen, die dem Bier Haltbarkeit und Geschmack verleihen sollen.The type designation perforatum refers to the translucent dotted leaves. These are oil tanks of lysigenic or schizogenic origin. The German name and their synonyms indicate the flowering period around St. Johannis (St. John's wort, Walpurgiskraut, Sonnenwendkraut), the red dyes (Herrgottsblut, Blutkraut) and the sometimes heavily wooded stems (Tüfpel-hartheu, Hartheu). St. John's wort was also used to flavor the beer similar to hops (forest hop herb, field hop herb). One reason for this use is the chemical relationship of Hyperforin to the bitter hop substances (Humulon, Lupulon), which are said to give the beer durability and taste.
Hypericum perforatum L. ist ein Vertreter der Familie der Hypericaceae (Hartheugewächse), die nicht mehr gebräuchliche Bezeichnung Guttiferae (lat.: gutta, Tropfen) deutet auf die Eigenart der Familie zur Bildung von Exkretbehältem hin. Die Gattung Hypericum L. ist weltweit verbreitet und umfaßt bisher 378 bekannte Arten. Sie stellt innerhalb der Ordnung der Theales insofern eine Besonderheit dar, als daß sie auch krautige, außertropische Vertreter zeigt. Hypericum perforatum L. läßt sich wie folgt beschreiben:Hypericum perforatum L. is a representative of the family Hypericaceae (hard hay family), the term Guttiferae (lat .: gutta, drops), which is no longer used, indicates the family's peculiarity for the formation of excretory containers. The genus Hypericum L. is widespread worldwide and so far comprises 378 known species. It represents a peculiarity within the order of the Theales in that it also shows herbaceous, non-tropical representatives. Hypericum perforatum L. can be described as follows:
Es handelt sich um eine ausdauernde Pflanze mit einer langlebigen, spindelförmigen Wurzel und vielfach verzweigtem Rhizom. Sie erreicht eine Höhe von 20 bis 100 cm, zeigt dabei einen aufrechten Wuchs, der im oberen Bereich der Pflanze ästig und mit zahlreichen Adventivsprossen versehen ist. Die Stengel weisen zwei Längskanten auf und sind zur Spitze hin mit Drüsen besetzt. Die Laubblätter haben eine elliptisch-eiförmige bis längliche oder lineale Form, wobei sich Blattform und Größe je nach Position an der Pflanze geringfügig unterscheiden können. Sie sind durchscheinend punktiert und zeigen überwiegend am Rand schwarze Drüsen. Die Blüten sind in einer Trugdolde angeordnet und mit kahlen, schwarzdrüsigen Stielen versehen. Die Kelchblätter sind etwa 6 mm lang und fein zugespitzt, gesägt oder ganzrandig. Die Kronblätter sind schief-elliptisch und bei einer Länge von 10-13 mm einseitig gekerbt, von goldgelber Farbe mit schwarzen Punkten oder Strichen.It is a perennial plant with a long-lived, spindle-shaped root and a multi-branched rhizome. It reaches a height of 20 to 100 cm, shows an upright growth, which is knotty in the upper part of the plant and provided with numerous adventitious sprouts. The stems have two longitudinal edges and are covered with glands towards the tip. The leaves have an elliptical-egg-shaped to oblong or linear shape, whereby the shape and size of the leaves may differ slightly depending on the position on the plant. They are translucent dotted and show mostly black glands on the edge. The flowers are arranged in an umbel and provided with bare, black glandular stems. The sepals are about 6 mm long and finely pointed, sawn or with entire margins. The petals are crooked-elliptical and notched on one side with a length of 10-13 mm, of golden yellow color with black dots or lines.
Johanniskraut ist in ganz Europa, auf den Kanaren und Nordafrika verbreitet. Von diesen Gebieten wurde es nach Nord- und Südamerika, dort vor allem nach Chile und Kanada eingeschleppt.St. John's wort is common throughout Europe, the Canaries and North Africa. From these areas it was introduced to North and South America, especially to Chile and Canada.
Als therapeutisch bedeutsame Inhaltsstoffe sind insbesondere Hypericin und Hyperforin bekannt.Hypericin and hyperforin are known as therapeutically important ingredients.
Hypericin, Pseudohypericin sowie die Protoverbindungen, aus denen nach Belichtung die beiden erstgenannten Substanzen hervorgehen, machen 95% des Gesamthypericins aus [Hiller, K. O; Schmidt, A. H.: Chargenkonformität von Phy- topharmaka. Dtsche Apoth Ztg, 140, 2000, 2955-2961]. Der Gehalt an Hypericin in einem Extrakt kann ein wichtiger Indikator für die in der Ausgangsdroge enthaltenen Menge an Blütenanteilen sein, da dort der Hypericingehalt besonders hoch ist. Die Derivate des Phloroglucins, Hyperforin und Adhyperforin sind charakteristisch für Hypericum perforatum L. Andere Derivate des Phloroglucins sind in anderen Arten der Gattung Hypericum nachgewiesen worden. Hyperforin liegt in einem mittleren Gehalt von etwa 1% bis 2,5% in der getrockneten Pflanze vor. Hyperforin gilt als ausgesprochen oxidationsempfindlich und als in bestimmten Lösungsmitteln instabil.Hypericin, pseudohypericin and the proto compounds, from which the first two substances emerge after exposure, account for 95% of the total hypericin [Hiller, K. O; Schmidt, AH: Batch conformity of phytopharmaceuticals. Dtsche Apoth Ztg, 140, 2000, 2955-2961]. The hypericin content in an extract can be an important indicator of the amount of flower components contained in the original drug, since the hypericin content is particularly high there. The derivatives of phloroglucin, hyperforin and adhyperforin are characteristic of Hypericum perforatum L. Other phloroglucin derivatives have been detected in other species of the genus Hypericum. Hyperforin is present in the dried plant at an average content of about 1% to 2.5%. Hyperforin is considered to be extremely sensitive to oxidation and unstable in certain solvents.
Für Johanniskrautextrakt wie auch für Hyperforin sind verschiedene medizinische Verwendungen beschrieben worden.Various medical uses have been described for St. John's wort extract as well as for Hyperforin.
Aus der DE-A-198 54 446 ist eine Hyperforin-haltige Salbe oder Creme bekannt, die reines Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakt enthalten kann und die zur Behandlung entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen eingesetzt wird.A hyperforin-containing ointment or cream is known from DE-A-198 54 446, which may contain pure hyperforin or St. John's wort extract and which is used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
Die WO 00/30660 beschreibt die Verwendung von Hyperforin als Zytostatikum.WO 00/30660 describes the use of hyperforin as a cytostatic.
Aus Kaul, R. „Johanniskraut, Botanik, Inhaltsstoffe, Qualitätskontrolle, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinik", Wiss. Verl.-Gesell., 2000, S. 172, ist bekannt, Johanniskraut bei Gallenerkrankungen, Gastritis, Bronchitis, Asthma, Diarrhöe, Enu- resis nocturna, Rheuma, Gicht, Erschöpfung, als Nerventonikum und gegen Würmer einzusetzen.From Kaul, R. "St. John's wort, botany, ingredients, quality control, pharmacology, toxicology and clinic", Wiss. Verl.-Gesell., 2000, p. 172, it is known St. John's wort for biliary disorders, gastritis, bronchitis, asthma, diarrhea, Enusisis nocturna, rheumatism, gout, exhaustion, as a nerve tonic and against worms.
In der Ärzte Zeitung vom 25.02.2000 wird beschrieben, Hyperforin könne auch gegen Morbus Alzeimer wirksam sein. Molekular- und zellbiologische Untersuchungen hätten ergeben, daß Hyperforin dazu beitragen kann, daß die Alzheimer- Plaques nicht entstehen. Über die Aktivierung von zwei Enzymen werde das A- myloidvorläufermolekül so gespalten, daß Fragmente entstehen, die rasch abgebaut werden und sich deshalb nicht anhäufen können. Diese beiden Enzyme seien zum einen die Alpha-Sekretase, die das Vorläufermolekül korrekt zerteilt, und zum anderen die Proteinkinase C, die wiederum die Alpha-Sekretase aktiviert.In the Ärzte Zeitung of February 25, 2000 it is described that Hyperforin can also be effective against Alzeimer disease. Molecular and cell biological studies would have shown that hyperforin can help prevent Alzheimer's plaques from developing. By activating two enzymes, the amyloid precursor molecule is cleaved in such a way that fragments are formed which are rapidly broken down and therefore cannot accumulate. These two enzymes are, on the one hand, the alpha secretase, which correctly breaks down the precursor molecule, and, on the other hand, the protein kinase C, which in turn activates the alpha secretase.
Einem Bericht der Ärzte Zeitung vom 27.07.1999 zufolge, hemmt Hyperforin das Wachstum resistenter gram-positiver Bakterien. Dies sei anhand des Effektes von Hyperforin auf mehrere Staphylokokken- und Streptokokkenstämme - auch auf Staphylococcus-aureus-Stämme, die gegen Penicillin und gegen Methicillin resis- tent waren - oder auf Corynebacterium diphtheriae, nachgewiesen worden. Hyperforin soll hingegen auf gram-negative Bakterien wie Pseudomonas aeruginosa oder auf Candida albicans keine Wirkung ausüben.According to a report by the Ärzte Zeitung on July 27, 1999, Hyperforin inhibits the growth of resistant Gram-positive bacteria. This is based on the effect of Hyperforin on several staphylococcal and streptococcal strains - also on Staphylococcus aureus strains that were resistant to penicillin and methicillin - or to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Hyperforin, on the other hand, is said to have no effect on gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans.
Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, daß Hyperforin und Johanniskrautextrakt auch gegen anaphylaktische Schockzustände und zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen, insbesondere zur Behandlung von Osteoporose wirksam sein können.Surprisingly, it has been found that hyperforin and St. John's wort extract can also be effective against anaphylactic shock conditions and for maintaining and improving bone health, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist daher die Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakt gegen anaphylaktische Schockzustände oder zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen, insbesondere zur Behandlung von Osteoporose.The present invention therefore relates to the use of hyperforin or St. John's wort extract for anaphylactic shock conditions or for maintaining and improving bone health, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Ein anaphylaktischer Schock wird definiert als ein Schock infolge einer akuten, schweren und generalisierten Unverträglichkeitsreaktion. Im engen Sinne beruht der anaphylaktische Schock auf einer Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion vom Soforttyp. Heute weiß man, daß auch andere Mechanismen die Unverträglichkeitsreaktion auslösen können.Anaphylactic shock is defined as a shock due to an acute, severe and generalized intolerance reaction. In a narrow sense, anaphylactic shock is based on an immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction. Today we know that other mechanisms can trigger the intolerance reaction.
Als auslösende Noxen für einen anaphylaktischen Schock sind beispielsweise bekannt: Medikamente, wie Antibiotika, Anästhetika, Analgetika, Kolloide, Kontrastmittel; Fremdeiweiße und Polysaccharide, wie Insekten- und Schlangengifte, Seren, Vakzine, Organextrakte oder Allergenlösungen zur Desensibilisierung.The following are known as triggering noxae for anaphylactic shock: drugs, such as antibiotics, anesthetics, analgesics, colloids, contrast agents; Foreign proteins and polysaccharides, such as insect and snake venoms, serums, vaccines, organ extracts or allergen solutions for desensitization.
Im Falle eines anaphylaktischen Schocks kommt es durch immunologische aber auch nichtimmunologische Reaktionen zur Freisetzung von Mediatoren (Histamin, Leukotriene (LTs^ PAF). Diese verursachen Vasodilatation, Permeabilitätserhöhung der Kapillaren mit Plasmaexsudation, Bronchokonstriktion usw. Übliche Therapiemaßnahmen zur Bekämpfung eines anaphylaktischen Schocks sind das sofortige Beenden der Zufuhr des auslösenden Agens, die subkutane Injektion von Adrenalin sowie die Applikation von Kortikosteroiden.In the case of anaphylactic shock, mediators (histamine, leukotrienes (LTs ^ PAF)) are released by immunological as well as non-immunological reactions, which cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability with plasma exudation, bronchoconstriction, etc. The usual therapeutic measures to combat anaphylactic shock are the immediate stopping of the triggering agent, the subcutaneous injection of adrenaline and the application of corticosteroids.
Leukotriene, die als Mediatoren wesentlich an der Ausbildung eines anaphylaktischen Schockzustandes beteiligt sind, werden - wie auch die Prostaglandine - über die sogenannte Arachidonsäurekaskade gebildet.Leukotrienes, which are essential mediators in the development of anaphylactic shock, are - like the prostaglandins - formed by the so-called arachidonic acid cascade.
Während Cyclooxygenasen (COX) die Bildung der Prostaglandine (PGs) katalysieren, vermittelt die 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) die Synthese der LTs. Sowohl PGs als auch LTs sind hochpotente Entzündungsmediatoren, besitzen jedoch darüber hinaus weitere, verschiedenartige physiologische und pathophysiologische Wirkungen. LTs wirken proinflammatorisch und bronchokonstriktorisch.While cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the formation of prostaglandins (PGs), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) mediates the synthesis of LTs. Both PGs and LTs are highly potent inflammation mediators, but they also have other diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects. LTs are pro-inflammatory and bronchoconstrictive.
Desweiteren vermitteln LTs Wirkungen des Platelet-Activating-Factors (PAF), wie z.B. den systemischen Blutdruckabfall und anaphylaktischen Schock. PAF ist ein potenter Lipidmediator, der von einer Reihe entzündungsrelevanter Zellen freigesetzt wird. Eine Hauptwirkung von PAF ist die starke systemische Blutdrucksenkung, die mit der Pathogenese des anaphylaktischen Schocks verknüpft ist.Furthermore, LTs mediate effects of the platelet activating factor (PAF), e.g. systemic drop in blood pressure and anaphylactic shock. PAF is a potent lipid mediator that is released by a number of inflammation-related cells. A major effect of PAF is the strong systemic lowering of blood pressure, which is linked to the pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock.
Im PAF-induzierten Schockmodel spielt die 5-LO bzw. deren Metabolite eine wichtige Rolle bei der Vermittlung der PAF-Effekte [Chen, X.S., Sheller, J.R., Johnson, E.N., Funk, CD. (1994) Role of leukotrienes revealed by targeted disruption of the 5-lipoxygenase gene. Nature 372, 179-182 / Goulet, J.L., Snouwaert, J.N., Latour, A.M., Coffman, T.M., Koller, B.H. (1994) Altered inflammatory responses in leu- kotriene-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 91 , 12852-12856.].In the PAF-induced shock model, 5-LO and its metabolites play an important role in mediating the PAF effects [Chen, X.S., Sheller, J.R., Johnson, E.N., Funk, CD. (1994) Role of leukotrienes revealed by targeted disruption of the 5-lipoxygenase gene. Nature 372, 179-182 / Goulet, J.L., Snouwaert, J.N., Latour, A.M., Coffman, T.M., Koller, B.H. (1994) Altered inflammatory responses in leukotriene-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Be. USA 91, 12852-12856.].
So erliegen Wildtyp (WT) Mäuse den lethalen Wirkungen des PAF (systemischer Blutdruckabfall und verminderter kardialer Output) während 5-LO-Knockout (KO)- Mäuse gegenüber diesen PAF Wirkungen mehr oder weniger resistent sind. Man geht davon aus, dass aufgrund des Fehlens der LT die KO-Mäuse vor den PAF- Wirkungen verschont werden. Dies läßt die Vermutung gerechtfertigt erscheinen, die pharmakologische Hemmung der LT-Synthese könnte vor dem PAF-induzierten systemischen Blutdruckabfall, verknüpft mit der Pathogenese des anaphylaktischen Schocks, schützen.Wild-type (WT) mice succumb to the lethal effects of PAF (systemic drop in blood pressure and reduced cardiac output) while 5-LO-Knockout (KO) mice are more or less resistant to these PAF effects. It is assumed that the KO mice are spared the PAF effects due to the lack of LT. This suggests that the pharmacological inhibition of LT synthesis could protect against the PAF-induced systemic drop in blood pressure associated with the pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock.
Versuche der Anmelderin haben ergeben, daß die Synthese der PGs in Thrombo- zyten und der LTs in Granulozyten durch H. perforatum Extrakte sowie durch dessen isolierten Inhaltsstoff Hyperforin potent gehemmt werden (Beispiel 1).Experiments by the applicant have shown that the synthesis of the PGs in thrombocytes and the LTs in granulocytes are potently inhibited by H. perforatum extracts and by its isolated ingredient Hyperforin (Example 1).
Diesen Untersuchungen zufolge ist Hyperforin ein Inhibitor der 5-LO. Basierend auf diesen Eigenschaften, haben Extrakte von H. perforatum oder isoliertes Hyperforin, neben ihrer bekannten anti-inflammatorischen Wirkung, beträchtliches Potential für die Behandlung des PAF-induzierten systemischen Blutdruckabfalls und anaphylaktischen Schocks.According to these studies, Hyperforin is an inhibitor of 5-LO. Based on these properties, extracts of H. perforatum or isolated hyperforin, in addition to their known anti-inflammatory activity, have considerable potential for the treatment of PAF-induced systemic blood pressure drop and anaphylactic shock.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakten zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen und insbesondere zur Behandlung von Osteoporose beruht auf der überraschenden Eigenschaft dieses Wirkstoffes bzw. Wirkstoffgemisches, den Knochenstoffwechsel positiv zu beeinflussen.The use according to the invention of hyperforin or St. John's wort extracts for maintaining and improving the health of bones and in particular for treating osteoporosis is based on the surprising property of this active substance or mixture of active substances to positively influence the bone metabolism.
Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakte können daher erfindungsgemäß auch eingesetzt werden, um Calciumstoffwechselerkrankungen vorzubeugen oder sie zu therapieren. Unter diesen zentralen Begriff sind insbesondere folgende klinische Anwendungen zu subsumieren: Hypercalcaemie, Tumorosteolyse, Ossifikationen, Ostitis deformans Paget.Hyperforin or St. John's wort extracts can therefore also be used according to the invention to prevent calcium metabolism diseases or to treat them. The following clinical applications are to be subsumed under this central term: hypercalcaemia, tumor osteolysis, ossifications, ostitis deformans Paget.
Osteoporose wird definiert als ein mit Frakturen einhergehender Verlust bzw. eine mit Frakturen einhergehende Verminderung von Knochenmasse, Knochenstruktur und Knochenfunktion.Osteoporosis is defined as a loss or decrease in bone mass, bone structure and bone function associated with fractures.
Die Osteoporose läßt sich entsprechend der Abnahme der Knochenmasse und der Verschlechterung der Mikroarchitektur des Knochens, wodurch der Knochen insgesamt spröder und für Frakturen anfälliger wird, in mehrere Stadien unterteilen:The osteoporosis can be reduced according to the decrease in bone mass and the deterioration in the microarchitecture of the bone, causing the bone overall brittle and more prone to fractures, divide into several stages:
A. Altersassoziierter Knochenmasseverlust („Osteopenie")A. Age-related loss of bone mass ("osteopenia")
B. Präklinische Osteoporose mit potentieller FrakturgefährdungB. Preclinical osteoporosis with potential risk of fracture
C. Manifeste Osteoporose mit eingetretenen FrakturenC. Manifest osteoporosis with fractures that have occurred
Angesichts dieser Definitionen wird deutlich, daß der Osteoporose morphologische und funktionelle Veränderungen der Knochenstruktur zugrunde liegen. Die Festigkeit des Knochens ist wesentlich abhängig von der vorhandenen Knochenmasse. Während der Wachstumsphase kommt es zu einer Zunahme der Gesamtknochenmasse. Etwa um das 30. bis 35. Lebensjahr wird die maximale Knochenmasse erreicht. Anschließend kommt es dann zu einem langsamen, aber stetigen Verlust der Knochenmasse.In view of these definitions, it becomes clear that osteoporosis is based on morphological and functional changes in the bone structure. The strength of the bone is largely dependent on the existing bone mass. During the growth phase there is an increase in the total bone mass. The maximum bone mass is reached around the age of 30 to 35. Then there is a slow but steady loss of bone mass.
Unterschreitet die Knochenmasse eine gewisse Grenze, steigt die Frakturgefährdung bei Bagatelltraumen an.If the bone mass falls below a certain limit, the risk of fractures in minor dreams increases.
Üblicherweise entsteht eine Osteoporose im ausgereiften Skelett dadurch, daß die natürliche Balance zwischen Knochenanbau und Knochenabbau gestört istOsteoporosis usually develops in the mature skeleton because the natural balance between bone growth and bone loss is disturbed
An den Knochen bzw. das Skelettsystem werden zwei Hauptforderungen gestellt. Es soll ein Maximum an Festigkeit mit einem Minimum an Material erreicht werden. Um diesen Forderungen gerecht zu werden, besteht der Knochen aus zwei Anteilen: der Kortikalis, die 80% des Knochens im menschlichen Skelett ausmacht, und der Spongiosa. Die Ausrichtung der Spongiosabälkchen erfolgt unter dem Einfluß von Biegebeanspruchung und Druckbeanspruchung. Dadurch werden Zugbündel und Spongiosadruckbündel ausgebildet, die zur Stabilität des Knochens beitragen.Two main demands are placed on the bones or the skeletal system. The aim is to achieve maximum strength with a minimum of material. To meet these demands, the bone consists of two parts: the cortex, which makes up 80% of the bone in the human skeleton, and the cancellous bone. The alignment of the cancellous trabeculae takes place under the influence of bending stress and compressive stress. As a result, tension bundles and cancellous pressure bundles are formed, which contribute to the stability of the bone.
Der Hauptanteil der Knochenmatrix besteht aus Kollagen vom Typ I. Bei der Bildung der Kollageneinheiten, die jeweils aus zwei alpha-1- und einer alpha-2-Kette bestehen, folgt als posttranslationale Modifikation die Hydroxylierung von Prolin und Lysin. Das beim Kollagenabbau freiwerdende Hydroxylysin und Hydroxyprolin kann vom Organismus nicht für den Aufbau neuer Proteinstrukturen verwandt werden. Hydroxylysin und Hydroxyprolin werden im Urin ausgeschieden. Die Ausscheidung von Hydroxylysin und Hydroxyprolin im Urin gibt daher einen Einblick in den Knochenabbau bzw. Knochenumsatz. Hydroxylysin und Hydroxyprolin sind jedoch keine spezifischen Knochenmarker, da etwa 20% des Kollagens im Organismus extraossär, z.B. in der Haut, gefunden werden.The majority of the bone matrix consists of type I collagen. When the collagen units are formed, each consisting of two alpha-1 and one alpha-2 chain, the hydroxylation of proline and lysine follows as a post-translational modification. The hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline released during collagen breakdown cannot be used by the organism to build new protein structures. Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline are excreted in the urine. The excretion of hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline in the urine therefore gives an insight into bone breakdown or bone turnover. However, hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline are not specific bone markers, since about 20% of the collagen is found in the organism, for example in the skin.
Einen besseren Einblick in den Knochenabbau gibt die Bestimmung der Ausscheidung von sogenannten Crosslinks im Urin. Bei den Crosslinks handelt es sich um bestimmte Proteine, die für die Quervernetzung der Kollagenfibrillen sorgen. Beim Abbau des Kollagenmoleküls werden diese Proteine freigesetzt. Deso- xypyridinoline sind spezifisch für das Knochenkollagen. Ihre Bestimmung ist daher besonders geeignet, um Einblick in den Knochenstoffwechsel zu bekommen. Sie werden im Urin in einer freien und peptidgebundenen Form im Verhältnis von etwa 40:60 ausgeschieden. Ihre Bestimmung hat sich als eine für den Knochenabbau spezifische und sensitive Methode herausgestelltDetermining the excretion of so-called crosslinks in the urine provides a better insight into bone breakdown. The crosslinks are certain proteins that ensure the cross-linking of the collagen fibrils. When the collagen molecule is broken down, these proteins are released. Desoxypyridinolines are specific for bone collagen. Their determination is therefore particularly suitable to get an insight into the bone metabolism. They are excreted in the urine in a free and peptide-bound form in a ratio of approximately 40:60. Their determination has proven to be a specific and sensitive method for bone loss
Störungen im Knochenstoffwechsel sind dort am besten zu erkennen, wo der Knochen die größte Austauschfläche bietet, also im trabekulären System. Deshalb wird bei metabolischen Knochenerkrankungen wie der Osteoporose zuerst der spongiöse Knochen abgebaut.Bone metabolism disorders are best recognized where the bone offers the largest exchange area, i.e. in the trabecular system. Therefore, in metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, the cancellous bone is first broken down.
Entsprechend der mechanischen Belastung der Spongiosa kommt es zunächst zu einer Rarefizierung der Knochenbälkchen, die der Quervernetzung dienen und somit für die Steifigkeit des Gesamtsystems verantwortlich sind. Die der direkten Zug- und Druckbelastung unterliegenden Strukturen bleiben dagegen länger erhalten, so daß der osteoporotische Knochen als eine Struktur mit longitudinal angeordneten Knochenbälkchen imponiert. Knochenaufbau und -abbau werden durch Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten bewirkt.Depending on the mechanical stress on the cancellous bone, the trabeculae are rarefied, which are used for cross-linking and are therefore responsible for the rigidity of the overall system. The structures subject to direct tensile and compressive stress, on the other hand, are preserved longer, so that the osteoporotic bone impresses as a structure with longitudinally arranged trabeculae. Bone build-up and breakdown are caused by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Aufgabe der Osteoblasten ist die Produktion von Kollagen Typ I und Osteocalcin als Bestandteile der Knochenmatrix, die Produktion von Wachstumsfaktoren sowie die Regulation der Knochenresorption. Im Gegensatz zu den Osteoklasten expri- mieren die Osteoblasten Rezeptoren für PTH und Calcitriol. PTH stimuliert nicht direkt die Osteoklasten; vielmehr werden die Osteoklasten durch parakrine Hormone der Osteoblasten stimuliert. Nur ein geordnetes Zusammenspiel von Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten gewährleistet einen physiologischen Knochenumbau.The task of osteoblasts is the production of collagen type I and osteocalcin as components of the bone matrix, the production of growth factors and the regulation of bone resorption. In contrast to the osteoclasts, the osteoblast receptors for PTH and calcitriol. PTH does not directly stimulate osteoclasts; rather, the osteoclasts are stimulated by paracrine hormones of the osteoblasts. Only an orderly interaction of osteoblasts and osteoclasts guarantees a physiological bone remodeling.
Als sogenannte Basistherapie gegen Osteoporose werden Kalzium und Vitamin D eingesetzt. Da postmenopausal durch den Östrogenmangel die enterale Kalziumresorption abnimmt und dadurch der Kalziumbedarf ansteigt, muß der gesteigerte Kalziumbedarf entweder durch eine geeignete Umstellung in der Ernährung (viel Milch und Milchprodukte) gedeckt werden, oder es muß eine entsprechende medikamentöse Ergänzung erfolgen. Außerdem ist der Bedarf an Vitamin D zumindest in Nord- Mittel- und Westeuropa vor allem während der Wintermonate nicht ausreichend abgedeckt. Durch die ungenügende Sonneneinstrahlung in der Zeit von November bis März und die ungenügende Zufuhr von Vitamin D mit der Nahrung empfehlen sich medikamentöse Zusatzmaßnahmen. Hierzu kann zwischen Vitamin D-Präparaten und den aktiven Vitamin D-Metaboliten gewählt werden.Calcium and vitamin D are used as the so-called basic therapy for osteoporosis. As the enteral calcium absorption decreases postmenopausally due to the lack of estrogen and the calcium requirement increases as a result, the increased calcium requirement must either be covered by a suitable change in diet (lots of milk and milk products) or a corresponding medication must be taken. In addition, the need for vitamin D is not adequately covered, at least in north, central and western Europe, especially during the winter months. Due to the insufficient sun exposure from November to March and the insufficient intake of vitamin D with food, additional medication measures are recommended. You can choose between vitamin D preparations and the active vitamin D metabolites.
Die Wirkung von Sexualhormonen, d.h. der positive Effekt von Östrogenen auf den Knochenstoffwechsel durch Hemmung der Osteoklastenaktivität, ist bekannt. Der Einsatz von Östrogenen wird daher bis ins hohe Alter als gerechtfertigt angesehen.The effect of sex hormones, i.e. the positive effect of estrogens on bone metabolism by inhibiting osteoclast activity is known. The use of estrogens is therefore considered justified into old age.
Eine weitere, die Osteoklastenaktivität hemmende Substanzgruppe sind die Bisphosphonate. Fluorsalze hingegen wirken auf den Knochen anabol. Sie induzieren in den Osteoblasten Wachstumsfaktoren. Wenn Fluorpräparate langfristig verabreicht werden, können sie durch Knochenapposition vorhandene Trabekel verstärken. Die Aktivität der Osteoklasten wird nicht gehemmt, so daß das Frakturrisiko abnimmt.Another group of substances that inhibit osteoclast activity are the bisphosphonates. In contrast, fluorine salts have an anabolic effect on the bones. They induce growth factors in the osteoblasts. If fluorine preparations are administered long-term, they can reinforce existing trabeculae by bone apposition. The activity of the osteoclasts is not inhibited, so the risk of fracture decreases.
Es ist bekannt, daß die oben bereits erwähnten PGs und LTs neben ihren proinflamatorischen Eigenschaften eine wichtige Funktion bei der Homöostase der Knochen ausüben. 5-LO Metabolite (wie 5-HETE, LTB4 und die Cysteinyl-LTs) stimulieren die Bildung und Aktivität der Osteoklasten [Gallwitz, W.E., Mundy, G.R., Lee, C.H., Qiao, M., Roodman, G.D., Raftery, M., Gaskell, S.J., Bonewald, L.F. (1993) 5-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid stimulate isolated osteoclasts to resorb calcified matrices. J Biol Chem 268, 10087-94 / Garcia, C, Boyce, B.F., Gilles, J., Dallas, M., Qiao, M., Mundy, G.R., Bonewald, L.F. (1996) Leukotriene B4 stimulates oste- oclastic bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 11 , 1619-27.]. LTB4 hemmt die Osteoblastendifferenzierung und Bildung der Knochensubstanz [Traianedes, K., Dallas, M.R., Garrett, I.R., Mundy, G.R., Bonewald, L.F. (1998) 5- Lipoxygenase metabolites inhibit bone formation in vitro. Endocrinology 139, 3178- 84].It is known that the PGs and LTs already mentioned above, in addition to their pro-inflammatory properties, have an important function in the homeostasis of the bones. 5-LO metabolites (such as 5-HETE, LTB 4 and the cysteinyl LTs) stimulate the formation and activity of the osteoclasts [Gallwitz, WE, Mundy, GR, Lee, CH, Qiao, M., Roodman, GD, Raftery, M ., Gaskell, SJ, Bonewald, LF (1993) 5-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid stimulate isolated osteoclasts to resorb calcified matrices. J Biol Chem 268, 10087-94 / Garcia, C, Boyce, BF, Gilles, J., Dallas, M., Qiao, M., Mundy, GR, Bonewald, LF (1996) Leukotriene B4 stimulates osteo-elastic bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 11, 1619-27.]. LTB 4 inhibits osteoblast differentiation and formation of bone substance [Traianedes, K., Dallas, MR, Garrett, IR, Mundy, GR, Bonewald, LF (1998) 5-lipoxygenase metabolites inhibit bone formation in vitro. Endocrinology 139, 3178-84].
Tatsächlich stimuliert gezielte Gabe von LTB4 oder LTD4 die Knochenresorption in vitro und in vivo [Garcia, C, Boyce, B.F., Gilles, J., Dallas, M., Qiao, M., Mundy, G.R., Bonewald, L.F. (1996) Leukotriene B4 stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 11 , 1619-27 / Garcia, C, Qiao, M., Chen, D., Kirchen, M., Gallwitz, W., Mundy, G.R., Bonewald, L.F. (1996) Effects of synthetic peptido-leukotrienes on bone resorption in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 11 , 521-9], und es wurde gezeigt, dass Osteoklasten LT-Rezeptoren besitzen [Flynn, M.A., Qiao, M., Garcia, C, Dallas, M., Bonewald, L.F. (1999) Avian osteoclast cells are stimulated to resorb calcified matrices by and possess receptors for leukotriene B4. Calcif Tissue Int 64, 154-9].In fact, targeted administration of LTB 4 or LTD 4 stimulates bone resorption in vitro and in vivo [Garcia, C, Boyce, BF, Gilles, J., Dallas, M., Qiao, M., Mundy, GR, Bonewald, LF (1996 ) Leukotriene B4 stimulates osteoclastic bone absorption both in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 11, 1619-27 / Garcia, C, Qiao, M., Chen, D., Kirchen, M., Gallwitz, W., Mundy, GR, Bonewald, LF (1996) Effects of synthetic peptido-leukotrienes on bone absorption in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 11, 521-9], and osteoclasts have been shown to have LT receptors [Flynn, MA, Qiao, M., Garcia, C, Dallas, M., Bonewald, LF (1999) Avian osteoclast cells are stimulated to resorb calcified matrices by and possess receptors for leukotriene B4. Calcif Tissue Int 64, 154-9].
Interessanterweise haben 5-LO KO Mäuse eine deutlich höhere Kortikalknochendichte- und Festigkeit als WT Mäuse und verlieren weitaus weniger Knochenmasse nach Ovariotomie [Bonewald, L.F., Flynn, M., Qiao, M., Dallas, M.R., Mundy, G.R., Boyce, B.F. (1997) Mice lacking 5-lipoxygenase have increased cortical bone thickness. Adv Exp Med Biol 433, 299-302].Interestingly, 5-LO KO mice have a significantly higher cortical bone density and strength than WT mice and lose far less bone mass after ovariotomy [Bonewald, L.F., Flynn, M., Qiao, M., Dallas, M.R., Mundy, G.R., Boyce, B.F. (1997) Mice lacking 5-lipoxygenase have increased cortical bone thickness. Adv Exp Med Biol 433, 299-302].
Folglich werden 5-LO Metabolite als negative Regulatoren der Knochenbildung betrachtet und nimmt man an, dass erhöhte LT Spiegel die postmenopausale Osteoporose begünstigen. Damit könnten 5-LO Inhibitoren für die Therapie der postmenopausalen Osteoporose von Bedeutung sein. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die anti-osteoporotischen Effekte verschiedener dualer Inhibitoren der 5-LO und der COX beachtenswert [Rajendran, K.G., Chen, S.Y., Sood, A., Spielvogel, B.F., Hall, I.H. (1995) The anti-osteoporotic activity of amine-carboxyboranes in rodents. Biomed Pharmacother 49, 131-40 / Rajendran, K.G., Burnham, B.S., Chen, S.Y., Sood, A., Spielvogel, B.F., Shaw, B.R., Hall, I.H. (1994) Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic activities of base-boronated nucle- osides and phosphate-boronated nucleotides in rodents. J Pharm Sei 83, 1391-5 / Sherman, B.E., Chole, R.A. (2000) First place-resident basic science award 1999. Effects of leukotriene and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition on adaptive bone remodeling in the middle ear. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123, 1-8], und man vermutet, dass die protektiven Wirkungen von Estrogenen in der Osteoporosetherapie auf ihrer Fähigkeit beruhen die LT-Synthese zu hemmen [Alanko, J., Sievi, E., Lahteen- maki, T., Mucha, I., Vapaatalo, H., Parantainen, J. (1998) Catechol estrogens as inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 55, 101-4].As a result, 5-LO metabolites are considered negative regulators of bone formation and it is believed that elevated LT levels favor postmenopausal osteoporosis. 5-LO inhibitors could therefore be important for the therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In this context, the anti-osteoporotic effects of various dual inhibitors of 5-LO and COX are noteworthy [Rajendran, KG, Chen, SY, Sood, A., Spielvogel, BF, Hall, IH (1995) The anti-osteoporotic activity of amine-carboxyboranes in rodents. Biomed Pharmacother 49, 131-40 / Rajendran, KG, Burnham, BS, Chen, SY, Sood, A., Spielvogel, BF, Shaw, BR, Hall, IH (1994) Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic activities of base- boronated nucleosides and phosphate-boronated nucleotides in rodents. J Pharm Sei 83, 1391-5 / Sherman, BE, Chole, RA (2000) First place-resident basic science award 1999. Effects of leukotriene and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition on adaptive bone remodeling in the middle ear. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123, 1-8], and it is believed that the protective effects of estrogens in osteoporosis therapy are based on their ability to inhibit LT synthesis [Alanko, J., Sievi, E., Lahteen-maki, T ., Mucha, I., Vapaatalo, H., Parantainen, J. (1998) Catechol estrogens as inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 55, 101-4].
Trotz der verschiedenen medikamentösen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten wird der gegenwärtige Versorgungsstand von Osteoporosepatienten als sehr schlecht beurteilt. Sowohl die Hormontherapie, als auch die Behandlung mit Bisphospho- naten führt zu erheblichen Nebenwirkungen, die mittels der erfindungsgemäßen Verwendung vermieden werden könnten.Despite the various drug treatment options, the current level of care for osteoporosis patients is assessed as very poor. Both hormone therapy and treatment with bisphosphonates lead to considerable side effects which could be avoided by the use according to the invention.
Versuche der Anmelderin haben ergeben, daß die Synthese der proinflammatori- schen PGs in Thrombozyten und der LTs in Granulozyten durch H. perforatum Extrakte sowie durch dessen isolierten Inhaltsstoff Hyperforin potent gehemmt werden (Beispiel 2).Experiments by the applicant have shown that the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory PGs in thrombocytes and the LTs in granulocytes are potently inhibited by H. perforatum extracts and by its isolated ingredient hyperforin (Example 2).
Diesen Untersuchungen zufolge ist Hyperforin ein dualer Inhibitor der COX und der 5-LO. Basierend auf diesen Eigenschaften, haben Extrakte von H. perforatum oder isoliertes Hyperforin, neben ihrer bekannten anti-inflammatorischen Wirkung, beträchtliches Potential für die Therapie der Osteoporose. Weiterhin zeigen Versuche der Anmelderin, dass Hyperforin die Apoptose von osteoklastären Makrophagen induziert, wodurch der Knochenabbau in vivo zurückgedrängt werden könnte (Beispiel 3).According to these studies, Hyperforin is a dual inhibitor of COX and 5-LO. Based on these properties, extracts of H. perforatum or isolated hyperforin, in addition to their known anti-inflammatory effects, have considerable potential for the therapy of osteoporosis. Experiments by the applicant also show that hyperforin induces the apoptosis of osteoclast macrophages, as a result of which bone degradation could be suppressed in vivo (example 3).
Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut (Hypericum) zur prophylaktischen und/oder therapeutischen Behandlung von anaphylaktischen Schockzuständen oder Osteoporose sowie von pharmazeutischen Zubereitungen, enthaltend Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakt, erfolgt bevorzugt beim Menschen, kann aber auch bei Tieren erfolgen.The use according to the invention of hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock or osteoporosis and of pharmaceutical preparations containing hyperforin or St. John's wort extract is preferred in humans, but can also be done in animals.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut (Hypericum) erfolgt vorzugsweise intraperitoneal, oral, nasal, bukkal, rektal, intramuskulär, topisch, subkutan, inhalativ, intraartikulär oder intravenös.Hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) are preferably used intraperitoneally, orally, nasally, buccally, rectally, intramuscularly, topically, subcutaneously, by inhalation, intra-articularly or intravenously.
Insbesondere erfolgt die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung in Form von Tabletten, Dragees, Kapseln, Lösungen, Emulsionen, Salben, Cremes, Inhalationspräparaten, Aerosolen oder Suppositorien.In particular, the use according to the invention takes the form of tablets, dragées, capsules, solutions, emulsions, ointments, creams, inhalation preparations, aerosols or suppositories.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist die Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut (Hypericum) zur Herstellung eines Nah- rungsergänzungsmittels, das im prophylaktischen Sinne die Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen unterstützt.Another object of the present invention is the use of Hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) for the production of a food supplement which, in the prophylactic sense, supports the maintenance and improvement of bone health.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist ein Nahrungsergänzungsmittel, enthaltend Hyperforin oder Extrakte aus Johanniskraut (Hypericum), das im prophylaktischen Sinne die Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen unterstützt.Another object of the present invention is a nutritional supplement containing hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum), which in the prophylactic sense supports the maintenance and improvement of bone health.
Das erfindungsgemäße Nahrungsergänzungsmittel kann außer Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut auch noch weitere der Knochengesundheit dienliche Stoffe enthalten, insbesondere Fluorsalze, Kalziumsalze und Vitamin D. Das erfindungsgemäße Nahrungsergänzungsmittel kann direkt in Form von Tabletten, Dragees, Kapseln, Lösungen oder Emulsionen eingenommen oder in Nahrungsmittel, insbesondere in Kalzium-haltige Nahrungsmittel wie Milch oder Milchprodukte eingearbeitet werden. Solchermaßen angereicherte Nahrungsmittel ermöglichen die Beibehaltung einer gesunden Knochendichte auch noch in fortgeschrittenem Alter.In addition to hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort, the nutritional supplement according to the invention can also contain other substances which are beneficial to bone health, in particular fluorine salts, calcium salts and vitamin D. The nutritional supplement according to the invention can be taken directly in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions or emulsions or can be incorporated into foods, in particular calcium-containing foods such as milk or milk products. Foods enriched in this way enable a healthy bone density to be maintained even at an advanced age.
Das erfindungsgemäße Nahrungsergänzungsmittel kann insbesondere im Sport-, Fitneß- und Wellneßbereich Verwendung finden und in Form von Tabletten, Dragees, Kapseln, Lösungen oder Emulsionen eingenommen oder in Sport-, Fitneß- und Wellneßsupplemente, insbesondere in Proteinpulver, Vitaminpräparate oder Mineralstoffpräparate eingearbeitet werden. Besonders bevorzugt ist es, das erfindungsgemäße Nahrungsergänzungsmittel mit Verbindungen zu kombinieren, die ausgewählt sind unter: „Branched chain amino acids" (BCAA), ?-Hydroxy- ?- Methylbutyrat (HMB), -Liponsäure (ALA), Glutamin, Taurin, Glycerin oder Kreatin, vorzugsweise mit Kreatinmonohydrat. Da Kreatin ein im Kraftsport häufig eingesetztes Nahrungsergänzungsmittel ist, dem muskel- und knochenstärkende Wirkungen zugeschrieben werden, sind von der kombinierten Gabe besonders starke synergistische Effekte zu erwarten.The nutritional supplement according to the invention can be used in particular in the sports, fitness and wellness sector and can be taken in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions or emulsions or incorporated into sports, fitness and wellness supplements, in particular in protein powder, vitamin preparations or mineral preparations. It is particularly preferred to combine the food supplement according to the invention with compounds which are selected from: "Branched chain amino acids" (BCAA),? -Hydroxy-? - methylbutyrate (HMB), -liponic acid (ALA), glutamine, taurine, glycerol or creatine, preferably with creatine monohydrate Since creatine is a dietary supplement that is often used in weight training and is said to have muscle and bone-strengthening effects, particularly strong synergistic effects can be expected from the combined administration.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist die Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut (Hypericum) zur Herstellung einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung bzw. eines Arzneimittels für die prophylaktische und/oder therapeutische Behandlung von anaphylaktischen Schockzuständen oder zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen, insbesondere zur Behandlung von Osteoporose.Another object of the present invention is the use of Hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) for the production of a pharmaceutical preparation or a medicament for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock conditions or for maintaining and improving the health of bones, in particular for Treatment of osteoporosis.
Ein weiterer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist eine pharmazeutische Zubereitung zur prophylaktischen und/oder therapeutischen Behandlung von a- naphylaktischen Schockzuständen oder zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen, insbesondere zur Behandlung von Osteoporose, die als Wirkstoff Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakt enthält. Die Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Zubereitung erfolgt in dem Fachmann bekannter Weise, z. B., wie in der WO 00/30660, oder in Kaul, R. „Johanniskraut, Botanik, Inhaltsstoffe, Qualitätskontrolle, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinik", Wiss. Verl.-Gesell., 2000, beschrieben, worauf hiermit in vollem Umfang Bezug genommen wird.Another object of the present invention is a pharmaceutical preparation for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock states or for maintaining and improving the health of bones, in particular for the treatment of osteoporosis, which contains hyperforin or St. John's wort extract as active ingredient. The preparation of the preparation according to the invention is carried out in a manner known to the person skilled in the art, eg. B., as in WO 00/30660, or in Kaul, R. "St. John's wort, botany, ingredients, quality control, pharmacology, toxicology and clinic", Wiss. Verl.-Gesell., 2000, described, whereupon in full Reference is made.
Die Konzentration des Wirkstoffs in der erfindungsgemäßen pharmazeutischen Zubereitung kann in Abhängigkeit von dem beabsichtigten Verwendungszweck durch den Fachmann angepaßt und variiert werden. Die Dosierung des H. perforatum Extrakts kann bspw. etwa 3 mal täglich je etwa 300 - 600 mg (z. B. als Dragee) betragen. Dies entspräche einer Dosierung des Hyperforins von etwa 5 - 25 mg.The concentration of the active ingredient in the pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention can be adapted and varied by the person skilled in the art depending on the intended use. The dosage of the H. perforatum extract can, for example, be about 300 to 600 mg (e.g. as a coated tablet) about 3 times a day. This would correspond to a dosage of the Hyperforin of about 5 - 25 mg.
Die Dosierung und Anwendungsdauer des erfindungsgemäß zu verwendenden Hyperforins oder Johanniskrautextrakts bzw. der Hyperforin oder Johanniskrautextrakt enthaltenden pharmazeutischen Zubereitung kann ebenfalls in Abhängigkeit von dem beabsichtigten Verwendungszweck durch den Fachmann angepaßt und variiert werden.The dosage and duration of use of the hyperforin or St. John's wort extract to be used according to the invention or the pharmaceutical preparation containing hyperforin or St. John's wort extract can also be adapted and varied by the person skilled in the art depending on the intended use.
Je nach Art der Formulierung können die erfindungsgemäßen pharmazeutischen Zubereitungen mindestens einen weiteren Hilfs- oder Zusatzstoff, wie z. B. Öle, Schutzkolloide, Weichmacher, Antioxidantien und/oder Emulgatoren enthalten.Depending on the type of formulation, the pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention can contain at least one further auxiliary or additive, such as. B. contain oils, protective colloids, plasticizers, antioxidants and / or emulsifiers.
Im Falle einer Dispersion, insbesondere im Falle einer Suspension oder Emulsion, ist es vorteilhaft, zusätzlich ein physiologisch verträgliches Öl wie beispielsweise Sesamöl, Maiskeimöl, Baumwollsaatöl, Sojabohnenöl oder Erdnußöl, Ester mittel- kettiger pflanzlicher Fettsäuren oder Fischöle wie beispielsweise Makrelen-, Sprotten- oder Lachsöl zu verwenden.In the case of a dispersion, in particular in the case of a suspension or emulsion, it is advantageous to additionally use a physiologically compatible oil such as, for example, sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil or peanut oil, esters of medium-chain vegetable fatty acids or fish oils such as, for example, mackerel, sprat or To use salmon oil.
Zur Erhöhung der Stabilität des Wirkstoffes gegen oxidativen Abbau ist es vorteilhaft, Stabilisatoren wie a- Tocopherol, t- Butylhydroxy- toluol, t- Butylhydroxyani- sol, Ascorbinsäure oder Ethoxyquine zuzusetzen. Es ist außerdem bevorzugt, wegen der Lichtempfindlichkeit des Hyperforins, die erfindungsgemäßen Zubereitungen lichtundurchlässig zu verpacken und zu lagern.To increase the stability of the active ingredient against oxidative degradation, it is advantageous to add stabilizers such as a-tocopherol, t-butylhydroxy-toluene, t-butylhydroxyanisole, ascorbic acid or ethoxyquine. It is also preferred, because of the photosensitivity of the hyperforin, to pack and store the preparations according to the invention in an opaque manner.
Die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut (Hypericum) kann zusammen mit anderen, vorzugsweise chemisch reinen, Arzneistoffen und/oder pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln erfolgen, bzw. die erfindungsgemäße pharmazeutische Zubereitung kann solche andere, vorzugsweise chemisch reine, Arzneistoffe oder Arzneimittel enthalten.The use according to the invention of hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort (Hypericum) can take place together with other, preferably chemically pure, medicinal substances and / or herbal medicinal products, or the pharmaceutical preparation according to the invention can contain such other, preferably chemically pure, medicinal substances or medicinal products.
Geeignete Arzneistoffe oder Arzneimittel sind in der WO 00/30660 sowie der DE- A-42 01 903, auf die hiermit in vollem Umfang Bezug genommen wird, aufgeführt.Suitable drugs or drugs are listed in WO 00/30660 and DE-A-42 01 903, to which reference is hereby made in full.
Beispiele für solche Arzneistoffe sind:Examples of such drugs are:
Broncholytika und Antiasthmatika, Sympathomimetika:Broncholytics and anti-asthmatics, sympathomimetics:
Carbuterol-HCI, , Clenbuterol-HCI, Fenoterol-HBr, Isoetarin-HCI, Orciprenalinsul- fat, Pirbuterol-HCI, Procaterol-HCI, Reproterol-HCI, Sabutamolsulfat, Terbutalin- sulfat, Tulobuterol-HCI.Carbuterol-HCI,, Clenbuterol-HCI, Fenoterol-HBr, Isoetarin-HCI, Orciprenalinsul- fat, Pirbuterol-HCI, Procaterol-HCI, Reproterol-HCI, Sabutamolsulfat, Terbutalin-sulfate, Tulobuterol-HCI.
Antipsoriatika, nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika:Antipsoriatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:
Salicylsäure und Derivate.Salicylic acid and derivatives.
Vitamine:vitamins:
Folsäure, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, Vitamin A, Vitamin D.Folic acid, vitamin E, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin D.
Verschiedene:Various:
Cadmiumsulfid, Benzalkoniumchlorid, Natriumbituminosulfonat, Ammoidin, Allantoin, Methotrexat, Paraffin, Tioxolon, Dithranol, Fumarsäure, Undecylensäure, Polyoxyethylenlaurylethersulfat, Etretinat, Zinkoxid, Harnstoff, Milchsäure, Fluorsalze, Kalziumsalze, Bisphosphonate, Kreatin.Cadmium sulfide, benzalkonium chloride, sodium bituminosulfonate, ammoidin, allantoin, methotrexate, paraffin, tioxolon, dithranol, fumaric acid, undecylenic acid, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate, etretinate, zinc oxide, urea, lactic acid, fluorine salts, calcium phosphate salts, calcium phosphate salts, bisphosphate salts.
Nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika: Pyrazol-Derivate:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Pyrazole derivatives:
Azapropazon, Bumadizon, Famprofazon, Mofebutazon, Nifenazon,Azapropazon, bumadizon, famprofazon, mofebutazon, nifenazon,
Oxyphenbutazon, Phenylbutazon, Pyrazinobutazon.Oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, pyrazinobutazone.
Acrylessigsäure-Derivate und Indol-Derivate:Acrylic Acetic Acid Derivatives and Indole Derivatives:
Acemetacin, Bufexamac, Diclofenac, Indometacin, Lonazolac, Proglumetacin,Acemetacin, Bufexamac, Diclofenac, Indometacin, Lonazolac, Proglumetacin,
Tolmetin.Tolmetin.
Anthranilsäure- Derivate :Anthranilic acid derivatives:
Flufenaminsäure, Mefenaminsäure, Nifluminsäure.Flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid.
Arylpropionsäure- Derivate :Aryl propionic acid derivatives:
Carprofen, Fenoprofen, Fenbufen, Fluorbiprofen, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen,Carprofen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, fluorobiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen,
Naproxen, Piroxicam, Pirprofen, Tiaprofensäure.Naproxen, piroxicam, pirprofen, tiaprofenic acid.
Oxicame: TenoxicamOxicame: tenoxicam
Sonstige:other:
Benzydamin, Benfotiamin, Chloroquin, Hydroxychloroquin, Auranofin, (l-D-Benzydamine, benfotiamine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, auranofin, (l-D-
Glukosylthio)gold, Aurothiomalat (= Goldkeratinat), Tetrachlorogold(lll)-säure, D-Glucosylthio) gold, aurothiomalate (= gold keratinate), tetrachlorogold (III) acid, D-
Penicillamin, Hyaluronidase, Nabumeton, Etofenamat, Ademetionin, Serrapepta- se, Azathioprin, Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamid, Methotrexat, Glucosaminsulfat,Penicillamine, hyaluronidase, nabumetone, etofenamate, ademetionin, serrapeptase, azathioprine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, glucosamine sulfate,
Penicillin, Bienengiftpräparat, Schwefel, Oxaceprol, Orgotein, Sulfasalazzin (=Penicillin, bee venom preparation, sulfur, oxaceprol, orgotein, sulfasalazzin (=
Salazosulfapyridin).Sulphasalazine).
Die folgenden Beispiele erläutern die Erfindung, ohne sie jedoch darauf einzuschränken:The following examples illustrate the invention without, however, restricting it thereto:
Beispiel 1 :Example 1 :
Zur Bestimmung der LT Synthesehemmung wurden frisch isolierte Granulozyten aus Humanblut mit Hyperforin oder alkoholischen H. perforatum Extrakten (Licht- wehr, Dr. Willmar Schwabe) inkubiert und anschließend mit lonophor A23187 in Anwesenheit und Abwesenheit von Arachidonsäure stimuliert. Dabei wurde jeweils eine dosisabhängige Hemmung der 5-LO Produktbildung (5-HETE, LTB4 und dessen trans-lsomere) beobachtet. Die IC50 Werte bewegen sich hierbei um 1 μM Hyperforin bzw. 8,5 - 14,2 μg/ml Extrakt. Ab 3 μM Hyperforin (bzw. 28,4 μg/ml Extrakt) ist die LT Synthese quasi vollständig (< 3%) supprimiert.To determine the LT inhibition of synthesis, freshly isolated granulocytes from human blood with hyperforin or alcoholic H. perforatum extracts (light wehr, Dr. Willmar Schwabe) and then stimulated with lonophor A23187 in the presence and absence of arachidonic acid. A dose-dependent inhibition of 5-LO product formation (5-HETE, LTB 4 and its trans-isomers) was observed in each case. The IC 50 values are around 1 μM Hyperforin or 8.5 - 14.2 μg / ml extract. From 3 μM Hyperforin (or 28.4 μg / ml extract) the LT synthesis is almost completely (<3%) suppressed.
Beispiel 2:Example 2:
Zur Bestimmung der PG-Synthesehemmung wurden frisch isolierte Thrombozyten aus Humanblut mit Hyperforin oder H. perforatum Extrakten (Lichtwehr) inkubiert und anschließend mit Thrombin, lonophor A23187 oder Arachidonsäure stimuliert. Dabei wurde unter allen Stimulationsbedingungen eine dosisabhängige Hemmung der COX-1 Produktbildung (12(S)-Hydroxy-5-cis-8,10-trans-Heptadecatriensäure (12-HHT)) beobachtet. Die IC50 Werte bewegen sich hierbei um 0,3 - 3 μM Hyperforin bzw. 14,2 - 57 μg/ml Extrakt. Ab 10 μM Hyperforin (bzw. 85 μg/ml Extrakt) ist die PG Synthese nahezu vollständig (< 5%) unterbunden.To determine the inhibition of PG synthesis, freshly isolated platelets from human blood were incubated with Hyperforin or H. perforatum extracts (light weir) and then stimulated with thrombin, ionophore A23187 or arachidonic acid. A dose-dependent inhibition of COX-1 product formation (12 (S) -hydroxy-5-cis-8,10-trans-heptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT)) was observed under all stimulation conditions. The IC 50 values range from 0.3 - 3 μM Hyperforin or 14.2 - 57 μg / ml extract. From 10 μM Hyperforin (or 85 μg / ml extract) the PG synthesis is almost completely (<5%) prevented.
Zur Bestimmung der LT Synthesehemmung wurden frisch isolierte Granulozyten aus Humanblut mit Hyperforin oder H. perforatum Extrakt (Lichtwehr) inkubiert und anschließend mit lonophor A23187 in Anwesenheit und Abwesenheit von Arachidonsäure stimuliert. Dabei wurde jeweils eine dosisabhängige Hemmung der 5-LO Produktbildung (5-HETE, LTB und dessen trans-lsomere) beobachtet. Die IC50 Werte bewegen sich hierbei um 1 μM Hyperforin bzw. 8,5 - 14,2 μg/ml Extrakt. Ab 3 μM Hyperforin (bzw. 28,4 μg/ml Extrakt) ist die LT Synthese quasi vollständig (< 3%) supprimiert.To determine the LT inhibition of synthesis, freshly isolated granulocytes from human blood were incubated with Hyperforin or H. perforatum extract (light weir) and then stimulated with ionophore A23187 in the presence and absence of arachidonic acid. A dose-dependent inhibition of 5-LO product formation (5-HETE, LTB and its trans-isomers) was observed in each case. The IC 50 values are around 1 μM Hyperforin or 8.5 - 14.2 μg / ml extract. From 3 μM Hyperforin (or 28.4 μg / ml extract) the LT synthesis is almost completely (<3%) suppressed.
Beispiel 3:Example 3:
Zur Untermauerung des anti-osteoporotischen Effektes von Hyperforin wurden Versuche zur Apoptose-induzierenden Wirkung dieses Agens in der humanen Monocyten/Makrophagen-Zelllinie Mono Mac 6 und in murinen J774 Makrophagen durchgeführt. Diese bieten sich als Modellsystem an, da aktivierte Osteoklasten aus der Verschmelzung monozytärer Vorläuferzellen entstehen und prinzipiell als Makrophagen zu betrachten sind. Besonders J774-Zellen sind als Osteoklasten- Modell akzeptiert und wurden als Testmodell zum Screening von Bisphosphona- ten genutzt (Luckman et al., 1998: Heterocycle-containing bisphosphonates cause apoptosis and inhibit bone resorption by preventing protein prenylation: Evidence from structure-activity relationships in J774 macrophages. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13(11 ): 1668-1678; Rogers et al., 1996: Bisphosphonates in- duce apoptosis in mouse macrophage-like cells in vitro by a nitrite oxide- independent mechanism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11(10): 1482- 1491 ).To substantiate the anti-osteoporotic effect of hyperforin, experiments on the apoptosis-inducing effect of this agent were carried out in the human monocyte / macrophage cell line Mono Mac 6 and in murine J774 macrophages. These offer themselves as a model system, since activated osteoclasts arise from the fusion of monocytic progenitor cells and are in principle to be regarded as macrophages. J774 cells in particular are accepted as osteoclast models and have been used as test models for the screening of bisphosphonates (Luckman et al., 1998: Heterocycle-containing bisphosphonates cause apoptosis and inhibit bone resorption by preventing protein prenylation: Evidence from structure-activity relationships in J774 macrophages. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13 (11): 1668-1678; Rogers et al., 1996: Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in mouse macrophage-like cells in vitro by a nitrite oxide-independent mechanism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11 (10): 1482-1491).
Die Versuche zeigten, daß die Zugabe von Hyperforin in einer Konzentration (10μM), die zur maximalen Inhibition von COX-1 und 5-LO führt (Albert ei* al., 2002: Hyperforin is a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. Bio- chemical Pharmacology 7439: 1-9), sowohl in Mono Mac 6 als auch in J774-Zellen eine drastische Zunahme der Apoptoserate bewirkt (siehe Figur und Tabelle). Dieses Ergebnis verdeutlicht das anti-osteoporotische Potential von Hyperforin.The experiments showed that the addition of Hyperforin in a concentration (10μM) which leads to the maximum inhibition of COX-1 and 5-LO (Albert ei * al., 2002: Hyperforin is a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5- lipoxygenase, bio-chemical pharmacology 7439: 1-9), both in Mono Mac 6 and in J774 cells, causes a drastic increase in the apoptosis rate (see figure and table). This result illustrates the anti-osteoporotic potential of Hyperforin.
Figur: Nach viertägiger Reifung der Mono Mac 6 Zellen mit TGF-ß Dund Vitamin D3 wurde Hyperforin (10μM) bzw. DMSO (0,1%) zugegeben und die Zellen für weitere 24 Stunden inkubiert. Die J774-Zellen wurden in normalem Kulturmedium angesät und am nächsten Tag mit Hyperforin (10μM) bzw. DMSO (0,1 %) versetzt und für 48 Stunden mit den Substanzen inkubiert. Die Bestimmung der Apoptoserate erfolgte durch Auszählen der apoptotischen Zellkerne im Fluoreszenzbild nach DAPI-Färbung. Angegeben sind die Mittelwerte aus je drei unabhängigen Experimenten, bei denen je 500 Zellkerne ausgezählt wurden. Die entsprechenden Standardabweichungen sind angegeben.
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure: After four days of maturation of the Mono Mac 6 cells with TGF-β D and vitamin D3, Hyperforin (10μM) or DMSO (0.1%) was added and the cells were incubated for a further 24 hours. The J774 cells were sown in normal culture medium and treated with Hyperforin (10μM) or DMSO (0.1%) the next day and incubated with the substances for 48 hours. The apoptosis rate was determined by counting the apoptotic cell nuclei in the fluorescence image after DAPI staining. The mean values are given from three independent experiments in which 500 cell nuclei were counted. The corresponding standard deviations are given.
Figure imgf000020_0001
Tabelle: Nach viertägiger Reifung von Mono Mac 6 Zellen in Kulturmedium mit TGF-# und Vitamin D3 wurde Hyperforin (10μM) bzw. DMSO (0,1 %) zugegeben und die Zellen für weitere 24 Stunden inkubiert. J774-Zellen wurden in normalem Kulturmedium angesät und am nächsten Tag mit Hyperforin (10μM) bzw. DMSO (0,1 %) versetzt und für 48 Stunden mit den Substanzen inkubiert. Die Bestimmung der Apoptose erfolgte mit Hilfe des „Cell Death Detection Kits" von Röche. Angegeben sind die Mittelwerte aus je drei unabhängigen Messungen und die entsprechenden Standardabweichungen. Table: After four days of maturation of Mono Mac 6 cells in culture medium with TGF- # and vitamin D3, Hyperforin (10μM) or DMSO (0.1%) was added and the cells were incubated for a further 24 hours. J774 cells were sown in normal culture medium and treated with Hyperforin (10μM) or DMSO (0.1%) the next day and incubated with the substances for 48 hours. Apoptosis was determined using Röche's "Cell Death Detection Kit". The mean values from three independent measurements and the corresponding standard deviations are given.

Claims

Patentansprüche: claims:
1. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung zur prophylaktischen und/oder therapeutischen Behandlung von anaphylaktischen Schockzuständen oder zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie als Wirkstoff Hyperforin oder Extrakt aus Johanniskraut enthält.1. Pharmaceutical preparation for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock or for maintaining and improving the health of bones, characterized in that it contains hyperforin or extract from St. John's wort as an active ingredient.
2. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen in der Behandlung von Osteoporose besteht.2. Pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 1, characterized in that the improvement of bone health consists in the treatment of osteoporosis.
3. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie zusätzlich Arzneistoffe und/oder pflanzliche Arzneimittel enthält, insbesondere solche, die ausgewählt sind unter a. Broncholytika und Antiasthmatika sowie Sympathomimetika b. Antipsoriatika und nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika c. Vitaminen und d. nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika, wobei die Broncholytika und Antiasthmatika sowie Sympathomimetika vorzugsweise ausgewählt sind unter Carbuterol-HCI, Clenbuterol-HCI, Fenoterol-HBr, Isoeta- rin-HCI, Orciprenalinsulfat, Pirbuterol-HCI, Procaterol-HCI, Reproterol-HCI, Sa- butamolsulfat, Terbutalinsulfat, Tulobuterol-HCI; die Antipsoriatika und nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika vorzugsweise ausgewählt sind unter Salicylsäure und ihren Derivaten; die Vitamine vorzugsweise ausgewählt sind unter Folsäure, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, Vitamin A und Vitamin D; die nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika vorzugsweise ausgewählt sind unter d1. Pyrazol-Derivaten, wie Azapropazon, Bumadizon, Famprofazon, Mofebuta- zon, Nifenazon, Oxyphenbutazon, Phenylbutazon, Pyrazinobutazon, d2.Acrylessigsäure-Derivaten und Indol-Derivaten, wie Acemetacin, Bufex- amac, Diclofenac, Indometacin, Lonazolac, Proglumetacin, Tolmetin, d3.Anthranilsäure-Derivaten, wie Flufenaminsäure, Mefenaminsäure, Niflumin- säure, d4.Arylpropionsäure-Derivaten, wie Carprofen, Fenoprofen, Fenbufen, Fluorbi- profen, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Pirprofen, Tiaprofen- säure, dδ.Oxicamen, wie Tenoxicam und d6. sonstigen, wie Benzydamin, Benfotiamin, Chloroquin, Hydroxychloroquin, Auranofin, (I-D-Glukosylthio)gold, Aurothiomalat (= Goldkeratinat), Tetrachlorogold(lll)-säure, D- Penicillamin, Hyaluronidase, Nabumeton, E- tofenamat, Ademetionin, Serrapeptase, Azathioprin, Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamid, Methotrexat, Glucosaminsulfat, Penicillin, Bienengiftpräparat, Schwefel, Oxaceprol, Orgotein, Sulfasalazzin (= Salazosulfapyridin).3. Pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it additionally contains medicinal substances and / or herbal medicinal products, in particular those which are selected from a. Broncholytics and anti-asthmatics and sympathomimetics b. Antipsoriatics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs c. Vitamins and d. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the broncholytics and anti-asthmatics and sympathomimetics are preferably selected from carbuterol-HCI, clenbuterol-HCI, fenoterol-HBr, isoetarine-HCI, orciprenaline sulfate, pirbuterol-HCI, procaterol-HCI, saveroterol-HCI, reproterol-HCI Terbutaline sulfate, tulobuterol HCI; the antipsoriatics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are preferably selected from salicylic acid and its derivatives; the vitamins are preferably selected from folic acid, vitamin E, vitamin B12, vitamin A and vitamin D; the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are preferably selected from d1. Pyrazole derivatives, such as azapropazone, bumadizone, famprofazone, mofebutazone, nifenazone, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, pyrazinobutazone, d2.acrylic acetic acid derivatives and indole derivatives, such as acemetacin, bufexacamacinacolinacin, acetolinacol, dolacetacin, dolomacacin, dolomacacin, dolomacacin, dolacetacin, dolomacacin, dolacetacin d3.anthranilic acid derivatives, such as flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, nifluminic acid, d4.arylpropionic acid derivatives, such as carprofen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, fluorobrofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, piroxicam, pirprofen, tiaprofenic acid, diaaprofenic acid, like tenoxicam and d6. others, such as benzydamine, benfotiamine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, auranofin, (ID-glucosylthio) gold, aurothiomalate (= gold keratinate), tetrachlorogold (III) acid, D-penicillamine, hyaluronidase, nabumetone, etofenamate, adeptase, serum azin, ademetionin , Chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, glucosamine sulfate, penicillin, bee venom preparation, sulfur, oxaceprol, orgotein, sulfasalazzine (= salazosulfapyridine).
4. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Arzneistoffe und/oder pflanzlichen Arzneimittel ausgewählt sind unter Cad- miumsulfid, Benzalkoniumchlorid, Natriumbituminosulfonat, Ammoidin, Allan- toin, Methotrexat, Paraffin, Tioxolon, Dithranol, Fumarsäure, Undecylensäure, Polyoxyethylenlaurylethersulfat, Etretinat, Zinkoxid, Harnstoff, Fluorsalze, Kalziumsalze, Bisphosphonate, Kreatin, „Branched chain amino acids", ?-Hydroxy- /S-Methylbutyrat, -Liponsäure, Glutamin, Taurin, Glycerin und Milchsäure.4. Pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 3, characterized in that the medicinal substances and / or herbal medicinal products are selected from cadmium sulfide, benzalkonium chloride, sodium bituminosulfonate, ammoidin, allantoin, methotrexate, paraffin, dioxolone, dithranol, fumaric acid, undecylenic acid, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate Etretinate, zinc oxide, urea, fluorine salts, calcium salts, bisphosphonates, creatine, "branched chain amino acids",? -Hydroxy- / S-methylbutyrate, -liponic acid, glutamine, taurine, glycerol and lactic acid.
5. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie in Form von Tabletten, Dragees, Kapseln, Lösungen, Emulsionen, Salben, Cremes, Inhalationspräparaten, Aerosolen o- der Suppositorien vorliegt.5. Pharmaceutical preparation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions, emulsions, ointments, creams, inhalation preparations, aerosols or suppositories.
6. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ihre Anwendung intraperitoneal, oral, bukkal, nasal, rektal, intramuskulär, topisch, subkutan, inhalativ, intraartikulär oder intravenös erfolgt.6. Pharmaceutical preparation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is used intraperitoneally, orally, buccally, nasally, rectally, intramuscularly, topically, subcutaneously, by inhalation, intra-articularly or intravenously.
7. Pharmazeutische Zubereitung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ihre Anwendung in Form von Tabletten, Dra- gees, Kapseln, Lösungen, Emulsionen, Salben, Cremes, Inhalationspräparaten, Aerosolen oder Suppositorien erfolgt.7. Pharmaceutical preparation according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that its use in the form of tablets, dra- gees, capsules, solutions, emulsions, ointments, creams, inhalation preparations, aerosols or suppositories.
8. Nahrungsergänzungsmittel enthaltend Hyperforin oder Extrakte aus Johanniskraut, zur Unterstützung der Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen.8. Food supplements containing hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort, to support the maintenance and improvement of bone health.
9. Nahrungsergänzungsmittel nach Anspruch 8, enthaltend zusätzlich weitere der Knochengesundheit dienliche Stoffe, insbesondere Fluorsalze, Kalziumsalze, Kreatin oder Vitamin D.9. Food supplement according to claim 8, additionally containing other substances useful for bone health, in particular fluorine salts, calcium salts, creatine or vitamin D.
10.Verwendung von Hyperforin oder Extrakten aus Johanniskraut zur Herstellung einer pharmazeutischen Zubereitung zur prophylaktischen und/oder therapeutischen Behandlung von anaphylaktischen Schockzuständen oder zur Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen; oder zur Herstellung eines Nahrungsergänzungsmittels zur Unterstützung der Aufrechterhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit von Knochen. 10.Use of hyperforin or extracts from St. John's wort for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical preparation for the prophylactic and / or therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock conditions or for maintaining and improving bone health; or to produce a nutritional supplement to help maintain and improve bone health.
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US8217077B2 (en) 2004-03-26 2012-07-10 Abbott Laboratories HMB uses thereof
US8778992B2 (en) 2005-12-19 2014-07-15 Abbott Laboratories Method of using beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to treat allergies and asthma
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KR101039053B1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2011-06-07 대한민국(농촌진흥청장) Compositions for Treatment and Prevention of Bone Diseases Comprising Extract of Hypericum ascyron
WO2010133707A1 (en) * 2009-05-18 2010-11-25 Asac Compañía De Biotecnología E Investigación Sa Stabilized hyperforin solutions for oral administration
US8916217B2 (en) 2010-01-29 2014-12-23 Abbott Laboratories Aseptically packaged nutritional liquids comprising HMB
US9241508B2 (en) 2010-01-29 2016-01-26 Abbott Laboratories Nutritional emulsions comprising calcium HMB
US9693577B2 (en) 2010-01-29 2017-07-04 Abbott Laboratories Method of preparing a nutritional powder comprising spray dried HMB
US9521859B2 (en) 2010-06-10 2016-12-20 Normanella T. Dewille Substantially clear nutritional liquids comprising calcium HMB and soluble protein
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