WO2003011235A1 - Produit cosmetique - Google Patents

Produit cosmetique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003011235A1
WO2003011235A1 PCT/JP2002/007553 JP0207553W WO03011235A1 WO 2003011235 A1 WO2003011235 A1 WO 2003011235A1 JP 0207553 W JP0207553 W JP 0207553W WO 03011235 A1 WO03011235 A1 WO 03011235A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
powder
film
metal
silver
cosmetic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2002/007553
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Koji Yokoi
Juichi Ino
Satoshi Ishizuka
Original Assignee
Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. filed Critical Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd.
Priority to KR10-2003-7007410A priority Critical patent/KR20040021578A/ko
Priority to BR0205864-2A priority patent/BR0205864A/pt
Priority to JP2003516467A priority patent/JPWO2003011235A1/ja
Priority to EP02755659A priority patent/EP1413284A4/en
Publication of WO2003011235A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003011235A1/ja
Priority to US10/627,287 priority patent/US20040213820A1/en

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q1/00Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/0241Containing particulates characterized by their shape and/or structure
    • A61K8/0254Platelets; Flakes
    • A61K8/0258Layered structure
    • A61K8/0266Characterized by the sequence of layers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/25Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/26Aluminium; Compounds thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/28Zirconium; Compounds thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00Preparations for care of the skin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/41Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
    • A61K2800/412Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/60Particulates further characterized by their structure or composition
    • A61K2800/61Surface treated
    • A61K2800/62Coated
    • A61K2800/63More than one coating
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/60Particulates further characterized by their structure or composition
    • A61K2800/65Characterized by the composition of the particulate/core
    • A61K2800/651The particulate/core comprising inorganic material
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q1/00Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
    • A61Q1/02Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
    • A61Q1/04Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments for lips
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q1/00Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
    • A61Q1/02Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
    • A61Q1/04Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments for lips
    • A61Q1/06Lipsticks
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q1/00Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
    • A61Q1/02Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
    • A61Q1/10Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments for eyes, e.g. eyeliner, mascara
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q3/00Manicure or pedicure preparations
    • A61Q3/02Nail coatings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a makeup cosmetic comprising a metal film and containing a powder having a glittering appearance.
  • Makeup cosmetics are cosmetics that apply color to nails, eyes, or lips to impart color to the area and change the texture.
  • textures In recent years, there has been a tendency for textures to be preferred, and the demand for cosmetics containing lame agents has been increasing.
  • Powders coated with metal on the base material especially powders coated on a fine plate-shaped base material such as mica and glass flakes, show a high metallic luster and When it is formulated in a mixture, its effect is remarkably exhibited as a lame agent.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 62-108805 discloses a cosmetic containing a noble metal-containing pigment in which mica surface is coated with gold, platinum, palladium or silver by a chemical plating method. It has been described.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 1-2083224 discloses that silver chloride is hydrolyzed on a surface of an inorganic powder such as mica, talc, glass flake or aluminum flake by hydrolyzing silver chloride. By depositing silver oxide and then heat-treating it to produce a silver-based material-coated inorganic powder, this powder can be used as a cosmetic facial agent with an excellent makeup effect. It is stated. Furthermore, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-1893224 discloses a cosmetic composition containing glass particles provided with a metal film such as silver, nickel, chrome or molybdenum. I have.
  • the powder (pigment) provided with these metal films has an outermost surface of gold. Therefore, when it is blended into cosmetics, there are problems such as discoloration and alteration of organic components in the cosmetics due to elution of metal ions and development of catalytic functions.
  • metal ions cause metal allergy.Precious metals such as platinum and gold are difficult to ionize, but in applications that directly touch human skin such as cosmetics, only a small amount of metal is eluted. Even so, it is reported that it may cause metal energy.
  • silver adheres in the form of fine particles, so that slight irregularities are formed on the surface of the plating layer. These slight surface irregularities may have an adverse effect on "expansion" or "feelโ€ on the skin or nails when the powder is incorporated into cosmetics. Disclosure of the invention
  • the present invention has been made by paying attention to the above problems.
  • the purpose is to contain a powder that has the luster characteristic of a metal film but hardly dissolves metal ions, so that it is unlikely to be discolored or deteriorated, and it is difficult for the metal alloy to be formed.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a cosmetic composition which is less likely to cause allergy, and which is excellent in spreading and feeling on skin or nails.
  • a cosmetic containing a powder comprising a substrate and a metal film and a metal oxide film in this order.
  • the powder is a metal film selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, chromium, molybdenum, tin, magnesium, aluminum, and Hastelloy. It is preferred that at least one is the main component.
  • the base material of the powder is a glass flake having an average thickness of 0.5 to 8.0 and an average particle size of 5 to L; Is preferred.
  • the powder is at least one selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, zinc oxide and cerium oxide. It is preferred that the main component is.
  • the powder has a metal oxide film adhered in an amount of 0.1 to 30% by weight based on the weight of the film before molding.
  • the present invention by mixing a powder in which a metal film formed on a base material is further covered with a metal oxide film, a metal ion is obtained while exhibiting glittering high glitter.
  • the present invention relates to a cosmetic that prevents dissolution of liposome to prevent discoloration, deterioration, or generation of metal allergy.
  • a metal film Since a metal film has a unique metallic luster, a metal film provided on a powdery substrate can be used as a brilliant pigment. However, if the above-mentioned problem of metal ion elution is not solved, it cannot be said that it is preferable as a material for cosmetics directly applied to human skin. Therefore, by disposing a metal oxide film on the metal film, elution of metal ions is prevented without deteriorating the metallic luster of the metal film.
  • the metal oxide film can exert the above function if it exists outside the metal film. Therefore, the metal film and the metal oxide film need to be formed in this order, but an intermediate film is provided between them, a base film is provided between the metal film and the base material, The metal oxide film may be stacked plural times. Also, if the metal oxide film covers the silver plating layer, the surface depression r โ‡ of the plating layer becomes Since the powder is leveled by the metal oxide film, the surface smoothness of the powder is enhanced. This can prevent the powder from adhering or agglomerating, and as a result, the cosmetics containing the powder can have a good feel on the skin or nails, and have a good elongation. I do.
  • the substrate is not particularly limited in its type and size as long as it is a powder.
  • a powder such as mica, talc, kaolin, aluminum flake, barium sulfate, silica flake, aluminum naflake or oxychloride bismuth. be able to.
  • glass flakes having an average thickness of 0.5 to 8.0111 and an average particle size of 5 to 1,000 / m are suitable. Glass flakes have desirable properties as cosmetic materials, such as high surface smoothness and high metallic luster, and flaky shape and good adhesion and elongation on the skin.
  • the thickness is as described above, the strength required at the time of blending and kneading the cosmetic can be ensured, so that the particle size does not become too small. Further, when the particle size is within the above range, the surface smoothness and the sufficient fluidity in the cosmetic can be achieved, so that the adhesiveness to the skin and the adhesiveness are excellent. In addition, when a texture is required for the decorative portion, a larger particle size is preferable, while when a covering power is required, a smaller particle size is preferable. Depending on the purpose, those having different particle diameters may be mixed and used. Therefore, if the glass flakes having the above thickness and particle size are used, sufficient brilliancy can be obtained without re-coating the cosmetic.
  • the metal film is not limited to a particular type, but includes silver, gold, white gold, gold, radium, nickel, copper, chrome, molybdenum, tin, magnesium, and aluminum. It is preferable that at least one selected from the group consisting of Hastelloy is used as the main component.
  • noble metals that is, silver, gold, platinum or palladium are particularly excellent in terms of brilliancy, and nickel is excellent in terms of brilliancy and color variation.
  • Examples of such a powdery substrate provided with a metal film include a Mechashine PS series (a Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. METASHINE RCFSX) having a film containing silver as a main component.
  • the metal oxide film preferably has at least one selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, zinc oxide, and cerium oxide.
  • New This film may be a single film or a multilayer structure film.
  • the adhesion to the metal film, or the improvement of the compatibility with other materials in the cosmetic or the refractive index The combination of metal oxides can be appropriately selected for the purpose of matching. Since the metal oxide film is all transparent at a thickness of several meters or less and has high chemical stability, the elution of metal ions can be achieved without impairing the metallic luster of the metal film. Can be suppressed.
  • the metal oxide film is used in an amount of 0.1 to 30% by weight based on the weight of the powder before formation of the film (including the base material and the metal film, and in some cases, the intermediate film and the base film). It is preferable to adhere in the range.
  • the deposition rate is zero. If less than 1 wt 0/0, is poorly-than likely elution preventive function of the metal I O emissions. On the other hand, when it exceeds 3 0 wt 0/0, Kura click easily rather become peeled enters the metal oxide film. In addition, the cost of using the substance is bulky and expensive. Note that the thickness of the metal oxide film By adjusting, the appearance can be changed by interference of the reflected light, and a subtle color change can be given to the metallic luster of the metallic film.
  • the method for forming the metal film and the metal oxide film is not particularly limited, but includes a method of depositing an oxide from a metal salt on a powder surface, a sol-gel method, a CVD method or an LPD method.
  • a known method for forming a thin film into a powdery material such as a method, can be used.
  • the following method can be cited as a method for forming a silicon film.
  • sodium silicate water glass
  • the method of precipitating mosquitoes is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 48-32415.
  • a method in which a mixture with silane is poured into a basic solution or an alkaline solution, and a silica film is formed on the surface of the powder by hydrolysis of tetraalkoxysilane (sol-gel method).
  • a powdery substance was suspended in a solution of calcium hydrofluoric acid, and aluminum borate was added or the temperature was increased. And then shift the equilibrium to form a silica film on the powder (LPD method).
  • LPD method The same method can be used for forming other metal oxide films such as alumina, zirconia, zinc oxide, and cerium oxide.
  • the type of cosmetic is not particularly limited as long as it contains a lame agent, that is, a photoluminescent pigment.
  • nail cosmetics such as nail color or nail coating, eye shadows, eye liners, eyebrows cosmetics such as mascara or eyebrows, funding, lipstick, Pencil-shaped makeup cosmetics such as fuscalar, lipstick, lip gloss, eye liner pencil or lip pencil pencil, or blended with water or solvent with the laminating agent settled Sedimentation type make-up cosmetics that are sometimes used by shaking appropriately.
  • the content of the powder in the cosmetic must be 0.1 to 100% by weight (hereinafter simply referred to as "%").
  • the content of facial medicine is generally determined by the dosage form of cosmetics, but is not limited to the conventional content.
  • the preferred content of the powder in each dosage form is listed below.
  • nail cosmetics such as nail color
  • 0.1 to 50% is preferable, and 3 to 40% is more preferable. If it is less than 0.1%, the function of the powder as a glittering pigment tends to be insufficient, while if it exceeds 50%, the applicability of the cosmetic may be poor.
  • eyeshadow which is dry-filled with a press or wet-filled using a volatile solvent and then dried, or for solid powder cosmetics such as red, the content is preferably 5 to 80%. 10 to 60% is even more preferred. When the content is in this range, the glitter of the powder is easily exhibited, and the feeling of use is good. Ruth No.
  • powdered cosmetics such as eye shadow and face color used as powder
  • oily solid cosmetics such as lipsticks and oily eye shadows
  • 1 to 60% is preferable, and 3 to 50% is more preferable. If it is less than 1%, the glitter tends to be insufficient. On the other hand, if it exceeds 60%, the fluidity at high temperatures deteriorates, which is not preferable in terms of moldability.
  • an emulsified makeup cosmetic obtained by emulsifying an aqueous phase and an oil phase with an activator, 1 to 50% is preferable, and 3 to 40% is more preferable. .
  • the glitter tends to be insufficient, while if it exceeds 50%, the emulsification tends to be unstable.
  • water-based makeup cosmetics such as water-based mascara or water-based gel containing water-soluble resin, water-based resin emulsion or thickener, 0.1 to 6 0% is preferred and 1 to 40% is even more preferred. If it is less than 0.1%, the glitter tends to be insufficient, while if it exceeds 60%, it is not preferable for use.
  • the powder of the present invention may be appropriately subjected to a hydrophobic treatment according to the purpose of the cosmetic.
  • a hydrophobizing treatment methyl hydrazine polysiloxane is used.
  • silicone compounds such as high-viscosity, high-viscosity silicone oil or silicone resin, or with surfactants such as anionic or cationic surfactants
  • treatment treatment with a high molecular compound such as nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, fluorine resin or polyamino acid, or a compound containing a perfluoro group,
  • Methods such as treatment with lecithin, collagen, metal stones, lipophilic lips, polyalcohol partial esters or complete esters, etc. No.
  • any method can be used as long as it can be applied to the hydrophobizing treatment of a powdery substance, and the method is not limited to the above method.
  • other components usually used in the cosmetic can be appropriately combined as needed.
  • Other components include inorganic powders, organic powders, pigments, pigments, oily components, organic solvents, resins or plasticizers, and the like.
  • inorganic powders such as talc, kaolin, sericite, muscovite, phlogopite, rhodolite, biotite, lithic mica, vermiculite, magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate Silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, barium silicate, barium sulfate, strontium silicate, metal tungsten salt, silicon Examples include silica, hydroxyanotite, zeolite, boron nitride or ceramic powder.
  • the organic powders include Nylonno, "Polyethylene powder, Polystyrene powder, Polystyrene powder, Benzoguanamine Minno, 'Udaichi', Polytetrafluoroethylene powder. 1. Distyrene benzene polymer powder, epoxino, powder or acryl powder.
  • Pigments include inorganic white pigments such as microcrystalline cellulose, titanium oxide or zinc oxide, inorganic red pigments such as iron oxide (iron oxide) or iron titanate, and inorganic brown pigments such as iron oxide. Pigment, yellow iron oxide or loess Yellow pigments, inorganic black pigments such as black iron oxide or carbon black, and inorganic purple pigments such as mango violett or cobalt violet.
  • inorganic white pigments such as microcrystalline cellulose, titanium oxide or zinc oxide
  • inorganic red pigments such as iron oxide (iron oxide) or iron titanate
  • inorganic brown pigments such as iron oxide.
  • Pigment yellow iron oxide or loess Yellow pigments
  • inorganic black pigments such as black iron oxide or carbon black
  • inorganic purple pigments such as mango violett or cobalt violet.
  • Chromium oxide, chromium hydroxide or titanium Inorganic green pigments such as acid cobalt, inorganic blue pigments such as ultramarine or navy blue, titanium oxide coated mica, titanium oxide coated bismuth oxychloride, bismuth oxychloride, titanium oxide coated talc, fish scale foil or colored oxide
  • examples include pearl pigments such as titanium-coated mica, or metal powder pigments such as aluminum powder or copper powder.
  • the pigments are Red No. 201, Red No. 202, Red No. 204, Red No. 205, Red No. 220, Red No. 226, Red No. 228, Red No. 405, Orange No. 203, Orange No. 204, Yellow No. 205, Organic pigments such as Yellow No. 401 and Blue No. 404, Red No. 3, Red No. 104, Red No. 106, Red No. 227, Red No. 230, Red No. 401, Red No. 505, Orange No. 205, Yellow No. 4, Yellow No. 5 No. 202, Yellow 203, Green No. 3 or Blue No. 1 organic pigments such as zirconium, barium or aluminum foil, or chlorophyll or /?-Ka Examples include natural pigments such as rotine.
  • the oily components include squalane, liquid paraffin, petrolatum, Mica mouth crystallin wax, okezorite, seresin, myristic acid, and phenol.
  • Examples of the organic solvent include acetate, toluene, butyl acetate, and ester acetate.
  • Examples of the resin include an alkyd resin and an example of a urea resin. Acetyl-triple and the like.
  • a purple I-ray absorber an antioxidant, a preservative, a surfactant, a humectant, a fragrance, water, an alcohol or a thickener.
  • the dosage form of the cosmetic is not particularly limited, but may be a powder,
  • a glass' flake coated with silver that is, a metal shine PS series manufactured by Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd., which is appropriately selected, is used in the following method.
  • a silica film was formed on the surface.
  • METASHINE PS 50 g of METASHINE PS is suspended in 0.5 L of purified water, kept at 75 ยฐ C with a water path, and the sodium silicate solution (silica solid content of 37. 1% manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was appropriately weighed, and a solution diluted 10-fold with purified water was slowly added. In this case 3.5 wt 0/0 hydrochloric acid, proceeded while maintaining the p H of the suspension from 9.2 to 9.4. After the addition, stirring was continued at 75 ยฐ C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the suspension was filtered with filter paper, the filtered solid was taken out, washed with water to neutralize the pH, and further dried at 100 ยฐ C for 2 hours to provide a silica membrane. Silver-coated glass flakes, that is, powder.
  • the silica film adhesion rate of each example was The content is 1 to 20% by weight with respect to Metashine PS, and specifically, as shown in Table 1 below.
  • the prepared various powders were evaluated by the following methods.
  • Butyl acetate: Ethyl acetate: Nitrocellulose: Powder 50: 25: 20: 5 (weight ratio) Mix and stir the sample into a 10 ml glass bottle and seal. did. The container was irradiated with a 200 W mercury lamp for 24 hours, and the color change of the solution was visually observed. The results are shown in Table 1 below. The discoloration test makes it possible to know the presence or absence of discoloration when a powder is blended with a cosmetic containing an organic substance. Table 1 Takao " โ‡ 11 J โ‡ Average thickness m ) 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.3 1.3 0.8
  • Table 2 shows that the glass flakes with no silver film and exposed silver film have a very high silver elution rate in water of 9-261 ppm, and a high silver elution rate in organic solvents. It can be seen that the value is 1.4 to 3.3 ppm, which is several times that of the case with a silica film. Therefore, it can be seen that when these are blended in cosmetics, metal ions are eluted, causing metal allergies and the cosmetics are highly likely to be discolored.
  • Silver-coated glass flakes with an average thickness of 1.3 m and an average particle size of 80 m (Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd., METASHINE METASHAIN PS) 50 ยฃ purified water 0.5 L And maintained at 75 ยฐ C in a water bath, and 4 g of sodium silicate solution (silica solid content: 37.1%, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was added with purified water. A 10-fold dilution was slowly added. At this time, the suspension was advanced with 3.5% by weight hydrochloric acid while maintaining the pH of the suspension at 9.2 to 9.4. After the addition, stirring was continued at 75 ยฐ C. for 30 minutes to form a silica film on the silver film.
  • the deposition rate of this silica film was 3% by weight based on the silver-coated glass flakes, which corresponds to Example 4 described above. Thereafter, a solution obtained by diluting 1.8 g of aluminum chloride hexahydrate with purified water by 20 times was slowly added dropwise. This and it came, proceeded while maintaining the p H at 5 weight 0/0 hydroxide Na Application Benefits um aqueous solution from 5.3 to 5.7. After the addition, stirring was continued at 75 ยฐ C. for 30 minutes to form an alumina film (2% by weight based on the silver-coated glass flakes as the alumina).
  • the silver-coated glass flakes provided with the silica-alumina two-layer coating had a silver elution rate of 2.5 ppm in water and an elution rate of 0.5 ppm in organic solvents. It can be seen that the elution rate is smaller than that of. No discoloration of organic matter was observed.
  • the nickel-coated glass flakes provided with this zirconium film had a silver elution rate of 1.8 ppm into water and an organic solvent elution rate of 0.3 ppm.
  • the elution rate of nickel-coated glass flakes without a zirconium film in water was 2.5 ppm, and the elution rate in organic solvents was 0.7 ppm.
  • the discoloration test of the organic substance no discoloration was observed in the nickel-coated glass flakes provided with the zirconium film. From this, Zirco It can be seen that the near film is effective in suppressing the dissolution of nickel ion.
  • โ‡ 4.5 or more and up to 5.0
  • โ‡ 3.5 or more and less than 4.5
  • Nail enamel consisting of the following components is used by the following means
  • a mixture of component (12) and the remainder of component (4) in a gel form is added to the solution, and the mixture is mixed.
  • Components (8) to (11) are further added and mixed, and the mixture is filled in a container. Filled to obtain nail enamel.
  • Example 9 Comparative Example 4: Nail enamel
  • the silver-coated glass flake having the silica film of the component (10) was replaced with the silver-coated glass flake of Comparative Example 1 which did not have the silicon film, and in other cases, the nail enamel was similarly used. I got
  • Comparative Example 4 โ‡ โ‡ Table 4 shows that the silica film on the silver-coated glass flakes can improve the feel without affecting the feeling of use of nail enamel. Therefore, as described above, the silica film suppresses the elution of silver ions, so that the powder of the present invention does not degrade the feeling of use of the nail enamel and can be used in a metal allergy. It is possible to suppress the occurrence of discoloration and prevent discoloration of nail enamel.
  • Example 10 the silver-coated glass flake having the silica film of the component (4) was replaced with the silver-coated glass flake of Comparative Example 2, and an eye shadow was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2.
  • Comparative Example 5 โ‡ โ‡ Table 5 shows that the silica film on the silver-coated glass flake can improve the feel of the eye shadow without affecting the usability. Therefore, as described above, since the silica film suppresses the elution of silver ions, the powder of the present invention does not degrade the usability of the eye shadow and reduces the metal allergy. It is possible to suppress the occurrence of discoloration and prevent discoloration of the eye shadow. (Example 11: lipstick)
  • a lipstick having the following component content was produced by a known means. 1) No 1 ? Lafin 1 2
  • Lip gloss consisting of the following components is manufactured by known means.
  • Example 3 aqueous mass
  • a lipstick consisting of the following components was produced by known means
  • Adhesion Cosmetic effect Example 1 1 โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡
  • Example 13 3 โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ Table 6 shows that silver-coated glass flakes with a silica film have a good feel when used in lipstick, lip gloss and water-based mass It turns out that it does not deteriorate. Furthermore, since the elution of silver ions is suppressed, metal allergies are not caused, and each cosmetic does not discolor. Industrial applicability
  • the powder containing the metal film and the metal oxide film in this order is contained on the base material, the metal by the metal film is used. While exhibiting gloss, elution of metal ions is suppressed Therefore, it is possible to suppress the generation of metal allergy and the discoloration and deterioration of organic substances.

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Description

ๆ˜Ž ็ดฐ ๆ›ธ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ ๆŠ€่ก“ๅˆ†้‡Ž
ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ€ ใ‚ญใƒฉใ‚ญใƒฉ ใจ่ผใๅค–่ฆณใ‚’ๅ‘ˆใ™ใ‚‹็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒก ใ‚ค ใ‚ฏใ‚ข ใƒƒ ใƒ—็”จใฎๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ่ƒŒๆ™ฏๆŠ€่ก“
ใƒก ใ‚ค ใ‚ฏ ใ‚ขใƒƒ ใƒ—็”จใฎๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฏใ€ ็ˆชใ€ ็›ฎๅ…ƒใ‚‚ ใ— ใ ใฏๅ”‡ใซๅก—ๅธƒใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ่‰ฒๅฝฉใ‚’ไป˜ไธŽใ—ใ€ ใพ ใŸ่ณชๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ่ฟ‘ๅนดใง ใฏใ€ ใ‚ญใƒฉ ใ‚ญใƒฉ ใจ่พ‰ใ ่ณชๆ„ŸใŒๅฅฝใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใซใ‚ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใƒฉ ใƒกๅ‰คใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒง ๆ–™ใฎ้œ€่ฆใŒๅข—ๅคงใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅŸบๆใซ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚’่ขซ่ฆ†ใ—ใŸ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ€ ใจ ใ ใซ้›ฒๆฏใ‚ƒใ‚ฌ ใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใช ใฉๅพฎๅฐใชๆฟ็ŠถใฎๅŸบๆใซ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚’่ขซ่ฆ†ใ—ใŸ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ใ ใ‚‰ ใ ใ‚‰ ใจ ใ—ใŸ้ซ˜ใ„้‡‘ๅฑžๅ…‰ๆฒขใ‚’ๅ‘ˆใ—ใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒงๅ“ใซ้…ๅˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใƒฉ ใƒกๅ‰ค ใจ ใ—ใฆใ ใฎๅŠนๆžœใŒ่‘—ใ— ใ ็™บๆฎใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็‰น้–‹ๆ˜ญ 6 2 โ€” 1 0 8 8 0 5ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใซใฏใ€ ้›ฒ ๆฏ่กจ้ขใซๅŒ–ๅญฆใ‚ใค ใๆณ•ใง้‡‘ใ€ ็™ฝ้‡‘ใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉ ใ‚ธใ‚ฆ ใƒ  ใพใŸใฏ้Š€ใช ใฉใ‚’่ขซ่ฆ†ใ—ใŸ ่ฒด้‡‘ๅฑžๅซๆœ‰้ก”ๆ–™ใ‚’้…ๅˆใ—ใŸๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใŒ่จ˜่ฟฐใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 1 ไธ€ 2 0 8 3 2 4ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใซใฏใ€ ้›ฒๆฏใ€ ใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ฏใ€ ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใพใŸใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏ ใช ใฉใฎ็„กๆฉŸ่ณช็ฒ‰ไฝ“่กจ้ขใซใ€ ้Š€ๅกฉๅŒ–็‰ฉใ‚’ๅŠ ๆฐดๅˆ†่งฃใ—ใฆ้…ธๅŒ–้Š€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ ใพ ใŸใฏๆฐด้…ธๅŒ–้Š€ใ‚’ๆฒˆ็€ใ•ใ›ใ€ ใใฎๅพŒ็†ฑๅ‡ฆ.็†ใ—ใฆ้Š€็ณป็‰ฉ่ณช่ขซ่†œ็„กๆฉŸ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝœ ่ฃฝใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใ€ ใช ใ‚‰ใดใซใ“ใฎ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใŒใƒก ใ‚ค ใ‚ฏใ‚ข ใƒ„ ใƒ—ๅŠนๆžœใฎๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™็”จ้ก” ๆ–™ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒ่ฟฐในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ ใซใ€ ็‰น้–‹ 2 0 0 1 ไธ€ 8 9 3 2 4ๅ…ฌ ๅ ฑใซใฏใ€ ้Š€ใ€ ใƒ‹ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซใ€ ใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒ  ใพใŸใฏใƒขใƒช ใƒ–ใƒ‡ใƒณใชใฉใฎ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸ ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅŒ–็ฒงๅ“็ต„ๆˆ็‰ฉใŒๆ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ ๏ผˆ้ก”ๆ–™๏ผ‰ ใฏใ€ ๆœ€่กจ้ขใŒ้‡‘ ๅฑžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซ้…ๅˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ชใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใ‚„่งฆๅช’็š„ใช ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใฎ็™บ็พใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ไธญใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅค‰่‰ฒ ยท ๅค‰่ณชใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใช ใฉใฎๅ•้กŒ ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ชใƒณใฏ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ขใƒซใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ‚ ใ‚Š ใ€ ็™ฝ้‡‘ใ‚„้‡‘ใช ใฉใฎ่ฒด้‡‘ๅฑžใฏใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณๅŒ–ใ—้›ฃใ„ใจ ใฏใ„ใˆๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใชใฉ็›ดๆŽฅไบบ่‚Œใซ ่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹็”จ้€”ใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใŒๅƒ…ใ‹ใซๆบถๅ‡บ ใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ใฃใฆ ใ‚‚้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ก ใƒฌ ใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใŠใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ๅŸบๆ่กจ้ข ใ‚’้Š€ใงใ‚ใฃ ใ ใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ ้Š€ใฏๅพฎๅฐ็ฒ’ๅญใฎๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไป˜็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ใ‚ใฃ ใๅฑค ใฎ่กจ้ขใซใฏๅƒ…ใ‹ใชใŒใ‚‰ ใซๅ‡นๅ‡ธใŒๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅƒ…ใ‹ใช่กจ้ขๅ‡นๅ‡ธใŒใ€ ็ฒ‰ ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซ้…ๅˆใ—ใŸใจ ใ ใซใ€ ใใฎ่‚ŒไธŠใ‚‚ ใ— ใ ใฏ็ˆชไธŠใงใฎ ใ€Œใฎใณใ€ ใพใŸ ใฏ ใ€Œๆ„Ÿ่งฆใ€ ใซๆ‚ชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ้–‹็คบ
ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ€ ไปฅไธŠใฎใ‚ˆ ใ† ใชๅ•้กŒ็‚นใซ็€็›ฎ ใ—ใฆใชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ ใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ใจ ใ“ใ‚ใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œ็‰นๆœ‰ใฎๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใ‚’ๅ‘ˆใ—ใคใคใ‚‚้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใŒ ๆบถๅ‡บ ใ—้›ฃใ„็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ๅค‰่‰ฒใ‚„ๅค‰่ณชใ‚’่ตทใ“ ใ—้›ฃใ ใ€ ใ‹ใคใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ข ใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ ใ—้›ฃใ ใ€ ใ‹ใคใ€ ่‚ŒไธŠใ‚‚ ใ— ใ ใฏ็ˆชไธŠใงใฎใฎใณใŠ ใ‚ˆ ใณๆ„Ÿ่งฆใซๅ„ชใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธŠ่จ˜็›ฎ็š„ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆ…‹ๆง˜ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅŸบๆไธŠใซ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œ ใŠใ‚ˆใด้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’ ใ“ใฎ้ †็•ชใงๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใŒๆไพ›ใ• ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆ…‹ๆง˜ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใŒ้Š€ใ€ ้‡‘ใ€ ็™ฝ้‡‘ใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธ ใ‚ฅใƒ ใ€ ใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒซใ€ ้Š…ใ€ ใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒ ใ€ ใƒขใƒช ใƒ–ใƒ‡ใƒณใ€ ใ‚นใ‚บใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸ ใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒใ‚นใƒ†ใƒญใ‚ค ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹็พคใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸๅฐ‘ใช ใ ใจ ใ‚‚ 1็จฎใ‚’ไธป ๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆ…‹ๆง˜ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ๅŸบๆใŒๅนณๅ‡ๅŽšใ• 0 . 5 ใ€œ 8 . ใ€ ๅนณๅ‡็ฒ’ๅพ„ 5 ใ€œ ๏ผ› L , 0 0 0 ใ€ƒ mใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ใพ ใŸใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆ…‹ๆง˜ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใŒใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ใ‚กใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–ไบœ้‰›ใŠใ‚ˆ ใณ้…ธๅŒ–ใ‚ปใƒช ใ‚ฅใƒ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹็พคใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š้ธ ใฐใ‚ŒใŸๅฐ‘ใช ใ ใจ ใ‚‚ 1็จฎใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆ…‹ๆง˜ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใŒใใฎ่†œใฎ ๆˆๅฝขๅ‰ใฎ้‡้‡ใ‚’ๅŸบๆบ–ใจ ใ—ใฆ 0 . 1 ใ€œ 3 0้‡้‡๏ผ…ไป˜็€ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ็™บๆ˜Žใ‚’ๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆœ€่‰ฏใฎๅฝขๆ…‹
ไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜ŽใฎๅฎŸๆ–ฝใฎๅฝขๆ…‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใชใŠใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝๅฝขๆ…‹ใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹่ถฃๆ—จใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ€ ๅŸบๆไธŠใซๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚’ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใง่ฆ†ใค ใŸ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’้…ๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใ‚ญใƒฉใ‚ญใƒฉ ใจ ใ—ใŸ้ซ˜ใ„ๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใ‚’ๅ‘ˆใ—ใคใคใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใ‚’้˜ฒๆญขใ—ใฆๅค‰่‰ฒใ‚„ๅค‰่ณชใพใŸใฏ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ข ใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใฎ็™บ็”Ÿใ‚’ ้˜ฒใๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใฏ็‹ฌ็‰นใฎ้‡‘ๅฑžๅ…‰ๆฒขใ‚’ๅ‘ˆใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็ฒ‰็ŠถๅŸบๆไธŠใซ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚’่จญ ใ‘ใŸ ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ ๅ…‰่ผๆ€ง้ก”ๆ–™ใจ ใ—ใฆๅˆฉ็”จใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‚ซใ‚ใ—ใ€ ไธŠ่ฟฐใฎ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ฃ ใ‚ฉใƒณ ๆบถๅ‡บใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃๆฑบใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ไบบ่‚Œใซ็›ดๆŽฅๅก—ๅธƒใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๆๆ–™ใจ ใ—ใฆ ๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ ใจ ใฏ่จ€ใˆใชใ„ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œไธŠใซใ• ใ‚‰ ใซ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’่จญใ‘ ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใฎ้‡‘ๅฑžๅ…‰ๆฒขใ‚’ๅŠฃๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใช ใ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใฎ ๆบถๅ‡บใ‚’้˜ฒๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ‚‚ๅค–ๅดใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’็™บๆฎใ™ ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใจ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใฏใ“ใฎ้ †็•ชใงๆˆๅฝขใ• ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้–“ใซไธญ้–“่†œใ‚’่จญใ‘ใŸ ใ‚Šใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใจๅŸบๆใฎ้–“ ใซไธ‹ๅœฐ่†œใ‚’่จญใ‘ใŸ ใ‚Š ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใจ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ›ž็ฉๅฑค ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใŒ้Š€ใฎใ‚ใฃ ใๅฑคใ‚’่ฆ†ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ใฃ ใๅฑคใฎ่กจ้ขๅ‡น rยพใŒ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใงๅ‡ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฎ่กจ้ขๅนณๆป‘ๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ ใ ใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฎไป˜็€ใพใŸใฏๅ‡้›†ใ‚’้˜ฒๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใŒใงใใ€ ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ“ใฎ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซ ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฏใ€ ่‚ŒไธŠใพใŸใฏ็ˆชไธŠใงใฎๆ„Ÿ่งฆใŒ่‰ฏใ ใชใคใŸ ใ‚Šใ€ ไผธใณใŒ่‰ฏใ ใชใฃใŸ ใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅŸบๆใฏใ€ ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใใฎ็จฎ้กžใ‚„ๅคงใ ใ• ใ‚’ ใจ ใ ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎ ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ใŸใจ ใˆใฐใ€ ้›ฒๆฏใ€ ใ‚ฟ ใƒซใ‚ฏใ€ 'ใ‚ซ ใ‚ช ใƒช ใƒณใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏใ€ ็กซ้…ธ ใƒใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใพใŸใฏใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅกฉๅŒ–ใƒ“ใ‚นใƒž ใ‚นใชใฉใ€ ๅธ‚่ฒฉใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ…ฌ็Ÿฅใฎ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใจ ใ ใซใ€ ๅนณๅ‡ๅŽšใ• 0 . 5 ใ€œ 8 . 0 111ใ€ ๅนณๅ‡็ฒ’ๅพ„ 5 ใ€œ 1 , 0 0 0 / mใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใŒๅฅฝ้ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใฏใ€ ่กจ้ขๅนณๆป‘ๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใŸใ‚้‡‘ๅฑžๅ…‰ ๆฒขใŒๅผท ใ ใ€ ใพใŸ่–„็‰‡็Šถใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚่‚ŒไธŠใงใฎๅฏ†็€ๆ€งใ‚„ไผธใณใŒใ‚ˆใ„ใชใฉใ€ ๅŒ– ็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๆๆ–™ใจ ใ—ใฆๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„็‰นๆ€งใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜ใฎๅŽšใ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎ้…ๅˆใ€ ๆทท็ทดๆ™‚ใชใฉใซๅฟ…่ฆใชๅผทๅบฆใ‚’็ขบไฟใงใ ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็ฒ’ๅพ„ใŒ ๅฐใ• ใ ใช ใ‚Š ้ŽใŽใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใชใ„ใ€‚ ใพ ใŸใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜ใฎ็ฒ’ๅพ„ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใใฎ่กจ้ขๅนณ ๆป‘ๆ€งใจ็›ธใพ ใคใฆๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ไธญใงๅๅˆ†ใซๆตๅ‹•ใงใ ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่‚Œใธใฎไป˜็€ๆ€งใจ ๅฏ†็€ๆ€งใซๅ„ชใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใชใŠใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒง้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ่ณชๆ„ŸใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ็ฒ’ๅพ„ใฎๅคงใใ‚ ใฎใ‚‚ ใฎใŒใ€ ไธ€ๆ–นใ‚ซใƒใƒผๅŠ›ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๅฐใ•ใ‚ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒๅฅฝ้ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็›ฎ็š„ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ ็ฒ’ๅพ„ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใค ใฆ'ใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜ๅŽšใ•ใŠใ‚ˆใณ็ฒ’ๅพ„ใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใ‚’็”จใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎ้‡ใญๅก— ใ‚Š ใ‚’ ใ—ใช ใ ใฆใ‚‚ๅๅˆ†ใชๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใฏใ€ ใใฎ็จฎ้กžใ‚’ ใจ ใ ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ ้Š€ใ€ ้‡‘ใ€ ็™ฝ ้‡‘ใ€ ใƒŽใ€'ใƒฉ ใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ‹ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซใ€ ้Š…ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒ ใ€ ใƒขใƒช ใƒ–ใƒ‡ใƒณใ€ ใ‚นใ‚บใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ท ใ‚ฅใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใŠใ‚ˆใดใƒใ‚นใƒ†ใƒญใ‚ค ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹็พคใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸๅฐ‘ใช ใ ใจ ใ‚‚ 1 ็จฎใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไธญใงใ‚‚ ใ€ ใจ ใ ใซ่ฒด้‡‘ๅฑžใ™ใชใ‚ใก้Š€ใ€ ้‡‘ใ€ ็™ฝ้‡‘ใพใŸใฏใƒ‘ใƒฉ ใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใŒๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใฎ็‚นใงใ€ ใพ ใŸใƒ‹ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซใŒๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใจ่‰ฒใฎใƒใƒช ใ‚จไธ€ใ‚ท ใƒง ใƒณ ใจใฎ็‚นใงๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ ใ‚ˆ ใ† ใช้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹็ฒ‰็ŠถๅŸบๆใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใŸ ใจ ใˆใฐ้Š€ใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจ ใ™ใ‚‹่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ท ใƒฃใ‚ค ใƒณ P S ใ‚ทใƒช ใƒผใ‚บ ๏ผˆๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฟ็กๅญ็คพ่ฃฝ ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ RCFSX-5480PSใ€ ๅŒ- 5230PSใ€ ๅŒ- 5150PSใ€ ๅŒ- 5090PS02ใ€ ๅŒ- 5030PSใ€ EFSX-2040PS , ๅŒ- 2025PS ใพใŸใฏๅŒ- 2015PS ใชใฉ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ้‡‘ใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ท ใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ G G ใ‚ทใƒช ใƒผใ‚บ ๏ผˆๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฟ็กๅญ็คพ่ฃฝ ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ท ใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ RCFSX-5150GG ใช ใฉ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ใƒ‹ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹ ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ N S ใ‚ทใƒช ใƒผใ‚บใพใŸใฏ N B ใ‚ทใƒช ใƒผใ‚บ ๏ผˆๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฟ็กๅญ็คพ่ฃฝ ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ RCFSX-5480NSใ€ๅŒ- 5230NSใ€ๅŒ- 5150NSใ€ๅŒ- 5090NS ใช t\ RCFSX-5150NB ใพใŸใฏๅŒ- 5090NB ใชใฉ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใƒใ‚นใƒ†ใƒญใ‚ฃ ใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆ ใ‚‹ ใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใ‚น ใ‚ฟ ใƒซใ‚น ใ‚ฟ ใƒผ๏ผˆๆฑๆด‹ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸ ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆ ใƒ ็คพ่ฃฝ ใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใ‚น ใ‚ฟ ใƒซใ‚น ใ‚ฟ ใƒผ GF2525 ใช ใฉ๏ผ‰ ใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใฏใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ใ‚กใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–ไบœ้‰›ใพใŸใฏ้…ธ ๅŒ–ใ‚ป ใƒช ใ‚ฆ ใƒ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹็พคใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸๅฐ‘ใช ใ ใจ ใ‚‚ 1 ็จฎใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ่†œใฏใ€ ๅ˜ไธ€่†œใงใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใ„ใ—ใ€ ๅคšๅฑคๆง‹้€ ่†œใงใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ใพ ใŸใ€ ๅ‰่จ˜ๅŽŸๆ–™ใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ— 2็จฎไปฅไธŠใฎ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉใฎ่ค‡ๅˆไฝ“ใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ† ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใจใฎไป˜็€ๅŠ›ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ไธญใฎไป–ใฎๆๆ–™ใจใฎใช ใ˜ใฟใฎๆ”นๅ–„ใพใŸใฏๅฑˆๆŠ˜็Ž‡ใ‚’ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉใฎ'็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚’ ้ฉๅฎœ้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใฏใ€ ๆ•ฐ mไปฅไธ‹ใฎๅŽšใ•ใงใฏใ„ ใšใ‚Œใ‚‚้€ๆ˜Žใงใ€ ใ‹ใคใ€ ๅŒ–ๅญฆ็š„ๅฎ‰ๅฎšๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใฎ้‡‘ๅฑžๅ…‰ๆฒขใ‚’ๆ ใชใ† ใ“ ใจ ใช ใ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚
้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใฏใ€ ใใฎ่†œใฎๅฝขๆˆๅ‰ใฎ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“้‡้‡ ๏ผˆๅŸบๆใŠใ‚ˆใณ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ€ ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ไธญ้–“่†œใ‚„ไธ‹ๅœฐ่†œใช ใฉใ‚‚ๅซใ‚€๏ผ‰ใ‚’ๅŸบๆบ–ใจ ใ—ใฆ ใฒ . 1ใ€œ 3 0้‡้‡๏ผ… ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใงไป˜็€ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎไป˜็€็Ž‡ใŒ 0 . 1 ้‡้‡0 /0ๆœชๆบ€ใฎๅ ด ๅˆใฏใ€้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ฃ ใ‚ฉใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บ้˜ฒๆญขๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒไธๅๅˆ†ใซใช ใ‚Š ๆ˜“ใ„ใ€‚ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ 3 0้‡้‡0 /0 ใ‚’่ถŠใˆใ‚‹ ใจใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใซใ‚ฏใƒฉ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฏใŒๅ…ฅใ‚Šๅ‰ฅใŒใ‚Œๆ˜“ ใ ใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ไฝฟ ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅŽŸ็ง‘ใŒๅตฉใฟใ€ ใ‚ณใ‚น ใƒˆ้ซ˜ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใชใŠใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใฎๅŽšใ• ใ‚’้ฉๅฎœ ่ชฟๆ•ดใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใงๅๅฐ„ๅ…‰ใฎๅนฒๆธ‰ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅค–่ฆณใ‚’ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž ่†œใฎ้‡‘ๅฑžๅ…‰ๆฒขใซๅพฎๅฆ™ใช่‰ฒใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚
้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใŠใ‚ˆใด้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใฎๆˆๅฝขๆ–นๆณ•ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใจ ใ ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใฏใช ใ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžๅกฉใ‹ใ‚‰้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉใ‚’็ฒ‰ไฝ“่กจ้ขใซๆžๅ‡บใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚พใƒซใ‚ฒใƒซ ๆณ•ใ€ C V Dๆณ•ใพใŸใฏ L P Dๆณ•ใชใฉ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใซ่–„่†œๆˆๅฝขใ™ใ‚‹ๅ…ฌ็Ÿฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็”จ ใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใŸ ใจ ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใฎๅฝขๆˆๆณ•ใจ ใ—ใฆใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใŒ ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็‰นๅ…ฌๆ˜ญ 4 6 - 9 5 5 5ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใซ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ้…ธใƒŠ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ  ๏ผˆๆฐดใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ซ ใƒช็’ฐๅขƒไธ‹ใง็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใ‚นใƒฉ ใƒช ใƒผใซๆทปๅŠ ใ—ใ€ ็ฒ‰ ็Šถไฝ“่กจ้ขใซใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ ใ‚’ๆžๅ‡บใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ• ๏ผˆ้‡‘ๅฑžๅกฉๆณ•๏ผ‰ ใ€ ็‰นๅ…ฌๆ˜ญ 4 8 โ€” 3 2 4 1 5ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใ‚ƒ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 3 โ€” 5 4 1 2 6ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใซ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ€ ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใจ ใƒ† ใƒˆ ใƒฉ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ทใƒฉ ใƒณ ใจใฎๆททๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅกฉๅŸบๆ€งๆบถๆถฒไธญใพใŸใฏใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ซ ใƒชๆ€งๆบถ ๆถฒไธญใซๆŠ•ๅ…ฅใ—ใ€ ใƒ† ใƒˆ ใƒฉ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ทใƒฉ ใƒณใฎๅŠ ๆฐดๅˆ†่งฃใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“่กจ้ขใซ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๆˆๅฝขใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ• ๏ผˆใ‚พใƒซใ‚ฒใƒซๆณ•๏ผ‰ ใ€ ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 3 โ€” 0 6 6 7 6 4ๅทๅ…ฌ ๅ ฑใซ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ ใƒ• ใƒƒๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ้…ธๆบถๆถฒไธญใซ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใ‚’ๆ‡ธๆฟใ•ใ›ใ€ ใƒ› ใ‚ฅ้…ธใ‚ƒใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ๆทปๅŠ ใ—ใŸ ใ‚Š ๆธฉๅบฆใ‚’ไธŠๆ˜‡ใ•ใ›ใŸ ใ‚Š ใ—ใฆๅนณ่กกใ‚’ใšใ‚‰ ใ— ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใซใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๆˆๅฝขใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ• ๏ผˆ L P Dๆณ•๏ผ‰ ใช ใฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใใฎไป–ใฎใ‚ก ใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ใ‚กใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–ไบœ้‰›ใพใŸใฏ้…ธๅŒ–ใ‚ป ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใชใฉใฎ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œ ใฎๆˆๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ ๅŒๆง˜ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็”จใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฏใ€ ๅพ“ๆฅใ‹ใ‚‰ ใƒฉใƒกๅ‰คใ™ใชใ‚ใกๅ…‰่พ‰ๆ€ง้ก”ๆ–™ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œ ใฐใ€ ใใฎ็จฎ้กžใ‚’ ใจ ใ ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ ใŸใจ ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚ซ ใƒฉใƒผใพใŸใฏใƒ ใ‚ฃ ใƒซใ‚ณใƒผ ใƒˆ ใช ใฉใฎ็ˆชๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใƒฉ ใ‚ค ใƒŠใƒผใ€ ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ซ ใƒฉ ใพ ใŸใฏ็œ‰ๅขจใชใฉใฎ็œ‰็›ฎๅŒ–็ฒง็ง‘ใ€ ใƒ• ใ‚ข ใƒณใƒ‡ไธ€ใ‚ท ใƒจ ใƒณใ€ ้ ฐ็ด…ใ€ ใƒ•ใƒฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚ซ ใƒฉใƒผใ€ ๅฃ็ด…ใ€ ใƒช ใƒƒ ใƒ—ใ‚ฐใƒญใ‚นใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒŠใƒผใƒšใƒณใ‚ทใƒซใพใŸใฏใƒช ใƒƒ ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒŠใƒผใƒšใƒณ ใ‚ทใƒซใชใฉใฎใƒšใƒณใ‚ทใƒซ็Šถใฎใƒก ใ‚ค ใ‚ฏ ใ‚ข ใƒƒ ใƒ—ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๆฐดใ‚„ๆบถๅ‰คใซใƒฉ ใƒก ๅ‰คใ‚’ๆฒˆ้™ใ•ใ›ใŸ็Šถๆ…‹ใง้…ๅˆใ—ไฝฟ็”จๆ™‚ใซ้ฉๅบฆใซๆŒฏใ‚Š ๆททใœใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚ˆ ใ† ใช ๆฒˆ้™ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ค ใƒ–ใฎใƒก ใ‚ค ใ‚ฏ ใ‚ข ใƒ„ ใƒ—ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใชใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ไธญใฎ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฎๅซๆœ‰็Ž‡ใฏใ€ 0 . 1 ใ€œ 1 0 0้‡้‡๏ผ… (ไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ๅ˜ใซ ใ€Œ๏ผ…ใ€ ใจใ™ใ‚‹๏ผ‰ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅ‰คๅฝขใซใ‚ˆ ใฃใฆ้ก”็ง‘ใฎๅซๆœ‰็Ž‡ใฏไธ€่ˆฌ ใซๆฑบใพ ใฃ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ๅพ“ๅ‰ใฎๅซๆœ‰็Ž‡ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ๅ„ ๅ‰คๅฝขใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฎๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ๅซๆœ‰็Ž‡ใ‚’ๅˆ—ๆŒ™ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚ซ ใƒฉใƒผใชใฉใฎ็ˆช ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใงใฏใ€ 0 . 1 ใ€œ 5 0 %ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏ 3 ใ€œ 4 0 %ใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ 0 . 1 % ๆœชๆบ€ใงใฏใ€ ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฎๅ…‰่ผๆ€ง้ก”ๆ–™ใจ ใ—ใฆใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒไธๅๅˆ†ใจใช ใ‚Šๆ˜“ ใ ใ€ ไธ€ๆ–น 5 0 %ใ‚’่ถŠใˆใ‚‹ ใจใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅก—ๅธƒๆ€งใŒๆ‚ชใ ใชใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็ฒ‰ๆœซใ‚’ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚น ใชใฉใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šไนพๅผๅ……ๅกซใพใŸใฏๆฎ็™บๆ€งๆบถๅ‰คใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆๆนฟๅผๅ……ๅกซใ—ใŸๅพŒใซไนพ็‡ฅ ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ้ ฐ็ด…ใช ใฉใฎๅ›บๅฝข็ฒ‰ๆœซๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ 5 ใ€œ 8 0 %ใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ— ใ ใ€ 1 0 ใ€œ 6 0 %ใŒใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใงใ‚ใ‚Œ ใฐใ€ ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฎๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใŒ็™บๆฎใ•ใ‚Œๆ˜“ ใ ใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จๆ„ŸใŒ่‰ฏๅฅฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใƒซใƒผใ‚น ใƒŽใƒฝใ€‚ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ไธ€ ใจ ใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚งใƒผใ‚น ใ‚ซใƒฉใƒผใชใฉใฎ็ฒ‰ๆœซ็ŠถๅŒ– ็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ไฝฟ็”จๆ™‚ใซ่‚ŒไธŠใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบ่„‚ใจๆททใ–ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ 1 0 0 %ใง ใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ๅฃ็ด…ใ‚„ๆฒนๆ€งใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใชใฉใฎๆฒนๆ€งๅ›บๅฝขๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ 1 ใ€œ 6 0 %ใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ— ใ ใ€ 3 ใ€œ 5 0 %ใŒใ• ใ‚‰ ใซๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ 1 %ๆœชๆบ€ใงใฏๅ…‰่ผๆ€ง ใŒไธๅๅˆ†ใจใช ใ‚Šๆ˜“ ใ ใ€ ไธ€ๆ–น 6 0 %ใ‚’่ถŠใˆใ‚‹ ใจ้ซ˜ๆธฉไธ‹ใงใฎๆตๅ‹•ๆ€งใŒๆ‚ช ใ ใช ใ‚Š ใ€ ๆˆๅž‹ๆ€งใฎ็‚นใงๅฅฝใพ ใ— ใ ใชใ„ใ€‚ ๆฐด็›ธใจๆฒน็›ธใ‚’ๆดปๆ€งๅ‰คใงไนณๅŒ–ใ—ใฆๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œ ใ‚‹ไนณๅŒ–ๅž‹ใƒก ใ‚ค ใ‚ฏ ใ‚ข ใƒƒ ใƒ—ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ 1 ใ€œ 5 0 %ใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ— ใ ใ€ 3 ใ€œ 4 0 %ใŒใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ 1 %ๆœชๆบ€ใงใฏๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใŒไธๅๅˆ†ใซใช ใ‚Šๆ˜“ ใ ใ€ ไธ€ๆ–น 5 0 %ใ‚’่ถŠใˆใ‚‹ ใจไนณๅŒ–ใŒไธๅฎ‰ๅฎšใซใช ใ‚Šๆ˜“ใ„ใ€‚ ๆฐดใซๆฐดๆบถๆ€งๆจน่„‚ใ€ ๆฐดๆ€งๆจน่„‚ ใ‚จใƒžใƒซใ‚ท ใƒง ใƒณ ใ‚‚ ใ— ใ ใฏๅข—็ฒ˜ๅ‰คใชใฉใ‚’้…ๅˆใ—ใฆใชใ‚‹ๆฐดๆ€งใƒžใ‚นใ‚ซใƒฉ ใพใŸใฏๆฐด ๆ€งใ‚ธใƒฑใƒซใชใฉใฎๆฐด็ณปใƒก ใ‚ค ใ‚ฏ ใ‚ข ใƒƒ ใƒ—ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ 0 . 1 ใ€œ 6 0 %ใŒๅฅฝ ใพ ใ— ใ ใ€ 1 ใ€œ 4 0 %ใŒใ• ใ‚‰ ใซๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ 0 . 1 %ๆœชๆบ€ใงใฏๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใŒไธ่ถณ ใ—ๆ˜“ ใ ใ€ ไธ€ๆ–น 6 0 %ใ‚’่ถŠใˆใ‚‹ ใจไฝฟ็”จไธŠๅฅฝใพ ใ— ใ ใชใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ้ฉๅฎœ็–ŽๆฐดๅŒ–ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ‚‚ ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ็–ŽๆฐดๅŒ–ๅ‡ฆ็†ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒใ‚ค ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚จ ใƒณใƒใƒช ใ‚ทใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ต ใƒณใ€ ้ซ˜็ฒ˜ๅบฆใ‚ท ใƒช ใ‚ณ ใƒผ ใƒณใ‚ชใ‚ค ใƒซใพ ใŸใฏใ‚ท ใƒช ใ‚ณใƒผ ใƒณๆจน่„‚ใช ใฉใฎใ‚ท ใƒช ใ‚ณ ใƒผ ใƒณๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚‹ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ€ ใ‚กใƒ‹ใ‚ช ใƒณๆดปๆ€งๅ‰คใพใŸใฏใ‚ซใƒใ‚ช ใƒณๆดปๆ€งๅ‰คใชใฉใฎ็•Œ้ขๆดปๆ€ง ๅ‰คใซ ใ‚ˆ ใ‚‹ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ€ ใƒŠใ‚ค ใƒญ ใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ฟ ใƒช ใƒฌใƒผ ใƒˆ ใ€ ใƒใƒช ใ‚จใƒ ใƒฌ ใƒณใ€ ใƒ• ใƒƒ็ด ๆจน่„‚ใพใŸใฏใƒใƒช ใ‚ข ใƒŸ ใƒŽ้…ธใช ใฉใฎ้ซ˜ๅˆ†ๅญๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚‹ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ ใฏใƒ‘ใƒผ ใƒ• ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒญๅŸบๅซๆœ‰ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ ใƒณใ€ ใ‚ณ ใƒฉ ใƒผใ‚ฒใƒณใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž็Ÿณ้นผใ€ ่ฆชๆฒน ๆ€งใƒฎ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฏ ใ‚นใ€ ๅคšไพกใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณ ใƒผใƒซ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚จใ‚น ใƒ†ใƒซใพ ใŸใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซใชใฉใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚‹ๅ‡ฆ็†ใช ใฉใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ค‡ๅˆๅ‡ฆ็†ใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซ็ฒ‰็Šถไฝ“ใฎ็–ŽๆฐดๅŒ–ๅ‡ฆ็†ใซ้ฉ็”จใงใ ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆ ใ ใ€ ๅ‰่จ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใซ ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซใฏใ€ ้€šๅธธๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซ็”จใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ้ฉๅฎœ้… ๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ไป–ใฎๆˆๅˆ†ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็„กๆฉŸ็ฒ‰ๆœซใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็ฒ‰ๆœซใ€ ้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ่‰ฒ็ด ใ€ ๆฒนๆ€งๆˆๅˆ†ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰คใ€ ๆจน่„‚ใพใŸใฏๅฏๅก‘ๅ‰คใช ใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใŸใจ ใˆใฐใ€ ็„กๆฉŸ็ฒ‰ๆœซใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ฏใ€ ใ‚ซ ใ‚ช ใƒช ใƒณใ€ ใ‚ป ใƒชใ‚ตใ‚ค ใƒˆใ€ ็™ฝ้›ฒ ๆฏใ€ ้‡‘้›ฒๆฏใ€ ็ด…้›ฒๆฏใ€ ้ป’้›ฒๆฏใ€ ใƒช ใƒใ‚ข้›ฒๆฏใ€ ใƒใƒผ ใƒŸ ใ‚ญใƒฆใƒฉใ‚ฃ ใƒˆใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธใƒž ใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธใ‚ซ ใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฆ ใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ค ใ‚ฝ ใ‚ฅๅœŸใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ ้…ธใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆ ใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ ้…ธใ‚ซ ใƒซใ‚ท ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ้…ธใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸ ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆ ใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ้…ธใƒใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ็กซ้…ธใƒใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ้…ธใ‚น ใƒˆ ใƒญ ใƒณใƒใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ฟ ใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚น ใƒ† ใƒณ้…ธ้‡‘ๅฑžๅกฉใ€ ใ‚ท ใƒช ใ‚ซใ€ ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญ ใ‚ทใ‚ก ใƒŽ ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ค ใƒˆ ใ€ ใ‚ผใ‚ฉใƒฉ ใ‚ค ใƒˆใ€ ็ช’ๅŒ–ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ็ด ใพใŸใฏใ‚ปใƒฉ ใƒŸ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ใƒผใช ใฉใŒ ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็ฒ‰ๆœซใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใƒŠใ‚ค ใƒญ ใƒณใƒŽใ€"ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ไธ€ใ€ ใƒ ใƒช ใ‚จใƒ ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‘ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ใƒผใ€ ใƒใƒช ใ‚นใƒ ใƒฌใƒณใƒŽ ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ไธ€ใ€ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใ‚ฐใ‚กใƒŠ ใƒŸ ใƒณใƒŽใ€'ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ไธ€ใ€ ใƒใƒช ๅ››ใƒ• ใƒ„ใ‚คๅŒ•ใ‚จใƒ ใƒฌใƒณ ใƒŽใ€ใ€‚ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ไธ€ใ€ ใ‚ธใ‚นใƒ ใƒฌใƒณใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใƒใƒช ใƒžใƒผใƒ‘ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ใƒผใ€ ใ‚งใƒใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒŽใ€ใ€‚ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ไธ€ใพ ใŸใฏใ‚กใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใƒซใƒ‘ใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ไธ€ใช ใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
้ก”ๆ–™ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ๅพฎ็ตๆ™ถๆ€งใ‚ปใƒซใƒญ ใƒผใ‚นใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–ใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณใพใŸใฏ้…ธๅŒ–ไบœ้‰›ใชใฉ ใฎ็„กๆฉŸ็™ฝ่‰ฒ้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–้‰„ ๏ผˆใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ฌใƒฉ๏ผ‰ ใพใŸใฏใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณ้…ธ้‰„ใชใฉใฎ็„กๆฉŸ่ตค่‰ฒ ็ณป้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ใ‚ก้…ธๅŒ–้‰„ใชใฉใฎ็„กๆฉŸ่ค่‰ฒ็ณป้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ้ป„้…ธๅŒ–้‰„ใพใŸใฏ้ป„ๅœŸใชใฉใฎ็„ก ๆฉŸ้ป„่‰ฒ็ณป้ก”ๆ–™ใ€้ป’้…ธๅŒ–้‰„ใพใŸใฏใ‚ซใƒผใƒœใƒณใƒ–ใƒฉ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฏใชใฉใฎ็„กๆฉŸ้ป’่‰ฒ็ณป้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ใƒžใƒณใ‚ดใƒใ‚ฃ ใ‚ฉ ใƒฌ ใƒ„ ใƒˆ ใพใŸใฏใ‚ณใƒใƒซ ใƒˆใƒใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒฌ ใƒ„ ใƒˆ ใช ใฉใฎ็„กๆฉŸ็ดซ่‰ฒ็ณป้ก”ๆ–™. ้…ธๅŒ–ใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒ ใ€ ๆฐด้…ธๅŒ–ใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒ  ใพใŸใฏใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณ้…ธใ‚ณใƒใƒซ ใƒˆ ใช ใฉใฎ็„กๆฉŸ็ท‘่‰ฒ็ณป้ก” ๆ–™ใ€ ็พค้’ใพใŸใฏ็ดบ้’ใช ใฉใฎ็„กๆฉŸ้’่‰ฒ็ณป้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–ใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณ่ขซ่ฆ†้›ฒๆฏใ€ ้…ธๅŒ– ใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅกฉๅŒ–ใƒ“ใ‚นใƒžใ‚นใ€ ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅกฉๅŒ–ใƒ“ใ‚นใƒžใ‚นใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–ใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณ่ขซ่ฆ† ใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ฏใ€ ้ญš้ฑ—็ฎ”ใพใŸใฏ็€่‰ฒ้…ธๅŒ–ใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณ่ขซ่ฆ†้›ฒๆฏใชใฉใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒซ้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ„ใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใƒใ‚ฆ ใƒ€ใƒผใพใŸใฏๅŠ› ใƒƒใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ‘ใ‚ฆใƒ€ไธ€ใชใฉใฎ้‡‘ๅฑž็ฒ‰ๆœซ้ก”ๆ–™ ใช ใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
่‰ฒ็ด ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 201 ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 202ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 204ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 205ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 220ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 226ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 228ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 405ๅทใ€ ๆฉ™่‰ฒ 203ๅทใ€ ๆฉ™่‰ฒ 204ๅทใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒ 205ๅทใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒ 401 ๅทๅŠใณ้’่‰ฒ 404 ๅท็ญ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 3 ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 104ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 106ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 227ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 230ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 401ๅทใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒ 505ๅทใ€ ๆฉ™่‰ฒ 205ๅทใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒ 4ๅทใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒ 5 ๅทใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒ 202ๅทใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒ 203 ๅทใ€ ็ท‘่‰ฒ 3 ๅทใ‚‚ ใ— ใ ใฏ้’่‰ฒ 1 ๅทใฎใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใพใŸใฏใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒ‹ ใ‚ฅใƒ  ใƒฌไธ€ใ‚ญใช ใฉใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้ก”ๆ–™ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ‚ฏ ใƒญ ใƒญ ใƒ• ใ‚ฃ ใƒซใพใŸใฏ /? -ใ‚ซ ใƒญใƒ ใƒณใชใฉใฎๅคฉ็„ถ่‰ฒ็ด ใชใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆฒนๆ€งๆˆๅˆ†ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใ‚นใ‚ฏ ใƒฎ ใƒฉ ใƒณใ€ ๆตๅ‹•ใƒ‘ใƒฉ ใƒ• ใ‚ฃ ใƒณใ€ ใƒฏใ‚ปใƒช ใƒณใ€ ใƒžใ‚ค ใ‚ฏ ๅฃ ใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใ‚น ใ‚ฟ ใƒช ใƒณใƒฏ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฏใ‚นใ€ ใ‚ชใ‚ฑใ‚พใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒˆใ€ ใ‚ป ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒณใ€ ใƒŸ ใƒชใ‚นใƒใƒณ้…ธใ€ ใƒŽใƒฝใ€‚ ใƒซใƒŸ ใƒใƒณ้…ธใ€ ใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ข ใƒช ใƒณ้…ธใ€ ใ‚ฉ ใƒฌใ‚ค ใƒณ้…ธใ€ ใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ข ใƒช ใƒณ้…ธใ€ ใ‚ปใƒใƒซใ‚ก ใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใ€ ใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใ€ ใ‚ฉ ใƒฌใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใ€ 2-ใ‚งใƒใƒซใธ ใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒณ้…ธใ‚ปใƒใƒซใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒซ ใƒŸ ใƒใƒณ้…ธ- 2-ใ‚งใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ€ ใƒŸ ใƒช ใ‚นใƒใƒณ้…ธ- 2-ใ‚ฉ ใ‚ฏ ใƒใƒซ ใƒ‰ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ€ ใ‚ธ -2-ใ‚งใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ต ใƒณ้…ธใƒใ‚ชใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚ฐใƒช ใ‚ณ ใƒผใƒซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช -2-ใ‚งใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒณ้…ธใ‚ฐใƒช ใ‚ปใƒญใƒผใƒซใ€ใ‚ฉ ใƒฌใ‚ค ใƒณ้…ธ- 2-ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใƒใƒซ ใƒ‰ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ€ ใƒŸ ใƒช ใ‚นใƒใƒณ้…ธใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญ ใƒ”ใƒซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ข ใƒช ใƒณ้…ธใ‚ฐใƒช ใ‚ปใƒญใƒผใƒซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒคใ‚ทๆฒน่„‚่‚ช้…ธใ‚ฐใƒช ใ‚ปใƒญใƒผใƒซใ€ ใ‚ฉ ใƒช ใƒผใƒ–ๆฒนใ€ ใ‚กใƒœใ‚ฌ ใƒ‰ๆฒนใ€ ใƒŸ ใƒ„ ใƒญ ใ‚ฆใ€ ใƒŸ ใƒช ใ‚นใƒใƒณ้…ธใƒŸ ใƒช ใ‚นใƒใƒซใ€ ใƒŸ ใƒณใ‚ฏๆฒนใ‚‚ ใ— ใ ใฏใƒฉ ใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒณใชใฉใฎๅ„็จฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ณไธ€ ใƒณๆฒนใ€ ้ซ˜็ดš่„‚่‚ช้…ธใ€ ๆฒน่„‚้กžใฎใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซ้กžใ€ ้ซ˜็ดšใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใพใŸ ใฏใƒญ ใ‚ฆใชใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰ค ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆ ใƒณใ€ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ€ ้…ข้…ธใƒ–ใƒใƒซใพใŸใฏ้…ข้…ธใ‚จใ‚น ใƒ†ใƒซใชใฉใŒใ€ ๆจน่„‚ใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญ ใƒ‰ๆจน่„‚ใพใŸใฏๅฐฟ็ด ๆจน่„‚ใชใฉใŒใ€ ๅฏๅก‘ ๅ‰คใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใ‚ซ ใƒณใƒ• ใ‚ก ใพใŸใฏใ‚ฏใ‚งใƒณ้…ธใ‚กใ‚ปใƒใƒซ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใชใฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ ใซใ€ ็ดซใ‚ฟ' Iยท็ทšๅธๅŽๅ‰คใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–้˜ฒๆญขๅ‰คใ€ ้˜ฒ่…ๅ‰คใ€ ็•Œ้ขๆดปๆ€งๅ‰คใ€ ไฟๆนฟๅ‰คใ€ ้ฆ™ๆ–™ใ€ ๆฐดใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใพใŸใฏๅข—็ฒ˜ๅ‰คใช ใฉใ‚‚้ฉๅฎœ้ธๆŠžใ—ใฆ้…ๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒ ใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎๅ‰คๅฝขใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใจ ใ ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใช ใ ใ€ ็ฒ‰ๆœซ็Šถใ€ ใ‚ฑ
โ€•ใ‚ญ็Šถใ€ ใบใƒณใ‚ทใƒซ็Šถใ€ ใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฏ็Šถใ€ ่ปŸ่†็Šถใ€ ๆถฒ็Šถใ€ ไนณๆถฒ็Šถใพ ใŸใฏใ‚ฏ ใƒช โ€”ใƒ ็Šถใช ใฉๅ‘จ็Ÿฅใฎๅฝขๆ…‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไปฅไธ‹ใซๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใ‚’ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ ่ฆๆ—จใ‚’่ถŠใˆใชใ„้™ใ‚Š ใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
(ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ) ใ€œ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 )
ใพใšใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹็ฒ‰็ŠถๅŸบๆใจ ใ—ใฆใ€ ้Š€ใง่ขซ่ฆ†ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น 'ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏใ™ใชใ‚ใก ๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฟ็กๅญ็คพ่ฃฝใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ทใƒฃใ‚ค ใƒณ P S ใ‚ทใƒช ใƒผใ‚บใ‹ใ‚‰้ฉๅฎœ้ธๆŠžใ—ใŸ ใ‚‚ ใฎใ‚’็”จใ„ใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใใฎ่กจ้ขใซใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๆˆๅฝขใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ P S 5 0 g ใ‚’็ฒพ่ฃฝๆฐด 0 . 5 L ใซๆ‡ธๆฟใ•ใ›ใ€ ใ‚ฆ ใ‚ฉ ใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ‘ ใ‚นใง 7 5 ยฐCใซไฟใกใ€ ใใ“ใซใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ้…ธใƒŠ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ๆบถๆถฒ ๏ผˆใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซๅ›บๅฝขๅˆ† 3 7 . 1 % ๅ’Œๅ…‰็ด”่–ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ‰ ใ‚’้ฉๅฎœ็งค้‡ใ—็ฒพ่ฃฝๆฐดใง 1 0ๅ€ใซๅธŒ้‡ˆใ—ใŸใ‚‚ ใฎใ‚’ใ‚† ใค ใ ใ‚Š ใจๆทปๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ้š› 3 . 5 ้‡้‡0 /0ๅกฉ้…ธใงใ€ ๆ‡ธๆฟๆถฒใฎ p H ใ‚’ 9 . 2 ใ€œ 9 . 4 ใซไฟใกใชใŒใ‚‰้€ฒใ‚ใŸใ€‚ ๆทปๅŠ ๅพŒใ€ 7 5 ยฐCใง 3 0ๅˆ†้–“ๆ’นๆ‹Œใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใ€ ๆ‡ธๆฟๆถฒใ‚’ๆฟพ็ด™ใงๆฟพ้Žใ—ใ€ ๆฟพ้Žๅ›บๅฝข็‰ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š ๅ‡บ ใ—ๆฐดๆด—ใ—ใฆใ€ p H ใ‚’ไธญๆ€งใซ ใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ ใซ 1 0 0 ยฐCใง 2 ๆ™‚้–“ไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸ้Š€ ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใ™ใชใ‚ใก็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅพ—ใŸใ€‚ๅ„ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ใฎใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œไป˜็€็Ž‡ใฏใ€ ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ท ใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ P S ใซๅฏพใ— 1 ใ€œ 2 0้‡้‡๏ผ…ใงใ‚ ใ‚Š ใ€ ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใฏไธ‹่จ˜ ใ€Œ่กจ 1 ใ€ ใซ็คบใ™ใจใŠ ใ‚Š ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸ็จฎใ€…ใฎ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง่ฉ•ไพกใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ€ˆ้‡‘ๅฑžๆบถๅ‡บใƒ†ใ‚น ใƒˆ ใ€‰
[้Š€ๆบถๅ‡บ่ฉฆ้จ“ 1 (ๆฐดใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚‹ๆบถๅ‡บ๏ผ‰ ]
ๅ›บๅฝขๅˆ† 5้‡้‡๏ผ…ใซใชใ‚‹ ใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜ใฎๅ„็ฒ‰ไฝ“ 5 g ใ‚’ 9 5 ยฐCใฎ่’ธ็•™ๆฐด 9 5 g ใซๆทปๅŠ ใ—ใ€ 9 5 ยฐCใซไฟใก 3 0ๅˆ†้–“้š”ใงๆ”ชๆ‹Œใ—ใฆใ€ 1 ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ่ฉฆ้จ“ ใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚ ่ฉฆ้จ“ๅพŒใ€ 0 . 2 3 mใฎใƒก ใƒณใƒ–ใƒฉ ใƒณใƒ• ใ‚ฃ ใƒซใ‚ฟ ^"ใงๆฟพ้Žใ—ใ€ ๆฟพ ๆถฒไธญใฎ้Š€้‡ใ‚’ I C P็™บๅ…‰ๅˆ†ๆžใงๅฎš้‡ใ—ใ€ ๅ›บๅฝขๅˆ†้‡้‡ใ‚ใŸ ใ‚Š ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใ‚’็ฎ— ๅ‡บ ใ—ใŸใ€‚
[้Š€ๆบถๅ‡บ่ฉฆ้จ“ 2 (ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰คใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ๆบถๅ‡บ๏ผ‰ ]
ๅ›บๅฝขๅˆ† 5้‡้‡๏ผ…ใซใชใ‚‹ ใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜ใฎๅ„็ฒ‰ไฝ“ 5 g ใ‚’ 6 0 ยฐCใฎ้…ข้…ธใ‚งใƒ ใƒซ ๏ผš ้…ข้…ธใƒ–ใƒใƒซ = 1 ๏ผš 1 (้‡้‡ๆฏ”๏ผ‰ ๆททๅˆๆบถๆถฒ 9 5 g ใซๆทปๅŠ ใ—ใ€ 6 0 ยฐCใซ ไฟใก 3 0 ๅˆ†้–“้š”ใงๆ”ชๆ‹Œใ—ใฆใ€ 6ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚ ่ฉฆ้จ“ๅพŒใ€ ไธŠ่จ˜ ใจ ๅŒๆง˜ใซๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใŸใ€‚
ใ€ˆๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใƒ†ใ‚น ใƒˆ ใ€‰
้…ข้…ธใƒ—ใƒใƒซ ๏ผš ้…ข้…ธใ‚งใƒใƒซ ๏ผš ใƒ‹ ใƒˆ ใƒญใ‚ปใƒซใƒญ ใƒผใ‚น ๏ผš ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ = 5 0 ๏ผš 2 5 ๏ผš 2 0 ๏ผš 5 (้‡้‡ๆฏ”๏ผ‰ ใซใชใ‚‹ ใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซๆททๅˆใ€ ๆ”ชๆ‹Œใ—ใŸใ‚ตใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใ‚’ใ€ 1 0 ml ใฎ ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น็“ถไธญใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œๅฏ†้–‰ ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅฎนๅ™จใซ 2 0 0 Wใฎๆฐด้Š€ใƒฉ ใƒณใƒ—ใ‚’ 2 4ๆ™‚ ้–“็…งๅฐ„ใ—ใ€ ๆบถๆถฒใฎ่‰ฒใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ ็›ฎ่ฆ–ใง่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ไธ‹่จ˜ ใ€Œ่กจ 1 ใ€ ใซ็คบใ™ใ€‚ ใชใŠใ€ ใ“ใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใƒ†ใ‚น ใƒˆ ใซ ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็ณป็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซ ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’้…ๅˆใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใฎๆœ‰็„กใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ่กจ 1 ๅฎๅคซ"^ 11 J ฯ… ๅนณๅ‡ๅŽšใ• m) 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.3 1.3 0.8
ๅนณๅ‡็ฒ’ๅพ„๏ผˆ/ m) 480 90 30 80 15 20
ใ‚ท ใƒช ๅŠ›่†œ้‡้‡๏ผ… 1 3 3 3 6 15
้Š€ๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ 1 (ppm) 2.2 2.0 1.5 3.1 3.1 3.3
้Š€ๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ 2 (ppm) 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8
ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒ ็„ก 4ffi
(ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 1 3 )
ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๆˆๅฝขใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใช ใ ๅ„็จฎใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ ฮก S ใซไธŠ่จ˜ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ใจๅŒ ๆง˜ใฎใƒ†ใ‚น ใƒˆ ใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ไธ‹่จ˜ ใ€Œ่กจ 2ใ€ ใซ็คบใ™ใ€‚
่กจ 2 ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 1 ๅนณๅ‡ๅŽšใ•๏ผˆ m) 5.0 1.3 1.3
ๅนณๅ‡็ฒ’ๅพ„๏ผˆ/u m) 90 80 15
'ใ‚ท ใƒช ๅŠ›่†œ้‡้‡๏ผ… 0 0 0
้Š€ๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ 1 (ppm) 9.2 131.2 261.1
้Š€ๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ 2 (ppm) 3.3 1.9 1.4
ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒ ๅฐ‘ใ—้ป„ๅค‰ ้ป„ๅค‰ ้ป„ๅค‰ ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใ‚ท ใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ๅ…จใฆๆฐดใธใฎ้Š€ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใŒ 3 .3 ppm ไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰คใธใฎ้Š€ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใŒ 1 . 2 ppm ไปฅไธ‹ใจ้žๅธธใซๅฐใ•ใ„ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ ใ—ใฆใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใŒๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใจใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใฏ ็”Ÿใ˜ใชใ„ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ ่กจ 2 ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใŒใช ใ ้Š€่†œใŒ้œฒๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€ ๆฐดใธใฎ้Š€ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใŒ 9 ใ€œ 2 6 1 ppm ใจๆฅตใ‚ใฆๅคš ใ ใ€ ใพใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰คใธใฎ้Š€ ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใฏ 1 . 4 ใ€œ 3 . 3 ppm ใจใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎๆ•ฐๅ€ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใ‚’ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซ้…ๅˆใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ชใƒณ ใฎๆบถๅ‡บใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ข ใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใŒๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ใพใŸๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใŒๅค‰่‰ฒใ™ใ‚‹ ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไปฅไธŠใฎ'ใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œไธŠใซ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’่จญใ‘ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ฃ ใ‚ฉใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใŒๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใซไผดใ„ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใ‚‚้˜ฒๆญขใงใ ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆค ใ‚‹ใ€‚
(ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 )
ๅนณๅ‡ๅŽšใ• 1 . 3 mใ€ ๅนณๅ‡็ฒ’ๅพ„ 8 0 mใฎ้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ๏ผˆๆ—ฅ ๆœฌๆฟ็กๅญ็คพ่ฃฝใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ท ใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ท ใƒฃ ใ‚ค ใƒณ P S ) 5 0 ยฃ ใ‚’็ฒพ่ฃฝๆฐด 0 . 5 L ใซๆ‡ธๆฟใ•ใ›ใ€ ใ‚ฅ ใ‚ฉ ไธ€ใ‚ฟ ใƒผใƒใ‚นใง 7 5 ยฐCใซไฟใกใ€ ใใ“ใซใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ้…ธใƒŠ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ  ๆบถๆถฒ ๏ผˆใ‚ท ใƒช ใ‚ซๅ›บๅฝขๅˆ† 3 7 . 1 % ๅ’Œๅ…‰็ด”่–ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ‰ 4 g ใ‚’็ฒพ่ฃฝๆฐดใง 1 0ๅ€ ใซๅธŒ้‡ˆใ—ใŸใ‚‚ ใฎใ‚’ใ‚†ใฃ ใ ใ‚Š ใจๆทปๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ้š› 3 . 5้‡้‡๏ผ…ๅกฉ้…ธใงๆ‡ธๆฟ ๆถฒใฎ p H ใ‚’ 9 . 2 ใ€œ 9 . 4 ใซไฟใกใชใŒใ‚‰้€ฒใ‚ใŸใ€‚ ๆทปๅŠ ๅพŒใ€ 7 5 ยฐCใง 3 0 ๅˆ†้–“ๆ’นๆ‹Œใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ€ ๅ‰่จ˜้Š€่†œไธŠใซใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๆˆๅฝขใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใฎไป˜ ็€็Ž‡ใฏใ€ ้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ 3้‡้‡๏ผ…ใงใ‚ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏไธŠ่จ˜ๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 ใซ็›ธๅฝ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใ€ ๅกฉๅŒ–ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸ ใƒ‹ ใ‚ฆ ใƒ  6 ๆฐดๅ’Œ็‰ฉ 1 . 8 g ใ‚’็ฒพ่ฃฝ ๆฐดใง 2 0ๅ€ๅธŒ้‡ˆใ—ใŸๆบถๆถฒใ‚’ใ€ ใ‚†ใฃ ใ ใ‚Š ใจๆปดไธ‹ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ ใจ ใใ€ 5้‡้‡0 /0 ๆฐด้…ธๅŒ–ใƒŠ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใง p Hใ‚’ 5 . 3 ใ€œ 5 . 7 ใซไฟใกใชใŒใ‚‰้€ฒใ‚ใŸใ€‚ ๆทปๅŠ ๅพŒใ€ 7 5 ยฐCใง 3 0ๅˆ†้–“ๆ’นๆ‹Œใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠ่†œ ๏ผˆใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠ ใจ ใ—ใฆ้Š€ ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏ ใซๅฏพใ— 2้‡้‡๏ผ… ) ใ‚’ๆˆๅฝขใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใ€ ๆ‡ธๆฟๆถฒใ‚’ๆฟพ ็ด™ใงๆฟพ้Žใ—ใฆใ€ ๆฟพ้Žๅ›บๅฝข็‰ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š ๅ‡บ ใ—ใ€ ๆฐดๆด—ใ—ใฆ p Hใ‚’ไธญๆ€งใซ ใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ 1 0 0 ยฐCใง 2 ๆ™‚้–“ไนพ็‡ฅใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ ใ† ใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ท ใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใจ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠ่†œใฎ 2ๅฑค ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸใƒ‘ใƒผใƒซ่ชฟใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใ™ใชใ‚ใก็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ ๅพ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซไธ€ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠไบŒๅฑค่ขซ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸ้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใฏใ€ ๆฐด ใธใฎ้Š€ใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใŒ 2 . 5 ppmใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰คใธใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใŒ 0 . 5 ppmใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 ใจๆฏ”ในใฆๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใŒใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅฐใ•ใ„ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒ ใ‚‚่ฆณๅฏŸใ•ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
(ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 )
ๅนณๅ‡ๅŽšใ• 5 . O mใ€ ๅนณๅ‡็ฒ’ๅพ„ 9 0 mใฎใƒ‹ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏ ๏ผˆๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฟ็กๅญ็คพ่ฃฝ ใƒก ใ‚ฟ ใ‚ทใƒฃใ‚ค ใƒณ N B ) 5 0 ยง ใ‚’็ฒพ่ฃฝๆฐด 0 . 5 L ใซๆ‡ธ ๆฟใ•ใ›ใ€ ใ‚ฆ ใ‚ฉ ใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใ‚นใง 7 5 ยฐCใซไฟใกใ€ ใใ“ใซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅกฉๅŒ–ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ  2 . 6 g ใ‚’็ฒพ่ฃฝๆฐดใง 1 0ๅ€ใซๅธŒ้‡ˆใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ใ‚†ใฃ ใ ใ‚Š ใจๆทปๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ ใฎ้š›ใ€ ๆฐด้…ธๅŒ–ใƒŠ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฅใƒ  1 ้‡้‡๏ผ…ๆบถๆถฒใงๆ‡ธๆฟๆถฒใฎ p Hใ‚’็ด„ 3 ใซไฟใกใชใŒ ใ‚‰้€ฒใ‚ใŸใ€‚ 7 5 ยฐCใง 3 0ๅˆ†้–“ๆ’นๆ‹Œใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ€ ๅ‰่จ˜ๆฐด้…ธๅŒ–ใƒŠ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ๆบถๆถฒใ‚’ ๅŠ ใˆใฆๆ‡ธๆฟๆถฒใ‚’ p H็ด„ 7 . 2 ใพใงไธŠๆ˜‡ใ•ใ›ใ€ . 7 5 ยฐCใงใ• ใ‚‰ใซ 3 0ๅˆ†้–“ๆ”ช ๆ‹Œใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใ€ ๆ‡ธๆฟๆถฒใ‚’ๆฟพ็ด™ใงๆฟพ้Žใ—ใฆใ€ ๆฟพ้Žๅ›บๅฝข็‰ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š ๅ‡บ ใ— ๆฐดๆด—ใ—ใฆ p Hใ‚’ไธญๆ€งใซ ใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ 1 0 0 ใง 2 ๆ™‚้–“ไนพ็‡ฅใ•ใ›ใฆใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ ใ‚ก่†œ ๏ผˆใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ใ‚ก ใจ ใ—ใฆใƒ‹ ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒซ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใซๅฏพใ— 2 ้‡้‡0 /0 ) ใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸใƒ‹ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใ™ใชใ‚ใก็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅพ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณไบŒใ‚ก่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใŸใƒ‹ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏใฎๆฐดใธใฎ้Š€ใฎ ๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใฏ 1 . 8 ppmใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰คใธใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใฏ 0 . 3 ppmใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณไบŒใ‚ก่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒซ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใฎๆฐด ใธใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใฏ 2 . 5 ppm ใงใ‚ ใ‚Š ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅ‰คใธใฎๆบถๅ‡บ็Ž‡ใฏ 0 . 7 ppm ใงใ‚ ใคใŸใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใƒ†ใ‚น ใƒˆใงใ‚‚ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณไบŒใ‚ก่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹ใƒ‹ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซ ่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใฏๅค‰่‰ฒใŒ่ฆณๆธฌใ•ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ“ ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณ ใƒ‹ใ‚ก่†œใฏใ€ ใƒ‹ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซใ‚ค ใ‚ชใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บๆŠ‘ๅˆถใซๆœ‰ๅŠนใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใคใฅใ„ใฆใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹้‡‘ๅฑž่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใ‚’ใ€ ใƒฉ ใƒก่ชฟ ใฎๅ…‰่ผๆ€ง้ก”ๆ–™ใจ ใ—ใฆ้…ๅˆใ—ใŸๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ ใใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ„Ÿใชใฉใ‚’่ชฟๆŸปใ— ใŸใ€‚ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใฎ่ฉ•ไพกใฏใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ ใ€Œ่กจ 3ใ€ ใฎ่ฉ•ไพก้ …็›ฎ ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒใƒฉใƒผ 1 0 ไบบใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ 5ๆฎต้šŽใฎๅฎ˜่ƒฝ่ฉ•ไพกใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ 1 ใ€œ 5็‚นใซๆ•ฐๅ€คๅŒ–ใ—ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅนณๅ‡ๅŒ– ใ—ใฆ่กŒใคใŸใ€‚
่กจ 3
\่ฉ•ไพก้ …็›ฎ ใฎใณ ๅ‡ไธ€ใช ๅ…‰ๆฒขๆ€ง็ทๅˆ็š„ใช
็‚นๆ•ฐ \ ไป˜็€ๆ„Ÿ ๅŒ–็ฒงๅŠนๆžœ
1 ๆ‚ชใ„ ใชใ„ ใชใ„ ๆ‚ชใ„
2 ใ‚„ใ‚„ๆ‚ชใ„ ใ‚„ใ‚„ใชใ„ ใ‚ใพ ใ‚Š ใชใ„ ใ‚„ใ‚„ๆ‚ชใ„ 3 ๆ™ฎ้€š ๆ™ฎ้€š ใ‚„ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ ๆ™ฎ้€š
4 ใ‚„ใ‚„ใ‚ˆใ„ ใ‚„ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ‚ใ‚‹ ่‰ฏใ„
5 ใ‚ˆใ„ ้žๅธธใซใ‚ใ‚‹ ้žๅธธใซ้ซ˜ใ„ ้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„
\่ฉ•ไพก้ …็›ฎ ๆ„Ÿ่งฆ
็‚นๆ•ฐ \
1 ใ–ใ‚‰ ใ–ใ‚‰ๆ„Ÿ็ญ‰ใŒใ‚ ใ‚Š ใ€ ๆ„Ÿ่งฆใŒ้žๅธธใซๆ‚ชใ„
2 ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ„Ÿ่งฆใŒๆ‚ชใ„
3 ๆ™ฎ้€š
4 ใชใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‹ใงๆ„Ÿ่งฆใŒใ‚ˆใ„
5 ้žๅธธใซๆ„Ÿ่งฆใŒใ‚ˆใ„ ใชใŠใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ใŠใ‚ˆใณๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ ่ฉ•ไพก็ตๆžœใ‚’ๅˆค ใ‚Šๆ˜“ ใ ๆจ™่จ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ ใƒŽใ€ยฐใƒใƒฉ 0 ไบบใฎๅนณๅ‡ๅ€คใ‚’ไธ‹่จ˜ใฎ่จ˜ๅทใง่กจใ™ใ€‚
โ—Ž ๏ผš 4 . 5 ไปฅไธŠ 5 . 0 ใพใง
ใ€‡ ๏ผš 3 . 5ไปฅไธŠ 4 . 5ๆœชๆบ€
โ€ข ๏ผš 2 . 5ไปฅไธŠ 3 . 5ๆœชๆบ€
โ–ณ ๏ผš 1 . 5ไปฅไธŠ 2 . 5ๆœชๆบ€
X ๏ผš 1 . 0ไปฅไธŠ 1 . 5ๆœชๆบ€
(ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 ๏ผš ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซ๏ผ‰
ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆˆๅˆ†ๅซๆœ‰็Ž‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซใ‚’ไธ‹่จ˜ใฎๆ‰‹ๆฎตใซ
ใŸใ€‚
( 1 ) ใƒ‹ ใƒˆ ใƒญใ‚ปใƒซใƒญใƒผใ‚น 1 2
( 2 ) ๅค‰ๆˆใ‚กใƒซใ‚ญ ใƒ‰ๆจน่„‚ 6
( 3 ) ใ‚ฟใ‚จใƒณ้…ธใ‚กใ‚ปใƒใƒซ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ—ใƒใƒซ 5
( 4 ) ้…ข้…ธ nโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซ 3 6 4
( 5 ) ้…ข้…ธใ‚งใƒใƒซ 6
( 6 ) nโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณ ใƒผใƒซ 2
( 7 ) ใƒˆ ใƒซใ‚จใƒณ 2 0
( 8 ) ้…ธๅŒ–้‰„้ก”ๆ–™ 0 . 5
( 9 ) ไบŒ้…ธๅŒ–ใƒๅค• ใƒณ 0. 1
( 1 0 ) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 ใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏ 1 0
( 1 1 ) ใƒžใ‚ค ๅŠ› 1
( 1 2 ) ๆœ‰ๆฉŸๅค‰ๆˆใƒขใƒณใƒขใƒช ใƒญใƒŠใ‚ค ใƒˆ 1 (้‡้‡๏ผ…)
ๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใ€œ ๏ผˆ 7 ) (ใŸใ ใ—ๆˆๅˆ† ( 4 ) ใฏไธ€ -้ƒจๅˆ†๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆบถ่งฃ
ๆบถๆถฒใซๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 1 2 ) ใจๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใฎๆฎ‹้ƒจใจ ใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ—ใฆใ‚ฒใƒซ็Šถใซ ใ—ใŸ ใ‚‚ใฎ ใ‚’ๆทปๅŠ ๆททๅˆใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 8 ) ใ€œ ๏ผˆ 1 1 ) ใ‚’ๆทปๅŠ ๆททๅˆใ—ใฆใ€ ๅฎนๅ™จใซๅ…… ๅกซใ—ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซใ‚’ๅพ—ใŸใ€‚
(ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 4 ๏ผš ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 1 0 ) ใฎใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใ‚’ใ€ ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 1 ใฎใ‚ทใƒช ๅŠ›่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใซ ็ฝฎๆ›ใ—ใ€ ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฏๅŒๆง˜ใซ ใ—ใฆใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซใ‚’ๅพ—ใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 ใจๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 4 ใจใฎๅฎ˜่ƒฝ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ ใ€Œ่กจ 4ใ€ ใซ็คบใ™ใ€‚ ่กจ 4 ่ฉ•ไพก้ …็›ฎ ๆ„Ÿ่งฆ ใฎใณ ๅ‡ไธ€ใช ๅ…‰ๆฒขๆ„Ÿ ็ทๅˆ็š„ใช
ไป˜็€ๆ„Ÿ ๅŒ–็ฒงๅŠนๆžœ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 ใ€‡
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 4 ใ€‡ ใ€‡ ่กจ 4 ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ้Š€่ขซ่†œใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏไธŠใฎใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใฏใ€ ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซใฎ ไฝฟ็”จๆ„Ÿใซๆ‚ชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใชใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใช ใ ใ€ใใฎๆ„Ÿ่งฆใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใงใ ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆ ใฃใฆใ€ ไธŠ่ฟฐใฎใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใฏ้Š€ใ‚ค ใ‚ชใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๅŠฃๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใช ใ ใ€ ้‡‘ ๅฑžใ‚ข ใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใฎ็™บ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๅˆถ ใ—ใ€ ใƒใ‚ค ใƒซใ‚จใƒŠใƒก ใƒซใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใ‚’้˜ฒๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒ ใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚
(ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 ๏ผš ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆ๏ผ‰
ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆˆๅˆ†ๅซๆœ‰็Ž‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆ ใ‚’ไธ‹่จ˜ใฎๆ‰‹ๆฎตใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใŸใ€‚
( 1 ) ใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ฏ 1 2 6
( 2 ) ็ถฒ้›ฒๆฏ 8 1
( 3 ) ใƒžใ‚ค ๅŠ› 2 5 4
( 4 ) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 ใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ 4 5 0
( 5 ) ่ตค่‰ฒ 2 2 6ๅท 0 4
( 6 ) ใ‚น ใ‚ฏ ใƒฎใƒฉ ใƒณ 3 0 ( 7 ) ใƒŽใ€"ใƒซใƒŸ ใƒใƒณ้…ธ 2 โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซ 5 . 0
( 8 ) ้˜ฒ่…ๅ‰ค 0 . 3
( 9 ) ้ฆ™ๆ–™ 0 . 2 (้‡้‡๏ผ… )
ๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใ€œ ๏ผˆ 5 ) ใ‚’ใƒ˜ใƒณใ‚ทใ‚งใƒซใƒŸ ใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒผใงๆททๅˆ ใ—ใ€ ใ“ใฎๆททๅˆ็‰ฉใซๅฏพ ใ—ใฆๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 6 ) ใ€œ ๏ผˆ 9 ) ใ‚’ๅŠ ็†ฑๆบถ่งฃๆททๅˆใ—ใŸ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅนใไป˜ใ‘ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ ใซๆทท ๅˆใ—ใŸๅพŒ็ฒ‰็ขŽใ—ใ€ 4 X 6 cmใฎไธญ็šฟใซๆˆๅฝขใ—ใฆใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆ ใ‚’ๅพ—ใŸใ€‚ (ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 5 ๏ผš ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆ๏ผ‰
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๆˆๅˆ† ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใฎใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใ‚’ใ€ ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 2 ใฎ้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใซ็ฝฎๆ›ใ—ใ€ ใใฎไป–ใฏๅŒๆง˜ใซ ใ—ใฆใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆ ใ‚’ๅพ—ใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 ใจๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 5 ใฎๅฎ˜่ƒฝ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ ใ€Œยพ 5ใ€ ใซ็คบใ™ใ€‚ ่กจ 5 ่ฉ•ไพก้ …็›ฎ ๆ„Ÿ่งฆ ใฎใณ ๅ‡ไธ€ใช ๅ…‰ๆฒขๆ„Ÿ ็ทๅˆ็š„ใช
ไป˜็€ๆ„Ÿ ๅŒ–็ฒงๅŠนๆžœ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 5 ใ€‡ ใ€‡ ่กจ 5 ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ้Š€่ขซ่†œใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏไธŠใฎใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใฎไฝฟ ็”จๆ„Ÿใซๆ‚ชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใช ใ ใ€ ใใฎๆ„Ÿ่งฆใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใงใใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆ ใคใฆใ€ ไธŠ่ฟฐใฎใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใฏ้Š€ใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ ใฎ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๅŠฃๅŒ–ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใช ใ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ก ใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎไธ€ใฎ็™บ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใ‚ทใƒฃ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใ‚’้˜ฒๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 ๏ผš ๅฃ็ด…๏ผ‰
ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆˆๅˆ†ๅซๆœ‰้‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ๅฃ็ด…ใ‚’ใ€ ๅ…ฌ็Ÿฅใฎๆ‰‹ๆฎตใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใŸใ€‚ 1 ) ใƒŽ1?ใƒฉ ใƒ• ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ 1 2
2 ) ใƒžใ‚ค ใ‚ฏ ใƒญ ใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใ‚น ใ‚ฟ ใƒช ใƒณ ใƒฏ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฏใ‚น 6
3 ) ๆฐด็ด ๆทปๅŠ ใƒใƒช ใƒ–ใƒ‡ใƒณ 2 0
) ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏ ใƒใƒซ ใƒ‰ใƒ‡ใ‚ซ ใƒŽ ใƒผใƒซ 1 0
5 ) ใƒˆ ใƒช ๏ผˆๅŠ› ใƒ—ใƒช ใƒซ ยท ๅŠ› ใƒ—ใƒช ใƒณ้…ธ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ฐใƒช ใ‚ป ใƒช ใƒณ
6 ) ่ตค่‰ฒ 2 0 2ๅท 0 1
7 ) ้ป„่‰ฒ 4ๅท 0 2
8 ) ็กซ้…ธใƒใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ 
9 ) ้…ธๅŒ–ใƒใ‚ฟ ใƒณ 1
1 0 ) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 ใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏ 0
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 ๏ผš ใƒช ใƒƒ ใƒ—ใ‚ฐใƒญใ‚น๏ผ‰
ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆˆๅˆ†ๅซๆœ‰้‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ ใƒช ใƒƒ ใƒ—ใ‚ฐใƒญใ‚นใ‚’ ๅ…ฌ็Ÿฅใฎๆ‰‹ๆฎตใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ—
1 ) ใƒ‘ใƒซ ใƒŸ ใƒใƒณ้…ธใƒ‡ใ‚ญใ‚น ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒณ
2 ) ้‡่ณชๆตๅ‹•ใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใƒŽใ€ใ€‚ใƒฉ ใƒ• ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ
3 ) ใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใ‚ช ใ‚ฏ ใ‚ฟ ใƒณ้…ธใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใƒŽ ใƒ‹ใƒซ 1 0
4 ) ใ‚น ใ‚ฏ ใƒฎ ใƒฉ ใƒณ 5
5 ) ่ตค่‰ฒ 2 0 1 ๅท 0
6 ) ใ‚ฐใƒณใ‚ธ ใƒจ ใ‚ฆ ใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ฏ 0
7 ) ็กซ้…ธใƒใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ  0
8 ) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 ใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ 1 0
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 ๏ผš ๆฐดๆ€งใƒžใ‚น ๅŠ› ใƒฉ๏ผ‰
ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆˆๅˆ†ๅซๆœ‰้‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ๅฃ็ด…ใ‚’ ๅ…ฌ็Ÿฅใฎๆ‰‹ๆฎตใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใŸ
1 ) ใƒใƒช ใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซ โ–  0
2 ) ใ‚ซใƒซใƒœใ‚ญใ‚ท ใƒ“ใƒฅใƒซใƒใƒช ใƒžใƒผ 0 . 5
3 ) 1 , 3 โ€”ใƒ–ใƒ ใƒฌใƒณใ‚ฐใƒช ใ‚ณ ใƒซ 5 ( ) ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚จ ใ‚ฟ ใƒŽ ใƒผใƒซใ‚ก ใƒŸ ใƒณ 0
( 5 ) ใ‚จใ‚ฟ ใƒŽ ใƒผใƒซ 5
( 6 ) ้˜ฒ่…ๅ‰ค 0
( 7 ) ็ฒพ่ฃฝๆฐด
( 8 ) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 ใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 ใ€œ 1 3 ใฎๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ ใใฎๅฎ˜่ƒฝ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ไธ‹่จ˜ ใ€Œ่กจ 6ใ€ ใซไฝตใ›ใฆ็คบใ™ใ€‚
่กจ 6 ่ฉ•ไพก้ …็›ฎ ๆ„Ÿ่งฆ ใฎใณ ๅ‡ไธ€ใช ๅ…‰ๆฒขๆ„Ÿ ็ทๅˆ็š„ใช
ไป˜็€ๆ„Ÿ ๅŒ–็ฒงๅŠนๆžœ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 โ—Ž โ—Ž โ—Ž โ—Ž โ—Ž
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 โ—Ž โ—Ž โ—Ž โ—Ž โ—Ž
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 โ—Ž ใ€‡ โ—Ž โ—Ž โ—Ž ่กจ 6 ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซ่†œใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹้Š€่ขซ่ฆ†ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚น ใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏ ใฏใ€ .ๅฃ็ด…ใ€ ใƒช ใƒƒ ใƒ— ใ‚ฐใƒญใ‚นใŠใ‚ˆใดๆฐดๆ€งใƒžใ‚นๅŠ› ใƒฉ ใซ้…ๅˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ„Ÿใ‚’ ใจ ใ ใซๅŠฃๅŒ– ใ•ใ›ใชใ„ใ“ ใจใŒๅˆคใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ ใซใ€ ้Š€ใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใŒๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ก ใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎไธ€ใ‚’ๅผ• ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ“ ใจใŒใช ใ ใ€ ใพใŸๅ„ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ‚’ๅค‰่‰ฒใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ็”ฃๆฅญไธŠใฎๅˆฉ็”จๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€ง
ไปฅไธŠใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใชใ‚ˆ ใ† ใซใ€ ใ“ใฎ็™บๆ˜ŽใฎๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅŸบๆไธŠ ใซ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใŠใ‚ˆใด้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’ใ“ใฎ้ †็•ชใงๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚‹้‡‘ๅฑžๅ…‰ๆฒขใ‚’ๅ‘ˆใ—ใคใคใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ค ใ‚ช ใƒณใฎๆบถๅ‡บใŒๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใ‚ข ใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใฎ็™บ็”Ÿใจๆœ‰ๆฉŸ็‰ฉใฎๅค‰่‰ฒใ‚„ๅค‰่ณชใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจใŒใง ใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ใ“ใฎๅŸบๆใซใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผ ใ‚ฏ ใ‚’็”จใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ ใจ ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š ใ€ ็ฒ’ๅญๆ„ŸใŒ็›ฎ็ซ‹ ใŸใšใ€ ๅ…‰่ผๆ€งใŒๆฅตใ‚ใฆ้ซ˜ใ ใ€ ่‚ŒไธŠใงใฎใฎใณใŠใ‚ˆใณๅ‡ไธ€ใชไป˜็€ๆ„Ÿใชใฉใฎไฝฟ ็”จๆ„Ÿใซๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใŒๅพ“ๆฅๅŒๆง˜ใฎๆ‰‹ๆฎตใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚

Claims

่ซ‹ ๆฑ‚ ใฎ ็ฏ„ ๅ›ฒ
1 . ๅŸบๆไธŠใซ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใŠใ‚ˆ ใณ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใ‚’ ใ“ใฎ้ †็•ชใงๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ€‚
2. ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž่†œใŒ้Š€ใ€ '้‡‘ใ€ ็™ฝ้‡‘ใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ‹ ใƒƒ ใ‚ฑใƒซใ€ ้Š…ใ€ ใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒ ใ€ ใƒขใƒช ใƒ–ใƒ‡ใƒณใ€ ใ‚นใ‚บใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใŠใ‚ˆ ใณใƒใ‚นใƒ† ใƒญใ‚คใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹็พคใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸๅฐ‘ใช ใ ใจ ใ‚‚ 1็จฎใ‚’ไธปๆˆๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 ้ …่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ€‚
3. ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ๅŸบๆใŒๅนณๅ‡ๅŽšใ• 0 . 5 ใ€œ 8 . 0 / mใ€ ๅนณๅ‡็ฒ’ๅพ„ 5 ใ€œ 1 , 0 0 0 mใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใƒ• ใƒฌใƒผใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ'็ฌฌ 1้ …'ๅˆใฏ็ฌฌ 2้ …่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ ๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ€‚
4. ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใŒใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ซใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ใƒŠใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚ณใƒ‹ใ‚กใ€ ้…ธๅŒ– ไบœ้‰›ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้…ธๅŒ–ใ‚ปใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹็พคใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸๅฐ‘ใช ใ ใจ ใ‚‚ 1 ็จฎใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆ ๅˆ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1้ …ไนƒ่‡ณ็ฌฌ 3้ …ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ 1 ้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ ใฎๅŒ–็ฒง็ง‘ใ€‚
5. ไธŠ่จ˜็ฒ‰ไฝ“ใฏใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉ่†œใŒใใฎ่†œใฎๆˆๅฝขๅ‰ใฎ้‡้‡ใ‚’ๅŸบๆบ–ใจ ใ—ใฆ 0 . 1 ใ€œ 3 0้‡้‡๏ผ…ไป˜็€ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 ้ …ไนƒ่‡ณ็ฌฌ 4้ …ใฎใ„ใš ใ‚Œใ‹ 1 ้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๅŒ–็ฒงๆ–™ใ€‚
PCT/JP2002/007553 2001-08-01 2002-07-25 Produit cosmetique WO2003011235A1 (fr)

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US20040213820A1 (en) 2004-10-28
CN1476319A (zh) 2004-02-18
EP1413284A1 (en) 2004-04-28
KR20040021578A (ko) 2004-03-10
EP1413284A4 (en) 2006-06-14
CN1245933C (zh) 2006-03-22
BR0205864A (pt) 2003-10-21

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