WO2003004786A2 - Structural apparatus and method - Google Patents

Structural apparatus and method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003004786A2
WO2003004786A2 PCT/US2002/020794 US0220794W WO03004786A2 WO 2003004786 A2 WO2003004786 A2 WO 2003004786A2 US 0220794 W US0220794 W US 0220794W WO 03004786 A2 WO03004786 A2 WO 03004786A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sheet metal
construction
panel
metal panel
diaphragm
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/020794
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2003004786A3 (en
Inventor
Walter W. Scarborough
Original Assignee
Scarborough Walter W
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Scarborough Walter W filed Critical Scarborough Walter W
Priority to AU2002320225A priority Critical patent/AU2002320225A1/en
Publication of WO2003004786A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003004786A2/en
Publication of WO2003004786A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003004786A3/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
    • E04B1/14—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements being composed of two or more materials
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B7/00—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B7/02—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation with plane sloping surfaces, e.g. saddle roofs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
    • E04C2/3405—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by profiled spacer sheets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
    • E04C2/3405—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by profiled spacer sheets
    • E04C2002/3444—Corrugated sheets
    • E04C2002/3455—Corrugated sheets with trapezoidal corrugations

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of construction.
  • this invention is drawn to a structural apparatus and method for. the construction of buildings such as dwellings, hotels, and other structures.
  • a typical system for constructing single-family dwellings and other buildings including hotels uses a 2" x4" or 2" x6" wood framing system.
  • Other systems may use a steel framing system replacing the wooden studs with steel studs.
  • the wood or steel studs are spaced apart along the length of a wall formed by the studs.
  • drywall or other interior wall material is nailed or screwed to the studs.
  • exterior siding e.g., wood siding, brick, etc.
  • insulation e.g., fiberglass, cellulose, etc.
  • styrofoam insulation panels may be used between the exterior siding and the
  • a moisture barrier such as TyvekTM, may also be placed between the exterior
  • An apparatus of the invention provides a construction diaphragm comprising a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides, a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel, and a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of creating a construction diaphragm comprising the steps of providing a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides, securing a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel, and securing a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of constructing a building over a foundation comprising the steps of: forming a plurality of construction diaphragms, each construction diaphragm being formed by the steps of providing a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides, securing a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel, and securing a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel; securing the plurality of construction diaphragms together to form walls; and securing the plurality of construction diaphragms to the foundation.
  • Figure 1 is an exploded sectional view of a construction diaphragm of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a sectional view illustrating the construction of the sheet metal panel and insulation panels shown in Figure 1.
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figures 1 and 2.
  • Figure 4A is an exploded view of a construction diaphragm including an electrical box and the electrical distribution wiring.
  • Figure 4B is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 4A.
  • Figure 5A is an exploded view of another example of a construction diaphragm including an electrical box and the electrical distribution wiring.
  • Figure 5B is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 5 A.
  • Figure 6 is a sectional exploded view of a construction diaphragm utilizing multiple sheet metal panels.
  • Figure 7 is a sectional view of the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 6.
  • Figure 8 is an exploded sectional view of a strengthened construction diaphragm of the present invention.
  • Figure 9 illustrates the edges of two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels.
  • Figure 10 illustrates two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels connected together.
  • Figure 11 is a diagram of a gable end wall constructed using a plurality of construction diaphragms of the present invention.
  • Figure 12 is a sectional diagram illustrating the components which may be used to secure a construction diaphragm to a foundation.
  • Figure 13 is a sectional diagram illustrating the construction diaphragm shown in Figure 12 secured to the foundation.
  • Figure 14 is a sectional view of a building constructed using construction diaphragms of the present invention.
  • Figures 15-21 are enlarged sectional views showing various details of the construction of the building shown in Figure 14.
  • the structural apparatus and method of the present invention provides a load bearing framing system that can replace the 2'x4' wood framing systems used in typical residential construction.
  • the structural apparatus and method of the present invention utilizes novel construction diaphragms that are used to construct walls.
  • the construction diaphragms (walls, roofs, floor systems, etc.) each include a core comprised of one or more ribbed sheet metal panels.
  • the construction diaphragms are formed by putting up ribbed sheet metal panels and then securing expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid insulation panels to the interior and exterior sides of the ribbed sheet metal panels.
  • EPS expanded polystyrene
  • exterior siding such as cementaceous siding is secured to the wall.
  • a moisture barrier is positioned between the insulation panel and the exterior siding.
  • interior siding such as gypsum board
  • the construction diagrams are secured to a foundation by securing the diaphragms a channel that is first secured to the foundation. Fasteners are used to secure the walls to the channel.
  • electrical boxes may be placed in the walls. The electrical boxes are positioned in indentations formed in the ribbed sheet metal panels. The electrical boxes extend through the rigid insulation panel and interior siding to provide user access to electrical outlets, light switches, light fixtures, etc. Electrical wiring is run horizontally between electrical boxes by punching out holes in the ribs and/or by cutting grooves or notches in the rigid insulation panels.
  • Figure 1 is an exploded partial sectional view of a construction diaphragm of the present invention.
  • the sectional view in Figure 1 is a view looking downward.
  • the ribs in the sheet metal panel 12 are formed perpendicular to a ground surface for maximum strength of a structure utilizing the construction diaphragms 10.
  • Figure 1 shows a construction diaphragm 10 including a core formed by a cold- formed ribbed steel sheet metal panel 12.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panel 12 may be comprised of various types of ribbed sheet metal.
  • the ribbed steel sheet metal panel 12 shown in Figure 1 is generally rectangular shaped with a plurality of indentations 14 formed on each side between a plurality of protrusions 16. As can be seen in Figure 1, an indentation 14 on one side of the sheet metal panel 12 also forms the corresponding protrusion 16 on the opposite side.
  • Other cross-sectional shapes of sheet metal panels may be used within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the ribs may be square, rounded, etc.
  • the ribs of the sheet metal panel 12 may have various dimensions.
  • One example of a suitable sheet metal panel 12 includes the following dimensions: length of each indentation or protrusion: 3 in.; and depth of each indentation or protrusion: 3 in.
  • the thickness of the sheet metal panel 12 can be chosen depending on the load requirements.
  • a suitable thickness of a sheet metal panel 12 is a 16- gauge sheet metal panel.
  • the gauge of the sheet metal panels can vary over any suitable range (e.g., 28 to 8 gauge).
  • the strength of the sheet metal panels 12 may also be increased by stacking a plurality of similar sheet metal panels 12 together. Examples where an increased strength may be required include high load points or panel joints at the edges of openings, doorways, windows etc..
  • Figure 1 also shows a first expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid insulation panel 18 positioned on the interior side of the sheet metal panel 12.
  • a second similar EPS rigid insulation panel 20 is positioned on the exterior side of the sheet metal panel 12.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating the construction of the sheet metal panel and insulation panels shown in Figure 1.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the resulting structure when the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 are secured to the sheet metal panel 12 during construction by the adhesive 22.
  • the structure reduces the amount of thermal warping. Without the insulation panels 18 and 20 placed on both sides of the sheet metal panel 12, the temperature differentials between the inner and outer surfaces of the wall (caused naturally or by heating and air conditioning) would bend the wall diaphragm into an arc in either the horizontal or vertical dimension, like a drum head, depending on the distribution of the hot and cold temperatures.
  • FIG 1 also shows additional layers on both the interior and exterior sides of the construction diaphragm 10.
  • a moisture barrier 24 is placed over the insulation panel 20.
  • the moisture barrier 24 may be comprised of any suitable material such as building felts or plastic sheeting.
  • One suitable moisture barrier is manufactured by Du Pont under the trade name Tyvek.
  • Exterior siding 26 is placed over the moisture barrier 24.
  • the exterior siding 26 may be attached to the construction diaphragm 10 by fasteners such as nails or sheet metal screws, for example. The fasteners preferably extend through the ribbed steel sheet metal panel 12, securing the siding material 26, moisture barrier 24, and insulation panel 20 to the sheet metal panel 12.
  • the adhesive 22 used to attach the insulation panel 20 to the sheet metal panel 12 is used to hold the insulation panel 20 in place during construction until the exterior siding 26 has been installed using the fasteners which penetrate through the rigid insulation panel 20.
  • the exterior siding 26 may be comprised of any suitable siding material.
  • One suitable siding material is a cementaceous material manufactured by James Hardie Building Products under the trade name HARDIEPLANK.
  • Other suitable siding materials include, but are not limited to, steel, aluminum, wood, plywood, gypsum board, stuco, polymer resin reinforced fibers, oriented strand board, cement-cellulose board (Bison-Board), clapboard, etc.
  • interior siding 28 is placed over the rigid insulation panel 18.
  • the interior siding 28 may be comprised of any suitable material including, but not limited to, gypsum board, plywood, wood planking, metal, cementaceous sheets, etc.
  • the interior siding 28 may be attached to the construction diaphragm 10 by fasteners such as nails, screws, etc., which extend through the interior siding 28, insulation panel 18, and sheet metal panel 12.
  • fasteners such as nails, screws, etc., which extend through the interior siding 28, insulation panel 18, and sheet metal panel 12.
  • the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 can be enhanced by orienting the siding perpendicular to the pattern of the ribs in the sheet metal panels 12.
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figures 1 and 2.
  • the sheet metal panel 12 is sandwiched between rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 (see Figure 2).
  • the components shown in Figure 2 are sandwiched between interior siding 28 and exterior siding 26.
  • the moisture barrier 24 is positioned between the insulation panel 20 and the exterior siding 26.
  • the construction diaphragm 10 is secured together by a plurality of threaded fasteners 30. The resulting structure of the construction diaphragm 10 provides an inexpensive, strong structure.
  • FIG. 4A is an exploded view of a construction diaphragm including an electrical box and the electrical distribution wiring. Like Figure 1, Figure 4A shows a ribbed panel 12, first and second rigid insulation panels 18 and 20, mastic adhesive 22, moisture barrier 24, exterior siding 26, and interior siding 28.
  • the ribbed panel 12 includes a plurality of pre-formed circular punch-outs 31 formed at various positions on the ribs of the panel 12. When the punch-outs 31 are removed, openings 33 are formed for use in routing electrical wiring through the panels 12 in the voice space formed between the ribs in the panel 12.
  • the punch-outs may also have shapes other than circular (e.g., rectangular, oval, etc.).
  • Figure 4A also shows an electrical box 32 which will be installed in one of the indentations 14 of the sheet metal panel 12. Note that the electrical box 32 may be used for any desired function such as an electrical outlet, light switch, junction box, light fixture, etc.
  • the rigid insulation panel 18 and interior siding 28 have openings 40 and 42, respectively, formed for receiving the electrical box 32. Also note that an electrical box may be installed on either side of the sheet metal panel 12 to provide electrical switches or outlets, etc. on both interior and exterior walls.
  • the electrical box 32 includes one or more openings through which electrical wires 34 may be inserted.
  • the electrical wires 34 inside the electrical box 32 may be wired to an outlet, light switch, or spliced together, depending on the function of the particular electrical box 32.
  • the electrical wires 34 may be provided by any suitable wiring such as Romex. To route the wires 34 vertically, the wires can be routed through the space formed in each the indentation 14 of the sheet metal panel 12. To route the wires horizontally, the wires 34 are routed through the openings 33 formed in the panel 12.
  • Figure 4B is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 4A.
  • the construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 4B is similar to the panel shown in Figure 3 with the addition of an electrical box 32 secured to the sheet metal panel 12 by a plurality of threaded fasteners 38.
  • the electrical box 32 extends through the openings 40 and 42 in the rigid insulation panel 18 and the interior siding 28 to the interior surface of the construction diaphragm 10. In this way, the electrical box 32 facilitates the insulation of an electrical outlet, light switch, etc.
  • the construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 5 also shows electrical wires 34 routed from the electrical box 32 through the openings 33 formed in the sheet metal panel 12.
  • FIGs 5 A and 5B show an alternate way of routing wires 34 horizontally. To route the wires horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, one or more grooves 36 are cut in the rigid insulation panel 18. Preferably, the width and depth of the grooves corresponds to the approximate dimensions of the type of electrical wire being used.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panel 12 can be strengthened.
  • a first method of strengthening the construction diaphragm 10 is to increase the thickness or gauge of the ribbed sheet metal panel 12.
  • a second method of strengthening the construction diaphragm 10 is to stack multiple sheet metal panels 12.
  • Figure 6 is a sectional exploded view of a construction diaphragm utilizing multiple sheet metal panels. As shown, three ribbed sheet metal panels 12 are sandwiched between the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20.
  • Figure 7 is a sectional view of the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 6.
  • the construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 7 is substantially the same as the construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 2 except that the three ribbed sheet metal panels 12 are used instead of one sheet metal panel. In other embodiments, two or more than 3 ribbed sheet metal panels 12 may be stacked together.
  • FIG 8 is an exploded partial sectional view of a construction diaphragm 10 similar to the diaphragm shown in Figure 1, except for the addition of first and second flat sheet metal panels 19 and 21.
  • the first sheet metal panel 19 is disposed over the rigid insulation panel 18 as shown.
  • the second sheet metal panel 21 is disposed over the rigid insulation panel 20.
  • the interior and exterior siding materials 28 and 26 are disposed over the flat sheet metal panels 19 and 21.
  • the construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 8 provides increased strength for application where an increased strength is desired.
  • the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 may be increased in several ways based on the physics of a wide flange section.
  • a partial section of the completed sandwiched construction diaphragm 10 could be viewed as a wide flange section with the outer laminates functioning has flanges and the rigid insulation panels and sheet metal panel functioning as a soft web separating the flanges.
  • the lateral strength of a wide flange section increases geometrically as a distance between the flanges increases. This phenomenon may be exploited by using thicker rigid insulation panels to create stronger walls to resistant bending from gravity loading, wind loading, or thermal loads.
  • Another way of increasing the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 is to increase the depth of the ribs of the sheet metal panel 12 (i.e., increasing the depth of the indentations 14 or protrusions 16).
  • Another way of increasing the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 is to increase the tensile and compressive strength of the outer laminates (i.e., the interior and exterior siding 28 and 26) by changing materials or by introducing sheet metal substrates.
  • the present invention provides a method of simplifying the construction of a structure using the construction diaphragms 10 of the present invention. Since the width of the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 will usually not span the entire length of a desired wall, multiple sheet metal panels 12 must be connected together.
  • Figure 9 illustrates the edges of two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 each include a plurality of pre-punched, or drilled, holes 44 to facilitate accurate alignment with adjacent sheet metal panels 12 at the construction site.
  • the holes 44 are aligned with corresponding holes 44 in an adjacent sheet metal panel 12.
  • the adjacent sheet metal panels 12 are then secured together with metal fasteners through the holes 44.
  • Figure 10 illustrates two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels connected together. As shown, the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 overlap slightly with threaded fasteners 46 securing the sheet metal panels 12 together.
  • the pre-formed holes 44 speed up the construction process as well as insure proper alignment of the sheet metal panels 12.
  • One technique for strengthening joints is to secure a strip of sheet metal parallel to the joint.
  • a 6 to 16 inch long strip of sheet metal is secured to the construction diaphragm over one of the rigid insulation panels.
  • the strip can be secured by screws or any other suitable fastener.
  • a second strip may be secured to the construction diaphragm on the side opposite the first strip.
  • the strip may be secured directly over the ribbed sheet metal panels rather than over the rigid insulation panels.
  • materials other than sheet metal may be used to strengthen joints.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram of a wall 70 which forms a gable.
  • the wall 70 includes eight sheet metal panels.
  • the lower portion of the wall 70 is formed by four rectangular-shaped sheet metal panels 72 secured together as shown.
  • the upper portion of the wall 70 is formed by two triangular-shaped sheet metal panels 74 and two trapezoidal-shaped sheet metal panels 76.
  • the shapes of the sheet metal panels will vary depending on the desired shape of the wall.
  • One advantage of the invention is that the sheet metal panels 74 and 76 may be pre-cut in the factory and shipped to a building site. At the building site, construction worker only need to assemble the structure with little or no cutting of sheet metal panels.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panels can be cut to standard panel sizes so that a wall having any desirable shape can be constructed at the construction site with little or no cutting.
  • a kit can be created by providing all of the materials necessary to assemble the construction diaphragms required for the construction of a building.
  • the kit can include ribbed sheet metal panels including rectangular sheets and pre-cut sheets for gable ends, doors, windows, or any other necessary shape.
  • the other components of the construction diaphragms e.g., rigid insulation panels, moisture barriers, siding, channels, fasteners, etc.
  • the rigid insulation panels can be pre-cut, although they can be easily cut at the construction site.
  • the construction diaphragms 10 of the present invention may be used to form walls, roofs, floors, etc. for a building.
  • the construction diaphragms 10 that are used for walls must be secured to the foundation of the building.
  • Figure 12 is a sectional diagram illustrating the components which may be used to secure a construction diaphragm to a foundation.
  • Figure 12 shows a concrete slab 50 which provides a foundation for the building being built. The invention may also be used with other types of foundations.
  • the concrete slab 50 includes a brick ledge 52 on which the walls of the building will be set.
  • Figure 12 also shows an upwardly facing U-shaped channel 54 adapted to receive the bottom edge of the construction diaphragm 10.
  • the U-shaped channel 54 may be replaced by any other suitable device for securing a diaphragm to the foundation.
  • Other shapes of channels may also be used.
  • an L-shaped channel (such as the L-shaped channel 90 shown in Figure 15, described below) may replace the U-shaped channel.
  • the U- shaped channel 54 may span the entire length of the wall being secured to the foundation. Alternately, a plurality of shorter channels can be used along the length of a wall.
  • the construction diaphragm 10 is secured to the U-shaped channel 54 by a plurality of fasteners 56.
  • the fasteners 56 may be comprised of any suitable fastener including screws, nails, bolts, etc.
  • the U-shaped channel 54 is secured to the concrete slab 50 by a fastener 58.
  • the fastener 58 may be comprised of any suitable fastener, for example, a steel molly bolt.
  • One suitable fastener is a channel bolt which is received in a hole that may be drilled after the foundation has been poured and cured.
  • Windows and doors can be formed in the construction diaphragms 10 in a number of ways.
  • the sheet metal panels 12 are pre-formed with the appropriate openings for doors or windows formed prior to construction.
  • the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 can easily be cut to accommodate the door and window openings.
  • the interior siding 28 and exterior siding 26 may also be easily cut to accommodate door and window openings.
  • openings may be cut in the sheet metal panels 12 during construction. The openings may be cut easily using a circular saw or any other suitable cutting tool. Note that methods may be used for distributing loads over openings for windows, doors, entranceways, etc. using engineering techniques that transfer the loads to point load locations that may be engineered and integrated into the diaphragm assembly.
  • Figure 14 is a sectional view of a building 80 constructed using construction diaphragms such as those described above.
  • Figures 15-21 are enlarged sectional views showing various details of the construction of the building 80 shown in Figure 14.
  • the building 80 is constructed using a reinforced concrete slab 50. Of course, other types of foundations could also be used.
  • the building 80 has a first wall 82 and a second wall 84.
  • a roof 86 is attached to the walls of the building 80.
  • Figure 14 also shows a partial view of a suspended upper floor 88 which may be included if desired. Note that buildings having different shapes or configurations may also be constructed using the techniques described. Also note that the Figures are not drawn to scale relative to the various components shown in the Figures.
  • the materials used may be selected based on the desired strength, applicable codes, etc.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 may be made from panels having the dimensions mentioned above.
  • various techniques may be used to strengthen the construction diaphragms.
  • the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 of the walls 82 and 84 are formed by 1.5 inch EPS panels, while the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 of the roof 86 are formed by 3 inch EPS panels.
  • Figure 15 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 15-15 in Figure 14.
  • Figure 15 shows an L-shaped channel 90 secured to the concrete slab 50 by fasteners 58.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panel 12 of the wall 84 is secured to the channel 90 by fasteners 56.
  • the wall 84 is constructed using the techniques described above. As shown, the wall 84 includes a core made from a sheet metal panel 12. Rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 are secured to the sheet metal panel 12 using adhesive.
  • Interior siding 28 e.g., Hardie Board, plywood, gypsum board, etc.
  • moisture barrier 24 e.g., Hardie Plank, etc.
  • Figure 15 also shows a baseboard 92 positioned at the base of the interior side of the wall 84.
  • a floor finish 94 e.g., carpeting, vinyl, wood, etc.
  • the wall 82 is constructed in the same manner.
  • Figure 16 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 16-16 in Figure 14.
  • Figure 16 shows the top portion the wall 84 and an end portion of the roof 86.
  • the roof 86 is comprised of a construction diaphragm having a ribbed sheet metal panel 12 sandwiched between rigid insulation panels 18 and 20.
  • the sheet metal panel 12 used for the roof 86 may be comprised of a cold-formed sheet metal steel deck, similar to the sheet metal panels described above.
  • Interior siding 28 is secured as shown to provide a ceiling surface for the interior of the building 80.
  • a deck 96 e.g., Hardy plank, plywood, etc.
  • a moisture barrier 24 is positioned between the deck 96 and roofing material 98 (e.g., sheet metal, shingles, etc.).
  • roofing material 98 e.g., sheet metal, shingles, etc.
  • a number of hat sections 100 are positioned between the roofing material 98 and the deck 96.
  • the roof 86 is secured to the wall 84 as shown.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 of the roof 86 and wall 84 are secured together using a continuous steel pitch clip 102.
  • the clip 102 is secured to the panels 12 by fasteners 106 (e.g., sheet metal screws, etc.).
  • Figure 14 also shows fascia 104 which may be comprised of wood or Hardy Plank, for example.
  • Figure 17 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 17-17 in Figure 14.
  • Figure 17 shows a portion of the roof 86 along with a steel beam 108.
  • the beam 108 is used to provide extra strength to help support the roof 86.
  • the beam 108 is secured to the ribbed sheet metal panel 12 of the roof 86 by a continuous clip 102, which is secured by fasteners 106 to the sheet metal panel 12.
  • steel beam hangers are used at each end of the beam 108.
  • Rigid insulation panels 18 and interior siding 28 are formed around the lower portion of the beam 108 as shown. While Figure 14 shows only one beam, the building 80 may use as many beams as are necessary.
  • the attachment of the beam shown in Figure 17 to the walls at each end of the beam 108 is shown in Figure 21.
  • FIG 18 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 18-18 in Figure 14.
  • the wall 82 is constructed in the same manner as the wall 84 described above.
  • the roof 86 is secured to the wall 82 as shown.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 of the roof 86 and wall 82 are secured together using a continuous steel pitch clip 102.
  • the clip 102 is secured to the panels 12 by fasteners 106.
  • Figure 14 also shows fascia 104 which is secured to the building 80.
  • Figure 19 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 19-19 in Figure 14.
  • Figure 19 shows a partial sectional view of the wall 84 and of a suspended floor 88.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panel 12 of the wall 84 is divided into an upper and a lower section with a plurality of joist hangers 110 secured over the lower section by fasteners 106.
  • a steel beam a 108 is placed in each joist hanger 110 as shown.
  • a ribbed sheet metal panel 112 is placed above the steel beams 108 to form a steel deck for the suspended floor.
  • Concrete 114 can then be poured over the ribbed panel 112 and strengthened using woven wire fabric 116, or other strengthening devices. The result is a solid floor surface.
  • the upper section of the ribbed sheet metal panel 112 is secured to the concrete 114 using an channel 90 and fasteners 58.
  • Figure 19 also shows the location of an optional suspended ceiling 116.
  • Figure 20 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 20-20 in Figure 14.
  • Figure 20 shows a sectional view of the suspended floor 88 including the steel beam 108, ribbed sheet metal panel 112, woven wire fabric 116, and concrete 114.
  • the steel beam 108 is C-shaped and preferably is comprised of a cold-formed steel beam.
  • Figure 21 is an enlarged sectional view showing how the ends of the beams
  • a building such as building 80 shown in Figure 14, may be constructed.
  • a building could be constructed in other ways within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
  • the pre-punched, cold formed, steel channels 90 are placed on the concrete slab 50 in locations where walls will be formed.
  • holes are drilled in the concrete foundation 50 using the pre-punched holes as guides.
  • the channels 90 are secured by inserting molly bolts through the pre-punched holes.
  • the pre-punched ribbed sheet metal panels 12 are laid out on the ground alongside the channels 90 on which they will be installed.
  • Adjacent panels 12 are aligned using the pre-punched holes 44 and are secured using fasteners 46 to connect the panels 12 into a wall diaphragm.
  • the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 corresponding to gable panels e.g., panels 74 and 76 in Figure 11
  • the gable panels are then aligned with the wall diaphragms and are secured using fasteners 46 resulting in a wall diaphragm similar to that shown in Figure 11.
  • a lower rectangular panel and a separate gable panel can be used, which can be combined into one factory precut panel.
  • the next step is to raise the wall diaphragms to an erect position and to attach the diaphragms to the channels 90.
  • the free tail-ends of the sheet metal supports are attached to the concrete slab 50 to secure the wall diaphragms against being blown down by wind.
  • pre-punched, cold-formed, steel continuous corner angles are attached to each wall diaphragm to form a unitized system of four walls.
  • the walls may be squared using the following method. At an elevation of approximately seven feet, a screw-eye is attached to the crotch of each of the continuous corner angles. Steel cables with turnbuckles are attached diagonally to connect each opposite corner. The turnbuckles are then tightened until the two diagonal measurements of the same. The taut cables are left in place until the roof structure, or suspended floor structure, is installed.
  • the next step is to install the roof, or suspended floor, if used.
  • the steel beam hangers e.g., hangers 110 in Figure 19
  • the steel beams 108 are set into the hangers and fastened using fasteners (e.g., screws).
  • the ribbed steel decking is installed over the beams and walls. Continuous steel angle clips are installed by securing them to the gable wall panels and the roof, or to the suspended floor deck.
  • the invention may incorporate various conventional building techniques where needed or desired.
  • Steel L- Headers may be utilized.
  • Information about Steel L-Headers, as well as other steel framing technologies can be obtained from persons skilled in the art, or from other sources, such as The North American Steel Framing Alliance (NASFA) in Washington, DC.
  • NASFA North American Steel Framing Alliance
  • the structural apparatus and method of the present invention may be used in a short-span structural system suitable for typical single-family dwellings.
  • the structural apparatus and method of the present invention may also be used in other systems and or other types of buildings.
  • the invention is especially advantageous in constructing dwellings because of the following advantages the invention provides.
  • First, the structural apparatus and method described above allows buildings to be constructed with lower material costs compared with prior art systems.
  • Second, the structural apparatus and method described allows faster construction times which reduces labor costs.
  • the walls formed by the construction diaphragms are constructed at the building site, as opposed to being pre-manufactured.
  • the on- site construction may be accomplished using ordinary hand and power tools and requires no mechanical lifting devices.
  • Third, a dwelling constructed using the structural apparatus and method will have lower maintenance costs compared to the prior art.
  • the construction system described above provides a building that is stronger and more resistant to natural destructive forces compared to traditional prior art dwellings.
  • the structural apparatus and method of the present invention also has many other desirable unique features.
  • the components used to build a structure are compact for easy and efficient shipment to job sites. For example, the materials required for twenty-four 1,000 square foot one-story dwellings could be fitted into a standard 40 foot long shipping container.
  • One reason the components are so compact is that the sheet metal panels are relatively thin and may be stacked together during shipping.
  • Another desirable feature results from the fact that the sheet metal panels may be pre-punched in order to speed up erection on the job site.
  • the sheet metal panels are also self-aligning and self-squaring. As a result, straighter, truer structures can be erected using less skilled and less trained construction workers than are required by traditional carpentry building methods.
  • the sheet metal panels can be varied in thickness or stacked together to apply extra strength to a structure where needed.
  • the construction diaphragms form the basis for a structure that, when completed by the addition of the exterior and interior wall surfaces, is continuous in the sense that a woven mat or a running-bond brick wall act as a continuous diaphragm.
  • the construction diaphragms are insulated on both sides to reduce thermal expansion and contraction and to insure that such movements are in straight lines without arcing or warping.
  • the structural apparatus and method described requires less cutting and drilling to accommodate the installation of electrical wiring and electrical boxes.
  • the structural integrity of the construction diaphragms are not compromised by the installation of the electrical boxes and wiring.
  • window and door installations do not require any more adaptation than is normally needed in traditional wood framed construction systems.

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Abstract

A construction diaphragm (10) including a core comprised of one or more ribbed sheet metal panels (12) with expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid insulation panels (18) secured to the interior and exterior sides of the ribbed sheet metal panels (12). On the exterior side of the wall, exterior siding (26), a moisture barrier (24) is positioned between the insulation panel (18) and the exterior siding (26). On the interior side of the wall, interior siding (28) is secured to the wall. Electrical boxes (32) may be placed in the walls by positioning the boxes (32) in indentations formed in the ribbed sheet metal panels (12).

Description

STRUCTURAL APPARATUS AND METHOD
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of construction. In particular, this invention is drawn to a structural apparatus and method for. the construction of buildings such as dwellings, hotels, and other structures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A typical system for constructing single-family dwellings and other buildings including hotels uses a 2" x4" or 2" x6" wood framing system. Other systems may use a steel framing system replacing the wooden studs with steel studs. In either of these prior art construction systems, the wood or steel studs are spaced apart along the length of a wall formed by the studs. On the interior side of the wall, drywall or other interior wall material is nailed or screwed to the studs. On the exterior side of the wall, exterior siding (e.g., wood siding, brick, etc.) is nailed or screwed to the studs. In the spaces between the studs and between the interior and exterior siding, insulation (e.g., fiberglass, cellulose, etc.) is used to provide insulation to the wall. In addition, styrofoam insulation panels may be used between the exterior siding and the
studs. A moisture barrier, such as Tyvek™, may also be placed between the exterior
siding and the studs. To install electrical wiring in buildings constructed using a traditional 2'x4 'framing system, electrical boxes are nailed to studs prior to the insulation of the drywall. Electrical wires are run through holes drilled through the studs to provide connections between electrical boxes. This process takes time, as well as effects the structural integrity of the studs through which holes are drilled. Prior art building systems have various disadvantages. Typical construction methods may be slow and very labor-intensive. In the example of the 2"x4" framing system, each wall must be laid out and each piece of wood cut to the exact length by a construction worker. Also, because of the amount of materials needed, the shipping costs for a prior art construction project may be higher than desired. Structures created with prior art systems may also be more susceptible to natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, vermin, mildew, rot and fire etc. Another problem with prior art structural systems relates their cost. In some applications, especially applications such as single family dwellings, the cost of prior art structural systems can be prohibitive. There is therefore a desire for a structural system that provides cost-effective, high strength structures and requires less skilled labor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An apparatus of the invention provides a construction diaphragm comprising a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides, a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel, and a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of creating a construction diaphragm comprising the steps of providing a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides, securing a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel, and securing a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of constructing a building over a foundation comprising the steps of: forming a plurality of construction diaphragms, each construction diaphragm being formed by the steps of providing a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides, securing a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel, and securing a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel; securing the plurality of construction diaphragms together to form walls; and securing the plurality of construction diaphragms to the foundation.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
Figure 1 is an exploded sectional view of a construction diaphragm of the present invention.
Figure 2 is a sectional view illustrating the construction of the sheet metal panel and insulation panels shown in Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 4A is an exploded view of a construction diaphragm including an electrical box and the electrical distribution wiring.
Figure 4B is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 4A.
Figure 5A is an exploded view of another example of a construction diaphragm including an electrical box and the electrical distribution wiring. Figure 5B is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 5 A.
Figure 6 is a sectional exploded view of a construction diaphragm utilizing multiple sheet metal panels.
Figure 7 is a sectional view of the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 6.
Figure 8 is an exploded sectional view of a strengthened construction diaphragm of the present invention.
Figure 9 illustrates the edges of two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels.
Figure 10 illustrates two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels connected together.
Figure 11 is a diagram of a gable end wall constructed using a plurality of construction diaphragms of the present invention.
Figure 12 is a sectional diagram illustrating the components which may be used to secure a construction diaphragm to a foundation. Figure 13 is a sectional diagram illustrating the construction diaphragm shown in Figure 12 secured to the foundation.
Figure 14 is a sectional view of a building constructed using construction diaphragms of the present invention.
Figures 15-21 are enlarged sectional views showing various details of the construction of the building shown in Figure 14.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In general, the structural apparatus and method of the present invention provides a load bearing framing system that can replace the 2'x4' wood framing systems used in typical residential construction. The structural apparatus and method of the present invention utilizes novel construction diaphragms that are used to construct walls. The construction diaphragms (walls, roofs, floor systems, etc.) each include a core comprised of one or more ribbed sheet metal panels. The construction diaphragms are formed by putting up ribbed sheet metal panels and then securing expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid insulation panels to the interior and exterior sides of the ribbed sheet metal panels. On the exterior side of the wall, exterior siding, such as cementaceous siding is secured to the wall. A moisture barrier is positioned between the insulation panel and the exterior siding. On the interior side of the wall, interior siding, such as gypsum board, is secured to the wall. The construction diagrams are secured to a foundation by securing the diaphragms a channel that is first secured to the foundation. Fasteners are used to secure the walls to the channel. Where desired, electrical boxes may be placed in the walls. The electrical boxes are positioned in indentations formed in the ribbed sheet metal panels. The electrical boxes extend through the rigid insulation panel and interior siding to provide user access to electrical outlets, light switches, light fixtures, etc. Electrical wiring is run horizontally between electrical boxes by punching out holes in the ribs and/or by cutting grooves or notches in the rigid insulation panels. Electrical wiring is run vertically by routing of the electrical wiring through the raceways formed between the ribs in the ribbed sheet metal panels. Figure 1 is an exploded partial sectional view of a construction diaphragm of the present invention. The sectional view in Figure 1 is a view looking downward. In other words, the ribs in the sheet metal panel 12 are formed perpendicular to a ground surface for maximum strength of a structure utilizing the construction diaphragms 10. Figure 1 shows a construction diaphragm 10 including a core formed by a cold- formed ribbed steel sheet metal panel 12. The ribbed sheet metal panel 12 may be comprised of various types of ribbed sheet metal. The ribbed steel sheet metal panel 12 shown in Figure 1 is generally rectangular shaped with a plurality of indentations 14 formed on each side between a plurality of protrusions 16. As can be seen in Figure 1, an indentation 14 on one side of the sheet metal panel 12 also forms the corresponding protrusion 16 on the opposite side. Other cross-sectional shapes of sheet metal panels may be used within the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, the cross-sectional shape of the ribs may be square, rounded, etc. In addition, the ribs of the sheet metal panel 12 may have various dimensions. One example of a suitable sheet metal panel 12 includes the following dimensions: length of each indentation or protrusion: 3 in.; and depth of each indentation or protrusion: 3 in. The thickness of the sheet metal panel 12 can be chosen depending on the load requirements. One example of a suitable thickness of a sheet metal panel 12 is a 16- gauge sheet metal panel. The gauge of the sheet metal panels can vary over any suitable range (e.g., 28 to 8 gauge). As is described in detail below, the strength of the sheet metal panels 12 may also be increased by stacking a plurality of similar sheet metal panels 12 together. Examples where an increased strength may be required include high load points or panel joints at the edges of openings, doorways, windows etc.. Figure 1 also shows a first expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid insulation panel 18 positioned on the interior side of the sheet metal panel 12. A second similar EPS rigid insulation panel 20 is positioned on the exterior side of the sheet metal panel 12. The combination of the sheet metal panel 12 and the first and second rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 form a main component of the construction diaphragm 10. The first and second rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 are secured during construction to the sheet metal panel 12 by mastic adhesive 22. Figure 2 is a sectional view illustrating the construction of the sheet metal panel and insulation panels shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 illustrates the resulting structure when the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 are secured to the sheet metal panel 12 during construction by the adhesive 22.
The sandwiching of the sheet metal panel 12 between the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 gives the construction diaphragm 10 great strength. In addition to the structural strength, there are other reasons for securing the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 to both sides of the sheet metal panel 12. First, this structure reduces the reduction in strength resulting from thermal expansion and contraction. Without the insulation panels 18 and 20, the thermal expansion and contraction of the sheet metal panel 12 would lead to weakening of the integrity of the fastening of the outer laminates to the wall. This could result in a reduction in the stiffness of the wall.
Second, the structure reduces the amount of thermal warping. Without the insulation panels 18 and 20 placed on both sides of the sheet metal panel 12, the temperature differentials between the inner and outer surfaces of the wall (caused naturally or by heating and air conditioning) would bend the wall diaphragm into an arc in either the horizontal or vertical dimension, like a drum head, depending on the distribution of the hot and cold temperatures.
Figure 1 also shows additional layers on both the interior and exterior sides of the construction diaphragm 10. On the exterior side, a moisture barrier 24 is placed over the insulation panel 20. The moisture barrier 24 may be comprised of any suitable material such as building felts or plastic sheeting. One suitable moisture barrier is manufactured by Du Pont under the trade name Tyvek. Exterior siding 26 is placed over the moisture barrier 24. The exterior siding 26 may be attached to the construction diaphragm 10 by fasteners such as nails or sheet metal screws, for example. The fasteners preferably extend through the ribbed steel sheet metal panel 12, securing the siding material 26, moisture barrier 24, and insulation panel 20 to the sheet metal panel 12. Note that the adhesive 22 used to attach the insulation panel 20 to the sheet metal panel 12 is used to hold the insulation panel 20 in place during construction until the exterior siding 26 has been installed using the fasteners which penetrate through the rigid insulation panel 20. The exterior siding 26 may be comprised of any suitable siding material. One suitable siding material is a cementaceous material manufactured by James Hardie Building Products under the trade name HARDIEPLANK. Other suitable siding materials include, but are not limited to, steel, aluminum, wood, plywood, gypsum board, stuco, polymer resin reinforced fibers, oriented strand board, cement-cellulose board (Bison-Board), clapboard, etc. On the interior side of the construction diaphragm 10, interior siding 28 is placed over the rigid insulation panel 18. The interior siding 28 may be comprised of any suitable material including, but not limited to, gypsum board, plywood, wood planking, metal, cementaceous sheets, etc. The interior siding 28 may be attached to the construction diaphragm 10 by fasteners such as nails, screws, etc., which extend through the interior siding 28, insulation panel 18, and sheet metal panel 12. If the interior and exterior siding 26 and 28 are comprised of some sort of wall board (e.g., wooden boards, etc.), the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 can be enhanced by orienting the siding perpendicular to the pattern of the ribs in the sheet metal panels 12.
Figure 3 is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figures 1 and 2. As shown, the sheet metal panel 12 is sandwiched between rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 (see Figure 2). In addition, the components shown in Figure 2 are sandwiched between interior siding 28 and exterior siding 26. The moisture barrier 24 is positioned between the insulation panel 20 and the exterior siding 26. The construction diaphragm 10 is secured together by a plurality of threaded fasteners 30. The resulting structure of the construction diaphragm 10 provides an inexpensive, strong structure.
The structural system of the present invention provides novel ways of installing electrical boxes and running electrical wire between boxes. During construction, it is desired to install various electrical boxes to provide electrical outlets, light switches, junction boxes, light fixtures, etc. in walls. As mentioned above, in prior art building systems, electrical boxes are nailed to studs and wires are routed through holes in the studs from box to box. The present invention provides a way of installing electrical boxes and routing wire from box to box without significantly affecting the structural integrity of the construction diaphragms 10. Figure 4A is an exploded view of a construction diaphragm including an electrical box and the electrical distribution wiring. Like Figure 1, Figure 4A shows a ribbed panel 12, first and second rigid insulation panels 18 and 20, mastic adhesive 22, moisture barrier 24, exterior siding 26, and interior siding 28. The ribbed panel 12 includes a plurality of pre-formed circular punch-outs 31 formed at various positions on the ribs of the panel 12. When the punch-outs 31 are removed, openings 33 are formed for use in routing electrical wiring through the panels 12 in the voice space formed between the ribs in the panel 12. The punch-outs may also have shapes other than circular (e.g., rectangular, oval, etc.). Figure 4A also shows an electrical box 32 which will be installed in one of the indentations 14 of the sheet metal panel 12. Note that the electrical box 32 may be used for any desired function such as an electrical outlet, light switch, junction box, light fixture, etc. The rigid insulation panel 18 and interior siding 28 have openings 40 and 42, respectively, formed for receiving the electrical box 32. Also note that an electrical box may be installed on either side of the sheet metal panel 12 to provide electrical switches or outlets, etc. on both interior and exterior walls.
The electrical box 32 includes one or more openings through which electrical wires 34 may be inserted. The electrical wires 34 inside the electrical box 32 may be wired to an outlet, light switch, or spliced together, depending on the function of the particular electrical box 32. The electrical wires 34 may be provided by any suitable wiring such as Romex. To route the wires 34 vertically, the wires can be routed through the space formed in each the indentation 14 of the sheet metal panel 12. To route the wires horizontally, the wires 34 are routed through the openings 33 formed in the panel 12.
Figure 4B is a sectional view illustrating the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 4A. The construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 4B is similar to the panel shown in Figure 3 with the addition of an electrical box 32 secured to the sheet metal panel 12 by a plurality of threaded fasteners 38. The electrical box 32 extends through the openings 40 and 42 in the rigid insulation panel 18 and the interior siding 28 to the interior surface of the construction diaphragm 10. In this way, the electrical box 32 facilitates the insulation of an electrical outlet, light switch, etc. The construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 5 also shows electrical wires 34 routed from the electrical box 32 through the openings 33 formed in the sheet metal panel 12. It can be seen from Figure 4B that electrical boxes can be easily installed in the construction diaphragm 10, along with corresponding electrical wires routed where desired, without compromising the structural integrity of the construction diaphragm 10. In addition, since the electrical boxes 32 are installed within indentations 14 in the sheet metal panel 12, the insulation of the electrical boxes can be accomplished in and easy and timely manner. Figures 5 A and 5B show an alternate way of routing wires 34 horizontally. To route the wires horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, one or more grooves 36 are cut in the rigid insulation panel 18. Preferably, the width and depth of the grooves corresponds to the approximate dimensions of the type of electrical wire being used.
As mentioned above, if it is desired to create a stronger construction diaphragm 10, the ribbed sheet metal panel 12 can be strengthened. A first method of strengthening the construction diaphragm 10 is to increase the thickness or gauge of the ribbed sheet metal panel 12. A second method of strengthening the construction diaphragm 10 is to stack multiple sheet metal panels 12. Figure 6 is a sectional exploded view of a construction diaphragm utilizing multiple sheet metal panels. As shown, three ribbed sheet metal panels 12 are sandwiched between the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20. Figure 7 is a sectional view of the assembled construction diaphragm shown in Figure 6. As shown, the construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 7 is substantially the same as the construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 2 except that the three ribbed sheet metal panels 12 are used instead of one sheet metal panel. In other embodiments, two or more than 3 ribbed sheet metal panels 12 may be stacked together.
Another method of strengthening the construction diaphragm 10 is to add one or more flat sheet metal panels to the construction diaphragm. Figure 8 is an exploded partial sectional view of a construction diaphragm 10 similar to the diaphragm shown in Figure 1, except for the addition of first and second flat sheet metal panels 19 and 21. The first sheet metal panel 19 is disposed over the rigid insulation panel 18 as shown. The second sheet metal panel 21 is disposed over the rigid insulation panel 20. The interior and exterior siding materials 28 and 26 are disposed over the flat sheet metal panels 19 and 21. The construction diaphragm 10 shown in Figure 8 provides increased strength for application where an increased strength is desired.
Other techniques for increasing the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 are described as follows. The strength of the construction diaphragm may be increased in several ways based on the physics of a wide flange section. A partial section of the completed sandwiched construction diaphragm 10 could be viewed as a wide flange section with the outer laminates functioning has flanges and the rigid insulation panels and sheet metal panel functioning as a soft web separating the flanges. The lateral strength of a wide flange section increases geometrically as a distance between the flanges increases. This phenomenon may be exploited by using thicker rigid insulation panels to create stronger walls to resistant bending from gravity loading, wind loading, or thermal loads. Another way of increasing the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 is to increase the depth of the ribs of the sheet metal panel 12 (i.e., increasing the depth of the indentations 14 or protrusions 16). Another way of increasing the strength of the construction diaphragm 10 is to increase the tensile and compressive strength of the outer laminates (i.e., the interior and exterior siding 28 and 26) by changing materials or by introducing sheet metal substrates. The present invention provides a method of simplifying the construction of a structure using the construction diaphragms 10 of the present invention. Since the width of the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 will usually not span the entire length of a desired wall, multiple sheet metal panels 12 must be connected together. Figure 9 illustrates the edges of two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels. As shown, the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 each include a plurality of pre-punched, or drilled, holes 44 to facilitate accurate alignment with adjacent sheet metal panels 12 at the construction site. To connect adjacent sheet metal panels 12, the holes 44 are aligned with corresponding holes 44 in an adjacent sheet metal panel 12. The adjacent sheet metal panels 12 are then secured together with metal fasteners through the holes 44. Figure 10 illustrates two adjacent ribbed sheet metal panels connected together. As shown, the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 overlap slightly with threaded fasteners 46 securing the sheet metal panels 12 together. The pre-formed holes 44 speed up the construction process as well as insure proper alignment of the sheet metal panels 12.
For walls or other structures with relatively large spans, multiple construction diaphragms are secured together (like those shown in Figures 9 and 10). When multiple diaphragms are secured together, continuity may be lost. One technique for strengthening joints is to secure a strip of sheet metal parallel to the joint. In one example, a 6 to 16 inch long strip of sheet metal is secured to the construction diaphragm over one of the rigid insulation panels. The strip can be secured by screws or any other suitable fastener. If desired, a second strip may be secured to the construction diaphragm on the side opposite the first strip. In addition the strip may be secured directly over the ribbed sheet metal panels rather than over the rigid insulation panels. Also, materials other than sheet metal may be used to strengthen joints.
Another way that the present invention simplifies the structure is that the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 can be cut to length in the factory, or prior to construction. Therefore, at the construction site, the construction workers need only to erect the proper sheet metal panels 12 in the proper place without have to cut the panels 12 to the proper length. In addition, the sheet metal panel can be shaped in the factory to fit eaves, gables, doors, windows, etc., rather than requiring worker to cut the panels 12 at the construction site. For example, Figure 11 is a diagram of a wall 70 which forms a gable. The wall 70 includes eight sheet metal panels. The lower portion of the wall 70 is formed by four rectangular-shaped sheet metal panels 72 secured together as shown. The upper portion of the wall 70 is formed by two triangular-shaped sheet metal panels 74 and two trapezoidal-shaped sheet metal panels 76. Of course, the shapes of the sheet metal panels will vary depending on the desired shape of the wall. One advantage of the invention is that the sheet metal panels 74 and 76 may be pre-cut in the factory and shipped to a building site. At the building site, construction worker only need to assemble the structure with little or no cutting of sheet metal panels. The ribbed sheet metal panels can be cut to standard panel sizes so that a wall having any desirable shape can be constructed at the construction site with little or no cutting.
Since the ribbed sheet metal panels can be pre-cut in the factory, a kit can be created by providing all of the materials necessary to assemble the construction diaphragms required for the construction of a building. The kit can include ribbed sheet metal panels including rectangular sheets and pre-cut sheets for gable ends, doors, windows, or any other necessary shape. The other components of the construction diaphragms (e.g., rigid insulation panels, moisture barriers, siding, channels, fasteners, etc.) may also be included in the kit. If desired, the rigid insulation panels can be pre-cut, although they can be easily cut at the construction site.
As mentioned above, the construction diaphragms 10 of the present invention may be used to form walls, roofs, floors, etc. for a building. The construction diaphragms 10 that are used for walls must be secured to the foundation of the building. Figure 12 is a sectional diagram illustrating the components which may be used to secure a construction diaphragm to a foundation. Figure 12 shows a concrete slab 50 which provides a foundation for the building being built. The invention may also be used with other types of foundations. The concrete slab 50 includes a brick ledge 52 on which the walls of the building will be set. Figure 12 also shows an upwardly facing U-shaped channel 54 adapted to receive the bottom edge of the construction diaphragm 10. The U-shaped channel 54 may be replaced by any other suitable device for securing a diaphragm to the foundation. Other shapes of channels may also be used. For example, an L-shaped channel (such as the L-shaped channel 90 shown in Figure 15, described below) may replace the U-shaped channel. The U- shaped channel 54 may span the entire length of the wall being secured to the foundation. Alternately, a plurality of shorter channels can be used along the length of a wall. The construction diaphragm 10 is secured to the U-shaped channel 54 by a plurality of fasteners 56. The fasteners 56 may be comprised of any suitable fastener including screws, nails, bolts, etc. The U-shaped channel 54 is secured to the concrete slab 50 by a fastener 58. The fastener 58 may be comprised of any suitable fastener, for example, a steel molly bolt. One suitable fastener is a channel bolt which is received in a hole that may be drilled after the foundation has been poured and cured. By drilling holes for the fasteners 58 after the foundation has been poured, the need to accurately place bolts as a foundation is being built is eliminated. This makes the erection process completely separate from the foundation construction process which simplifies overall construction. Figure 13 is a sectional diagram illustrating the construction diaphragm shown in Figure 12 secured to the foundation.
Windows and doors can be formed in the construction diaphragms 10 in a number of ways. In one embodiment, the sheet metal panels 12 are pre-formed with the appropriate openings for doors or windows formed prior to construction. The rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 can easily be cut to accommodate the door and window openings. Similarly, the interior siding 28 and exterior siding 26 may also be easily cut to accommodate door and window openings. In another embodiment, openings may be cut in the sheet metal panels 12 during construction. The openings may be cut easily using a circular saw or any other suitable cutting tool. Note that methods may be used for distributing loads over openings for windows, doors, entranceways, etc. using engineering techniques that transfer the loads to point load locations that may be engineered and integrated into the diaphragm assembly. Figure 14 is a sectional view of a building 80 constructed using construction diaphragms such as those described above. Figures 15-21 are enlarged sectional views showing various details of the construction of the building 80 shown in Figure 14. The building 80 is constructed using a reinforced concrete slab 50. Of course, other types of foundations could also be used. The building 80 has a first wall 82 and a second wall 84. A roof 86 is attached to the walls of the building 80. Figure 14 also shows a partial view of a suspended upper floor 88 which may be included if desired. Note that buildings having different shapes or configurations may also be constructed using the techniques described. Also note that the Figures are not drawn to scale relative to the various components shown in the Figures. Also note that the materials used may be selected based on the desired strength, applicable codes, etc. In one example, the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 may be made from panels having the dimensions mentioned above. Similarly, various techniques may be used to strengthen the construction diaphragms. In one example, the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 of the walls 82 and 84 are formed by 1.5 inch EPS panels, while the rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 of the roof 86 are formed by 3 inch EPS panels.
Figure 15 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 15-15 in Figure 14. Figure 15 shows an L-shaped channel 90 secured to the concrete slab 50 by fasteners 58. The ribbed sheet metal panel 12 of the wall 84 is secured to the channel 90 by fasteners 56. The wall 84 is constructed using the techniques described above. As shown, the wall 84 includes a core made from a sheet metal panel 12. Rigid insulation panels 18 and 20 are secured to the sheet metal panel 12 using adhesive. Interior siding 28 (e.g., Hardie Board, plywood, gypsum board, etc.), moisture barrier 24, and exterior siding (e.g., Hardie Plank, etc.) are secured to the sheet metal panel 12 using fasteners 30. Figure 15 also shows a baseboard 92 positioned at the base of the interior side of the wall 84. A floor finish 94 (e.g., carpeting, vinyl, wood, etc.) is shown over the concrete slab 50. The wall 82 is constructed in the same manner.
Figure 16 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 16-16 in Figure 14. Figure 16 shows the top portion the wall 84 and an end portion of the roof 86. The roof 86 is comprised of a construction diaphragm having a ribbed sheet metal panel 12 sandwiched between rigid insulation panels 18 and 20. The sheet metal panel 12 used for the roof 86 may be comprised of a cold-formed sheet metal steel deck, similar to the sheet metal panels described above. Interior siding 28 is secured as shown to provide a ceiling surface for the interior of the building 80. On the exterior side of the roof 86, a deck 96 (e.g., Hardy plank, plywood, etc.) is secured. A moisture barrier 24 is positioned between the deck 96 and roofing material 98 (e.g., sheet metal, shingles, etc.). A number of hat sections 100 are positioned between the roofing material 98 and the deck 96. The roof 86 is secured to the wall 84 as shown. The ribbed sheet metal panels 12 of the roof 86 and wall 84 are secured together using a continuous steel pitch clip 102. The clip 102 is secured to the panels 12 by fasteners 106 (e.g., sheet metal screws, etc.). Figure 14 also shows fascia 104 which may be comprised of wood or Hardy Plank, for example.
Figure 17 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 17-17 in Figure 14. Figure 17 shows a portion of the roof 86 along with a steel beam 108. The beam 108 is used to provide extra strength to help support the roof 86. The beam 108 is secured to the ribbed sheet metal panel 12 of the roof 86 by a continuous clip 102, which is secured by fasteners 106 to the sheet metal panel 12. In addition, steel beam hangers are used at each end of the beam 108. Rigid insulation panels 18 and interior siding 28 are formed around the lower portion of the beam 108 as shown. While Figure 14 shows only one beam, the building 80 may use as many beams as are necessary. The attachment of the beam shown in Figure 17 to the walls at each end of the beam 108 is shown in Figure 21.
Figure 18 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 18-18 in Figure 14. The wall 82 is constructed in the same manner as the wall 84 described above. The roof 86 is secured to the wall 82 as shown. The ribbed sheet metal panels 12 of the roof 86 and wall 82 are secured together using a continuous steel pitch clip 102. The clip 102 is secured to the panels 12 by fasteners 106. Figure 14 also shows fascia 104 which is secured to the building 80.
Figure 19 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 19-19 in Figure 14. Figure 19 shows a partial sectional view of the wall 84 and of a suspended floor 88. The ribbed sheet metal panel 12 of the wall 84 is divided into an upper and a lower section with a plurality of joist hangers 110 secured over the lower section by fasteners 106. A steel beam a 108 is placed in each joist hanger 110 as shown. A ribbed sheet metal panel 112 is placed above the steel beams 108 to form a steel deck for the suspended floor. Concrete 114 can then be poured over the ribbed panel 112 and strengthened using woven wire fabric 116, or other strengthening devices. The result is a solid floor surface. The upper section of the ribbed sheet metal panel 112 is secured to the concrete 114 using an channel 90 and fasteners 58. Figure 19 also shows the location of an optional suspended ceiling 116.
Figure 20 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 20-20 in Figure 14. Figure 20 shows a sectional view of the suspended floor 88 including the steel beam 108, ribbed sheet metal panel 112, woven wire fabric 116, and concrete 114. As shown, the steel beam 108 is C-shaped and preferably is comprised of a cold-formed steel beam.
Figure 21 is an enlarged sectional view showing how the ends of the beams
108 (Figure 17) are attached to the walls.
Following is a description of one example of how a building, such as building 80 shown in Figure 14, may be constructed. Note that a building could be constructed in other ways within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Once the concrete slab 50 or other foundation is created, the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 are trimmed (where necessary) to fit. The pre-punched, cold formed, steel channels 90 are placed on the concrete slab 50 in locations where walls will be formed. Next, holes are drilled in the concrete foundation 50 using the pre-punched holes as guides. The channels 90 are secured by inserting molly bolts through the pre-punched holes. Next, the pre-punched ribbed sheet metal panels 12 are laid out on the ground alongside the channels 90 on which they will be installed. Adjacent panels 12 are aligned using the pre-punched holes 44 and are secured using fasteners 46 to connect the panels 12 into a wall diaphragm. Next, the ribbed sheet metal panels 12 corresponding to gable panels (e.g., panels 74 and 76 in Figure 11) are aligned using the holes 44 and are secured together using fasteners 46. The gable panels are then aligned with the wall diaphragms and are secured using fasteners 46 resulting in a wall diaphragm similar to that shown in Figure 11. As an alternative to using two ribbed panels, a lower rectangular panel and a separate gable panel can be used, which can be combined into one factory precut panel.
The next step is to raise the wall diaphragms to an erect position and to attach the diaphragms to the channels 90. The free tail-ends of the sheet metal supports are attached to the concrete slab 50 to secure the wall diaphragms against being blown down by wind. Next, pre-punched, cold-formed, steel continuous corner angles are attached to each wall diaphragm to form a unitized system of four walls. The walls may be squared using the following method. At an elevation of approximately seven feet, a screw-eye is attached to the crotch of each of the continuous corner angles. Steel cables with turnbuckles are attached diagonally to connect each opposite corner. The turnbuckles are then tightened until the two diagonal measurements of the same. The taut cables are left in place until the roof structure, or suspended floor structure, is installed.
The next step is to install the roof, or suspended floor, if used. First, the steel beam hangers (e.g., hangers 110 in Figure 19) are set into place and secured. Next, the steel beams 108 are set into the hangers and fastened using fasteners (e.g., screws). Next, the ribbed steel decking is installed over the beams and walls. Continuous steel angle clips are installed by securing them to the gable wall panels and the roof, or to the suspended floor deck.
Next, the diagonal cables are removed and the rigid insulation panels are installed using an adhesive. The moisture barriers are then installed where desired. On the interior and exterior surfaces of the building, interior and exterior siding is installed. Next, roof or floor deck surfaces are installed. Finally, a roofing system is installed.
The invention may incorporate various conventional building techniques where needed or desired. For example, for headers or similar structures, Steel L- Headers may be utilized. Information about Steel L-Headers, as well as other steel framing technologies can be obtained from persons skilled in the art, or from other sources, such as The North American Steel Framing Alliance (NASFA) in Washington, DC.
The structural apparatus and method of the present invention may be used in a short-span structural system suitable for typical single-family dwellings. Of course, the structural apparatus and method of the present invention may also be used in other systems and or other types of buildings. However, the invention is especially advantageous in constructing dwellings because of the following advantages the invention provides. First, the structural apparatus and method described above allows buildings to be constructed with lower material costs compared with prior art systems. Second, the structural apparatus and method described allows faster construction times which reduces labor costs. The walls formed by the construction diaphragms are constructed at the building site, as opposed to being pre-manufactured. The on- site construction may be accomplished using ordinary hand and power tools and requires no mechanical lifting devices. Third, a dwelling constructed using the structural apparatus and method will have lower maintenance costs compared to the prior art. Finally, the construction system described above provides a building that is stronger and more resistant to natural destructive forces compared to traditional prior art dwellings.
The structural apparatus and method of the present invention also has many other desirable unique features. The components used to build a structure are compact for easy and efficient shipment to job sites. For example, the materials required for twenty-four 1,000 square foot one-story dwellings could be fitted into a standard 40 foot long shipping container. One reason the components are so compact is that the sheet metal panels are relatively thin and may be stacked together during shipping. Another desirable feature results from the fact that the sheet metal panels may be pre-punched in order to speed up erection on the job site. The sheet metal panels are also self-aligning and self-squaring. As a result, straighter, truer structures can be erected using less skilled and less trained construction workers than are required by traditional carpentry building methods. Another desirable feature is that the sheet metal panels can be varied in thickness or stacked together to apply extra strength to a structure where needed. Another desirable feature is that the construction diaphragms form the basis for a structure that, when completed by the addition of the exterior and interior wall surfaces, is continuous in the sense that a woven mat or a running-bond brick wall act as a continuous diaphragm. Another desirable feature is that the construction diaphragms are insulated on both sides to reduce thermal expansion and contraction and to insure that such movements are in straight lines without arcing or warping. Another desirable feature is that the structural apparatus and method described requires less cutting and drilling to accommodate the installation of electrical wiring and electrical boxes. In addition, the structural integrity of the construction diaphragms are not compromised by the installation of the electrical boxes and wiring. Another desirable feature is that window and door installations do not require any more adaptation than is normally needed in traditional wood framed construction systems.
In the preceding detailed description, the invention is described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:
1. A construction diaphragm comprising: a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides; a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel; and a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel.
2. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, wherein the first and second insulation panels are secured to the ribbed sheet metal panel by an adhesive.
3. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, wherein the ribbed sheet metal panel is comprised of a single layer of sheet metal.
4. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, wherein the ribbed sheet metal panel is comprised of multiple layers of sheet metal.
5. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, wherein the first and second insulation panels are comprised of expanded polystyrene rigid insulation.
6. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, further comprising a moisture barrier secured to the second rigid insulation panel.
7. The construction diaphragm of claim 6, wherein the moisture barrier is provided by a sheet of plastic.
8. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, further comprising exterior siding material disposed such that the second insulation panel is positioned between the exterior siding material and the ribbed sheet metal panel.
9. The construction diaphragm of claim 8, wherein the siding material is comprised of cementaceous siding.
10. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, further comprising interior siding material disposed such that the first insulation panel is positioned between the interior siding material and the ribbed sheet metal panel.
11. The construction diaphragm of claim 10, wherein the interior siding material is comprised of gypsum board.
12. The construction diaphragm of claim 1 , further comprising: a moisture barrier secured to the second rigid insulation panel; exterior siding material secured over the moisture barrier; and interior siding material secured over the first insulation panel.
13. The construction diaphragm of claim 1, wherein the ribbed sheet metal panel includes a plurality of indentations, the construction diaphragm further comprising an electrical box disposed within one of the plurality of indentation on the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel.
14. The construction diaphragm of claim 13, wherein the electrical box extends through openings formed in the first rigid insulation panel.
15. The construction diaphragm of claim 13, further comprising an electrical wire extending from the electrical box through notches formed in the first rigid insulation panel.
16. The construction diaphragm of claim 13, further comprising an electrical wire extending from the electrical box through openings formed in the ribbed sheet metal panel.
17. The construction diaphragm of claim 16, wherein the ribbed sheet metal panels include are formed with a plurality of punch-outs, and wherein the openings are formed by removing punch-outs in desired areas.
18. A method of creating a construction diaphragm comprising the steps of: providing a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides; securing a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel; and securing a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first and second insulation panels are secured to the sheet metal panel by an adhesive.
20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of providing a second ribbed sheet metal panel disposed proximate the first ribbed sheet metal panel between the first and second insulation panels.
21. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of securing exterior siding to the second rigid insulation panel.
22. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of placing a moisture barrier between the exterior siding and the second insulation panel.
23. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of securing interior siding to the first rigid insulation panel.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of inserting an electrical box between indentations formed in the ribbed sheet metal panel.
25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of cutting openings in the first insulation panel and the interior siding to allow the electrical box to extend through the first insulation panel and the interior siding.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of cutting grooves in the first rigid insulation panel to allow wiring to be placed between the sheet metal panel and the first rigid insulation panel in order to run wiring between the electrical box and another location.
27. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of running electrical wiring between the electrical box and another location through indentations formed in the ribbed sheet metal panel.
28. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of forming openings in the ribbed sheet metal panel for allowing electrical wiring to be run from the electrical box through the ribbed sheet metal panel.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the ribbed sheet metal panel is formed with a plurality of pre-formed punch-outs, and wherein the step of forming openings in the ribbed sheet metal panel is accomplished by removing a plurality of punch-outs in the ribbed sheet metal panel.
30. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of forming holes in the ribbed sheet metal panel proximate an edge in the sheet metal panel to facilitate the alignment and connection of similar construction diaphragms by fasteners.
31. A method of constructing a building over a foundation comprising the steps of: forming a plurality of construction diaphragms, each construction diaphragm being formed by the steps of, providing a ribbed sheet metal panel having first and second sides, securing a first rigid insulation panel secured to the first side of the ribbed sheet metal panel, and securing a second rigid insulation panel secured to the second side of the ribbed sheet metal panel; securing the plurality of construction diaphragms together to form walls; and securing the plurality of construction diaphragms to the foundation.
32. The method of claim 31 , further comprising the step of forming holes in the plurality of construction diaphragms and using the holes to align adjacent construction diaphragms together.
33. The method of claim 32, further comprising the step of securing adjacent construction diaphragms together using threaded fasteners inserted into the holes formed in the construction diaphragms.
34. The method of claim 31 , further comprising the step of securing an upwardly facing U-shaped channel to the foundation where it is desired to form a wall.
35. The method of claim 34, further comprising the step of placing one or more of the construction diaphragms into the U-shaped channel.
36. The method of claim 35, further comprising the step of securing the placed construction diaphragms to the U-shaped channel by inserting threaded fasteners through the U-shaped channel and the placed construction diaphragm.
37. The method of claim 31 wherein the step of forming the plurality of construction diaphragms further comprises the steps of: securing exterior siding to an exterior side of the construction diaphragm; and securing interior siding to an interior side of the construction diaphragm.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the step of forming the plurality of construction diaphragms further comprises the step of placing a moisture barrier between the exterior siding and the second rigid insulation panel.
PCT/US2002/020794 2001-07-02 2002-07-01 Structural apparatus and method WO2003004786A2 (en)

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CN109113231A (en) * 2018-08-29 2019-01-01 王增群 A kind of split type EPS cavity module
EP3995642A1 (en) * 2020-11-09 2022-05-11 Katoen Natie Art Logistics nv Improved wall insulation for climate-controlled storage space
US11865820B2 (en) 2017-12-19 2024-01-09 Saint-Gobain Adfors Canada, Ltd. Reinforcing layer, a cementitious board, and method of forming the cementitious board
NO20220939A1 (en) * 2022-08-31 2024-03-01 Dingstad Bjoern Erling Building element

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US11865820B2 (en) 2017-12-19 2024-01-09 Saint-Gobain Adfors Canada, Ltd. Reinforcing layer, a cementitious board, and method of forming the cementitious board
CN109113231A (en) * 2018-08-29 2019-01-01 王增群 A kind of split type EPS cavity module
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EP3995642A1 (en) * 2020-11-09 2022-05-11 Katoen Natie Art Logistics nv Improved wall insulation for climate-controlled storage space
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AU2002320225A1 (en) 2003-01-21

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