WO2002066270A1 - Essieu pour vehicule et application aux essieux multiples - Google Patents
Essieu pour vehicule et application aux essieux multiples Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002066270A1 WO2002066270A1 PCT/FR2002/000506 FR0200506W WO02066270A1 WO 2002066270 A1 WO2002066270 A1 WO 2002066270A1 FR 0200506 W FR0200506 W FR 0200506W WO 02066270 A1 WO02066270 A1 WO 02066270A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- arms
- axle
- axis
- arm
- bar
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G21/00—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces
- B60G21/02—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected
- B60G21/04—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically
- B60G21/05—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically between wheels on the same axle but on different sides of the vehicle, i.e. the left and right wheel suspensions being interconnected
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G21/00—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces
- B60G21/02—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected
- B60G21/04—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically
- B60G21/05—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically between wheels on the same axle but on different sides of the vehicle, i.e. the left and right wheel suspensions being interconnected
- B60G21/051—Trailing arm twist beam axles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G21/00—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces
- B60G21/02—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected
- B60G21/04—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically
- B60G21/05—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically between wheels on the same axle but on different sides of the vehicle, i.e. the left and right wheel suspensions being interconnected
- B60G21/055—Stabiliser bars
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G3/00—Resilient suspensions for a single wheel
- B60G3/02—Resilient suspensions for a single wheel with a single pivoted arm
- B60G3/12—Resilient suspensions for a single wheel with a single pivoted arm the arm being essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle
- B60G3/14—Resilient suspensions for a single wheel with a single pivoted arm the arm being essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle the arm being rigid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G5/00—Resilient suspensions for a set of tandem wheels or axles having interrelated movements
- B60G5/04—Resilient suspensions for a set of tandem wheels or axles having interrelated movements with two or more pivoted arms, the movements of which are resiliently interrelated, e.g. the arms being rigid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2200/00—Indexing codes relating to suspension types
- B60G2200/20—Semi-rigid axle suspensions
- B60G2200/22—Trailing arms connected by a straight torsion bar
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
- B60G2202/10—Type of spring
- B60G2202/13—Torsion spring
- B60G2202/135—Stabiliser bar and/or tube
- B60G2202/1351—Stabiliser bar and/or tube comprising at least two stabiliser bars parallel to each other
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
- B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
- B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
- B60G2204/122—Mounting of torsion springs
- B60G2204/1226—Mounting of torsion springs on the trailing arms of a twist beam type arrangement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
- B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
- B60G2206/20—Constructional features of semi-rigid axles, e.g. twist beam type axles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to axles for vehicles of all types, essentially for land vehicles such as light motor vehicles, heavy goods vehicles, trucks, trailers, semi-trailers, railway vehicles, etc.
- Axles are already known which essentially comprise two assemblies each comprising an arm, a spring mounted between a point on the arm and the chassis, the two arms of the two assemblies being mounted in rotation on the same axis relative to the chassis, and bars which connect the two arms so that they pivot together.
- axles as described in the documents referenced above has drawbacks because it is generally heavy and of a high cost price, especially in the case of axles for vehicles such as trucks, trailers or semi-trailers .
- this type of axle is rigid, it gives vehicles relatively poor handling, especially on uneven ground or in poor condition.
- the Applicant has produced a torsional axle with independent wheels as described in FR-A-2 789 349.
- this axle is not yet entirely satisfactory, particularly when it comes to its structure.
- the present invention aims to achieve an improvement to the axle described in this last document, and to achieve, from this improved axle, multiple axles of type "tandem" and "tridem".
- the subject of the present invention is a single axle for a vehicle chassis, comprising: at least two assemblies, each assembly comprising an arm, spring means defined between two points of application of the force capable of being delivered by said said spring means, first means for connecting a first point of application to a point on said arm and second means for connecting the second point of application to said frame, means for mounting the two arms in rotation around a first axis relative to the chassis and so that the two arms are able to move essentially in two parallel planes of rotation substantially perpendicular to said first axis, said first axis not passing through the points of the arms to which the first application points are connected, at least two first and second bars, and means for connecting the two ends of the two bars respectively to the two arms so that the two first and second bars form with the two arms a parallelogram, the axes of the two first and second bars being not merged with said first axis and, in a so-called "rest" position, parallel to this first axis, characterized in that the two bars are arranged to
- FIG. 1 represents, in schematic form and seen in perspective, an embodiment of a single axle according to the invention
- FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 represent, seen in diagrammatic section, three different embodiments of a component of the simple axle according to FIG. 1, FIG. 2 being a half view in accordance with the conventional representations of industrial drawings,
- Figures 5 and 6 show, as an application, a multiple axle of the "tridem" (or “tandem") type using single axles in accordance with the embodiments according to Figures 1 to 4, Figure 5 showing a multiple axle of the "tridem” type in side view, FIG. 6 showing, in very schematic form, a top view of the same multiple axle, and
- FIGS. 1 to 8 show two schematic views of another embodiment of a multiple axle "tridem" (or “tandem") of the type shown in Figures 5 and 6.
- same references denote, in all of FIGS. 1 to 8, the same elements, whatever the figure on which they appear and whatever the mode of representation of these elements.
- an element is not specifically referenced on one of figures, its reference can be easily found by referring to another figure.
- the present invention relates to a single axle E for vehicle chassis Ch of the truck, trailer, semi-trailer, etc. type.
- the single axle E comprises two assemblies 100, 200 each comprising an arm 101, 201, spring means 102, 202 defined between two points of application of the force capable of being delivered by these means spring, first means 103, 203 for connecting a first point of application to a point 104, 204 of the arm and second means 105, 205 for connecting the second point of application to the chassis Ch.
- FIG. 1 is a very schematic representation and the elements defined above are more precisely illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 7 for the axles E1 to E3.
- the simple axle E further comprises means 10 for mounting the two arms 101, 201 in rotation about a first axis 11 with respect to the chassis Ch and so that the two arms are able to move in two planes of parallel rotation 12, 13 (FIG. 6) substantially perpendicular to the first axis 11, this first axis 11 not passing through the points 104, 204 of the arms 101, 201 to which the first points of application of the force delivered by the means are connected spring 102, 202.
- each arm has a slight degree of rotation, of an angle ⁇ , Figure 1, substantially around a point defined by the intersection of the first axis 11 and the plane of rotation of the arm.
- This slight rotation ⁇ can be obtained by means of, for example, an elastic seal mounted between the arms and the rotation shaft. This seal being known in itself under the name of cylinder-block, it will not be described more fully here.
- the simple axle E further comprises at least two first and second bars 21, 22 and means 50 for connecting the two ends of the two bars respectively to the two arms 101, 201 so that they form with these two. arms a parallelogram, the axes 23, 24 of the two bars 21, 22 being not coincident with the first axis 11 and, in a position called "rest", parallel to this first axis.
- These bars can be solid or tubular or the like. Some embodiments illustrated are given with a solid bar, others with a tubular bar, knowing that either of these types of bars can be used, although, in most cases, the bars tubular are preferable.
- the two bars 21, 22 are arranged to form elastically deformable bars in torsion and in bending.
- the wheels associated with the two arms 101, 201 will be able to overcome these irregularities independently.
- the bars 21, 22 have a structure which allows them to be elastically deformable in torsion and in bending, the two arms 101, 201 will be able to pivot relative to the first axis 11 independently, then return to their original position relative to the chassis Ch under the action of the spring means 102, 202 as soon as the irregularities of the road have been exceeded.
- the bars have constant lengths, the independent rotation of the two arms is nevertheless permitted since these arms can undergo a slight rotation ⁇ as described above.
- the single axle described above has two bars.
- the three bars 21, 22, 31 are equidistant from each other.
- the axle comprises means 50 for connecting the ends T of each bar respectively to the two arms 101, 201. Since the bars must maintain their elasticity despite the great efforts to which they are subject, it is strongly advised that these means 50 be constituted by welds or the like. Indeed, the rise in temperature necessary to obtain such welds modifies the mechanical qualities of the material constituting the bars, in particular its elasticity, and these modifications can even lead to a rupture of these means 50 under the action of the forces to which the bars, because the changes in the mechanical qualities of the material constituting them will not allow them to withstand "fatigue" over time.
- the means 50 for connecting the ends T of each bar respectively to the two arms 101, 201 can be constituted either by a fitting or the like, FIG. 2, or by a plastic deformation called “to cold "of these ends T obtained for example by bolting, hooping, swaging or the like, FIGS. 3 and 4.
- the cold temperature depends on the materials but, with the materials which are currently known, it is substantially of the order of 600 ° vs.
- FIG. 2 represents an embodiment of this fixing by fitting.
- the end T of the bar 21, 22, 31 ends in a sleeve shape 60 or the like, the outside diameter of which is substantially equal to the inside diameter of a through hole 61 made in the arm 101, 201.
- the length of the sleeve 60 is advantageously less than the length of this breakthrough.
- the edge 62 of this sleeve 60 facing the middle portion 63 of the bar has a shoulder 64 capable of coming to bear against the face F 'of the arm 101, 201 when the sleeve is inserted in the opening.
- the external lateral surface 65 of the sleeve 60 comprises grooves or the like capable of cooperating with complementary grooves or the like made on the wall 66 of the through hole 61. It is possible to give the external diameter of the sleeve a value slightly greater than the internal diameter of the opening, the sleeve then being force-fitted into the opening.
- the edge 67 of the sleeve opposite to that carrying the shoulder is linked to the arm
- the internal surface 68 of the sleeve 60 comprises a thread with which is able to cooperate with a bolt 69 comprising a rod threaded 90 and a head 91 capable of coming into contact with the face F "of the arm in order to connect this end T of the bar with the arm 101, 201.
- the through-hole is jacketed by an insert 80 or the like which is for example crimped on the arm 101, 201.
- the insert which comprises the complementary grooves capable of cooperating with those which are produced on the external lateral wall 65 of the sleeve 60.
- Figures 3 and 4 show two embodiments of the fixing by cold plastic deformation, according to which one end T of a bar is produced so that it comes, after deformation, into contact with one of the faces F ' an arm 101, 201, and advantageously with two opposite faces F ′, F ′′ of this arm.
- the bar 21, 22, 31 is a solid bar and the means 50 for connecting the ends T of each bar respectively to the two arms 101, 201 are constituted by a cold plastic deformation of each end T so that it comes into contact with one of the faces F 'of an arm 101, 201.
- these means 50 are formed by a countersink 122 produced in the arm, this countersink having a section substantially complementary to that of the bar, a through hole 123 formed in the arm and opening into the counterbore, and a pin 124 secured to the end of the bar and of a section complementary to that of the through hole 123, this post having a length such that, when the end T of the bar is inserted in the counterbore, the post is positioned in the through hole and its end emerges from this orifice, this end then being d formed plastically to form a rivet 126 which comes to shoulder against a face F ′ of the arm 101, 201.
- a countersink 122 produced in the arm, this countersink having a section substantially complementary to that of the bar, a through hole 123 formed in the arm and opening into the counterbore, and a pin 124 secured to the end of the bar and of a section complementary to that of the through hole 123, this post having a length such that, when the end T of the bar is
- the bar is tubular and the cold plastic deformation is carried out at the level of the two faces F ', F "of the arm 101, 201, for example by means of a toric wedge piece.
- a hoop 120 is introduced into the bore of the neck 121 of the bar, which makes it possible to hold the end T of the bar firmly on the arm 101, 201.
- the spring means 102 the spring means 102,
- the second means 105, 205 for connecting the second points of application of the forces capable of being delivered by these means spring, to the chassis can be constituted by any attachment means, in particular those which are known in themselves from the prior art.
- these second means 105, 205 for connecting the second points of application to the chassis Ch comprise, with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 which represent a particularly advantageous application of the axle according to the invention, a lever L, a first end 71 of which is linked to the second point of application, means 72 for mounting this lever in rotation , substantially at a midpoint 74, around a second axis relative to the chassis Ch, this second axis being substantially parallel to the first axis 1 1 defined previously, and means 73 for applying a given force to the second end 75 of this lever L.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show, at the same time, the realization of a multiple axle of the tandem type and that of an axle of the tridem type, applying the structure of the single axle E according to the invention.
- the tandem multiple axle schematically represented in FIGS. 5 and 6 comprises at least a first single axle E1 comprising a first assembly 111 and a second 112, and a second single axle E2 comprising a first assembly 21 1 and a second 212.
- the two first and second single axles E1, E2 are mounted in cooperation with the chassis Ch so that the first axes 11 ′, 1 1 "are parallel to each other and that the planes of rotation 12, 13 of the two arms of the first and second sets 11 1, 112 of the first single axle E1 are respectively substantially coincident with the planes of rotation of the two arms of the first and second sets 211, 212 of the second single axle E2.
- the two levers L ′, L ′′ of the first 111, 211 and second 112, 212 sets respectively of the two single axles E1, E2 are mounted in rotation in a substantially symmetrical manner relative to a plane P perpendicular to the plane defined by the first axes 11 ', 11 ".
- the means 73 for applying a given force to the second ends 75 of the levers L ', L “comprise two cams 76, 77 of given length connecting the second ends 75 of the two levers respectively first and second sets 111, 211 -
- a third single axle E3 is added.
- This third single axle comprises at least two first and second assemblies 311, 312 and is mounted in cooperation with the chassis Ch so that its first axis 11 '"is parallel to the first axes 11', 11" of the two first and second single axles E1, E2 and that these first three axes 11 ', 11 ", 11'” are substantially coplanar.
- the two planes of rotation 12, 13 of the two arms 301, 302 of the third single axle E3 are respectively substantially coincident with the two planes of rotation 12, 13 of the arms of the first and second sets 111, 211 - 112, 212 respectively first and second single axles E1, E2.
- the multiple axle as described above has the main advantage of allowing load compensation, regardless for example of the height of the "harness” of the vehicle, such as a truck, to which a semi-trailer is attached, the load on the three axles thus being better balanced.
- the second means 105, 205 for connecting the second point of application of the spring means to the chassis Ch can also be constituted, with reference to the Figures 7 and 8, of an envelope 81, 82, ... variable volume by means of an incompressible fluid.
- This envelope 81, 82, ... of variable volume can for example consist of a cylinder type cylinder and piston or, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8, by a flexible wall envelope.
- this envelope 81, 82, ... is interposed between the chassis Ch and the end of the spring means 102 opposite to that which is linked to the arm 101, 201.
- This envelope can be connected to a controllable source of incompressible fluid so as to vary its volume at will to modulate the distance separating the second point of application of the spring means 102 and the chassis Ch for the same purpose as that obtained with the lever L as described in the embodiment according to the Figures 5 and 6, to vary the stiffness of the spring means 102 and / or the ground clearance of the vehicle having such axles.
- This embodiment allows an even better balance of the whole tandem or tridem, compared to the embodiments according to FIGS. 5 and 6 and to the embodiment in solid lines in FIGS. 7 and 8, when the rolling means pass over obstacles. as described above with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.
- the other elements which can cooperate with an axle will not be described here, for the sole purpose of simplifying the present description, all the more so since they are known in themselves , in particular by FR-A-2 789 349.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02706837A EP1361964A1 (fr) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-02-11 | Essieu pour vehicule et application aux essieux multiples |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR01/02307 | 2001-02-21 | ||
FR0102307A FR2821020B1 (fr) | 2001-02-21 | 2001-02-21 | Essieu pour vehicule et application aux essieux multiples |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002066270A1 true WO2002066270A1 (fr) | 2002-08-29 |
Family
ID=8860245
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2002/000506 WO2002066270A1 (fr) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-02-11 | Essieu pour vehicule et application aux essieux multiples |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1361964A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2821020B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002066270A1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006056421A1 (de) * | 2006-11-28 | 2008-05-29 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Verbundlenkerachse |
DE102011086481A1 (de) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-05-16 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Fahrwerksystem für Nutzfahrzeuge |
DE102011086480A1 (de) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-05-16 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Achseinheit für Nutzfahrzeuge |
EP4219197A1 (fr) * | 2022-01-27 | 2023-08-02 | Croozer GmbH | Moyen de transport et essieu torsible prévu à cet effet |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4783096A (en) * | 1986-11-25 | 1988-11-08 | The Boler Company | Stacked airbag wheeled vehicle suspension system |
DE4110571A1 (de) * | 1990-05-30 | 1991-12-05 | Volkswagen Ag | Kraftfahrzeug-hinterachse |
DE19631975A1 (de) * | 1995-08-18 | 1997-02-20 | Volkswagen Ag | Kraftfahrzeugachse |
US6022034A (en) * | 1996-10-09 | 2000-02-08 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Twist beam suspension |
FR2789349A1 (fr) * | 1999-02-09 | 2000-08-11 | Max Sardou | Essieu torsible a roues independantes |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH05278424A (ja) | 1992-01-22 | 1993-10-26 | Benteler Ind Inc | 捩りビーム車軸 |
-
2001
- 2001-02-21 FR FR0102307A patent/FR2821020B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-02-11 WO PCT/FR2002/000506 patent/WO2002066270A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-02-11 EP EP02706837A patent/EP1361964A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4783096A (en) * | 1986-11-25 | 1988-11-08 | The Boler Company | Stacked airbag wheeled vehicle suspension system |
DE4110571A1 (de) * | 1990-05-30 | 1991-12-05 | Volkswagen Ag | Kraftfahrzeug-hinterachse |
DE19631975A1 (de) * | 1995-08-18 | 1997-02-20 | Volkswagen Ag | Kraftfahrzeugachse |
US6022034A (en) * | 1996-10-09 | 2000-02-08 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Twist beam suspension |
FR2789349A1 (fr) * | 1999-02-09 | 2000-08-11 | Max Sardou | Essieu torsible a roues independantes |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006056421A1 (de) * | 2006-11-28 | 2008-05-29 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Verbundlenkerachse |
DE102011086481A1 (de) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-05-16 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Fahrwerksystem für Nutzfahrzeuge |
DE102011086480A1 (de) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-05-16 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Achseinheit für Nutzfahrzeuge |
US9174506B2 (en) | 2011-11-16 | 2015-11-03 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Chassis system for commercial vehicles |
US10363791B2 (en) | 2011-11-16 | 2019-07-30 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Axle unit for commercial vehicles |
DE102011086481B4 (de) | 2011-11-16 | 2020-06-10 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Fahrwerksystem für Nutzfahrzeuge |
DE102011086480B4 (de) * | 2011-11-16 | 2021-01-28 | Saf-Holland Gmbh | Achseinheit für Nutzfahrzeuge |
EP4219197A1 (fr) * | 2022-01-27 | 2023-08-02 | Croozer GmbH | Moyen de transport et essieu torsible prévu à cet effet |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2821020B1 (fr) | 2005-09-16 |
FR2821020A1 (fr) | 2002-08-23 |
EP1361964A1 (fr) | 2003-11-19 |
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