WO2002046092A1 - Installation for producing hydrogen and/or oxygen from a liquid by cavitation - Google Patents

Installation for producing hydrogen and/or oxygen from a liquid by cavitation

Info

Publication number
WO2002046092A1
WO2002046092A1 PCT/LV2001/000006 LV0100006W WO0246092A1 WO 2002046092 A1 WO2002046092 A1 WO 2002046092A1 LV 0100006 W LV0100006 W LV 0100006W WO 0246092 A1 WO0246092 A1 WO 0246092A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
oxygen
hydrogen
raw material
basic raw
cavitation
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/LV2001/000006
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Sergejs Savradims
Original Assignee
Sergejs Savradims
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sergejs Savradims filed Critical Sergejs Savradims
Priority to AU2001282670A priority Critical patent/AU2001282670A1/en
Publication of WO2002046092A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002046092A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C01B3/042—Decomposition of water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/081—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing particle radiation or gamma-radiation
    • B01J19/085—Electron beams only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/10—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
    • C01B13/0203—Preparation of oxygen from inorganic compounds
    • C01B13/0207—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/085—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/085—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields
    • B01J2219/0852—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields employing permanent magnets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
    • B01J2219/085—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields
    • B01J2219/0854—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy creating magnetic fields employing electromagnets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
    • B01J2219/0877—Liquid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the object of the invention is a device, hereinafter referred to as the “Installation”, for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen from hydrogen-containing or hydrogen- oxygen-containing liquid, hereinafter referred to as the “Basic Raw Material”, by initiating cavitation in it.
  • the Installation relates to the field of devices intended for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen.
  • the Prototype of the object of the invention is an installation for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen by electrolysis of the Basic Raw Material.
  • the Prototype can have different constructions, but its essential element always is a vessel with the Basic Raw Material, in which there are two electrodes - anode and cathode, connected to the source of energy.
  • the principle of receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen also is invariable: while current passes through the Basic Raw Material, hydrogen arises on the cathode, and oxygen arises on the anode.
  • different devices for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen evolved on the electrodes can be used in the Prototype.
  • a technical result of the invention is the Installation ensuring an economic and ecologically safe method for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen from the Basic Raw Material.
  • the Installation differs from the Prototype by its method of receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen, which is based on splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and/or oxygen in case of initiation of cavitation in it.
  • the cavitation is a process of formation of cavities (cavitation bubbles) in the Basic Raw Material as a result of local pressure decline in it, which can occur either in case of an increase of its velocity (hydrodynamic cavitation), or in case of passing an acoustic wave through it during a half-cycle of exhaustion (acoustic cavitation), or because of local heat production in case of heating the Basic Raw Material, or because of irradiating it by high-energy particles, for example, by electrons.
  • a necessary condition for origin of the cavitation is breaking connections between molecules of the Basic Raw Material. For this purpose, it is necessary to make some work, whose magnitude depends on the magnitude of pulling stresses between the molecules of the Basic Raw Material.
  • Magnitudes of the pulling stresses between molecules of the Basic Raw Material depends on the kind of the Basic Raw Material, and also on the type and amount of admixtures being in it. At that, the less magnitude of pulling stresses between the molecules of the Basic Raw Material, the smaller work is necessary to make for breaking them, and accordingly - for initiating the cavitation. The magnitude of the work made to initiate the cavitation also diminishes with increasing the amount of the admixtures contained in the Basic Raw Material. It is connected with the feature that the pulling stresses in places of contact of the molecules of the Basic Raw Material with the admixtures are much less in comparison with similar stresses between the molecules of the Basic Raw Material.
  • the energy of such a hydraulic impact of one collapsed bubble is not large, however, taking into account the fact that each cubic centimeter in the cavitation zone can simultaneously include millions such bubbles, the hydraulic impacts created by each of them overlap with each other, and that results in an essential increase of energy of the total hydraulic impact.
  • the energy of such hydraulic impacts has mostly destructive nature as it is capable to destroy any, even very strong, substance that has got in the cavitation zone (these are also screws of sea ships, and waterpower plant dam, etc.) [3].
  • the energy of cavitation is used with benefit - for splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and/or oxygen. Such a method of receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen is the most economic and ecologically clean.
  • Unessential attributes which develop and/or determine totality of the essential attributes of the Installation, and also describing the Installation in special cases, in concrete forms of construction or in special conditions of its use, but which does not influence on the extend of the legal protection, giving by the patent, are:
  • Basic Raw Material any kind of hydrogen-containing or hydrogen- oxygen-containing liquid
  • physical temperature, pressure, etc.
  • chemical parameters availability, type, amount of admixtures, etc.
  • types of the using admixtures any kind of a chemical elements and/or substances in the solid, gaseous or another condition, their molecules, ions, etc.
  • type of cavitation naturally, connected with origin of cavitation bubbles as a result of change of characteristics of the field of velocity or pressure; artificial, connected with feeding, for example, air or other gas into a low-pressure zone of the Basic Raw Material; combined, etc.;
  • the Installation can take energy both from an independent Source of Energy, and use the feed-back (using the energy produced, for example, by a converter of chemical energy of oxidation of hydrogen, which is aggregated with the Installation).
  • the independent source of energy carries out functions of both starting and main (working) source of energy of the Installation.
  • the function of the starting source of energy is carried out by the independent source of energy, and the role of the main (working) source of energy - the converter of chemical energy of oxidation of hydrogen);
  • Source of Energy independent or non- autonomous; electrical, chemical, mechanical, thermal, etc.; its parameters
  • auxiliary devices devices for accumulation and storage of hydrogen and/or oxygen, or for immediate use of them; appliances pumping hydrogen and/or oxygen from the Installation to such devices; appliances for degaussing oxygen; converter of chemical energy of oxidation of hydrogen; selective semi-permeable diaphragm, which protect Generator of Cavitation from the direct contact with Basic Raw Material; device regulating parameters of the Generator of Cavitation, for example, with the purpose of regulation of the quantity of the hydrogen and/or oxygen receiving as a result of initiation of cavitation in the Basic Raw Material, etc.);
  • the Installation consists of:
  • Source of Energy 1 which is, for example, an accumulator of electrical energy
  • Vessel 3 (it is shown in section on the figure), in which there are:
  • ⁇ the Generator of Cavitation 4 which is, for example, a hydroacoustic vibrator with pulse-focused radiation;
  • ⁇ devices for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen consisting of:
  • the Installation operates as follows:
  • Generator of Cavitation 4 is a hydroacoustic vibrator with pulse-focused radiation similar, for example, the one that is used in the Villard experimental installation [3]. After energization, Generator of Cavitation 4 begins to generate acoustical waves in the ultrasonic band. With the purpose of reduction of power of Source of Energy 1 :
  • some admixtures facilitating process of initiation of cavitation are added to the Basic Raw Material.
  • the availability of such admixtures allows to reduce the magnitude of energy, which is necessary in order to initiate the cavitation.
  • those admixtures are used, which: can not react with hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation; are not paramagnetic materials as well as are not capable to penetrate through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3.
  • solid non-metallic non-wettable particles can be used, the size of each of which exceeds the size of molecules of the Basic Raw Material.
  • Such admixtures should be added directly into Vessel 3 at the stages of manufacturing of the Installation.
  • the Basic Raw Material takes in Vessel 3 a volume restricted by Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, and 11 , and also by the right side wall and the Separating wall 13 of Vessel 3.
  • the acoustical waves initiate cavitation in a specified zone of the Basic Raw Material (cavitation zone 12).
  • the Separating wall 13 divides Vessel 3 into two communicating vessels and is used that the hydrogen to be created as a result of cavitation could not come out of Vessel 3 through Selective Diaphragm 11 (with this purpose the cavitation zone 12 should be above the lower basis of the Separating wall 13).
  • the process splitting the molecules of the Basic Raw Material into oxygen and hydrogen occurs.
  • their catching is carried out, and the caching is based on the fact that the oxygen, in contrast to hydrogen and the Basic Raw Material, is paramagnetic material, i.e., is capable to be drawn by external magnetic field, which is formed by Source of Magnetic Field 6.
  • the power of such Source of Magnetic Field can be small, as, in contrast to a magnetothermal method of receiving hydrogen and oxygen from water [1], it (Source of Magnetic Field) is used not for splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and oxygen, for which it is required to have a plenty of energy, but for making a direction in which the oxygen, which already is in free state (as a result of cavitation), should be moved, for which it is required to have a considerably smaller amount of energy.
  • Source of Magnetic Field is used not for splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and oxygen, for which it is required to have a plenty of energy, but for making a direction in which the oxygen, which already is in free state (as a result of cavitation), should be moved, for which it is required to have a considerably smaller amount of energy.
  • the oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation come to Source of Magnetic Field 6 under the influence of magnetic field and is removed from the Basic Raw Material into the Chamber for catching oxygen 8 through selective semi-permeable diaphragm 7 that conducts only oxygen, but not hydrogen, the Basic Raw Material, and admixtures being in it, and besides it does not allow the oxygen to penetrate back into the Basic Raw Material from Chamber for catching oxygen 8.
  • the hydrogen to be created as a result of cavitation in a natural way is removed from the Basic Raw Material into the Chamber for catching hydrogen 10 through Selective Semi-permeable diaphragm 9, conducting only hydrogen, but not oxygen, the Basic Raw Material, and admixtures, and also not allowing hydrogen to penetrate back from the Chamber for catching hydrogen 10 into the Basic Raw Material.
  • Cavitation zone 12, and also Chambers 8 and 10 are one in relation to another so to ensure maximum low probability of intersection of the directions in which movement of hydrogen and oxygen occurs during catching them.
  • the oxygen and hydrogen from Chambers 8 and 10 comes to the system (systems) where their accumulation and storage occur or their immediate use (on the figure such pipelines and systems are not shown).
  • Influencing on the oxygen Source of Magnetic Field 6 magnetizes it.
  • such a device is expedient to use as a component of the system where the accumulation, storage, or immediate use of oxygen occurs. Therefore, such a device is not shown on the figure.
  • the Basic Raw Material when the Basic Raw Material comes into Vessel 3, it is being refined from admixtures dissolved in it, which are capable to react with the hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation, hereinafter referred to as the "Undesirable Admixtures".
  • Purifying the Basic Raw Material is carried out as follows: the Undesirable Admixtures are separated from the Basic Raw Material through Selective Diaphragm 11 , which conducts only the Basic Raw Material, but does not conduct such Undesirable Admixtures.
  • Selective Diaphragm 11 is demountable for the periodic cleaning from the Undesirable Admixtures collecting on it; • it is expedient to purify the Basic Raw Material also from oxygen dissolved in it as if it is the Undesirable Admixture. With this purpose, the fact that the oxygen, in contrast to the Basic Raw Material, is paramagnetic mate ⁇ al is used.
  • the process of purifying the Basic Raw Mate ⁇ al from oxygen as from Undesirable Admixture is carried out in the same way and by means of the same elements as catching the oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation (see above).
  • admixtures which specially added to the Basic Raw Material, for example, with the purpose of facilitating process of initiation of cavitation, only those admixtures are used, which: can not react with hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation; are not paramagnetic materials as well as are not capable to penetrate through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3.
  • admixtures for example, solid non- metallic non-wettable particles can be used, the size of each of which exceeds the size of molecules of the Basic Raw Material.
  • Such admixtures should be added directly into Vessel 3 at the stages of manufacturing of the Installation.
  • Such admixtures during the operation of the Installation are not consumed as they cannot pass through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3.
  • the maintenance of constant concentration of such admixtures in the whole volume of the Basic Raw Material during all operating time of the Installation is carried out because of the cavitation; • in order to increase the productivity of the Installation, it is possible to use admixtures that do not allow the molecules of the Basic Raw Material to react with the hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation (for example, any admixtures, which make the Basic Raw Material as a saturated solution, and simultaneous such admixtures must be inert in relation to both hydrogen and oxygen; are not paramagnetic materials as well as are not capable to penetrate through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3).
  • Such admixtures should be added directly into Vessel 3 at the stages of manufacturing of the Installation.
  • Such Useful Admixtures during the operation of the Installation are not consumed as they cannot pass through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3.
  • the maintenance of constant concentration of such admixtures in the whole volume of the Basic Raw Material during all operating time of the Installation is carried out because of the cavitation (the cavitation is an ideal method for mixing any substances, even which are badly mixed one with another in usual conditions and by usual methods, or are not mixed at all).
  • the process of receiving hydrogen and oxygen is accompanied by decreasing the volume of the Basic Raw Material in Vessel 3, however, its volume is always kept at the maximum level because of unbroken feed by gravity of a necessary amount of the Basic Raw Material, which is equal to the consumed one through Selective Diaphragm 11 from an external tank (not shown on the figure).
  • the Installation ensures an opportunity of an economic and ecologically safe method for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen and it can be used in different spheres of human activity, where it is necessary to use hydrogen and/or oxygen, for example:

Abstract

The object of the invention is an installation for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen from hydrogen-containing or hydrogen-oxygen-containing liquid, hereinafter referred to as the 'Basic Raw Material', by initiating cavitation in it. IPC indexes are: C01B3/02 and C01B13/02. The essential attributes of an installation are the availability of the following elements:1) a vessel (3), in which there is the Basic Raw Material (by horizontal shading shown the volume, which the Basic Raw Material takes in vessel);2) a generator of cavitation (4), which initiate cavitation in the Basic Raw Material;3) a source of energy (1) for a generator of cavitation;4) a device (devices) for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen (6; 7; 8; 9; 10).Installation ensures an opportunity of an economic and ecologically safe method for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen and it can be used in different spheres of human activity, where it is necessary to use hydrogen and/or oxygen.

Description

INSTALLATION FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND/OR OXYGEN FROM A LIQUID BY CAVITATION
The object of the invention is a device, hereinafter referred to as the "Installation", for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen from hydrogen-containing or hydrogen- oxygen-containing liquid, hereinafter referred to as the "Basic Raw Material", by initiating cavitation in it. The Installation relates to the field of devices intended for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen.
Today, many advanced technologies, practically in all fields of human activity, involves the active use of hydrogen and oxygen. That and the perspective ecologically clean power installations transforming the energy of chemical reaction of oxidation of hydrogen by oxygen to the electrical, mechanical, thermal, or other form of energy; and new methods of economic power transmission for long distances; and opportunities for making new substances and materials, or any already known substances and materials at a qualitatively new level; and mastering new technologies requiring especially sterile conditions and/or especially low temperatures, etc. [1].
The Prototype of the object of the invention, hereinafter referred to as the "Prototype", is an installation for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen by electrolysis of the Basic Raw Material. The Prototype can have different constructions, but its essential element always is a vessel with the Basic Raw Material, in which there are two electrodes - anode and cathode, connected to the source of energy. The principle of receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen also is invariable: while current passes through the Basic Raw Material, hydrogen arises on the cathode, and oxygen arises on the anode. Depending on the construction, different devices for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen evolved on the electrodes can be used in the Prototype. In order to increase electrical conductance of the Basic Raw Material, not water only is used, as a rule, but its solution with any electrolyte, as, for example, potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) more often [2]. An imperfection of the Prototype is its high power consumption (amount of energy used for receiving a required amount of hydrogen and/or oxygen), and that essentially interferes with the wide introduction of hydrogen technologies in daily life. With the purpose of the wider use of the Prototype, the scientists offer to use atomic energy more actively. However, such method of production of hydrogen and/or oxygen is not ecologically safe because of imperfection of constructions of the modern nuclear reactors.
A technical result of the invention is the Installation ensuring an economic and ecologically safe method for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen from the Basic Raw Material.
The common one between the Prototype and the Installation is the availability of the following elements:
1) a vessel with the Basic Raw Material;
2) a source of energy;
3) a device (devices) for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen.
The Installation differs from the Prototype by its method of receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen, which is based on splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and/or oxygen in case of initiation of cavitation in it.
The cavitation is a process of formation of cavities (cavitation bubbles) in the Basic Raw Material as a result of local pressure decline in it, which can occur either in case of an increase of its velocity (hydrodynamic cavitation), or in case of passing an acoustic wave through it during a half-cycle of exhaustion (acoustic cavitation), or because of local heat production in case of heating the Basic Raw Material, or because of irradiating it by high-energy particles, for example, by electrons. A necessary condition for origin of the cavitation is breaking connections between molecules of the Basic Raw Material. For this purpose, it is necessary to make some work, whose magnitude depends on the magnitude of pulling stresses between the molecules of the Basic Raw Material. Magnitudes of the pulling stresses between molecules of the Basic Raw Material depends on the kind of the Basic Raw Material, and also on the type and amount of admixtures being in it. At that, the less magnitude of pulling stresses between the molecules of the Basic Raw Material, the smaller work is necessary to make for breaking them, and accordingly - for initiating the cavitation. The magnitude of the work made to initiate the cavitation also diminishes with increasing the amount of the admixtures contained in the Basic Raw Material. It is connected with the feature that the pulling stresses in places of contact of the molecules of the Basic Raw Material with the admixtures are much less in comparison with similar stresses between the molecules of the Basic Raw Material. Thus, with using a small amount of energy from outside, it is possible to achieve of formation of cavities (cavitation bubbles) in places of contact of the molecules of the Basic Raw Material with the admixtures. However, not all admixtures promote the formation of the cavitation, but only non-wettable solid particles and gaseous admixtures. Moving from a zone with underpressure to zones with more high pressure, or during a half-cycle of squeezing, the cavitation bubbles are collapsing. Growth, squeezing, and collapsing cavitation bubbles are rather a difficult and short process described by equations of motion of a body having a variable mass. Collapsing cavitation bubbles is accompanied by acoustical impulses and hydraulic impacts. The energy of such a hydraulic impact of one collapsed bubble is not large, however, taking into account the fact that each cubic centimeter in the cavitation zone can simultaneously include millions such bubbles, the hydraulic impacts created by each of them overlap with each other, and that results in an essential increase of energy of the total hydraulic impact. The energy of such hydraulic impacts has mostly destructive nature as it is capable to destroy any, even very strong, substance that has got in the cavitation zone (these are also screws of sea ships, and waterpower plant dam, etc.) [3]. In the offered Installation, the energy of cavitation is used with benefit - for splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and/or oxygen. Such a method of receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen is the most economic and ecologically clean.
The essential attributes of the Installation, which are necessary in all cases of construction or use of the Installation, are the availability of the following elements:
1) a vessel, hereinafter referred to as the "Vessel", in which there is the Basic Raw Material;
2) a source, which initiate cavitation in the Basic Raw Material, hereinafter referred to as the "Generator of Cavitation";
3) a source of energy for the Generator of Cavitation, hereinafter referred to as the "Source of Energy";
4) a device (devices) for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen. Unessential attributes, which develop and/or determine totality of the essential attributes of the Installation, and also describing the Installation in special cases, in concrete forms of construction or in special conditions of its use, but which does not influence on the extend of the legal protection, giving by the patent, are:
1) kind of the Basic Raw Material (any kind of hydrogen-containing or hydrogen- oxygen-containing liquid), and also its physical (temperature, pressure, etc.) and chemical parameters (availability, type, amount of admixtures, etc.); other characteristics;
2) volume, which the Basic Raw Material takes in Vessel (all free volume of Vessel; any part of the volume of Vessel; etc.);
3) absence or availability of special processing of the Basic Raw Material (adding admixtures facilitating the process of initiation of cavitation; removing from the Basic Raw Material the admixtures that can react with hydrogen and/or oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation; adding admixtures that do not allow the Basic Raw Material to react with hydrogen and/or oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation, etc.; methods of such processing; the stages on which such processing is carried out (before and/or after feeding the Basic Raw Material into the Vessel); absence or availability of a device (devices), using for such special processing of the Basic Raw Material, their construction, using materials; etc.);
4) types of the using admixtures (any kind of a chemical elements and/or substances in the solid, gaseous or another condition, their molecules, ions, etc.);
5) quantity of an admixtures, which added to the Basic Raw Material, their concentration, dimensions, forms, physical, chemical and another parameters etc.;
6) methods of feeding the Basic Raw Material into the Vessel (availability, construction, using materials, arrangement, etc.);
7) type of cavitation (natural, connected with origin of cavitation bubbles as a result of change of characteristics of the field of velocity or pressure; artificial, connected with feeding, for example, air or other gas into a low-pressure zone of the Basic Raw Material; combined, etc.);
8) type and construction of the Generator of Cavitation (acoustic; hydrodynamic; heating; a source generating high-energy particles, for example, electrons; combined etc.); with focused or non-focused, impulse or continuous radiation; frequency and power of generated impulses or oscillations; amount of Generators of Cavitation, their arrangement in relation to the Vessel and each other, etc.;
9) form, sizes, and places of origin of the cavitation zone; amount of cavitation zones, etc.;
10) type of the Source of Energy (the Installation can take energy both from an independent Source of Energy, and use the feed-back (using the energy produced, for example, by a converter of chemical energy of oxidation of hydrogen, which is aggregated with the Installation). In the first case, the independent source of energy carries out functions of both starting and main (working) source of energy of the Installation. In the second case, the function of the starting source of energy is carried out by the independent source of energy, and the role of the main (working) source of energy - the converter of chemical energy of oxidation of hydrogen);
11) kind and construction of the Source of Energy (independent or non- autonomous; electrical, chemical, mechanical, thermal, etc.; its parameters);
12) construction of the Vessel; its sizes and form; using materials and technologies; construction and form of the inside surfaces of the Vessel for the purpose of facilitation of the process of initiation of cavitation, and/or for the purpose of facilitation of the process of catching (collection) of the hydrogen and/or oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation; etc.;
13) method for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation, and also the design of the catching device or devices (source of magnetic field drawing oxygen; use of electrodes on which hydrogen and/or oxygen are accumulating when electrical current pass through the Basic Raw Material; selective semi-permeable diaphragms, etc.);
14) any other constructive, technical, technological and another features of the elements, which form the essential attributes of the Installation;
15) availability and construction of auxiliary devices (devices for accumulation and storage of hydrogen and/or oxygen, or for immediate use of them; appliances pumping hydrogen and/or oxygen from the Installation to such devices; appliances for degaussing oxygen; converter of chemical energy of oxidation of hydrogen; selective semi-permeable diaphragm, which protect Generator of Cavitation from the direct contact with Basic Raw Material; device regulating parameters of the Generator of Cavitation, for example, with the purpose of regulation of the quantity of the hydrogen and/or oxygen receiving as a result of initiation of cavitation in the Basic Raw Material, etc.);
16) any other details, assemblies, mechanisms, equipments, etc.; its construction; technical and another parameters; using purposes; etc.
Below there is a description of one of the possible versions of the Installation, which realizes an opportunity to receive hydrogen and oxygen by initiating cavitation in the Basic Raw Material that is water (see the figure).
The Installation consists of:
• Source of Energy 1 , which is, for example, an accumulator of electrical energy;
• Switch 2;
• Vessel 3 (it is shown in section on the figure), in which there are:
♦ the Generator of Cavitation 4, which is, for example, a hydroacoustic vibrator with pulse-focused radiation;
♦ Selective Semi-permeable Diaphragm 5 conducting acoustical waves emitted by the Generator of Cavitation and defending the Generator of Cavitation from direct contact with the Basic Raw Material;
♦ Selective Diaphragm 11 to be used for cleaning the Basic Raw Material, which comes into Vessel 3, from admixtures, which can react with hydrogen and oxygen created as a result of the cavitation;
♦ devices for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen, consisting of:
* Source of Magnetic Field 6 (magnet or electromagnet);
* Selective Semi-permeable Diaphragm 7 conducting only oxygen;
* Chamber for catching oxygen 8;
* Selective Semi-permeable Diaphragm 9 conducting only hydrogen; * Chamber for catching hydrogen 10.
The Installation operates as follows:
After turning on Switch 2, power from Source of Energy 1 comes to Generator of Cavitation 4, which is a hydroacoustic vibrator with pulse-focused radiation similar, for example, the one that is used in the Villard experimental installation [3]. After energization, Generator of Cavitation 4 begins to generate acoustical waves in the ultrasonic band. With the purpose of reduction of power of Source of Energy 1 :
• some admixtures facilitating process of initiation of cavitation are added to the Basic Raw Material. The availability of such admixtures allows to reduce the magnitude of energy, which is necessary in order to initiate the cavitation. As such admixtures only those admixtures are used, which: can not react with hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation; are not paramagnetic materials as well as are not capable to penetrate through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3. As such admixtures, for example, solid non-metallic non-wettable particles can be used, the size of each of which exceeds the size of molecules of the Basic Raw Material. Such admixtures should be added directly into Vessel 3 at the stages of manufacturing of the Installation. Such admixtures during the operation of the Installation are not consumed as they cannot pass through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3. The maintenance of constant concentration of such admixtures in the whole volume of the Basic Raw Material during all operating time of the Installation is carried out because of the cavitation (the cavitation is an ideal method for mixing any substances, even which are badly mixed one with another in usual conditions and by usual methods, or are not mixed at all);
• the pulsed nature of radiation of Generator of Cavitation 4 is used (the pulsed nature of radiation of Generator of Cavitation 4 allows to create acoustical waves having higher power in comparison with the continuous radiation).
The focused nature of radiation of Generator of Cavitation 4 allows to increase essentially service term of the Installation because cavitation zone 12 is formed in a specified zone inside the volume of the Basic Raw Material, instead of on the surface of Generator of Cavitation 4 or Vessel 3, as it occurs in case with the non- focused radiation, therefore, the process of cavitation erosion of such components is excluded.
The Basic Raw Material takes in Vessel 3 a volume restricted by Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, and 11 , and also by the right side wall and the Separating wall 13 of Vessel 3. The acoustical waves initiate cavitation in a specified zone of the Basic Raw Material (cavitation zone 12).The Separating wall 13 divides Vessel 3 into two communicating vessels and is used that the hydrogen to be created as a result of cavitation could not come out of Vessel 3 through Selective Diaphragm 11 (with this purpose the cavitation zone 12 should be above the lower basis of the Separating wall 13).
Under the influence of the hydraulic impacts to be produced by the collapsed cavitation bubbles, the process splitting the molecules of the Basic Raw Material into oxygen and hydrogen occurs. In order to decrease probability of reactions between hydrogen and oxygen created as a result of the cavitation, their catching is carried out, and the caching is based on the fact that the oxygen, in contrast to hydrogen and the Basic Raw Material, is paramagnetic material, i.e., is capable to be drawn by external magnetic field, which is formed by Source of Magnetic Field 6. At that, the power of such Source of Magnetic Field can be small, as, in contrast to a magnetothermal method of receiving hydrogen and oxygen from water [1], it (Source of Magnetic Field) is used not for splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and oxygen, for which it is required to have a plenty of energy, but for making a direction in which the oxygen, which already is in free state (as a result of cavitation), should be moved, for which it is required to have a considerably smaller amount of energy. The oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation come to Source of Magnetic Field 6 under the influence of magnetic field and is removed from the Basic Raw Material into the Chamber for catching oxygen 8 through selective semi-permeable diaphragm 7 that conducts only oxygen, but not hydrogen, the Basic Raw Material, and admixtures being in it, and besides it does not allow the oxygen to penetrate back into the Basic Raw Material from Chamber for catching oxygen 8. The hydrogen to be created as a result of cavitation in a natural way (by displacing from the Basic Raw Material because of its smaller weight) is removed from the Basic Raw Material into the Chamber for catching hydrogen 10 through Selective Semi-permeable diaphragm 9, conducting only hydrogen, but not oxygen, the Basic Raw Material, and admixtures, and also not allowing hydrogen to penetrate back from the Chamber for catching hydrogen 10 into the Basic Raw Material. Cavitation zone 12, and also Chambers 8 and 10 are one in relation to another so to ensure maximum low probability of intersection of the directions in which movement of hydrogen and oxygen occurs during catching them. Further, the oxygen and hydrogen from Chambers 8 and 10 (accordingly) through separate pipelines comes to the system (systems) where their accumulation and storage occur or their immediate use (on the figure such pipelines and systems are not shown). Influencing on the oxygen, Source of Magnetic Field 6 magnetizes it. For degaussing oxygen, it is possible to use a device similar, for example, to the one that is used for degaussing oxygen in installations ensuring magnetothermal decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen [1]. However, taking into account the fact that not always it is required to use only demagnetized oxygen, such a device is expedient to use as a component of the system where the accumulation, storage, or immediate use of oxygen occurs. Therefore, such a device is not shown on the figure.
To increase the productivity of the Installation (amount of produced hydrogen and/or oxygen), it is necessary not only to minimize an opportunity of contact of hydrogen with oxygen, but also to assume measures to decrease probability of their contact with the Basic Raw Material, and also with admixtures specially added to the Basic Raw Material. With this purpose:
• when the Basic Raw Material comes into Vessel 3, it is being refined from admixtures dissolved in it, which are capable to react with the hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation, hereinafter referred to as the "Undesirable Admixtures". Purifying the Basic Raw Material is carried out as follows: the Undesirable Admixtures are separated from the Basic Raw Material through Selective Diaphragm 11 , which conducts only the Basic Raw Material, but does not conduct such Undesirable Admixtures. Selective Diaphragm 11 is demountable for the periodic cleaning from the Undesirable Admixtures collecting on it; • it is expedient to purify the Basic Raw Material also from oxygen dissolved in it as if it is the Undesirable Admixture. With this purpose, the fact that the oxygen, in contrast to the Basic Raw Material, is paramagnetic mateπal is used. The process of purifying the Basic Raw Mateπal from oxygen as from Undesirable Admixture is carried out in the same way and by means of the same elements as catching the oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation (see above). At that, it is not required any high-power from Source of Magnetic Field 6 as it is used not for splitting the Basic Raw Material into hydrogen and oxygen, for which a plenty of energy is required, but for separating the Basic Raw Material from the oxygen dissolved in it, for which it is required to have a considerably smaller amount of energy. Cleaning the Basic Raw Material from the oxygen dissolved in it occurs below cavitation zone 12. In such a way, an opportunity of reacting the hydrogen to be created as a result of the cavitation with the oxygen dissolved in the Basic Raw Material is excluded. The oxygen, obtained as a result of cleaning the Basic Raw Material, comes into Chamber 8, where it is mixed with the oxygen to be created as a result of decomposition of the Basic Raw Material under the influence of the cavitation, and that additionally increases the productivity of the Installation;
• as admixtures, which specially added to the Basic Raw Material, for example, with the purpose of facilitating process of initiation of cavitation, only those admixtures are used, which: can not react with hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation; are not paramagnetic materials as well as are not capable to penetrate through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3. As such admixtures, for example, solid non- metallic non-wettable particles can be used, the size of each of which exceeds the size of molecules of the Basic Raw Material. Such admixtures should be added directly into Vessel 3 at the stages of manufacturing of the Installation. Such admixtures during the operation of the Installation are not consumed as they cannot pass through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3. The maintenance of constant concentration of such admixtures in the whole volume of the Basic Raw Material during all operating time of the Installation is carried out because of the cavitation; • in order to increase the productivity of the Installation, it is possible to use admixtures that do not allow the molecules of the Basic Raw Material to react with the hydrogen and oxygen to be created as a result of the cavitation (for example, any admixtures, which make the Basic Raw Material as a saturated solution, and simultaneous such admixtures must be inert in relation to both hydrogen and oxygen; are not paramagnetic materials as well as are not capable to penetrate through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3). Such admixtures should be added directly into Vessel 3 at the stages of manufacturing of the Installation. Such Useful Admixtures during the operation of the Installation are not consumed as they cannot pass through Selective Diaphragms 5, 7, 9, 11 and through the walls of the Vessel 3. The maintenance of constant concentration of such admixtures in the whole volume of the Basic Raw Material during all operating time of the Installation is carried out because of the cavitation (the cavitation is an ideal method for mixing any substances, even which are badly mixed one with another in usual conditions and by usual methods, or are not mixed at all).
The process of receiving hydrogen and oxygen is accompanied by decreasing the volume of the Basic Raw Material in Vessel 3, however, its volume is always kept at the maximum level because of unbroken feed by gravity of a necessary amount of the Basic Raw Material, which is equal to the consumed one through Selective Diaphragm 11 from an external tank (not shown on the figure).
To turn off the Installation, it is enough to turn off Switch 2.
Thus, the Installation ensures an opportunity of an economic and ecologically safe method for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen and it can be used in different spheres of human activity, where it is necessary to use hydrogen and/or oxygen, for example:
1) in energetics - as an installation ensuring: a) manufacture of alternate sources of primary energy (hydrogen and oxygen) allowing to create the autonomous, mobile, ecologically safe oxyhydrogen power installations, which can be used in all fields of human activity, and that allows to reduce the consumption, and in due course to refuse the use of the traditional sources of hydrocarbon fuel at all, which are nonrenewable, and their production, processing, and use harm to the environment; b) manufacture of hydrogen to be used to realize an economic method of power transmission for long distances; c) manufacture of hydrogen and/or oxygen to be used in other purposes;
2) in the chemical, petrochemical, metallurgical, pharmaceutical, microbiological, food-processing industry, in the agriculture, and in other branches - as an installation producing hydrogen and/or oxygen, which are used: a) as basic raw material or catalytic agents to produce different products; b) as components to be used to clean industrial and household waste products and sewage; c) as cooling or shielding medium in many technological processes; d) in other purposes.
Literature:
[1] "Boflopofl. CBoϊicTBa, πoπyHeHne, xpaHeHMe, τpaHcπopτnpoBaHne, npMMeHeHMe" CπpaBOMHMK ΠOA peAaKμwefi fl.lO.raMδypra, MocKBa, XH MFI, 1989 ("Hydrogen. Properties, production, storage, transportation, use",
Handbook under the editorship of D.Yu.Gamburg, Moscow, Chemistry, 1989.).
[2] XoMHβHKo r. Π. rioco6ne no xwviwi p,nn πocτyπaκ)U Mx B BY3bi, MocKBa, 2000. (G.P.Homchenko. Manual of chemistry for entrants, Moscow, 2000.).
[3] riepHM A.fl.. 'TIpoδπeMbi κaBiιτau,i/iw", JleHMHrpafl, 1968. (A.D.Pernik "Problems of cavitation," Leningrad, 1968.).

Claims

The installation for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen from hydrogen- containing or hydrogen-oxygen-containing liquid, hereinafter referred to as the "Basic Raw Material", consisting of a vessel with the Basic Raw Material, a source of energy, and a device (devices) for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen, differing by the feature that the hydrogen and/or oxygen are received because of splitting the Basic Raw Material as a result of initiation of cavitation in it by a generator of cavitation.
To this letter added following documents:
1) Claims' amendment (the claims is new) - 1 page.
2) Statement under Article 19 (1) - 2 pages.
Claims' amendment.
Claims as filed.
The installation for receiving hydrogen and/or oxygen from hydrogen-containing or hydrogen-oxygen-containing liquid, hereinafter referred to as the "Basic Raw Material", consisting of a vessel with the Basic Raw Material, a source of energy, and a device (devices) for catching hydrogen and/or oxygen, differing by the feature that the hydrogen and/or oxygen are received because of splitting the Basic Raw Material as a result of initiation of cavitation in it by a generator of cavitation.
Claims as amended (the claims is new).
The Installation for receiving hydrogen and oxygen from hydrogen-oxygen- containing liquid, hereinafter referred to as the "Basic Raw Material", consisting of a vessel with the Basic Raw Material, a source of energy and a cavitation generator exciting the cavitation in the Basic Raw Material with the aim of decomposition it to separate matters and/or elements, hereinafter referred to as the "Basic Raw Material's decomposition's products", differing by the feature that there are special devices ensuring heightened yield of hydrogen and oxygen, owing to an effective utilization of the Basic Raw Material's decomposition's products, that allows to use the Installation in various lines of human activity, where it is necessary to use hydrogen and oxygen. (2H O2 - 2H2O + O2). The hydroxide can be formed and before penetration of the radicals OH into chamber 8, and after that. The hydroxide that was formed outside chamber 8 remains in the Basic Raw Material. During the decomposition of this hydroxide, the oxygen is removed into chamber 8 by means of source of magnetic field 6 through diaphragm 7 conducting only the oxygen and the radicals OH into chamber 8. The water formed during the decomposition of this hydroxide is repeatedly used as the Basic Raw Material. The radicals OH that are not have a time to react among themselves, penetrate in chamber 8 through diaphragm 7, where they form the hydroxide. In this case, the oxygen is formed in chamber 8 as a result of natural decomposition of the hydroxide. The water is removed from chamber 8 through diaphragm 5 conducting only water, but not hydroxide. Further, the water can be repeatedly used as the Basic Raw Material.
7. Change in the bibliographic list:
[2] M.A.Margulis "Fundamentals of Sound Chemistry. Chemical Reactions in Acoustic Fields," Moscow, 1984.
8. Change in the Figure.
Oxygen Hydrogen Basic Raw Material (water)
Figure imgf000016_0001
5 - selective diaphragm for water. Statement under Article 19 (1).
A novelty of the invention is the Installation produces simultaneously both hydrogen and oxygen with the purpose of their practical use in various lines of human activity, for example, in energetic. It is reached owing to the use of special Devices to obtain and collect hydrogen and oxygen due to the effective utilization of the Basic Raw Material's decomposition's products, which are formed as a result of the cavitation.
Changes, which are necessary in the Description:
1. Title: "Installation for producing hydrogen and oxygen from a liquid by cavitation".
2. Basic Raw Material: any hydrogen-oxygen-containing liquid.
3. Prototype: installation to investigate processes occurring in liquids during sound chemical reactions [2].
4. Prototype's and the Installation's general attributes are:
1) Vessel;
2) Basic Raw Material;
3) Cavitation Generator;
4) Energy' source.
5. A distinctive attribute of the Installation are special Devices ensuring heightened yield of hydrogen and oxygen, owing to an effective utilization of the Basic Raw Material's decomposition's products, which are formed due to the cavitation.
6. The mechanism to obtain hydrogen and oxygen in the Installation shown in the figure:
Owing to the cavitation, the Basic Raw Material (water) is decomposed to radicals H and OH. The H radicals are naturally removed into chamber 10 through a diaphragm 9. The H radicals react among themselves with forming molecular hydrogen (H + H ->■ H2). Source of magnetic field 6 forces the OH radicals to move to chamber 8. Due to that, the opportunity of reactions between the radicals H and OH is minimized, and it allows increasing the yield of hydrogen and oxygen. The radicals OH react among themselves with forming hydroxide (OH + OH = H2O2). The oxygen is formed as a result of natural decomposition of the hydroxide, as it is an unstable compound
PCT/LV2001/000006 2000-12-08 2001-08-21 Installation for producing hydrogen and/or oxygen from a liquid by cavitation WO2002046092A1 (en)

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