WO2001036426A1 - Pyridinones to treat and prevent bacterial infections - Google Patents

Pyridinones to treat and prevent bacterial infections Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001036426A1
WO2001036426A1 PCT/US2000/031879 US0031879W WO0136426A1 WO 2001036426 A1 WO2001036426 A1 WO 2001036426A1 US 0031879 W US0031879 W US 0031879W WO 0136426 A1 WO0136426 A1 WO 0136426A1
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substituted
aryl
alkynyl
alkenyl
heteroaryl
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PCT/US2000/031879
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French (fr)
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WO2001036426B1 (en
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Fredrik Almqvist
Hans Emtenas
Scott J. Hultgren
Jerome S. Pinkner
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Washington University
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Priority to AU19235/01A priority Critical patent/AU1923501A/en
Priority to EP00982170A priority patent/EP1233967A4/en
Priority to US10/130,453 priority patent/US6841559B1/en
Priority to CA002390658A priority patent/CA2390658A1/en
Publication of WO2001036426A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001036426A1/en
Publication of WO2001036426B1 publication Critical patent/WO2001036426B1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
    • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
    • C07D277/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D279/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D279/04—1,3-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-thiazines
    • C07D279/06—1,3-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-thiazines not condensed with other rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to novel pyridinones useful for treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and to novel methods for synthesizing and using these pyridinones.
  • Pili are hair-like adhesive organelles found on a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria that are employed to adhere to and colonize host tissues by binding to receptors in the host tissues.
  • Pili are heteropolymeric surface fibers with an adhesive tip and consist of two major sub-assemblies, the pilus rod and the tip fibrillum.
  • the pilus rod is a thick rigid rod made up of repeating subunits arranged in a right handed helical cylinder whereas the tip fibrillum is a thin, flexible tip fiber extending from the distal end of the pilus rod and is composed primarily of repeating subunits arranged in an open helical configuration.
  • Periplasmic chaperones are involved in a molecular mechanism necessary for guiding biogenesis of adhesive organelles in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • periplasmic chaperones facilitate the assembly of competent complexes from subunits.
  • the periplasmic chaperones are so critical to the functioning of the pili that in the absence of an interaction with the chaperone, pilus subunits aggregate and are proteolytically degraded.
  • Pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria include organisms such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella enteriditis, Salmonella typhimirium, Bordetella pertussis, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enter ocolitica, Helicobacter pylori and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
  • the prevention or inhibition of normal pilus assembly in Gram-negative bacterium impacts the pathogenicity of the bacterium by preventing the bacterium from infecting host tissues.
  • Drugs that interfere with the assembly of pili should effectively disable pathogens responsible for a wide variety of Gram-negative infections, such as those responsible for bladder, kidney and middle ear infections as well as food poisoning, gastric ulcers, diarrhea, meningitis, and other illnesses. Drugs that interfere with the assembly of pili are known collectively as pilicides.
  • pilicides that has been developed are those with a ⁇ -lactam-like structure. These pilicides are described in patent application No. 9/252,792, entitled ⁇ - Lactam-Like Chaperone Inhibitors, invented by Scott Hultgren/Fredrik Almqvist.
  • One such method involves the oxidation of pyridinium salts to the corresponding 2-pyridinones with ferricyanide under basic conditions. Although the synthesis is straightforward, the method is limited by the availability of the corresponding pyridinium salts. Many 2-pyridinone methodologies incorporate the Michael addition, the nucleophilic addition of carbanions to ⁇ , ⁇ - unsaturated ketones, as a key step in the formation of six-membered rings. Cycloaddition procedures have also been employed to synthesize 2-pyridinones.
  • Solid phase synthesis has been employed in the preparation of certain pyridinones.
  • solid phase synthesis possesses the additional advantage of the simplicity of purifying compounds produced by it in addition to the advantages of being regioselective and functional group tolerant.
  • Solid phase synthesis is particularly useful in the making of libraries for biological testing and biological uses; solid phase synthesis is amenable to the use of automation by machines.
  • the present invention provides a novel class of pyridinones which are effective in treating or preventing Gram-negative bacterial infections. These pyridinones are highly stable and easily derivatized. Without intending to be bound by any theory, applicants believe that the compounds of the invention exert their effects by interfering with the function of chaperones required for the assembly of pili from pilus subunits in diverse Gram-negative bacteria. Such interference is particularly effective since the formation of pili is essential to bacterial pathogenicity and since the production of the pilus subunits in the absence of chaperones is known to be directly toxic.
  • the novel pyridinones of the invention comprise pyridinones having the formula:
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , O, P, PO, PO 2 , CH 2 or CR 2 ;
  • R t comprises oxo;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(O
  • Pyridinones (C) and (E) of the present invention can be easily derivatized to further novel pyridinones having the formula:
  • R l5 R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and Z are as previously defined and R 5 comprises halogen, nitrile, C0 2 H, CH 2 NH 2 , cyclic CHN 4 a lactam, NO 2 , (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH) 2 E wherein E comprises COR, CO 2 R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • R comprises oxo
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(OY) 2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(OY) 2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted
  • CHN 4 a lactam, NO 2 , (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH) 2 E wherein E comprises COR, CO 2 R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • the invention is also directed to novel methods of synthesizing substituted 2- pyridinones (C) and (E).
  • the first of these methods is a preparation in solution reacting a Meldrum's acid derivative (A) (a derivative of 5-acyl-2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxane-4,6-dione) with imines (B) or (D) in acidic conditions.
  • the second of these methods is a solid phase synthesis in which a imine bound to a resin is prepared. A Meldrum's acid derivative is reacted with the resin bound imine in acidic conditions to form the pyridinone.
  • the invention is also directed to methods of derivatizing compounds (C) and (E) to form compounds (N) and (O) and methods of reducing compounds (C) and (E) to form compounds (Z) and (AA).
  • the invention is further directed to various compounds that are useful in the preparation of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives. These include an imine of the formula:
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , O, P, PO, PO 2 , CH 2 , or CR 2 ;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5: when m is between 3 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted ary
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , O, P, PO, PO 2 , CH 2 or CR 2 ;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5: when m is between 1 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, subsituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alky
  • the present invention provides pyridinones of the formula:
  • R comprises oxo;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2
  • pyridinones are highly stable and can be readily derivatized in a number of ways.
  • One such method of derivatization is a further substitution on the aromatic ring of the pyridinone.
  • the present invention also provides pyridinone derivatives having the formula:
  • R hindered R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and Z are as previously defined and R 5 comprises halogen, nitrile, C0 2 H, CH 2 NH 2 , cyclic CHN 4 a lactam, NO 2 ,
  • G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH) 2 E wherein E comprises COR, CO 2 R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • Pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) are readily formed from the derivatization of pyridinones (C) and (E).
  • the active forms of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives of the invention are those wherein the chirality of the carbon at R 4 is as illustrated in compounds (C) and (E) of page 9. However, in (E) when R 4 is COOH and Z is S the chirality of the carbon at R 4 is S. Furthermore, in (C) when R 4 is COOH and Z is S the chirality of the carbon at R 4 is R.
  • the same stereochemistry is retained in the analogous compounds and derivatives (although the designation (R or S) of the chirality at each position may be different depending on the specific substitutions made).
  • the invention also includes racemic mixtures which include the active stereoisomer as well as mixtures of the various diastereomers.
  • salts of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives possessing a carboxylic acid functionality are included in the invention, especially pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • Salts of carboxylic acids include those derived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, iron and similar salts. Also included are those salts derived from organic, especially nontoxic bases including primary amines such as ammonium, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion-exchange resins.
  • pyridinone refers to both pyridinones (C) and (E) and pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O), unless indicated otherwise.
  • R 4 is CO 2 H; test data indicates that those pyridinones possessing a carboxylic acid functionality are highly effective pilicides.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO 2 ; R t comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is 1 and D comprises heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO 2 ; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises phenyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO 2 ; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C, 0 aryl; R 3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
  • n is 0
  • Q comprises N
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • Z comprises S or SO 2
  • R comprises oxo
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C ]0 aryl
  • R 3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
  • m is 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO 2 , NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO 2 ; R ⁇ comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
  • m is 1 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO 2 , NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO 2 ; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
  • m is 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises SO 2 ; R t comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
  • m is 1 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO 2 , NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO 2 ; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
  • m is 1 and Q comprises N; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises SO 2 ; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises phenyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m wherein m is 0; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m wherein m is 0; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises phenyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises SO 2 ; R, comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises phenyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; R x comprises oxo, R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is 1 and A comprises C 10 aryl; R 3 comprises phenyl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • R 5 of pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) comprises halogen, nitrile or (CH) 2 E wherein E comprises CO 2 R and R comprises alkyl. More preferably, R 5 of pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) comprises bromine, nitrile or (CH) 2 E wherein E comprises CO 2 R and R comprises benzyl.
  • R j comprises oxo
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(OY) 2 wherein
  • the invention also provides reduced pyridinone derivative (AA) having the following formula which can be prepared by reducing pyridinone (E):
  • R_ comprises oxo
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(OY) 2 wherein
  • alkyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkyl containing from one to four carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 6 carbon atoms. They may be substituted, straight, branched chain or cyclic and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
  • alkenyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkenyl containing from two to four carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 6 carbon atoms. They may be substituted, straight, branched chain or cyclic and include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, hexenyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cydohexenyl and the like.
  • alkynyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkynyl containing from two to four carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 6 carbon atoms. They may be substituted, straight, or branched chain and include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, hexynyl and the like.
  • the aryl moieties described herein, either alone or with various substituents contain from 6 to 15 carbon atoms and include phenyl. Substituents include alkanoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino, amido, etc.
  • heteroaryl moieties described herein either alone or with various substituents, contain from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and include furans, thiophenes, indoles, furyl, pyridyl, thienyl, tryptophane and the like.
  • Substituents include alkanoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino and amido.
  • the substituents of the substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups and moieties described herein may be hydroxy alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroayl and or/ may contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, halogens and include, for example, lower alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, butoxy, halogen such as chloro or fluoro, nitro, amino, and keto.
  • natural number means a positive number including zero.
  • pilus As used herein the terms “pilus” or “pili” relate to fibrillar heteropolymeric structures protruding from the surface of the cell envelope of many tissue-adhering pathogenic bacteria, notably pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In the present specification the terms pilus and pili will be used interchangeably. A pilus is composed of a number of "pilus subunits" which constitute distinct functional parts of the intact pilus.
  • the term "chaperone” relates to a molecule which in living cells has the responsibility of binding to proteins in order to mature the proteins in a number of ways, such as the process of folding proteins into their native conformations, the process of assembly of pili structures, or the transport of proteins in the cell.
  • Specialized molecular chaperones are "periplasmic chaperones” which are bacterial molecular chaperones exerting their main actions in the "periplasmic space”.
  • the periplasmic space constitutes the space in between the inner and outer bacterial membrane. Periplasmic chaperones are involved in the process of correct assembly of intact pili structures.
  • the use of the term “chaperone” designates a molecular, periplasmic chaperone unless otherwise indicated.
  • treatment includes both prophylaxis and therapy.
  • the Meldrum's acid derivative is only presented in enol form. It is recognized, however, that the Meldrum's acid derivative exists as a tautomer.
  • the Meldrum's acid derivative may exist primarily in the enol form, primarily in the keto form, or in a mixture of both enol and keto forms depending on the solvent. All forms and mixtures thereof are intended to be included in the term "Meldrum's acid derivative" as used herein.
  • the term “acidic work-up” includes but is not limited to quenching with acid, such as acetic acid, washing the resulting mixture with water, and centrifugation to remove the precipitated product.
  • the present invention further provides two novel methods of synthesizing ring fused substituted 2-pyridinones. Synthesis may be done in solution and involves reacting a Meldrum's acid derivative and an imine in acidic conditions. Alternatively, a solid phase synthesis of the pyridinones is accomplished by preparing an imine bound to a solid substrate and adding a Meldrum's acid derivative in acidic conditions.
  • the pyridinones of the present invention can be synthesized by the following general reactions:
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , O, P, PO, PO 2 CH 2 , or CR 2 ;
  • R comprises oxo;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(OY)
  • Meldrum's acid derivative (A) is reacted in solution with imine (B) to form pyridinone (C).
  • Z comprises S or SO 2 , n is 1, A comprises aryl, m is 0, D comprises aryl, R 4 comprises C0 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen or alkyl. More preferably, Z comprises S, R comprises oxo, n is 1, A comprises napthyl, m is 0, D comprises phenyl, R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the invention also includes embodiments where Y comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • the process also comprises the further step of hydrolysis of the pyridinone.
  • the hydrolysis can be accomplished in basic conditions through the use of a base such as NaOH or KOH, and is usually followed by acidic work-up with an acid such as acetic acid or another suitable acid.
  • Meldrum's acid derivative (A) is reacted in solution with imine (D) to form pyridinone (E).
  • Z comprises S or SO 2 , n is 1 , A comprises aryl, m is 0, D comprises aryl, R 4 comprises C0 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen or alkyl. More preferably, Z comprises S, R, comprises oxo, n is 1, A comprises napthyl, m is 0, D comprises phenyl, R 4 comprises CO 2 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
  • the invention also includes embodiments where Y comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • the process also comprises the further step of hydrolysis of the pyridinone. This hydrolysis can be accomplished in basic conditions through the use of a base such as NaOH or KOH, and is usually followed by acidic work-up with an acid such as acetic acid or another suitable acid.
  • Reaction Scheme I illustrates the general reaction to form a pyridinone of type (C).
  • the Meldrum's acid derivative of formula (F) is reacted with the thiazoline of formula (G) to obtain the illustrative pyridinone of the invention, compound (H).
  • the Meldrum's acid derivative (F) of Reaction Schemes I and II is obtained by condensing an appropriate carboxylic acid with a Meldrum's acid as shown in Reaction Scheme III. 1) oxalyl ic chloride, benzene DMF (catalytic amount)
  • Reaction Scheme III The thiazoline derivative of Reaction Scheme I is prepared as shown in Reaction Scheme IV.
  • the Meldrum's acid derivative (F) used in Reaction Schemes I and II was prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme III.
  • the Meldrum's acid derivative used in Reaction Schemes I and II was prepared using conditions similar to those for other Meldrum's acid derivatives described in Yamamoto, Y. etal. Chem Pharm Bull (1987) 35: 1860- 1870, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the conditions set forth on page 1868 are most exemplary.
  • the thiazoline derivative (G) used in Reaction Scheme I was prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme IV. This preparation is based on one described in Meyers, A.I.; Witten, C.E.; Heterocycles, 1976, 4:1687-1692, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the hydrochloride salt of L-methyl cysteinate (L) was reacted with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) using the conditions set forth on page 1688 of the Meyers reference. Specifically, L-methyl cysteinate (L) was dissolved in dichloromethane and treated with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) in the presence of triethylamine.
  • the thiazoline derivative (I) used in Reaction Scheme II is prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme V. This preparation is based on one described in Meyers, A.I.; Witten, C.E.; Heterocycles, 1976, 4:1687-1692, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the hydrochloride salt of L-methyl homocysteinate (L) is reacted with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) using the conditions set forth on page 1688 of the Meyers reference. Specifically, L-methyl cysteinate (L) is dissolved in dichloromethane and treated with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) in the presence of triethylamine.
  • the solid phase synthesis of pyridinones involves generally a process for the synthesis of ring fused 2-pyridinones on a solid support wherein an imine bound to a solid substrate is prepared and a Meldrum's acid derivative is added in acidic conditions.
  • the process for the synthesis of ring fused 2-pyridinones on a solid support comprises the steps of: (a) coupling a protected amino acid to a solid support via an acid stable linker, (b) removing the protecting groups, (c) adding an iminoether to form an imine, and (d) adding a Meldrum's acid derivative in acidic conditions.
  • the solid support can be a resin such as a polystyrene resin or a functionalized polystyrene resin, such as a carboxypolystyrene resin, a tentagel S-bromide resin, or a PAM resin.
  • a resin such as a polystyrene resin or a functionalized polystyrene resin, such as a carboxypolystyrene resin, a tentagel S-bromide resin, or a PAM resin.
  • the solid support is an acid stable resin. More preferably the solid support is an acid stable HMBA-AM resin.
  • the amino acid can be homocysteine or cysteine or could be prepared from serine or homoserine.
  • the amino acid is cysteine.
  • the amino acid can be protected by various protecting groups for amino acids.
  • the amino acid protecting group is an acid labile protecting group.
  • Protecting groups for the amino group of the amino acid include but are not limited to t-butoxycarbonyl group (Boc), 2-(4-biphenylyl)propyl(2)oxycarbonyl
  • the preferred protecting group for the amino group is t-butoxycarbonyl group (Boc).
  • Protecting groups for the thiol group of the amino acid include but are not limited to tert-butyl ('Bu), acetamidomethyl (Acm), and triphenylmethyl(trityl) (Trt).
  • the prefened protecting group for the thiol group is triphenylmethyl(trityl) (Trt).
  • the protected amino acid is Boc-Cys(Trt)-OH.
  • amino acid and the iminoether are reacted in acidic conditions, but once formed the ring fused 2-pyridinone is cleaved from the solid support by the addition of an appropriate base, such as NaOH or CeCO 3 .
  • the iminoether of the solid phase synthesis has the following formula:
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • the Meldrum's acid derivative of the solid phase synthesis has the following formula:
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • the imine bound to a solid substrate has the following formula:
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , 0, P, PO, PO 2 , CH 2 , or CR 2
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • the ring fused 2-pyridinones formed by the solid phase synthesis have the following formula:
  • R comprises oxo
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 H.
  • n 0, A comprises alkyl, m is 0 and D comprises aryl. More preferably, n is 0, A comprises methyl, m is 0 and D comprises phenyl.
  • the pyridinones are made by the following steps: 1) Attachment of Boc-Cys(Trt)-OH to acid stable HMBA-AM resin to give A
  • Boc-Cys(Trt)-OH was attached to acid stable HMBA-AM resin by combining Boc-Cys(Trt)-
  • the acid labile protecting groups were removed by adding a mixture of TFA, thioanisol, and ethanedithiol followed by agitation.
  • TEA and phenyliminoether were added, followed by additional TEA.
  • the resin was then alternately rinsed with DMF and dichloromethane. This was followed by the addition of more phenyliminoether and TEA to yield the resin bound thiazoline.
  • the desired pyridinone G was cleaved from the resin by the addition of NaOH and THF, followed by rinsing of the resin and acidification and purification of the filtrate.
  • the present invention is also directed to intermediates useful in the synthesis of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives of the invention.
  • An imine of the formula below is provided:
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , 0, P, PO, PO 2 , CH 2 , or CR 2 ;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and when m is between 3 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , 0, P, PO, PO 2 , CH 2 , or CR 2 ;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and when m is between 1 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl,
  • thiazoline of the formula is provided:
  • pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) can be prepared from pyridinones (C) and (E). Also preparable from pyridinones (C) and (E) are reduced pyridinone derivatives (Z) and (AA).
  • One of the embodiments of the present invention includes the halogenation of the pyridinone at the position designated as R 5 by reacting pyridinone (C) or (E) with a halogenating agent to form a halogen substituted pyridinone derivative. Such a reaction is illustrated with pyridinone (C) in Reaction Scheme VI. A similar result in Reaction Scheme VI can be obtained for pyridinone (E).
  • Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , 0, P, PO, PO 2 CH 2 or CR 2 ;
  • R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
  • R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(OY) 2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl,
  • Possible halogens include chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and bromine.
  • the halogen comprises bromine or iodine.
  • Prefened halogenating agents include bromine and iodine monochloride.
  • the iodination of pyridinone (C) at the position designated as R 5 occurs by reacting pyridinone (C) with iodine monochloride by using a catalytic amount of ferrocenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate in the coexistence of DDQ or ZnO.
  • This iodination reaction is illustrated by a procedure described by Mukaiyama, T., Kitigawa, H., Matsuo, J.
  • a bromine substituted pyridinone derivative (P) can be further derivatized via an organometallic coupling to possess a conjugated ester, a conjugated ketone, a conjugated aldehyde, or a conjugated nitrile.
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme VII can be obtained for the corresponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • E comprises COR, CO 2 R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
  • E comprises C0 2 R wherein R comprises aryl. More preferably, E comprises C0 2 R wherein R comprises benzyl.
  • the organometallic coupling of (CH) 2 E to pyridinone derivative (P) is accomplished by heating Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (CH) 2 E, pyridinone derivative (P) and triethylamine to reflux
  • a pyridinone derivative (P) can be reacted with a cyanating agent to yield nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative (R).
  • R nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme VIII can be obtained for the corresponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • Reaction Scheme VIII wherein Z, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI.
  • Exemplary cyanating agents include but are not limited to CuCN and (Zn) 2 CN.
  • Pyridinone derivative (P) can be refluxed with CuCN in DMF for 16 hours.
  • FeCl 3 in HCI is then added to the mixture to produce pyridinone (R) after extraction and purification.
  • Nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative (R) can be hydrolyzed to form pyridinone derivative (S) possessing a carboxylic acid functionality as shown in Reaction Scheme IX.
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme IX can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • Reaction Scheme IX wherein Z, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI, however, of those pyridinone derivatives of (R) wherein R 4 is CO 2 Y and Y is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, R 4 of (S) may be CO 2 Y wherein Y is hydrogen.
  • the hydrolysis is accomplished using potassium hydroxide in ethanol solvent.
  • pyridinone derivative (S) is illustrated by a procedure described by Reidlinger, G.H., Hans, J., Synthesis 1991, 835-838, in their article describing the use of cyanonitropropenides as synthons for the preparation of nitropyridines, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the authors specifically describe the preparation of 6- amino-5-nitro-2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-carboxylic acid from 6-amino-2-methoxy-5- nitropyridin-3-methylester by dissolving 6-amino-2-methoxy-5-nitropyridin-3-methylester in a solution of potassium hydroxide in water and ethanol and heating for 1.5 hours at 70 degrees Celcius. After that, the solution was cooled, acidified with 10% HCI to pH 2, solidified, crystallized, and isolated by suction to form 6-amino-5-nitro-2-oxo-l,2- dihydropyridin-3-carboxylic acid.
  • Pyridinone derivative (S) can be reduced to form pyridinone derivative (T) as shown in Reaction Scheme X.
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme X can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • Reaction Scheme X wherein Z, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI.
  • the reduction of the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative (S) is accomplished by combining PtO 2 and the nitrile substituted pyridinone in dry ethanol and adding CHC1 3 . The combined reaction mixture is agitated under hydrogen pressure at room temperature for about 24 hours.
  • the preparation of pyridinone derivative (T) is illustrated by a procedure described by Clive D.L. J., Hisaindee, S., J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65: 4923-4929 in their synthesis of racemic brevioxime and related model compounds, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Pyridinone derivative (T) can be further functionalized to form pyridinone derivative (U) possessing a tetrasol at R 5 as shown in Reaction Scheme XI.
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme XI can be obtained for the corresponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • Reaction Scheme XI wherein Z, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI.
  • the further transformation is accomplished by reacting the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative with trimethylsilylazide and dibutyltin oxide in an organic solvent and heating the reaction mixture for 24-72 hours. Suitable organic solvents include toluene.
  • pyridinone derivative (U) in Reaction Scheme XI is illustrated by a procedure described by Wittenberger, S.J., and Dormer B.G. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58:4139-4141, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • dibutyltin oxide was added to a solution of the nitrile and trimethylsilylazide dissolved in toluene.
  • the resulting mixture was heated for 24-72 hours until the nitrile was consumed by the reaction.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated, extracted and filtered to yield the 5-substituted tetrazole.
  • Pyridinone derivative (P) can also be derivatized to pyridinone derivative (V) via organometallic coupling as shown in Reaction Scheme XII.
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme XII can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • Reaction Scheme XII wherein Z, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI, G is aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, and X is I, Br, or Cl.
  • organozinc halide reagents include organozinc iodide and organozinc bromide.
  • G, the organic component of the organozinc reagent include but are not limited to the following compounds:
  • the organometallic coupling is accomplished by reacting the halogenated pyridinone derivative with an organozink halide and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 in an organic solvent such as THF.
  • an organic solvent such as THF.
  • the preparation of pyridinone derivative (V) in Reaction Scheme XII is illustrated by the reaction of organozinc compounds with aryl and vinyl halides described by Zhu L., Wehmeyer, R., andRieke,R.J. Or . Chem. 1991, 56:1445-1453, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Pyridinone derivative (P) can also be derivatized to form pyridinone derivative (W) by the organometallic coupling of (trimethylsilyl)acetylene as shown in Reaction Scheme XIII.
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme XIII can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • Reagents for the organometallic coupling include PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 and Cul or other suitable organometallic reagents.
  • the organometallic coupling is accomplished by combining the halogenated pyridinone derivative with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene and triphenylphosphine, PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 and Cul and then heating at 120 degrees Celcius for 72 hours.
  • the preparation of pyridinone derivative (W) is illustrated by a procedure described by Padwa A., Sheehan S.M., and Straub C.S.,J Org.
  • Pyridinone derivative (P) can also be derivatized to form lactam substituted pyridinone derivative (X) by organometallic coupling as shown in Reaction Scheme XIV.
  • a similar result in Reaction Scheme XIV can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
  • Reagents for the organometallic coupling include palladium compounds or other appropriate organometallic reagents.
  • Preferred reagents for the organometallic coupling include palladium acetate(II).
  • the organometallic coupling is accomplished by heating the halogenated pyridinone derivative with palladium acetate(II), l,r-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene, sodium tert- butoxide, and a lactam in an organic solvent such as toluene under an inert atmosphere for around 48 hours.
  • pyridinone derivative (X) is illustrated by a procedure described by Shakespeare W., Tetrahedron Letters 1999, 40: 2035-2038 for the palladium- catalyzed coupling of lactams with bromobenzenes, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the author describes the preparation of 1 -phenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one by combining palladium acetate(II), l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-fenocene (DPPF), sodium tert-butoxide, a lactam, and a bromobenzene in toluene and heating in a sealed tube for 48 hours. After filtration and concentration, flash chromatography yielded the desired 1 -phenyl- pyrrolidin-2-one.
  • nitrating agents include but are not limited to nitric acid in a suitable solvent, such as acetic acid or acetic anhydride.
  • Prefened nitrating agents include nitric acid dissolved in acetic anhydride.
  • the preparation of pyridinone derivative (Y) is accomplished by reacting pyridinone (C) with nitric acid and acetic anhydride.
  • the preparation of pyridinone derivative (Y) is illustrated by a procedure described by Barker A., and Barker C, J. Org. Chem.
  • Reaction Scheme XVI wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO 2 , O, P, PO, PO 2 CH 2 or CR 2 ; R, comprises oxo; R 2 comprises (CH 2 ) n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R 3 comprises (CH 2 ) m D wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R 4 comprises CO 2 Y, B(OY) 2 , CHO, CH 2 OY, CH(CO 2 Y) 2 , PO(OY)
  • the reduction is accomplished by adding a catalytic amount of PtO 2 to a solution of the pyridinone in acetic acid and stirring under a hydrogen atmosphere of 90 psi for 2 hours. Reduction of aromatic moieties in the R 2 , R 3 and R 5 substituents is expected to result from the reduction procedure.
  • the preparation of pyridinone derivative (Z) is illustrated by a procedure described by Padwa A., Sheehan S.M., and Straub C.S., J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 8648-8659 for an isomunchnone-based method for the synthesis of highly substituted 2(1H)- pyridones, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the authors describe the preparation of 5-oxoindolizidine from 2,3-dihydro-5(lH)-indolizinone.
  • the specific preparation procedure employed by the authors involved the addition of a catalytic amount of PtO 2 to a solution of 2,3-dihydro-5(lH)-indolizinone in acetic acid.
  • the reaction mixture was stined under a hydrogen atmosphere of 90 degrees psi for 2 hours.
  • the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na j SO,, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the crude residue was subjected to flash silica gel chromatography to yield 5-oxoindolizidine.
  • Pyridinone derivatives (P) and (Y) are preparable from pyridinone (C) according to Reaction Scheme VI and Reaction Scheme XV, respectively. Furthermore, pyridinone derivatives (Q), (R), (V), (W) or (X) can be prepared from pyridinone derivative (P) according to the reaction schemes described above. Thus, any of pyridinone derivatives (Q), (R), (V), (W) or (X) can be prepared from an imine and a Meldrum's acid derivative via either the synthesis in solution or the solid phase synthesis of pyridinone (C) and derivatization of pyridinone (C) to pyridinone derivative (P).
  • any of pyridinone derivatives (S), (T), and (U) can be prepared from pyridinone derivative (P) via the further derivatization of pyridinone derivative (R). Therefore, each of pyridinone derivatives (S), (T), and (U) are also preparable from an imine and a Meldrum's acid derivative via either the synthesis in solution or the solid phase synthesis of pyridinone (C) and derivatization of pyridinone (C) to pyridinone derivative (P). Similar results in the above reaction schemes can be obtained for pyridinone (E) and the corresponding derivatives of pyridinone (E).
  • compositions Containing the Pyridinones and Methods of Use Containing the Pyridinones and Methods of Use
  • the present invention further provides antibacterial compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and methods to inhibit or prevent bacterial growth using the compounds of the invention as well as antibodies specific for them.
  • the compounds of the invention are effective in inhibiting a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. They can be employed in disinfectant compositions and as preservatives for a wide variety of materials that possess nutrients for bacterial organisms such as foodstuffs, cosmetics, and medicaments.
  • the compounds in the invention are supplied either as a single compound, in a mixture with several other compounds of the invention or in a mixture with additional antimicrobial agents.
  • the compounds of the invention can be formulated as pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions.
  • the compounds are formulated in ways consistent with the mode of administration, the subject to be treated, and the type of treatment desired, for example prevention, prophylaxis, therapy. A summary of these techniques is provided in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used alone or in combination with antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, and macrolides such as azithromycin and cephalosporins.
  • antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, and macrolides such as azithromycin and cephalosporins.
  • particular formulations of the compounds will vary formulated depending on the method by which they are to be administered to the affected areas.
  • Formulations may be prepared in a manner suitable for systemic administration or topical or local administration.
  • Systemic formulations include those designed for injection (e.g. intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection) or may be prepared for transdermal, transmucosal or oral administration.
  • the formulation will generally include a diluent as well as, in some instances, adjuvants, buffers, preservatives and the like.
  • the compounds can be administered also in liposomal compositions or as microemulsions.
  • formulations can be prepared in conventional forms as liquid solutions or suspensions or as solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection or as emulsions.
  • Suitable excipients include water, saline, dextrose, glycerol and the like.
  • compositions may also contain amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents such as sodium acetate and sorbitan monolaurate.
  • nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents such as sodium acetate and sorbitan monolaurate.
  • Suitable dosage forms for oral use include tablets, dispersable powders, granules, capsules, suspensions, syrups, and elixers.
  • Inert diluents and carriers for tablets include, for example, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose and talc. Tablets may also contain granulating and disintegrating agents such as starch and alginic acid, binding agents such as starch, gelatin and acacia, and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc.
  • Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by unknown techniques; e.g., to delay disintegration and absorption.
  • Inert diluents and carriers which may be used in capsules include, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and kaolin.
  • Suspensions, syrups and elixers may contain conventional excipients, for example, methyl cellulose, tragacanth, sodium alginate; wetting agents, such as lecithin and polyoxyethylene stearate; and preservatives, e.g. ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate.
  • the invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition containing the pyridinone, its derivatives or the salts thereof and one or more pharmacologically acceptable, inert or physiologically active diluents or adjuvants.
  • an effective amount of the compounds of the invention is that amount sufficient to inhibit pilus assembly in Gram-negative bacteria and thus to prevent or treat infection by such Gram-negative bacteria.
  • This effective amount is typically a dosage of 0.1-100 mg/kg.
  • dosage levels vary considerably depending on the nature of the infection, the condition of the patient and the frequency and method of administration.
  • an effective amount is considered to be that amount which inhibits pilus formation in Gram-negative bacteria and thus prevents bacterial colonization in that environment or surface. This amount will vary depending on the nature of the environment or surface.
  • Antibodies to the compounds of the invention may also be produced using standard immunological techniques for production of polyclonal antisera and, if desired, saving the antibody-producing cells of the immunized host for sources of monoclonal antibody production. Techniques for producing antibodies to any substance of interest are well known.
  • the immunogenicity of the substance may be enhanced by coupling the hap ten to a carrier.
  • Carriers useful for this purpose include substances which do not themselves elicit an immune response in the subject mammal. Common carriers used include keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) diptheria taxoid, serum albumin, and the viral coat protein of rotavirus, VP6. Coupling the hapten to the carrier is effected by standard techniques such as contacting the carrier with the peptide in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or through the use of linkers.
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • VP6 viral coat protein of rotavirus
  • the compounds of the invention in immunogenic form are then injected into a suitable mammalian host and antibody titers in the serum are monitored.
  • Polyclonal antisera may be harvested when titers are sufficiently high.
  • antibody-producing cells of the host such as spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes may be harvested and immortalized.
  • the immortalized cells are then cloned as individual colonies and screened for the production of the desired monoclonal antibodies.
  • the genes encoding monoclonal antibodies secreted by selected hybridomas or other cells may be recovered, manipulated if desired, for example, to provide multiple epitope specificity or to encode a single-chain form and may be engineered for expression in alternative host cells.
  • the present invention includes antibodies specifically immunoreactive with the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives of the present invention. Such antibodies can be used in immunoassays for the qualitative and quantitative detection of varying types of analytes of interest, such as antigens or hormones.
  • Antichaperone binding activity can be measured by any number of direct methods such as monitoring spectral changes in the compound and/or chaperone, or determining the extent of compound binding to immobilized chaperone or vice versa, or by indirect methods such as competition assays to determine the extent to which these compounds inhibit chaperone binding to target pilus subunits and/or derivative (Soto, et al., Embo J.. (1998) 17:6155; Karlsson et al., Bioorg Med Chem.
  • a Reconstitution Assay was performed to obtain the percentages of inhibition found in the table below.
  • various amounts of inhibitor were added to the chaperone and FimH and they were allowed to competitively inhibit, and the resulting material was run on a cation exchange column.
  • the resulting peak areas were compared to that of a control to determine the percentages of inhibition. This is accomplished by taking a chaperone adhesin complex such as a FimC -FimH complex and separating it by incubating it in 3 molar urea. It is then put over a cation exchange column to isolate FimH. The isolated
  • FimH is then mixed with free FimC and run over an ion exchange column to produce a peak conesponding to the concentration of the resulting reconstituted FimC-FimH complex.
  • the same procedure is followed in the presence of the subject compound being tested and the reduction of resulting peak area is conelated to the percentage of inhibition.
  • the Reconstitution Assay is applicable to any chaperone adhesin complex or chaperone pilin complex.
  • the subject compound (inhibitor tested as identified below) was mixed with chaperone at room temperature for 15 minutes.
  • the concentration of FimH used was 1 mg/ml of FimH in MES buffer.
  • the concentration of FimC used was 12 mg/ml of FimC in MES buffer.
  • FimC and FimH were in a 1 to 1 molar ratio in this assay.
  • the various inhibitor to FimC ratios and inhibitor to PapD ratios employed in the assay are shown in the table below. It is recognized that varying the above concentrations and conditions may result in different percent inhibition values.
  • PapD and FimC were investigated using a direct binding assay on BIACORE 3000.
  • PapD 50 g/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • FimC 50 g/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • Immobilization levels 4000-10 000 RU were obtained.
  • Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
  • the pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30 ⁇ M in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g Na 2 HPO 4 «2H 2 0, 1.7 G KH 2 PO 4 , 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H 2 O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched.
  • the compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 L/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time.
  • the surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycin ⁇ Cl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 : 1 mixture of DMSO and water.
  • the pyridinone was injected (flow rate was 30 L/min at 25 °C) at a concentration of 30 ⁇ M in triplicate.
  • PapD 50 ⁇ g/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • FimC 50 ⁇ g/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • Immobilization levels 4000-10 000 RU were obtained.
  • Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
  • the pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30 ⁇ M in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g N- ⁇ HPO ⁇ HA 1.7 G KH 2 PO 4 , 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H 2 O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched.
  • the compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 ⁇ L/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time.
  • the surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycin » HCl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 : 1 mixture of DMSO and water.
  • PapD and FimC were investigated using a direct binding assay on BIACORE 3000.
  • PapD 50 ⁇ g/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • FimC 50 ⁇ g/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • Immobilization levels 4000-10 000 RU were obtained.
  • Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
  • the pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30 ⁇ M in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g Na 2 HPO 4 « 2H 2 0, 1.7 G KH 2 PO 4 , 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H 2 O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched.
  • the compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 ⁇ L/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time.
  • the surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycin » HCl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 :1 mixture of DMSO and water.
  • PapD 50 ⁇ g/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • FimC 50 ⁇ g/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5
  • Immobilization levels 4000-10 000 RU were obtained.
  • Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
  • the pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30 ⁇ M in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g N- ⁇ HPO ⁇ H , 1.7 G KH 2 PO 4 , 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H 2 O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched.
  • the compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 ⁇ L/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time.
  • the surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycin » HCl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 : 1 mixture of DMSO and water.
  • HMBA-AM resin 5031 mg, capacity 1.16 mmol g, 0.58 mmol was allowed to swell in
  • CH 2 C1 2 (4 ml) was added to each RV containing swelled resin-bound cysteine TFA salt, TEA (40 ⁇ l) was added dropwise, and the mixture was agitated for 30min.
  • the CH 2 C1 2 and TEA were washed out, and phenyliminoether D (150 mg, 1.00 mmol) was added, followed by 4 ml CH 2 C1 2 and TEA (20 ⁇ l) and the mixture was agitated overnight.
  • the resin was washed three times with CH 2 C1 2 , three times with DMF and three additional times with CH 2 C1 2 .
  • the resin was swelled for 20min, and another 85 mg iminoether D and 20 ⁇ l TEA was added, followed by agitation for 5.5h and washing of the resin, which was used without further purification.
  • the desired pyridinone G was cleaved from the swelled resin by addition of 3 ml 1M NaOH and 1 ml THF to each RV, followed by agitation for lh.
  • the resin was filtrated and the filtrate was collected in a vial. The cleavage procedure was repeated twice.
  • the combined product collections were made acidic with amberlite IR- 120(H), which was filtered off and washed with methanol.
  • the filtrate was concentrated and the residue lyophilized to yield 40 mg (47% overall) of G as a bright yellow solid.
  • the spectroscopic data were identical to the conesponding 2-pyridinone prepared in solution.
  • Organozink iodide (2.16 mmol, in about 10 mL of THF) is transferred via a canula to a THF solution of 5 mol % Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (0.127 g, 0.11 mmol) and brominated 2-pyridinone (X g, 2.19 mmol) at room temperature under an argone atmosphere. The solution is then stirred for 3 h. The mixture is thereafter worked up by pouring it into a saturated NH 4 C1 aqueous solution (20 mL) and extracting with diethyl ether. The combined organic layers are dried over CaCl 2 . The organic extracts are filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue is subjected to flash silica gel chromatography to give the desired R 5 substituted 2-pyridinone.
  • 2-pyrrolidinone (151 ⁇ L, 2.0 mmol), brominated 2-pyridinone (X g, 3.0 mmol), 1,1 '- bis(diphenylphosphino)-fenocene (66 mg, 0.12 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (22 mg, 0.10 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (0.29 g, 3.0 mmol) in 10 mL of toluene under N 2 are heated in a sealed tube at 120 °C for 48 hr. The mixture is cooled to room temperature, filtered through Celite, and the filtrate concentrated onto silica gel. Flash chromatography then gives the lactam substituted 2-pyridinone.
  • a 2-pyridinone (1 g) is added during 10 min. to a stined mixture of nitric acid (95 %, 10 mL) and acetic anhydride (2.4 mL) at -12 °C. After 2 more minutes the solution is poured into ice- water, and the solid is removed, washed until acid-free and dried to give the desired nitrated 2-pyridinone.

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Abstract

Novel pyridinones and their derivatives which are effective in treating or preventing Gram-negative bacterial infections are provided. The pyridinones are stable and easily derivatized; the methods by which these derivatizations occur is described. Two regioselective and functional group tolerant methods for the synthesis of the novel pyridiones are also provided. One such sythetic method involves reacting an imine and a Meldrum's acid derivative in solution. The other synthetic method is a solid phase synthetis of the pyridiones in which an imine is prepared bound to a solid support and a Meldrum's acid derivative is reacted with the imine. Novel imine intermediates useful in the solid phase and solution methods of synthesizing the pyridiones are also described.

Description

PYRIDINONES TO TREAT AND PREVENT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS .
Cross-Reference To Related Applications
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/166,621 filed November 19, 1999.
Government Sponsorship
Statement of Rights to Inventions made under Federally Sponsored Research. The invention disclosed herein was made in part with Government support under Grant Number RO1 AI29549 awarded by the National Institute of Health. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
Field Of Invention
The invention relates to novel pyridinones useful for treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and to novel methods for synthesizing and using these pyridinones.
Background Art
Pili are hair-like adhesive organelles found on a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria that are employed to adhere to and colonize host tissues by binding to receptors in the host tissues. Pili are heteropolymeric surface fibers with an adhesive tip and consist of two major sub-assemblies, the pilus rod and the tip fibrillum. The pilus rod is a thick rigid rod made up of repeating subunits arranged in a right handed helical cylinder whereas the tip fibrillum is a thin, flexible tip fiber extending from the distal end of the pilus rod and is composed primarily of repeating subunits arranged in an open helical configuration. Periplasmic chaperones are involved in a molecular mechanism necessary for guiding biogenesis of adhesive organelles in Gram-negative bacteria. These periplasmic chaperones facilitate the assembly of competent complexes from subunits. The periplasmic chaperones are so critical to the functioning of the pili that in the absence of an interaction with the chaperone, pilus subunits aggregate and are proteolytically degraded. Pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria include organisms such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella enteriditis, Salmonella typhimirium, Bordetella pertussis, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enter ocolitica, Helicobacter pylori and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
The prevention or inhibition of normal pilus assembly in Gram-negative bacterium impacts the pathogenicity of the bacterium by preventing the bacterium from infecting host tissues. Drugs that interfere with the assembly of pili should effectively disable pathogens responsible for a wide variety of Gram-negative infections, such as those responsible for bladder, kidney and middle ear infections as well as food poisoning, gastric ulcers, diarrhea, meningitis, and other illnesses. Drugs that interfere with the assembly of pili are known collectively as pilicides.
One class of pilicides that has been developed are those with a β-lactam-like structure. These pilicides are described in patent application No. 9/252,792, entitled β- Lactam-Like Chaperone Inhibitors, invented by Scott Hultgren/Fredrik Almqvist.
Certain compounds noted for other structural components but containing 2- pyridinone substructures have been reported to possess medicinal properties. Some of these compounds are suggested to be antibacterial and antifungal agents and some are disclosed as free radical scavengers. Free radicals play a role in a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, connective tissue damage, inflammatory disorder and
CNS injury. See Zhang et al, Cyclobutenedione-Based Method for the Synthesis of Substituted 2-Pyridinones and Dihydro-2-pyridinones, J.Org.Chem. 1999, 64, 4042-4049; Casino vi, et al, A New Antibiotic Produced By A Strain of Aspergillus Flavipes, Tetrahedron Letters, No. 27, 3175-3178. N-substituted 2-pyridinones themselves have been employed as active ingredients for the therapy of fibrotic disease and have been evaluated as inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. Margolin, S.B. U.S. Patent 5,310,562. Some synthetic 2-pyridinones have also demonstrated high hypotensive or cardiotropic activity. Grontas, W.C., Stanga, M.A., Brobaker, M.J., Huang T.L., Moi, M.L., Carroll, R.T. J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 1106. The usefulness of these pyridinones has generated intense interest in the medical applications of pyridinones and consequently the synthesis of compounds containing a 2- pyridinone substructure has become increasingly important. However, N-substituted, 2- pyridinones have not previously been known to interfere with pilus formation in Gram- negative bacteria. A number of methods for the preparation of substituted 2-pyridinones have been reported in the literature and are known. One such method involves the oxidation of pyridinium salts to the corresponding 2-pyridinones with ferricyanide under basic conditions. Although the synthesis is straightforward, the method is limited by the availability of the corresponding pyridinium salts. Many 2-pyridinone methodologies incorporate the Michael addition, the nucleophilic addition of carbanions to α,β- unsaturated ketones, as a key step in the formation of six-membered rings. Cycloaddition procedures have also been employed to synthesize 2-pyridinones.
In Cyclobutenedione-Based Method for the Synthesis of Substituted 2-Pyridinones and Dihydro-2-pyridinones, J. Org. Chem. 64,11 :4042 authors Shijie Zhang and Lanny
Liebeskind report a synthesis of a 1,2 addition of N-Boc protected -amino carbanions to cyclobutenediones, subsequent methylation, and thermal ring expansion. Treatment with NBS/pyridine yielded the desired substituted 2-pyridinones.
Solid phase synthesis has been employed in the preparation of certain pyridinones. In Solid Phase Synthesis of 1 ,3,5-Trisubstituted Pyridin-2-ones, Tetrahedron Letters,
40(1999) 2227-2230 authors James A. Linn et al. report the solid phase synthesis of 1,3,5- trisubstituted pyridin-2-ones via selective NH-alkylation of 3-amino-5-carbomethoxy-lH- pyridin-2-one using a solid supported halo-acid. The synthesis proceeds by the coupling of 6-bromohexanoic acid to a Rink amine macrocrown to form a solid-supported 6- bromohexanamide. The solid-supported 6-bromohexanamide was used to alkylate 3- amino-5-carbomethoxy-lH-pyridin-2-one which was then reacted with diphenylacetic acid. Saponification of the resulting ester yielded a solid supported carboxylic acid. Treatment of the solid supported carboxylic acid with pentafluorophenol provided the pentafluorophenyl ester, which when treated with benzylamine was cleaved from the macrocrown to give the pyridinone. However, a solid phase synthesis procedure to produce ring fused 2-pyridinones has not yet been reported.
Many of the known methods of production of pyridinones create a racemic mixture of compounds rather than one enantiomer of the compound. Thus, although a number of synthetic routes to produce pyridinones are known, some of which are functional group tolerant, there is continuing interest in novel, straightforward, regioselective and functional group tolerant synthetic methods, due to the roles 2-pyridinones and compounds containing a 2-pyridinone substructure play in a variety of medical applications. Solid phase synthesis procedures specifically for the production of the pyridinone substructure are desirable because of the ability of this synthetic procedure to yield relatively pure compounds. Thus, solid phase synthesis possesses the additional advantage of the simplicity of purifying compounds produced by it in addition to the advantages of being regioselective and functional group tolerant. Solid phase synthesis is particularly useful in the making of libraries for biological testing and biological uses; solid phase synthesis is amenable to the use of automation by machines. The contents of all publications and U.S. patents and patent applications referred to hereinafter are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent necessary and to the same extent as though each were individually so incorporated.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention provides a novel class of pyridinones which are effective in treating or preventing Gram-negative bacterial infections. These pyridinones are highly stable and easily derivatized. Without intending to be bound by any theory, applicants believe that the compounds of the invention exert their effects by interfering with the function of chaperones required for the assembly of pili from pilus subunits in diverse Gram-negative bacteria. Such interference is particularly effective since the formation of pili is essential to bacterial pathogenicity and since the production of the pilus subunits in the absence of chaperones is known to be directly toxic. The novel pyridinones of the invention comprise pyridinones having the formula:
Figure imgf000005_0001
(C) (E)
and the salts thereof wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; Rt comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
Pyridinones (C) and (E) of the present invention can be easily derivatized to further novel pyridinones having the formula:
Figure imgf000006_0001
wherein Rl5 R2, R3, R4 and Z are as previously defined and R5 comprises halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
Furthermore, pyridinone (C) can be reduced to form compounds having the formula:
Figure imgf000007_0001
(Z)
wherein when Z comprises SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R5 comprises hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when Z comprises S, R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 comprises hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
Pyridinones (E) can be reduced to form compounds having the formula:
Figure imgf000008_0001
(AA) wherein when Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, or CR2; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R5 comprises hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when Z comprises CH2, R„ R2, R3, and R4 are as previously defined and R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic
CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
The invention is also directed to novel methods of synthesizing substituted 2- pyridinones (C) and (E). The first of these methods is a preparation in solution reacting a Meldrum's acid derivative (A) (a derivative of 5-acyl-2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxane-4,6-dione) with imines (B) or (D) in acidic conditions. The second of these methods is a solid phase synthesis in which a imine bound to a resin is prepared. A Meldrum's acid derivative is reacted with the resin bound imine in acidic conditions to form the pyridinone.
Figure imgf000009_0001
(A) (B) (C)
Figure imgf000009_0002
(A) (D) (E)
The invention is also directed to methods of derivatizing compounds (C) and (E) to form compounds (N) and (O) and methods of reducing compounds (C) and (E) to form compounds (Z) and (AA). The invention is further directed to various compounds that are useful in the preparation of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives. These include an imine of the formula:
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5: when m is between 3 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl; when m is 1 , D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and when m is 2, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2G, B(OY)2, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, CHO, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and another imine of the formula:
Figure imgf000011_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2 ; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5: when m is between 1 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, subsituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2 J, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2, CH2OY, CHO wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and J comprises methyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted methyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. In additional aspects the invention is directed to methods to inhibit or prevent bacterial growth using the compounds of the invention, to antibodies specific for such compounds and to antimicrobial compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds.
Detailed Description
The present invention provides pyridinones of the formula:
Figure imgf000012_0001
(C) (E) and the salts thereof wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2> CH2, or CR2; R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. These pyridinones are highly stable and can be readily derivatized in a number of ways. One such method of derivatization is a further substitution on the aromatic ring of the pyridinone. Thus, the present invention also provides pyridinone derivatives having the formula:
Figure imgf000013_0001
(N) (O) and the salts thereof wherein R„ R2, R3, R4 and Z are as previously defined and R5 comprises halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2,
(trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. Pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) are readily formed from the derivatization of pyridinones (C) and (E).
The active forms of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives of the invention are those wherein the chirality of the carbon at R4 is as illustrated in compounds (C) and (E) of page 9. However, in (E) when R4 is COOH and Z is S the chirality of the carbon at R4 is S. Furthermore, in (C) when R4 is COOH and Z is S the chirality of the carbon at R4 is R.
The same stereochemistry is retained in the analogous compounds and derivatives (although the designation (R or S) of the chirality at each position may be different depending on the specific substitutions made). The invention also includes racemic mixtures which include the active stereoisomer as well as mixtures of the various diastereomers.
The salts of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives possessing a carboxylic acid functionality are included in the invention, especially pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Salts of carboxylic acids include those derived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, iron and similar salts. Also included are those salts derived from organic, especially nontoxic bases including primary amines such as ammonium, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion-exchange resins. In the following embodiments pyridinone refers to both pyridinones (C) and (E) and pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O), unless indicated otherwise. Generally, in preferred embodiments of the pyridinone, R4 is CO2H; test data indicates that those pyridinones possessing a carboxylic acid functionality are highly effective pilicides.
In one embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO2; Rt comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 1 and D comprises heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
In another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO2; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
In an additional embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO2; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C,0 aryl; R3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
Figure imgf000014_0001
wherein m is 0-4, Q comprises N; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen. In still another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO2; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C]0 aryl; R3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
Figure imgf000014_0002
wherein m is 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
In yet another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO2; R{ comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
Figure imgf000015_0001
wherein m is 1 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
In an additional embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO2; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
Figure imgf000015_0002
wherein m is 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
In another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises SO2; Rt comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
Figure imgf000016_0001
wherein m is 1 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
In still another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S or SO2; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises a heteroaryl of the structure:
Figure imgf000016_0002
wherein m is 1 and Q comprises N; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
In an additional embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises SO2; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
In another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)m wherein m is 0; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
In another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)m wherein m is 0; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen. In another embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises SO2; R, comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
In a more prefened embodiment of the invention the pyridinone possesses the following substituents: Z comprises S; Rx comprises oxo, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
Preferably, R5 of pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) comprises halogen, nitrile or (CH)2E wherein E comprises CO2R and R comprises alkyl. More preferably, R5 of pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) comprises bromine, nitrile or (CH)2E wherein E comprises CO2R and R comprises benzyl.
An additional way in which the pyridinones of the invention can be derivatized is by reduction of the aromatic ring of the pyridinone (C) or (E). The present invention therefore provides reduced pyridinone derivative (Z) having the following formula which can be prepared by reducing pyridinone (C):
Figure imgf000017_0001
(Z) wherein when Z comprises SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; Rj comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when Z comprises S, R] is oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises
CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
The invention also provides reduced pyridinone derivative (AA) having the following formula which can be prepared by reducing pyridinone (E):
Figure imgf000018_0001
(AA) wherein when Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, or CR2; R_ comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when Z comprises CH2, R„ R2, R3, and R4 are as previously defined and R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
Definitions
The alkyl groups described herein, either alone or with the various substituents defined herein are preferably lower alkyl containing from one to four carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 6 carbon atoms. They may be substituted, straight, branched chain or cyclic and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
The alkenyl groups described herein, either alone or with the various substituents defined herein are preferably lower alkenyl containing from two to four carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 6 carbon atoms. They may be substituted, straight, branched chain or cyclic and include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, hexenyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cydohexenyl and the like. The alkynyl groups described herein, either alone or with the various substituents defined herein are preferably lower alkynyl containing from two to four carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 6 carbon atoms. They may be substituted, straight, or branched chain and include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, hexynyl and the like. The aryl moieties described herein, either alone or with various substituents, contain from 6 to 15 carbon atoms and include phenyl. Substituents include alkanoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino, amido, etc.
The heteroaryl moieties described herein, either alone or with various substituents, contain from 5 to 15 carbon atoms and include furans, thiophenes, indoles, furyl, pyridyl, thienyl, tryptophane and the like. Substituents include alkanoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino and amido.
The substituents of the substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups and moieties described herein, may be hydroxy alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroayl and or/ may contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, halogens and include, for example, lower alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, butoxy, halogen such as chloro or fluoro, nitro, amino, and keto.
As used herein natural number means a positive number including zero.
As used herein the terms "pilus" or "pili" relate to fibrillar heteropolymeric structures protruding from the surface of the cell envelope of many tissue-adhering pathogenic bacteria, notably pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In the present specification the terms pilus and pili will be used interchangeably. A pilus is composed of a number of "pilus subunits" which constitute distinct functional parts of the intact pilus.
As used herein the term "chaperone" relates to a molecule which in living cells has the responsibility of binding to proteins in order to mature the proteins in a number of ways, such as the process of folding proteins into their native conformations, the process of assembly of pili structures, or the transport of proteins in the cell. Specialized molecular chaperones are "periplasmic chaperones" which are bacterial molecular chaperones exerting their main actions in the "periplasmic space". The periplasmic space constitutes the space in between the inner and outer bacterial membrane. Periplasmic chaperones are involved in the process of correct assembly of intact pili structures. When used herein, the use of the term "chaperone" designates a molecular, periplasmic chaperone unless otherwise indicated.
As used herein, "treatment" includes both prophylaxis and therapy.
Throughout the application the Meldrum's acid derivative is only presented in enol form. It is recognized, however, that the Meldrum's acid derivative exists as a tautomer. The Meldrum's acid derivative may exist primarily in the enol form, primarily in the keto form, or in a mixture of both enol and keto forms depending on the solvent. All forms and mixtures thereof are intended to be included in the term "Meldrum's acid derivative" as used herein.
As used herein the term "acidic work-up" includes but is not limited to quenching with acid, such as acetic acid, washing the resulting mixture with water, and centrifugation to remove the precipitated product.
Synthesis of Pyridinones
The present invention further provides two novel methods of synthesizing ring fused substituted 2-pyridinones. Synthesis may be done in solution and involves reacting a Meldrum's acid derivative and an imine in acidic conditions. Alternatively, a solid phase synthesis of the pyridinones is accomplished by preparing an imine bound to a solid substrate and adding a Meldrum's acid derivative in acidic conditions.
Pyridinone Synthesis In Solution
The pyridinones of the present invention can be synthesized by the following general reactions:
Figure imgf000022_0001
(A) (B) (C)
Figure imgf000022_0002
(A) (D) (E)
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2 CH2, or CR2; R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. In one embodiment of the invention Meldrum's acid derivative (A) is reacted in solution with imine (B) to form pyridinone (C). Preferably, Z comprises S or SO2, n is 1, A comprises aryl, m is 0, D comprises aryl, R4 comprises C02Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen or alkyl. More preferably, Z comprises S, R comprises oxo, n is 1, A comprises napthyl, m is 0, D comprises phenyl, R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
The invention also includes embodiments where Y comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. In these embodiments the process also comprises the further step of hydrolysis of the pyridinone. The hydrolysis can be accomplished in basic conditions through the use of a base such as NaOH or KOH, and is usually followed by acidic work-up with an acid such as acetic acid or another suitable acid.
In another embodiment of the invention Meldrum's acid derivative (A) is reacted in solution with imine (D) to form pyridinone (E). Preferably, Z comprises S or SO2, n is 1 , A comprises aryl, m is 0, D comprises aryl, R4 comprises C02 Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen or alkyl. More preferably, Z comprises S, R, comprises oxo, n is 1, A comprises napthyl, m is 0, D comprises phenyl, R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
The invention also includes embodiments where Y comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. In those embodiments the process also comprises the further step of hydrolysis of the pyridinone. This hydrolysis can be accomplished in basic conditions through the use of a base such as NaOH or KOH, and is usually followed by acidic work-up with an acid such as acetic acid or another suitable acid.
Reaction Scheme I illustrates the general reaction to form a pyridinone of type (C). As shown in Reaction Scheme I, the Meldrum's acid derivative of formula (F) is reacted with the thiazoline of formula (G) to obtain the illustrative pyridinone of the invention, compound (H).
Figure imgf000024_0001
(F) (G)
Figure imgf000024_0002
(H)
Reaction Scheme I HCI (g ) , dry benzene
5°C 30 minutes, then 60° for 3 h
Figure imgf000025_0001
(F) (I)
Figure imgf000025_0002
(J)
Reaction Scheme II
The Meldrum's acid derivative (F) of Reaction Schemes I and II is obtained by condensing an appropriate carboxylic acid with a Meldrum's acid as shown in Reaction Scheme III. 1) oxalyl ic chloride, benzene DMF (catalytic amount)
2) Meldrum's acid, DMAP,
CH2CI2 0βC to room temperature
Figure imgf000026_0001
Figure imgf000026_0002
(F)
Reaction Scheme III The thiazoline derivative of Reaction Scheme I is prepared as shown in Reaction Scheme IV.
Figure imgf000026_0003
(K) (L) (G)
Reaction Scheme IN
The thiazoline derivative of Reaction Scheme II is prepared as shown in Reaction Scheme V.
Figure imgf000027_0001
(K) (M) (I)
Reaction Scheme V
The Meldrum's acid derivative (F) used in Reaction Schemes I and II was prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme III. The Meldrum's acid derivative used in Reaction Schemes I and II was prepared using conditions similar to those for other Meldrum's acid derivatives described in Yamamoto, Y. etal. Chem Pharm Bull (1987) 35: 1860- 1870, which is herein incorporated by reference. The conditions set forth on page 1868 are most exemplary.
The thiazoline derivative (G) used in Reaction Scheme I was prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme IV. This preparation is based on one described in Meyers, A.I.; Witten, C.E.; Heterocycles, 1976, 4:1687-1692, which is herein incorporated by reference. The hydrochloride salt of L-methyl cysteinate (L) was reacted with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) using the conditions set forth on page 1688 of the Meyers reference. Specifically, L-methyl cysteinate (L) was dissolved in dichloromethane and treated with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction mixture was heated from 0° C to 40° C. An alternative way of synthesizing thiazoline derivatives would be as described by Almqvist, F.; Guillaume, D.; Hultgren S.J.; Marshall, G.R. Tetrahedron
Lett. 1998, 29:2293-2294, which is herein incorporated by reference.
The thiazoline derivative (I) used in Reaction Scheme II is prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme V. This preparation is based on one described in Meyers, A.I.; Witten, C.E.; Heterocycles, 1976, 4:1687-1692, which is herein incorporated by reference. The hydrochloride salt of L-methyl homocysteinate (L) is reacted with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) using the conditions set forth on page 1688 of the Meyers reference. Specifically, L-methyl cysteinate (L) is dissolved in dichloromethane and treated with ethyl benzylimidate hydrochloride (K) in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction mixture is heated from 0° C to 40° C. An alternative way of synthesizing thiazoline derivatives would be as described by Almqvist, F.; Guillaume, D.; Hultgren S.J.; Marshall, G.R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 29:2293-2294, which is herein incorporated by reference.
In a more detailed look at Reaction Scheme I, gaseous HCI was passed into an ice cold solution (5°-15 °C) of the Meldrum's acid derivative (F) containing the thiazoline derivative (G) in 30 ml of dry benzene until saturation. The resulting mixture was heated (2-4 hours) and then cooled to room temperature to form the illustrative pyridinone of the invention, compound (H).
In a more detailed look at Reaction Scheme II, gaseous HCI was passed into an ice cold solution (5°-15°C) of the Meldrum's acid derivative (F) containing the thiazoline derivative (I) in 30 ml of dry benzene until saturation. The resulting mixture was heated (2-4 hours) and then cooled to room temperature to form the illustrative pyridinone of the invention, compound (J).
In a preferred process for preparing a pyridinone of type (C) of the invention a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000028_0001
and thiazoline having the following structure:
Figure imgf000028_0002
are dissolved in a solvent and cooled to 5 °-15 °C. A Lewis Acid is added to the mixture for 15-45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000029_0001
which is then hydrolyzed in basic conditions followed by acidic work-up to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000029_0002
In a more prefened process for preparing a pyridinone of type (C) of the invention a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000030_0001
and thiazoline having the following structure:
Figure imgf000030_0002
are dissolved in benzene and cooled to 5°-15°C. HCI gas is bubbled through the mixture for 15-45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000030_0003
which is then hydrolyzed using sodium hydroxide followed by quenching with acetic acid to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000031_0001
In a preferred process for preparing a pyridinone of type (E) of the invention a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000031_0002
and thiazoline having the structure:
Figure imgf000032_0001
are dissolved in a solvent and cooled to 5 °-l 5 °C. A Lewis Acid is added to the mixture for 15-45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a novel pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000032_0002
which is then hydrolyzed in basic conditions, followed by acidic work-up to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000033_0001
In a more prefened process for preparing a pyridinone of the invention a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000033_0002
and thiazoline having the structure:
Figure imgf000033_0003
are dissolved in benzene and cooled to 5°-15°C. HCI gas is bubbled through the mixture for 15-45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a novel pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000034_0001
which is then hydrolyzed using sodium hydroxide, followed by quenching with acetic acid to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000034_0002
Solid Phase Synthesis of Pyridinones
The solid phase synthesis of pyridinones involves generally a process for the synthesis of ring fused 2-pyridinones on a solid support wherein an imine bound to a solid substrate is prepared and a Meldrum's acid derivative is added in acidic conditions. Preferably the process for the synthesis of ring fused 2-pyridinones on a solid support, comprises the steps of: (a) coupling a protected amino acid to a solid support via an acid stable linker, (b) removing the protecting groups, (c) adding an iminoether to form an imine, and (d) adding a Meldrum's acid derivative in acidic conditions.
The solid support can be a resin such as a polystyrene resin or a functionalized polystyrene resin, such as a carboxypolystyrene resin, a tentagel S-bromide resin, or a PAM resin. Preferably the solid support is an acid stable resin. More preferably the solid support is an acid stable HMBA-AM resin.
The amino acid can be homocysteine or cysteine or could be prepared from serine or homoserine. Preferably the amino acid is cysteine. The amino acid can be protected by various protecting groups for amino acids. Preferably, the amino acid protecting group is an acid labile protecting group. Protecting groups for the amino group of the amino acid include but are not limited to t-butoxycarbonyl group (Boc), 2-(4-biphenylyl)propyl(2)oxycarbonyl
(Bpoc), and 9-fluoroenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc). The preferred protecting group for the amino group is t-butoxycarbonyl group (Boc). Protecting groups for the thiol group of the amino acid include but are not limited to tert-butyl ('Bu), acetamidomethyl (Acm), and triphenylmethyl(trityl) (Trt). The prefened protecting group for the thiol group is triphenylmethyl(trityl) (Trt). Most preferably, the protected amino acid is Boc-Cys(Trt)-OH.
The amino acid and the iminoether are reacted in acidic conditions, but once formed the ring fused 2-pyridinone is cleaved from the solid support by the addition of an appropriate base, such as NaOH or CeCO3.
The iminoether of the solid phase synthesis has the following formula:
Figure imgf000035_0001
wherein R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. The Meldrum's acid derivative of the solid phase synthesis has the following formula:
Figure imgf000036_0001
wherein R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
The imine bound to a solid substrate has the following formula:
Figure imgf000036_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, 0, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2, R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
The ring fused 2-pyridinones formed by the solid phase synthesis have the following formula:
Figure imgf000037_0001
wherein
R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises CO2H.
In the pyridinones prepared by the solid phase synthesis, preferably, n is 0, A comprises alkyl, m is 0 and D comprises aryl. More preferably, n is 0, A comprises methyl, m is 0 and D comprises phenyl.
In a more preferred embodiment of the solid phase synthesis the pyridinones are made by the following steps: 1) Attachment of Boc-Cys(Trt)-OH to acid stable HMBA-AM resin to give A
Figure imgf000037_0002
*t
Boc-Cys(Trt)-OH was attached to acid stable HMBA-AM resin by combining Boc-Cys(Trt)-
OH with Melm and l-(Mesitylene-2-sulfonyl)-3-nitro-l H-1, 2, 4-triazole (MSNT) and agitating. 2) Deprotection of the acid labile protecting groups to give B
Figure imgf000038_0001
The acid labile protecting groups were removed by adding a mixture of TFA, thioanisol, and ethanedithiol followed by agitation.
3) Preparation of resin bound Δ2-thiazoline to give C
Figure imgf000038_0002
TEA and phenyliminoether were added, followed by additional TEA. The resin was then alternately rinsed with DMF and dichloromethane. This was followed by the addition of more phenyliminoether and TEA to yield the resin bound thiazoline.
4) Preparation of resin bound 2-pyridinone, E
Figure imgf000038_0003
Meldrum's acid derivative was added followed by HCl-saturated benzene. This was followed by agitation of the mixture and washing of the resin. This sequence of steps was repeated several times to yield the resin bound 2-pyridinone. 5) Cleavage from the resin to give the 2-pyridinone G
Figure imgf000039_0001
The desired pyridinone G was cleaved from the resin by the addition of NaOH and THF, followed by rinsing of the resin and acidification and purification of the filtrate.
Intermediates Useful In The Synthesis Of Pyridinones Imine
The present invention is also directed to intermediates useful in the synthesis of the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives of the invention. An imine of the formula below is provided:
Figure imgf000039_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, 0, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and when m is between 3 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and when m is 1, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and when m is 2, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2G, B(OY)2, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, CHO, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl useful in the preparation of pyridinone (C) and pyridinone derivatives (N) and (Z) of the invention. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a thiazoline of the formula is provided:
Figure imgf000040_0001
In an additional aspect of the invention an imine of the following formula is provided:
Figure imgf000040_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, 0, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and when m is between 1 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2J, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2, CH2OY, CHO, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and J comprises methyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted methyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl useful in the preparation of pyridinone (E) and pyridinone derivatives (O) and (AA) of the invention.
In a prefened embodiment of the invention, a thiazoline of the formula is provided:
Figure imgf000041_0001
Derivatization Of Pyridinones (C) And CE)
In an additional aspect of the invention pyridinone derivatives (N) and (O) can be prepared from pyridinones (C) and (E). Also preparable from pyridinones (C) and (E) are reduced pyridinone derivatives (Z) and (AA). One of the embodiments of the present invention includes the halogenation of the pyridinone at the position designated as R5 by reacting pyridinone (C) or (E) with a halogenating agent to form a halogen substituted pyridinone derivative. Such a reaction is illustrated with pyridinone (C) in Reaction Scheme VI. A similar result in Reaction Scheme VI can be obtained for pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000042_0001
(C) (P)
Reaction Scheme VI
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, 0, P, PO, PO2 CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 comprises halogen.
Possible halogens include chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and bromine. Preferably, the halogen comprises bromine or iodine. Prefened halogenating agents include bromine and iodine monochloride. The bromination of pyridinone (C) at the position designated as R5 can occur by the addition of Br2 to a solution of pyridinone (C) in acetic acid and agitation at room temperature for 4 hours. The iodination of pyridinone (C) at the position designated as R5 occurs by reacting pyridinone (C) with iodine monochloride by using a catalytic amount of ferrocenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate in the coexistence of DDQ or ZnO. This iodination reaction is illustrated by a procedure described by Mukaiyama, T., Kitigawa, H., Matsuo, J. Tetrahedron Letters 2000, 835-838, in their article describing aromatic iodination with iodine monochloride by using a catalytic amount of fenocenium tetrakis(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The authors specifically describe the direct iodination reaction of aromatic compounds with 1.1 to 2.0 molar amounts of IC1 by using 5 mol% of Cp2FeB[3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]4 in the coexistence of DDQ or ZnO. Halogen substituted pyridinone (P) can be further derivatized to possess different functionalities at R5. As shown in Reaction Scheme VII a bromine substituted pyridinone derivative (P) can be further derivatized via an organometallic coupling to possess a conjugated ester, a conjugated ketone, a conjugated aldehyde, or a conjugated nitrile. A similar result in Reaction Scheme VII can be obtained for the corresponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000043_0001
(P) (Q)
Reaction Scheme VII
wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI , E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. Preferably, E comprises C02R wherein R comprises aryl. More preferably, E comprises C02R wherein R comprises benzyl. The organometallic coupling of (CH)2E to pyridinone derivative (P) is accomplished by heating Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (CH)2E, pyridinone derivative (P) and triethylamine to reflux As shown in Reaction Scheme VIII a pyridinone derivative (P) can be reacted with a cyanating agent to yield nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative (R). A similar result in Reaction Scheme VIII can be obtained for the corresponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000044_0001
(P) (R)
Reaction Scheme VIII wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI. Exemplary cyanating agents include but are not limited to CuCN and (Zn)2CN. Pyridinone derivative (P) can be refluxed with CuCN in DMF for 16 hours. FeCl3 in HCI is then added to the mixture to produce pyridinone (R) after extraction and purification.
Nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative (R) can be hydrolyzed to form pyridinone derivative (S) possessing a carboxylic acid functionality as shown in Reaction Scheme IX. A similar result in Reaction Scheme IX can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000044_0002
(R) (S)
Reaction Scheme IX wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI, however, of those pyridinone derivatives of (R) wherein R4 is CO2Y and Y is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, R4 of (S) may be CO2Y wherein Y is hydrogen. The hydrolysis is accomplished using potassium hydroxide in ethanol solvent. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (S) is illustrated by a procedure described by Reidlinger, G.H., Hans, J., Synthesis 1991, 835-838, in their article describing the use of cyanonitropropenides as synthons for the preparation of nitropyridines, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The authors specifically describe the preparation of 6- amino-5-nitro-2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-carboxylic acid from 6-amino-2-methoxy-5- nitropyridin-3-methylester by dissolving 6-amino-2-methoxy-5-nitropyridin-3-methylester in a solution of potassium hydroxide in water and ethanol and heating for 1.5 hours at 70 degrees Celcius. After that, the solution was cooled, acidified with 10% HCI to pH 2, solidified, crystallized, and isolated by suction to form 6-amino-5-nitro-2-oxo-l,2- dihydropyridin-3-carboxylic acid.
Pyridinone derivative (S) can be reduced to form pyridinone derivative (T) as shown in Reaction Scheme X. A similar result in Reaction Scheme X can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000045_0001
(S) (T)
Reaction Scheme X wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI. The reduction of the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative (S) is accomplished by combining PtO2 and the nitrile substituted pyridinone in dry ethanol and adding CHC13. The combined reaction mixture is agitated under hydrogen pressure at room temperature for about 24 hours. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (T) is illustrated by a procedure described by Clive D.L. J., Hisaindee, S., J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65: 4923-4929 in their synthesis of racemic brevioxime and related model compounds, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The authors describe the preparation of 3-[[Dimethyl(l, l-dimethylethyl)silyl]oxy]-4,4- dimethoxybutanamine Hydrochloride from 3-[[Dimethyl(l,l-dimethylethyl)silyl]oxy]-4,4- dimethoxybutanenitrile. A solution of 3-[[Dimethyl(l,l-dimethylethyl)silyl]oxy]-4,4- dimethoxybutanenitrile in dry ethanol was added to a suspension of Adam's catalyst in dry ethanol, followed by the addition of bench CHC13. The mixture was shaken under hydrogen at room temperature for 24 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was kept under oil pump vacuum for 24 hours to give 3-[[Dimethyl(l,l-dimethylethyl)silyl]oxy]-4,4- dimethoxybutanamine.
Pyridinone derivative (T) can be further functionalized to form pyridinone derivative (U) possessing a tetrasol at R5 as shown in Reaction Scheme XI. A similar result in Reaction Scheme XI can be obtained for the corresponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000046_0001
(T) (U)
Reaction Scheme XI wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI. The further transformation is accomplished by reacting the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative with trimethylsilylazide and dibutyltin oxide in an organic solvent and heating the reaction mixture for 24-72 hours. Suitable organic solvents include toluene. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (U) in Reaction Scheme XI is illustrated by a procedure described by Wittenberger, S.J., and Dormer B.G. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58:4139-4141, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The authors report a novel method for the preparation of 5- substituted tetrazoles from nitriles through the use of trimethylsilyl azide in the presence of catalytic dialkyltin oxide. In a typical procedure for the production of the 5-substituted tetrazoles, dibutyltin oxide was added to a solution of the nitrile and trimethylsilylazide dissolved in toluene. The resulting mixture was heated for 24-72 hours until the nitrile was consumed by the reaction. The reaction mixture was concentrated, extracted and filtered to yield the 5-substituted tetrazole.
Pyridinone derivative (P) can also be derivatized to pyridinone derivative (V) via organometallic coupling as shown in Reaction Scheme XII. A similar result in Reaction Scheme XII can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000047_0001
(P) (V)
Reaction Scheme XII wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI, G is aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, and X is I, Br, or Cl. Examples of organozinc halide reagents include organozinc iodide and organozinc bromide. Examples of G, the organic component of the organozinc reagent, include but are not limited to the following compounds:
Figure imgf000047_0002
EtO2C(CH2)3
The organometallic coupling is accomplished by reacting the halogenated pyridinone derivative with an organozink halide and Pd(PPh3)4 in an organic solvent such as THF. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (V) in Reaction Scheme XII is illustrated by the reaction of organozinc compounds with aryl and vinyl halides described by Zhu L., Wehmeyer, R., andRieke,R.J. Or . Chem. 1991, 56:1445-1453, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The authors report that highly reactive zinc, prepared by the lithium naphthalenide reduction of ZnCl2, readily undergoes oxidative addition to aryl halides under mild conditions to generate the corresponding organozinc compounds in excellent yields. The authors noted that the reaction is tolerant to a wide variety of functional groups on the aryl halides, indicating the broad applicability of the procedure. In a typical procedure for the reaction of GZnX with aryl halides the authors describe the addition of the GZnl reagent in THF solvent via cannula to a solution of 5 mol % Pd(PPh3) and the aryl halide at room temperature under an argon atmosphere. The solution is stined for 3 hours and then worked up. The work-up procedure involves pouring the solution into a saturated NH4C1 aqueous solution and extracting with diethylether. The combined organic layers can be dried over anhydrous CaCl2 and purified by flash chromatography.
Pyridinone derivative (P) can also be derivatized to form pyridinone derivative (W) by the organometallic coupling of (trimethylsilyl)acetylene as shown in Reaction Scheme XIII. A similar result in Reaction Scheme XIII can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000048_0001
(P) (W)
Reaction Scheme XIII wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI. Reagents for the organometallic coupling include PdCl2(PPh3)2 and Cul or other suitable organometallic reagents. The organometallic coupling is accomplished by combining the halogenated pyridinone derivative with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene and triphenylphosphine, PdCl2(PPh3)2and Cul and then heating at 120 degrees Celcius for 72 hours. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (W) is illustrated by a procedure described by Padwa A., Sheehan S.M., and Straub C.S.,J Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 8648-8659 for an isomunchnone-based method for the synthesis of highly substituted 2(lH)-pyridones, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The authors describe the palladium catalyzed coupling of (trimethylsilyl)acetylene with a triflate to provide a (trimethylsilyl)acetylene substituted compound. The specific preparation procedure employed by the authors involved the addition of Cul, followed by PdCl2(PPh3)2 to a solution containing triphenylphosphine in triethylamine. To this solution was added (trimethylsilyl)acetylene in toluene followed by the addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid 8-phenylsulfonyl-5-oxo- 1 ,2,3,5-tetrahydroindolizin-6-yl ester. The mixture was heated at 115 degrees Celcius for 1 hour, cooled to room temperature, poured into ice water, extracted with CH2C12, washed with brine, and dried over N ^O^ The organic extracts were filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was subjected to flash silica gel chromatography to yield 8-phenylsulfonyl-6- trimethylsilanylethynyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indolizin-5-one.
Pyridinone derivative (P) can also be derivatized to form lactam substituted pyridinone derivative (X) by organometallic coupling as shown in Reaction Scheme XIV. A similar result in Reaction Scheme XIV can be obtained for the conesponding derivative of pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000049_0001
(P) (X)
Reaction Scheme XIV wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI. Reagents for the organometallic coupling include palladium compounds or other appropriate organometallic reagents. Preferred reagents for the organometallic coupling include palladium acetate(II). The organometallic coupling is accomplished by heating the halogenated pyridinone derivative with palladium acetate(II), l,r-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene, sodium tert- butoxide, and a lactam in an organic solvent such as toluene under an inert atmosphere for around 48 hours. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (X) is illustrated by a procedure described by Shakespeare W., Tetrahedron Letters 1999, 40: 2035-2038 for the palladium- catalyzed coupling of lactams with bromobenzenes, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The author describes the preparation of 1 -phenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one by combining palladium acetate(II), l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-fenocene (DPPF), sodium tert-butoxide, a lactam, and a bromobenzene in toluene and heating in a sealed tube for 48 hours. After filtration and concentration, flash chromatography yielded the desired 1 -phenyl- pyrrolidin-2-one.
As shown in Reaction Scheme XV pyridinone (C) is reacted with a nitrating agent to yield nitrated pyridinone derivative (Y). A similar result in Reaction Scheme XV can be obtained for pyridinone (E).
iMggtt
Figure imgf000050_0001
Figure imgf000050_0002
(C) (Y)
Reaction Scheme XV wherein Z, R2, R3, and R4 are as defined in Reaction Scheme VI. Exemplary nitrating agents include but are not limited to nitric acid in a suitable solvent, such as acetic acid or acetic anhydride. Prefened nitrating agents include nitric acid dissolved in acetic anhydride. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (Y) is accomplished by reacting pyridinone (C) with nitric acid and acetic anhydride. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (Y) is illustrated by a procedure described by Barker A., and Barker C, J. Org. Chem. 1954, 2034: 870-872 for the preparation of 7-diamino-3:6-dinitrofluorene, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In the reference the authors also describe the specific procedure for the preparation of 2:7-diacetamido-3 :6-dinitrofluorene. 2 :7-Diacetamidofluorene is added to a stirred mixture of nitric acid and acetic anhydride over a 10 minute period of time. After 2 additional minutes the solution was poured into ice-water, the solid was removed, washed until it was acid- free and dried. Following extraction with hot acetic acid to remove material which inhibited crystallization, crystallization from nitrobenzene yielded 2 :7-diacetamido-3 :6- dinitrofluorene.
As shown in Reaction Scheme XVI pyridinone (C) is reduced to yield pyridinone derivative (Z). A similar result in Reaction Scheme XVI can be obtained for pyridinone (E).
Figure imgf000051_0001
(C) (Z)
Reaction Scheme XVI wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2 CH2 or CR2; R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, NO2, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
The reduction is accomplished by adding a catalytic amount of PtO2 to a solution of the pyridinone in acetic acid and stirring under a hydrogen atmosphere of 90 psi for 2 hours. Reduction of aromatic moieties in the R2, R3 and R5 substituents is expected to result from the reduction procedure. The preparation of pyridinone derivative (Z) is illustrated by a procedure described by Padwa A., Sheehan S.M., and Straub C.S., J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 8648-8659 for an isomunchnone-based method for the synthesis of highly substituted 2(1H)- pyridones, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The authors describe the preparation of 5-oxoindolizidine from 2,3-dihydro-5(lH)-indolizinone. The specific preparation procedure employed by the authors involved the addition of a catalytic amount of PtO2 to a solution of 2,3-dihydro-5(lH)-indolizinone in acetic acid. The reaction mixture was stined under a hydrogen atmosphere of 90 degrees psi for 2 hours. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over NajSO,, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was subjected to flash silica gel chromatography to yield 5-oxoindolizidine.
Pyridinone derivatives (P) and (Y) are preparable from pyridinone (C) according to Reaction Scheme VI and Reaction Scheme XV, respectively. Furthermore, pyridinone derivatives (Q), (R), (V), (W) or (X) can be prepared from pyridinone derivative (P) according to the reaction schemes described above. Thus, any of pyridinone derivatives (Q), (R), (V), (W) or (X) can be prepared from an imine and a Meldrum's acid derivative via either the synthesis in solution or the solid phase synthesis of pyridinone (C) and derivatization of pyridinone (C) to pyridinone derivative (P). Furthermore, any of pyridinone derivatives (S), (T), and (U) can be prepared from pyridinone derivative (P) via the further derivatization of pyridinone derivative (R). Therefore, each of pyridinone derivatives (S), (T), and (U) are also preparable from an imine and a Meldrum's acid derivative via either the synthesis in solution or the solid phase synthesis of pyridinone (C) and derivatization of pyridinone (C) to pyridinone derivative (P). Similar results in the above reaction schemes can be obtained for pyridinone (E) and the corresponding derivatives of pyridinone (E).
Compositions Containing the Pyridinones and Methods of Use
The present invention further provides antibacterial compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and methods to inhibit or prevent bacterial growth using the compounds of the invention as well as antibodies specific for them. The compounds of the invention are effective in inhibiting a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. They can be employed in disinfectant compositions and as preservatives for a wide variety of materials that possess nutrients for bacterial organisms such as foodstuffs, cosmetics, and medicaments. For use in these contexts the compounds in the invention are supplied either as a single compound, in a mixture with several other compounds of the invention or in a mixture with additional antimicrobial agents. These compounds generally act as preservatives and are therefore usually present in amounts of less than 5% by weight of the total composition, more preferably less than 1%, still more preferably less than 0.1%. In their use as antimicrobials for the treatment of animal subjects, the compounds of the invention can be formulated as pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions. The compounds are formulated in ways consistent with the mode of administration, the subject to be treated, and the type of treatment desired, for example prevention, prophylaxis, therapy. A summary of these techniques is provided in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA.
In general, for use in treatment the compounds of the invention may be used alone or in combination with antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, and macrolides such as azithromycin and cephalosporins. Particular formulations of the compounds will vary formulated depending on the method by which they are to be administered to the affected areas.
Formulations may be prepared in a manner suitable for systemic administration or topical or local administration. Systemic formulations include those designed for injection (e.g. intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection) or may be prepared for transdermal, transmucosal or oral administration. The formulation will generally include a diluent as well as, in some instances, adjuvants, buffers, preservatives and the like. The compounds can be administered also in liposomal compositions or as microemulsions.
For injection, formulations can be prepared in conventional forms as liquid solutions or suspensions or as solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection or as emulsions. Suitable excipients include water, saline, dextrose, glycerol and the like.
These compositions may also contain amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents such as sodium acetate and sorbitan monolaurate.
Additionally, various sustained release systems for drugs have also been devised such as in U.S. Patent No. 5,624,677, for example.
Other forms of administration that may be employed include suppositories, transdermal patches, oral, transmucosal and infranasal administration. Such forms of administration tend to be more noninvasive methods. Suitable dosage forms for oral use include tablets, dispersable powders, granules, capsules, suspensions, syrups, and elixers. Inert diluents and carriers for tablets include, for example, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose and talc. Tablets may also contain granulating and disintegrating agents such as starch and alginic acid, binding agents such as starch, gelatin and acacia, and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by unknown techniques; e.g., to delay disintegration and absorption. Inert diluents and carriers which may be used in capsules include, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and kaolin. Suspensions, syrups and elixers may contain conventional excipients, for example, methyl cellulose, tragacanth, sodium alginate; wetting agents, such as lecithin and polyoxyethylene stearate; and preservatives, e.g. ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. The invention also includes a pharmaceutical composition containing the pyridinone, its derivatives or the salts thereof and one or more pharmacologically acceptable, inert or physiologically active diluents or adjuvants. With animal or human subjects an effective amount of the compounds of the invention is that amount sufficient to inhibit pilus assembly in Gram-negative bacteria and thus to prevent or treat infection by such Gram-negative bacteria. This effective amount is typically a dosage of 0.1-100 mg/kg. However, dosage levels vary considerably depending on the nature of the infection, the condition of the patient and the frequency and method of administration. With respect to administration to an environment or object, an effective amount is considered to be that amount which inhibits pilus formation in Gram-negative bacteria and thus prevents bacterial colonization in that environment or surface. This amount will vary depending on the nature of the environment or surface.
Antibodies
Antibodies to the compounds of the invention may also be produced using standard immunological techniques for production of polyclonal antisera and, if desired, saving the antibody-producing cells of the immunized host for sources of monoclonal antibody production. Techniques for producing antibodies to any substance of interest are well known.
The immunogenicity of the substance may be enhanced by coupling the hap ten to a carrier. Carriers useful for this purpose include substances which do not themselves elicit an immune response in the subject mammal. Common carriers used include keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) diptheria taxoid, serum albumin, and the viral coat protein of rotavirus, VP6. Coupling the hapten to the carrier is effected by standard techniques such as contacting the carrier with the peptide in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or through the use of linkers.
The compounds of the invention in immunogenic form are then injected into a suitable mammalian host and antibody titers in the serum are monitored. Polyclonal antisera may be harvested when titers are sufficiently high. Alternatively, antibody-producing cells of the host such as spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes may be harvested and immortalized. The immortalized cells are then cloned as individual colonies and screened for the production of the desired monoclonal antibodies. The genes encoding monoclonal antibodies secreted by selected hybridomas or other cells may be recovered, manipulated if desired, for example, to provide multiple epitope specificity or to encode a single-chain form and may be engineered for expression in alternative host cells.
The present invention includes antibodies specifically immunoreactive with the pyridinones and pyridinone derivatives of the present invention. Such antibodies can be used in immunoassays for the qualitative and quantitative detection of varying types of analytes of interest, such as antigens or hormones.
Computer Modeling
The binding affinity of the following compound:
Figure imgf000055_0001
for the chaperone PapD has been validated by computer modeling using the program Validate described in Head, R.; Smythe, M.; Oprea, T.; Waller, C; Green, S.; Marshall, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118:3959-3969, which is herein incorporated by reference. The scores are -log Kj =7.39.
Screening Assays
Relevant assays into which the compounds of the invention can be screened include antichaperone or antimicrobial assays. The compounds are further characterized according to chemical identity and purity using conventional techniques. The assay can be scored on a real-time basis and further modifications made accordingly. Antichaperone binding activity can be measured by any number of direct methods such as monitoring spectral changes in the compound and/or chaperone, or determining the extent of compound binding to immobilized chaperone or vice versa, or by indirect methods such as competition assays to determine the extent to which these compounds inhibit chaperone binding to target pilus subunits and/or derivative (Soto, et al., Embo J.. (1998) 17:6155; Karlsson et al., Bioorg Med Chem. (1998) 6:2085)) and/or synthetic peptides conesponding to subunit fragments known to bind chaperones (Kuehn, et al., Science. (1993) 262:1234). Assays to determine the extent of pilus expression in the presence of these compounds may be performed as described in Soto et al., supra, and/or by haemagglutination assays as described in Striker et al., Mol Microbiol. (1996) 16:1021.
Assays of inhibition of bacterial binding to target tissues in the presence of these compounds would be performed as described in Striker, et al., supra. Conventional techniques, e.g., radial diffusion method against E. coli ML-35P, L. monocytogens Strain EGD and yeast phase C. albican, may be used to evaluate the spectra of the antimicrobial activity for the novel N-substituted pyridinone compounds of the present invention.
A Reconstitution Assay was performed to obtain the percentages of inhibition found in the table below. In this Reconstitution Assay various amounts of inhibitor were added to the chaperone and FimH and they were allowed to competitively inhibit, and the resulting material was run on a cation exchange column. The resulting peak areas were compared to that of a control to determine the percentages of inhibition. This is accomplished by taking a chaperone adhesin complex such as a FimC -FimH complex and separating it by incubating it in 3 molar urea. It is then put over a cation exchange column to isolate FimH. The isolated
FimH is then mixed with free FimC and run over an ion exchange column to produce a peak conesponding to the concentration of the resulting reconstituted FimC-FimH complex. The same procedure is followed in the presence of the subject compound being tested and the reduction of resulting peak area is conelated to the percentage of inhibition. The Reconstitution Assay is applicable to any chaperone adhesin complex or chaperone pilin complex.
The following procedures were employed. The subject compound (inhibitor tested as identified below) was mixed with chaperone at room temperature for 15 minutes. FimH and MES buffer (2-(4-morpholino)-ethane sulfonic acid) were added and the resulting mixture was mixed for 15 minutes at room temperature. The final mixture was then placed on a cation exchange column. The concentration of FimH used was 1 mg/ml of FimH in MES buffer. The concentration of FimC used was 12 mg/ml of FimC in MES buffer. FimC and FimH were in a 1 to 1 molar ratio in this assay. The various inhibitor to FimC ratios and inhibitor to PapD ratios employed in the assay are shown in the table below. It is recognized that varying the above concentrations and conditions may result in different percent inhibition values.
Inhibitor tested
Figure imgf000057_0001
Inhibitor/PapD ratio % Inhibition
36 67
54 82
Inhibitor/FimC ratio % Inhibition
6 20
24 42
100 100
The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention.
EXAMPLE 1 SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDINONE METHYL ESTER
Figure imgf000058_0001
(3R)-7-(Naphthalen-l-yImethyl)-5oxo-8-phenyl-2,3,-dihydro-5H-thiazolo(3,2-[α]) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3. Meldrum's acid derivative 1 (1598 mg, 5.12 mmol) and thiazoline 2 (847 mg, 3.6 mmol) were dissolved in dry benzene (50 mL) and cooled to 5°-l 5 °C. HCI gas was bubbled through the mixture for 15-45 minutes. The resulting turbid mixture was heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The water phase was re extracted twice with CH2C12 and the combined organic extracts were dried (N-^SO .
Purification by silica gel chromatography (heptane: ethyl acetate, 50:50- 10:90) gave pyridinone 3 as a white foam (470 mg, 53 % yield from thiazoline 2). [a]_.-12.8° (c 0.76, CHCl3); IR λ 3041, 2953, 1753, 1655, 1581, 1485, 793 cm"1; 1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDCI3) d 7.82 (dd, J 7.18, 2.13 Hz, IH) 7.73 (d, J 8.25 Hz, IH) 7.62 (dd, / 7.17, 1.82 Hz, IH) 7.45- 7.34 (m, 8H) 7.21 (d, J 6.82 Hz, IH) 5.82 (s, IH) 5.60 (dd, J 8.52, 2.39 Hz, IH) 3.97 (dd,
J 39.92, 17.22 Hz, 2H) 3.80 (s, 3H) 3.65 (dd, J 11.78, 8.57 Hz, IH) 3.45 (dd, J 11.75, 2.43 Hz, IH); 13C NMR (100 MHZ, CDCI3) d 168.5, 161.2, 154.3, 146.4, 136.3, 133.9, 133.7, 131.7, 130.2 (broad), 129.7 (broad), 129.0 (splitted), 128.7, 128.4, 127.9, 127.6, 126.0, 125.6, 125.4, 123.7, 116.1, 115.2, 63.4, 53.2, 36.9, 31.6; HRMS (FAB+) Calcd. for C26H21NO3S 427.1242 Observed 427.1228. EXAMPLE 2 SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDINONE CARBOXYLIC ACID
Figure imgf000059_0001
(3R)-7-(Naphthalen-l-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-8-phenyI-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo(3,2-[ ])l, 4.
NaOH (0.1 M, 13 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 3 (545 mg, 1.28 mmol) in MeOH (38 mL) at room temperature. After stirring for 17 hours the mixture was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in HOAc. The solution was transfened to a test tube and water was added at which the product precipitated. After centrifugation the liquid was removed and the residue was washed once with water. Freeze drying from Water/HOAc (8 :2) gave pure 4 (487 mg, 92%) as a white powder. [a]D-16.7° (c 0.33, dioxane:MeOH, 5:1); IR 1 cm"1 3610-3114 (broad), 2972, 2893, 1726, 1616, 1537, 1483, 1441, 1192, 781, 702; Η NMR (400 MHZ, CDCI3) d 10.20 (s, broad, IH) 7.72 (d, J 7.17 Hz, IH) 7.58 (dd, / 18.32, 7.57 Hz, 2H) 7.38- 7.17 (m, 9H) 7.06 (s,lH) 5.72 (s, IH) 5.28 (s, IH) 3.93 (d,J 16.51Hz, IH) 3.74 (d,/ 16.0 Hz, IH) 3.51 (s, IH) 3.16 (s, IH); 13c NMR (100 MHZ, CDCI3) d 168.4, 159.8, 152.3, 147.8, 136.2, 134.0, 133.0, 130.9, 129.8(broad, splitted), 128.5, 128.2, 127.7, 127.3, 127.0, 126.0, 125.4, 125.2, 123.5, 113.8, 113.2, 64.5, 35.5, 31.8; HRMS (FAB+) calcd. for C20HI8NO3S 352.1005 Observed 352.1007. EXAMPLE 3 SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDINONE SULFONE METHYL ESTER
Figure imgf000060_0001
(3R)-7-(Naphthalen-l-yImethyl)-l,l,5-trioxo-8-phenyl-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-lλ6- thiazolo(3,2-[α])pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5. A solution of MCPBA (744 mg, 4.31 mmol) in CH2C12 (34 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 3 in CH2C12 (24 mL) at -78°C. The mixture was kept at -78°C for one hour and then the cooling bath was removed. After stirring overnight the mixture was diluted with CH2C12 and then ice was added. The organic phase was washed several times with NaHCO3 (sat, aq), the combined water was re extracted with CH2C12 twice and then the organic phases were combined and dried (Na2SO4 aq free). Concentration at reduced pressure followed by flash chromatography (SiO2, heptane:ethyl acetate, 1 : 1® 1 :3) gave pure 5 (317 mg, 80%). [a]D-l .7° (c 2.74, CHC13); IR λ, 3010, 2953, 1751, 1664, 1593, 1336, 1213, 1134, 748, 700 cm"1; Η NMR (400 MHZ, CDC13) δ 7.86 (dd,/6.30, 2.16 Hz, IH) 7.79 (d,/8.21 Hz, IH) 7.60-7.38 (9 H) 7.23 (m, IH) 6.20 (s, IH) 5.48 (dd,/8.67, 2.75 Hz, IH) 4.10 (d, / 17.38, IH) 3.95 (d,/ 17.76, IH) 3.81 (s, 3H) 3.76 (dd, / 16.65, 2.77 Hz, IH) 3.68 (dd, / 13.67, 8.75 Hz, IH) 13C NMR (100 MHZ, CDC13) δ 166.5, 158.8, 155.6, 137.8, 134.0, 132.5, 131.4, 130.7, 129.9, 129.5, 129.3, 129.0, 128.9, 128.6, 128.20, 128.16, 126.5, 125.8, 125.5, 123.4, 123.1, 119.4, 53.8, 52.4, 51.6, 36.7; HRMS (FAB+) calcd. for C26H22NO5S 460.1219 Observed 460.1227. EXAMPLE 4 SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDINONE SULFONE CARBOXYLIC ACID
Figure imgf000061_0001
(5) (6)
(3R)-7-(Naphthalen-l-yImethyl)-l,l,5-trioxo-8-phenyl-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-lλ- thiazolo(3,2-[α])pyridine-3-carboxylic acid, 6. By following the procedure described for the preparation of 4 from 3, 5 (160 mg, 0.35 mmol) gave 6 (126 mg, 81%). [a]D1.0° (c 0.70, dioxane:MeOH, 5:1); IR 1 , 3055, 3022, 2962, 2902, 2681-2144 (broad), 1738, 1637, 1564, 1340, 1132, 758, 696 cm"1, Η NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO d6) 7.93 (dd, /7.81, 4.29 Hz, IH) 7.85 (d, Z8.23 Hz, IH) 7.69 (m, IH) 7.53-7.40 (8 H) 7.29 (d, J6.84 Hz, IH) 5.96 (s, IH) 5.39 (dd, J9.08, 1.9 Hz, IH) 4.17-4.04 (m, 3H) 3.99 (d, J 17.31 Hz, IH) dl3C NMR (100 MHZ, [CDC13]) d 172.6, 168.3, 158.4, 155.4, 139.5, 134.0, 131.6, 131.3, 131.0, 130.3, 129.4, 129.3, 129.0, 128.8, 128.4, 128.2, 127.1, 126.4, 126.2, 124.2, 122.2, 117.8, 53.4, 51.6, 36.1, 21.6; HRMS (FAB+) calcd. for C25H20NO5S 446.1062 Observed 446.1063
EXAMPLE 5 SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDINONE METHYL ESTER
HCI (g) , dry benzene
5°C 30 min. , then 60°C for 3 h
Figure imgf000062_0001
(7)
Figure imgf000062_0002
(8) (3R)-7-(Naphthalen-l-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5 T-thiazolo(3,2-[α])pyridine-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester, 8. By following the procedure described for the preparation of 3 from 1 and 2, 1 (950 mg, 3.0 mmol) and 7 (322 mg, 2.0 mmol) gave 8 (208 mg, 29%). [a]D-10° (c 1.74,CHCl3);IRl 2920, 1747, 1647, 1572, 1504, 1211, 1018,779 cm"1, 'HNMR (400 MHZ, CDC13) d 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H) 7.79 (d, J 8.18 Hz, IH) 7.48-7.410 (m, 3H) 7.34 (d, J 6.84 Hz, IH) 6.10 (d, J 0.96 Hz, IH) 5.97 (d, J 1.20 Hz, IH) 5.52 (dd, J 8.34, 2.12 Hz, IH) 4.20 (s, 2H) 3.78 (s, 3H) 3.67 (dd,/ 11.69, 8.39Hz, IH) 3.50 (dd,/ 11.68, 2.18 Hz, IH), 13C NMR (100 MHZ, CDC13) d 168.4, 161.9, 155.2, 146.8, 133.9, 133.5, 131.9, 128.8, 127.9, 127.9, 126.3, 125.8, 125.5, 123.9, 114.1, 101.8, 62.5, 53.2, 38.9, 31.8; HRMS (FAB+) calcd. for C20HI8NO3S 352.1005 Observed 352.1007 EXAMPLE 6 SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDINONE CARBOXYLIC ACID
Figure imgf000063_0001
(8)
Figure imgf000063_0002
(9)
(3R)-7-(Naphthalen-l-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5_fiT-thiazoIo(3,2-[α])pyridine-3- carboxylic acid, 9. By following the procedure described for the preparation of 4 from 3,8 (100 mg, 0.28 mmol) gave 9 (78 mg, 83%).[a]D-3°(c 0.41, dioxane:MeOH, 5:1); IR λ 3060, 3035, 2900, 1896, 1720, 1622, 1500, 1323, 1215, 1176, 1011, cm"1, Η NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO d6) 13.39 (broad, IH) 7.93 (d, /8.05 Hz, IH) 7.85 (d, Z7.23 Hz, IH) 7.56-7.45 (m, 4H) 6.16-6.12 (broad, IH) 5.88-5.83 (broad, IH) 5.32 (d, /8.60 Hz, 1 H) 4.26-4.19 (broad, 2H) 3.82 (t, / 10.34 Hz, IH) 3.50 (d, / 11.80 Hz, IH) δ13C NMR (100 MHZ, DMSO d6)δ 169.4, 160.7, 154.9, 147.8, 134.4, 133.5, 131.5, 128.6, 127.8, 127.4, 126.3, 125.8, 125.7, 124.0, 112.5, 10.6, 62.2, 37.5, 31.4; HRMS (FAB+)calcd. for C19H15NO3S 338.0851 Observed 338.0849. EXAMPLE 7
The affinity of the following pyridinone:
Figure imgf000064_0001
for periplasmic chaperones PapD and FimC were investigated using a direct binding assay on BIACORE 3000.
Methods
PapD (50 g/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) and FimC (50 g/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) were immobilized on Sensor Chi CM5 using standard thiol coupling procedure. This procedure was also employed for coupling of non-target proteins. Immobilization levels of 4000-10 000 RU were obtained. Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
The pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30μM in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g Na2HPO4«2H20, 1.7 G KH2PO4, 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H2O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched. The compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 L/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time. The surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycinΗCl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 : 1 mixture of DMSO and water. For screening of the affinity of the compounds of PapD and FimC, the pyridinone was injected (flow rate was 30 L/min at 25 °C) at a concentration of 30 μM in triplicate. Results
Figure imgf000065_0001
EXAMPLE 8
Utilizing a direct binding assay on BIACORE 3000 the affinity of the following pyridinone:
Figure imgf000066_0001
for periplasmic chaperones PapD and FimC was investigated
Methods
PapD (50μg/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) and FimC (50μg/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) were immobilized on Sensor Chi CM5 using standard thiol coupling procedure. This procedure was also employed for coupling of non-target proteins. Immobilization levels of 4000-10 000 RU were obtained. Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
The pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30μM in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g N-^HPO^HA 1.7 G KH2PO4, 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H2O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched. The compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 μL/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time. The surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycin»HCl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 : 1 mixture of DMSO and water.
For screening of the affinity of the compounds of PapD and FimC, the pyridinone was injected (flow rate was 30 μL/min at 25 °C) at a concentration of 30 μM in triplicate. Results
Figure imgf000067_0001
EXAMPLE 9
The affinity of the following pyridinone:
Figure imgf000068_0001
for periplasmic chaperones PapD and FimC was investigated using a direct binding assay on BIACORE 3000.
Methods
PapD (50μg/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) and FimC (50μg/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) were immobilized on Sensor Chi CM5 using standard thiol coupling procedure. This procedure was also employed for coupling of non-target proteins. Immobilization levels of 4000-10 000 RU were obtained. Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
The pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30μM in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g Na2HPO4 «2H20, 1.7 G KH2PO4, 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H2O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched. The compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 μL/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time. The surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycin»HCl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 :1 mixture of DMSO and water.
For screening of the affinity of the compounds of PapD and FimC, the pyridinone was injected (flow rate was 30 μL/min at 25 °C) at a concentration of 30 μM in triplicate. Results
Figure imgf000069_0001
EXAMPLE 10
A direct binding assay on BIACORE 3000 was employed to test the affinity of the following pyridinone:
Figure imgf000070_0001
for periplasmic chaperones PapD and FimC.
Methods
PapD (50μg/ML in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) and FimC (50μg/mL in lOmM NaAc pH 5.5) were immobilized on Sensor Chi CM5 using standard thiol coupling procedure. This procedure was also employed for coupling of non-target proteins. Immobilization levels of 4000-10 000 RU were obtained. Unmodified dextrane in one of the flow cells was used as reference surface.
The pyridinone was diluted from 10 mM DMSO stock solution to a final concentration of 30μM in running buffer (6.7 mM phosphate buffer (9.6 g N-^HPO^H , 1.7 G KH2PO4, 4.1 g NaCl, lOOmL H2O), 3.4mM EDTA, 0.01%TWEEN, 5%DMSO, pH 7.4) so that the concentrations of DMSO and buffer substances were carefully matched. The compounds were injected (flow rate was 30 μL/min at 25 °C) and the binding of the compounds to the immobilized chaperone proteins was observed on real time. The surface was regenerated by injection of 10 mM glycin»HCl, pH 2.0 and then washed with a 1 : 1 mixture of DMSO and water.
For screening of the affinity of the compounds of PapD and FimC, the pyridinone was injected (flow rate was 30 μL/min at 25 °C) at a concentration of 30 μM in triplicate. Results
Figure imgf000071_0001
EXAMPLE 11
SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS OF THE RING FUSED 2-PYRIDINONE FRAMEWORK
1) Attachment of Boc-Cys(Trt)-OH to acid stable HMBA-AM resin to give A
r
Figure imgf000072_0001
HMBA-AM resin (5031 mg, capacity 1.16 mmol g, 0.58 mmol) was allowed to swell in
CH2C12 in two reaction vessels in a Quest 2 IOC organic synthesizer for lh. The resin was washed several times with CH2C12 and DMF. To a solution of Boc-Cys(trt)-OH (1076 mg, 2.32 mmol) in CH2C12 (7ml) was added Melm (70 μl), and the mixture was transfened to a flask containing l-(Mesitylene-2-sulfonyl)-3 -nitro- 1 H-l, 2,4-triazole (MSNT) (343 mg, 1.16 mmol). The resulting solution was added to the Quest RV's and the reaction was agitated over night, followed by washing of the resin, which was used without further purification.
2) Deprotection of the acid labile protecting groups to give B
Figure imgf000072_0002
To each RV containing swelled resin-bound Boc-Cys(trt) was added 4 ml of a mixture containing 3.5 ml TFA, 0.2 ml H2O, 0.2 ml thioanisol and 0.1 ml ethanedithiol. The mixture was agitated for 3.5h and the resin was washed and used without further purification. 3) Preparation of resin bound Δ2-thiazoline to give C
Figure imgf000073_0001
CH2C12 (4 ml) was added to each RV containing swelled resin-bound cysteine TFA salt, TEA (40μl) was added dropwise, and the mixture was agitated for 30min. The CH2C12 and TEA were washed out, and phenyliminoether D (150 mg, 1.00 mmol) was added, followed by 4 ml CH2C12 and TEA (20μl) and the mixture was agitated overnight. The resin was washed three times with CH2C12, three times with DMF and three additional times with CH2C12. The resin was swelled for 20min, and another 85 mg iminoether D and 20μl TEA was added, followed by agitation for 5.5h and washing of the resin, which was used without further purification.
4) Preparation of resin bound 2-pyridinone, E
Figure imgf000073_0002
To each RV containing swelled resin-bound Δ2-thiazoline was added Meldrum's acid derivative F (162 mg, 0.87 mmol), followed by HCl-saturated benzene (4 ml). The mixture was agitated for 3h at 60°C, then at RT overnight followed by washing of the resin (3 x CH2C12, 3 x DMF, 3 x CH2C12). The resin was allowed to swell for another 30min and another 110 mg (0.59 mmol) Meldrum's acid derivative F and 4 ml benzene saturated with HCI was added. After another 3h agitation at 60°C and 1.5h at RT another 93 mg (0.50 mmol) of F and 4 ml HCl-saturated benzene was added. The mixture was agitated at 60°C for 3h, followed by agitation at RT overnight. The resin was washed and used without further purification 5) Cleavage from the resin to give the 2-pyridinone G
Figure imgf000074_0001
The desired pyridinone G was cleaved from the swelled resin by addition of 3 ml 1M NaOH and 1 ml THF to each RV, followed by agitation for lh. The resin was filtrated and the filtrate was collected in a vial. The cleavage procedure was repeated twice. The combined product collections were made acidic with amberlite IR- 120(H), which was filtered off and washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue lyophilized to yield 40 mg (47% overall) of G as a bright yellow solid. The spectroscopic data were identical to the conesponding 2-pyridinone prepared in solution. IR λ 3014, 1705, 1612, 1477, 1443, 1319, 1290, 1265, 1157, 1011, 829, 785, 698 cm 1. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO) δ 14.42 (b, IH) 7.50-7.33 (m, 3H) 7.32-7.16 (b, 2H), 6.10 (s, IH) 5.48 (dd, /=9.24, 1.65Hz, IH) 3.78 (dd,
J=11.98, 9.24Hz IH) 3.45 (dd, /=11.98, 1.65Hz IH) 1.89 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHZ, DMSO) δ 170.1, 160.5, 151.4, 147.7, 137.7, 130.3, 129.3, 128.5, 115.3, 114.5, 63.8, 31.8, 20.8; HRMS (EI+) Calcd. for C15H13NO3S 287.0616 Observed 287.0615.
EXAMPLE 12
Figure imgf000075_0001
(I) (II)
(3R)-6-Bromo-7-methyl-5-oxo-8-phenyl-2.3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo(3,2-[α])pyridine-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester, (II). To a stined solution containing (1.40 g, 4.54 mmol) of (I) in 28 ml of acetic acid was added Br2 (0.92 g, 5.78 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stined at room temperature for 4 hours, quenched with distilled water and extracted with 5 portions of CH2C12. The combined organic fractions were dried over N-^SO^ filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was subjected to silica flash chromatography (heptane: ethyl acetate, 30:70) to give 1.0 g (58%) of (II) as a white solid. (α)D 20 -213°(c 1.00, CHCL3); IR λ 3853, 2950, 1745 and 1579 cm"1, Η NMR (400 MHZ, CDC13) δ 2.10 (d, 3H, / = 1.9 Hz), 3.44 (dm, IH, / = 11.40), 3.67 (dd, IH, / = 8.60 and 11.80), 3.90 (d, 3H, / = 1.80), 5.69 (dd, IH, / = 1.4 and 8.4), 7.19-7.44 (m, 5H); 13C NMR (100 MHZ, CDC13) δ 22.3, 31.8, 53.5, 64.8, 112.8, 116.5, 128.6, 129.0, 129.1, 129.8, 130.1, 136.9, 145.2, 157.7 and 168.4. HRMS (EI+) Calcd. For C16H14BrNO3S 378.9878 Observed 378.9947.
EXAMPLE 13
Figure imgf000076_0001
(II) (III)
(3R)-6-(2-Benzylcarbonyl-vinyl)-7-methyl-5-oxo-8-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-5Hthiazolo(3,2- [α]) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, (III). To a solution of Pd(PPh3)2Cl2(9.2 mg, O.lmmol) in 2 ml of toluene was added a solution of (II) (60 mg, O.lόmmol), benzyl acrylate (75 mg, 0.46mmol) and triethylamne (0.1 ml) in 2 ml of toulene. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux. After 4 h an additional 40 mg benzyl acrylate was added. The reaction was quenched with ice water after 20 h, extracted with 3 portions of CH2C12, washed with brine, dried with Na^o,,, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gel chromatography (heptane: ethyl acetate, 30:70) gave (III) as an orange powder, 46 mg (63%). ( )D 20 -14° (c 1.0, CHC13); IR λ 3008, 2952, 1751, 1648, 1483 cm"1. Η NMR (400 MHZ, CDC13) δ 2.14 (s, 3H) 3.43 (dd, IH, / = 2.6 and 11.1) 3.66 (dd, IH, / = 8.9 and 11.2) 3.84 (s, 3H) 5.22 (dd, 2H, / = 2.0 and 14.7) 5.72 (dd, IH, / = 2.4 and 11.2) 7.20 - 7.44 (m, 1 IH) 7.82 (d, IH, / = 15.6); 13C NMR (100 MHZ, CDcl3) δ 18.1, 31.3, 53.4, 64.2, 65.9, 117.4, 117.9, 120.6, 127.9, 128.4, 128.9, 129.0, 129.8, 130.1, 136.4, 136.9, 137.5, 148.2, 152.0, 159.5, 168.3, 168.4; HRMS (EI+) Calcd. For C26H25NO3S 461.1297 Observed 461.1304. EXAMPLE 14
Figure imgf000077_0001
(II) (IV)
(3R)-6-cyano-7-methyl-5-oxo-8-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo(3,2-[ ])pyridine-3- carboxylic acid methyl ester, (IV). A solution of (II) (70 mg, O.lδmmol) and CuCN (dried lh on the vacuum pump) (40 mg, 0.44mmol) in 1.5 ml dry DMF was heated at reflux for 16h, under stirring and N2. The mixture was allowed to cool down to 60° C and 200 mg of FeCl3 in 1 ml 2M HCI was added. The mixture was heated for 30 minutes at 60° C, cooled to room temperature and extracted 5 times with CH2C12. The combined organic phases were washed with 2*3 ml 3M HCI, 2*30 ml H20, 2*30 ml saturated NaHCO3 and 2*30 ml H2O, dried with Na^O^ filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification with silica gel chromatography (heptane: ethyl acetate, 30:70) gave 43 mg (71%) of (IV) as a orange powder. (α)D 20 -61.5 (c 1.00, CHC13); IR λ 3002, 2960, 2360, 2211, 1739, 1484 cm"1. Η NMR (400 MHZ, CHC13) δ 2.21 (s, 3H) 3.51 (d, IH, / = 11.0) 3,73 (m, IH) 3.85 (s, 3H) 5.72 (d, IH, / = 7.6) 7.20-7.45 (m, 5H); 13C NMR (100MHz, CDC13) δ 20.2, 32.0, 53.8, 64.4, 100.0, 115.5, 116.7, 129.1, 129.3, 129.7, 130.0, 135.2, 154.2, 158.6, 159.1, 167.8.
EXAMPLE 15
Figure imgf000078_0001
Coupling of brominated 2-pyridinone with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene.
To a solution of 0.02 g (0.08 mmol) of triphenyl phosphine in 6 mL of triethylamine is added 0.02 g of Cul followed by 15 mg of PdCl2(PPh3)2. To this solution is added 0.3 mL (2.2 mmol) of (trimethylsilyl)acetylene in 6 mL of toluene followed by the addition of X g (1.2 mmol) of brominated 2-pyridinone in one portion. The mixture is then heated at 160 °C in a sealed tube for 72 h, cooled to room temperature, poured into ice water, extracted with CH2C12, washed with brine and dried over N-^SO.,. The organic extracts are filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue is subjected to flash silica gel chromatography to give the desired (trimethylsilyl)acetylene substituted 2-pyridinone.
EXAMPLE 16
Figure imgf000079_0001
Coupling of brominated 2-pyridinone with organozinc compounds
Organozink iodide (2.16 mmol, in about 10 mL of THF) is transferred via a canula to a THF solution of 5 mol % Pd(PPh3)4 (0.127 g, 0.11 mmol) and brominated 2-pyridinone (X g, 2.19 mmol) at room temperature under an argone atmosphere. The solution is then stirred for 3 h. The mixture is thereafter worked up by pouring it into a saturated NH4C1 aqueous solution (20 mL) and extracting with diethyl ether. The combined organic layers are dried over CaCl2. The organic extracts are filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue is subjected to flash silica gel chromatography to give the desired R5 substituted 2-pyridinone.
EXAMPLE 17
Figure imgf000080_0001
Coupling of brominated 2-pyridinone with lactams
2-pyrrolidinone (151 μL, 2.0 mmol), brominated 2-pyridinone (X g, 3.0 mmol), 1,1 '- bis(diphenylphosphino)-fenocene (66 mg, 0.12 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (22 mg, 0.10 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (0.29 g, 3.0 mmol) in 10 mL of toluene under N2 are heated in a sealed tube at 120 °C for 48 hr. The mixture is cooled to room temperature, filtered through Celite, and the filtrate concentrated onto silica gel. Flash chromatography then gives the lactam substituted 2-pyridinone.
EXAMPLE 18
Me3Si-N3 / BifcSnO
Toluene, heat
Figure imgf000081_0002
Figure imgf000081_0001
Preparation of tetrazole 2-pyridinone from the corresponding nitrile
To a solution of the nitrile substituted 2-pyridinone (X g, 5.5mmol) and trimethylsilylazide (11 mmol) in toluene (1 ImL) is added dibutyltinoxide (0.55 mmol), and the mixture is heated for 24-72h. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is dissolved in methanol and reconcentrated. The residue is then dissolved in EtOAc and washed with 10 % sodium bicarbonate solution (2x25ml). The combined aqueous layers are acidified to pH 2 with 10 % HCI solution and then extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts are dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the tetrazole substituted 2- pyridinone.
EXAMPLE 19
Figure imgf000082_0001
Preparation of amine 2-pyridinone from the corresponding nitrile
Adam's catalyst (82 mg) is suspended in dry EtOH (40 mL, distilled from Mg/I2), and a solution of nitrile substituted 2-pyridinone (X mg, 3.60 mmol) in dry EtOH (lOmL) is added to the suspension, followed by bench CHC13 (1.85 mL). The mixture is shaken under H2 (50 psi, Pan bottle) at room temperature for 24 h. The catalyst is filtered off, and the filtrate is concentrated. Flash chromatography then gives the amine substituted 2-pyridinone.
EXAMPLE 20
Figure imgf000083_0001
Preparation of carboxylic acid 2-pyridinone from the corresponding nitrile
To a solution of the nitrile substituted 2-pyridinone (X mg, 1.9 mmol) in EtOH (lOmL) is added a solution of KOH (l.Og) in H2O (12mL). This mixture is heated for 1.5h at 70°C and then cooled to RT and 6 N HCI is added until the material is acidic. This mixture is then extracted with EtOAc, dried with sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated to give the desired 2-pyridinone.
EXAMPLE 21
Figure imgf000084_0001
Nitration of 2-pyridinone
A 2-pyridinone (1 g) is added during 10 min. to a stined mixture of nitric acid (95 %, 10 mL) and acetic anhydride (2.4 mL) at -12 °C. After 2 more minutes the solution is poured into ice- water, and the solid is removed, washed until acid-free and dried to give the desired nitrated 2-pyridinone.
EXAMPLE 22
Figure imgf000085_0001
Reduction of the 2-pyridinones to the corresponding lactams. To a solution of a 2- pyridinone (0.6 mmol) in 7 mL of acetic acid is added a catalytic amount of PtO2, and the reaction mixture is stined under a hydrogen atmosphere of 90 psi for 2 h. After filtration of the catalyst, the solution is extracted with CH2C12 and washed with water. The organic layer is then washed with brine, dried over NajSO^ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue is subjected to flash silica gel chromatography to give the desired lactam.

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A pyridinone of the formula:
Figure imgf000086_0001
and the salts thereof wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2;
R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
2. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises aryl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises alkyl.
3. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein aryl comprises C6_15 aryl, alkyl comprises C,.15 alkyl, alkenyl comprises C 5 alkenyl and alkynyl comprises C 5 alkynyl.
4. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
5. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises S; Rl comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
6. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises SO2; Ri comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises aryl; and
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
7. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises SO2; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
8. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises S; Rt comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 1 and D comprises heteroaryl; and
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
9. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises S; R! comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl;
R3 comprises phenyl;
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl
10. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises SO2; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl;
R3 comprises phenyl;
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
11. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises S R{ comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)m wherein m is O, and D comprises heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
12. The pyridinone of claim 1 wherein Z comprises S or SO2; R{ comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)πA wherein n is 1 and A comprises heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; and
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
13. The pyridinone of claim 12 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000088_0001
wherein m is 0-4, Q comprises N; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
14. The pyridinone of claim 12 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000089_0001
wherein m comprises 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
15. The pyridinone of claim 12 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000089_0002
wherein m is 1 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
16. The pyridinone of claim 12 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000089_0003
wherein m is 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
17. The pyridinone of claim 12 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000090_0001
wherein m is O and Q comprises O, S, SO, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
18. The pyridinone of claim 12 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000090_0002
wherein m is 1 and Q comprises N; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
19. A pyridinone derivative of claim 1 having the formula:
Figure imgf000090_0003
and the salts thereof wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; Rj comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R5 comprises halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl) acetylene, G wherein G comprises aryl or alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
20. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S; Rj comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises aryl; R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen; and
R5 comprises bromine.
21. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises aryl; R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen; and
R5 comprises nitrile.
22. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises aryl; R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen; and
R5 comprises (CH)2E wherein E comprises CO2R and R comprises benzyl.
23. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein aryl comprises C6_15 aryl, alkyl comprises C 5 alkyl, alkenyl comprises C,_15 alkenyl and alkynyl comprises C,_15 alkynyl.
24. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl; R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen; and R5 comprises bromine.
25. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
26. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises SO2; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises aryl; and
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
27. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises SO2; R{ comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
28. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises aryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 1 and D comprises heteroaryl; and
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
29. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S; Rt comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C,0 aryl;
R3 comprises phenyl;
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl
30. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises SO2; Rj comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl;
R3 comprises phenyl;
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
31. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises C10 aryl; R3 comprises (CH2)m wherein m is O, and D comprises heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2 Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
32. The pyridinone derivative of claim 19 wherein Z comprises S or SO2; R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is 1 and A comprises heteroaryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is 0 and D comprises heteroaryl; and
R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
33. The pyridinone derivative of claim 32 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000093_0001
wherein m is 0-4, Q comprises N; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
34. The pyridinone derivative of claim 32 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000094_0001
wherein m is 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
35. The pyridinone derivative of claim 32 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000094_0002
wherein m is 1 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
36. The pyridinone derivative of claim 32 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000094_0003
wherein m is 0-4 and Q comprises O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
37. The pyridinone derivative of claim 32 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000095_0001
wherein m comprises O and Q comprises O, S, SO, NH, NO or NR wherein R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, or sulfonyl; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
38. The pyridinone derivative of claim 32 wherein the heteroaryl of R3 has the structure:
Figure imgf000095_0002
wherein m is 1 and Q comprises N; and R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
39. A pyridinone derivative of claim 1 having the following formula:
Figure imgf000095_0003
wherein when Z comprises SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2;
R, comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when Z comprises S,
Rt is oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
40. A pyridinone derivative of claim 1 having the following formula:
Figure imgf000097_0001
wherein when Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, or CR2;
Rλ comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)n A wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and when Z comprises CH2, R,, R2, R3, and R4 are as previously defined and
R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
41. A process for the preparation of a pyridinone of formula:
Figure imgf000098_0001
comprising reacting in solution a Meldrum's acid derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000098_0002
with an imine of formula:
Figure imgf000098_0003
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
42. The process of claim 41 wherein Z comprises S, R{ comprises oxo, n is 1, A comprises napthyl, m is 0, D comprises phenyl, R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
43. The process of claim 41 wherein Z comprises S or SO2, R[ comprises oxo, n is 1, A comprises aryl, m is 0, D comprises aryl, R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen or alkyl.
44. The process of claim 43 wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
45. The process of claim 43 wherein Y comprises methyl.
46. The process of claim 45 further comprising hydrolysis of the pyridinone.
47. The process of claim 46 wherein the Meldrum's acid derivative and the imine are reacted with a Lewis Acid.
48. The process of claim 41 wherein R4 comprises CO2Y and Y comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
49. The process of claim 48 further comprising hydrolysis of the pyridinone.
50. The process of claim 41 wherein a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000099_0001
and thiazoline having the structure:
Figure imgf000100_0001
are dissolved in a solvent and cooled to 5°-15°C; a Lewis Acid is added to the mixture for 15-45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000100_0002
which is then hydrolyzed in basic conditions followed by acidic work-up to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000101_0001
51. The process of claim 41 wherein a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000101_0002
and thiazoline having the structure:
Figure imgf000101_0003
are dissolved in benzene and cooled to 5 °- 15 °C; HCI gas is bubbled through the mixture for 15-45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000102_0001
which is then hydrolyzed using sodium hydroxide followed by quenching with acetic acid to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000102_0002
52. The process of claim 41 further comprising treating the pyridinone with a nitrating agent to form a nitrated pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000102_0003
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
53. The process of claim 52 wherein the nitrating agent is nitric acid.
54. The process of claim 41 further comprising reducing the pyridinone to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000103_0001
and the salts thereof wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2 CH2 or CR2; R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and
R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
55. The process of claim 54 wherein the reducing is accomplished by reacting the pyridinone with PtO2 and hydrogen.
56. The process of claim 41 further comprising treating the pyridinone with a halogenating agent to form a halogen substituted pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000104_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 comprises halogen.
57. The process of claim 56 wherein the halogenating agent comprises bromine.
58. The process of claim 56 wherein the halogen comprises bromine or iodine.
59. The process of claim 56 further comprising reacting the halogen substituted pyridinone with a compound of formula (CH)2E to form a pyridinone derivative of formula:
Figure imgf000105_0001
wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
60. The process of claim 59 wherein E comprises C02R and R comprises benzyl.
61. The process of claim 56 further comprising an organometallic coupling with the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000105_0002
wherein G comprises aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl or substituted alkynyl; Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
62. The process of claim 61 wherein the organometallic coupling comprises reacting the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative with GZnX in the presence of cuprous iodide as catalyst wherein G comprises substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl and X comprises I, Br, or Cl.
63. The process of claim 62 wherein G is selected from a group comprising:
Figure imgf000106_0001
EtO2C(CH2)3.
64. The process of claim 56 further comprising an organometallic coupling of the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000107_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
65. The process of claim 64 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by palladium.
66. The process of claim 64 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by PdCl2(PPh3)2 and Cul.
67. The process of claim 56 further comprising an organometallic coupling with the halogen substituted pyridinone to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000107_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
68. The process of claim 67 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by palladium.
69. The process of claim 67 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by palladium acetate.
70. The process of claim 56 further comprising reacting the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative with a cyanating agent to form a nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative of the formula
Figure imgf000108_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, 0, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 comprises nitrile.
71. The process of claim 70 wherein the cyanating agent comprises CuCN.
72. The process of claim 70 further comprising hydro lyzing the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000109_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
73. The process of claim 72 wherein the hydro lyzing is accomplished by reacting the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative with potassium hydroxide.
74. The process of claim 70 further comprising reducing the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000110_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
75. The process of claim 70 wherein the reducing comprises reacting the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative with PtO2 and hydrogen.
76. The process of claim 70 further comprising functionalizing the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000110_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises
CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
77. The process of claim 76 wherein the functionalizing comprises reacting the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative with trimethylsilylazide and dibutyltinoxide.
78. A process for the preparation of a pyridinone of formula:
Figure imgf000111_0001
comprising reacting in solution a Meldrum's acid derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000111_0002
with an imine of formula:
Figure imgf000111_0003
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R{ comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2, CHO, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
79. The process of claim 78 wherein Z comprises S, n is 1, A comprises napthyl, m is 0, D comprises phenyl, R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises methyl.
80. The process of claim 78 wherein Z comprises S or SO2, n is 1 , A comprises aryl, m is 0, D comprises aryl, R4 comprises CO2Y wherein Y comprises hydrogen or alkyl.
81. The process of claim 80 wherein Y comprises hydrogen.
82. The process of claim 80 wherein Y comprises methyl.
83. The process of claim 82 further comprising hydrolysis of the pyridinone.
84. The process of claim 78 wherein the Meldrum's acid derivative and the imine are reacted with a Lewis Acid.
85. The process of claim 78 wherein R4 comprises CO2Y and Y comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
86. The process of claim 85 further comprising hydrolysis of the pyridinone.
87. The process of claim 78 wherein a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000113_0001
and thiazoline having the structure:
Figure imgf000113_0002
are dissolved in a solvent and cooled to 5°-15°C; a Lewis Acid is added to the mixture for 15- 45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a novel pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000113_0003
which is then hydrolyzed in basic conditions, followed by acidic work-up to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000114_0001
88. The process of claim 78 wherein a Meldrum's acid derivative having the structure:
Figure imgf000114_0002
and thiazoline having the structure:
Figure imgf000114_0003
are dissolved in benzene and cooled to 5 °-15 °C; HCI gas is bubbled through the mixture for 15-45 minutes and the mixture is heated for 2-4 hours at 50°-70°C and then cooled to room temperature to form a novel pyridinone having the following structure:
Figure imgf000115_0001
which is then hydrolyzed using sodium hydroxide, followed by quenching with acetic acid to yield the following structure:
Figure imgf000115_0002
89. The process of claim 78 further comprising treating the pyridinone with a nitrating agent to form a nitrated pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000115_0003
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
90. The process of claim 89 wherein the nitrating agent is nitric acid.
91. The process of claim 78 further comprising reducing the pyridinone to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000116_0001
and the salts thereof wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2 CH2 or CR2; R, comprises oxo; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2,
PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 is hydrogen, halogen, nitrile, C02H, CH2NH2, cyclic CHN4 a lactam, NO2, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, G wherein G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, or (CH)2E wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
92. The process of claim 91 wherein the reducing is accomplished by reacting the pyridinone with PtO2 and hydrogen.
93. The process of claim 78 further comprising treating the pyridinone with a halogenating agent to form a halogen substituted pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000117_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 comprises halogen.
94. The process of claim 93 wherein the halogenating agent comprises bromine.
95. The process of claim 93 wherein the halogen comprises bromine or iodine.
96. The process of claim 93 further comprising reacting the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative with a compound of formula (CH)2E to form a pyridinone derivative of formula:
Figure imgf000118_0001
wherein E comprises COR, CO2R, CHO, or CN and R comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
97. The process of claim 96 further comprising an organometallic coupling with the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
wherein G comprises aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY,
PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
98. The process of claim 97 wherein the organometallic coupling comprises reacting the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative with GZnX in the presence of cuprous iodide as catalyst wherein G comprises substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl and X comprises I, Br, or Cl.
99. The process of claim 98 wherein G is selected from a group comprising:
Figure imgf000119_0001
100. The process of claim 93 further comprising an organometallic coupling of the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000119_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
101. The process of claim 100 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by palladium.
102. The process of claim 100 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by PdCl2(PPh3)2 and Cul.
103. The process of claim 93 further comprising an organometallic coupling with the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000120_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
104. The process of claim 103 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by palladium.
105. The process of claim 103 wherein the organometallic coupling is catalyzed by palladium acetate.
106. The process of claim 93 further comprising reacting the halogen substituted pyridinone derivative with a cyanating agent to form a nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative of the formula
Figure imgf000121_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises
CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R5 comprises nitrile.
107. The process of claim 106 wherein the cyanating agent comprises CuCN.
108. The process of claim 106 further comprising hydro lyzing the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000122_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
109. The process of claim 106 further comprising reducing the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000122_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises
CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
110. The process of claim 109 wherein the reducing comprises reacting the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative with PtO2 and hydrogen.
111. The process of claim 106 further comprising functionalizing the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative to form a pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000123_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, B(OY)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
112. The process of claim 111 wherein the functionalizing comprises reacting the nitrile substituted pyridinone derivative with trimethylsilylazide and dibutyltinoxide.
113. A process for the synthesis of ring fused 2-pyridinones on a solid support, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing an imine bound to a solid support, (b) adding a Meldrum's acid derivative in acidic conditions.
114. The process of claim 113 wherein the imine bound to the solid support has the following formula:
Figure imgf000124_0001
stable linker wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, 0, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
115. The process of claim 113 wherein the Meldrum's acid derivative has the following formula:
Figure imgf000124_0002
wherein R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
116. The process of claim 113 wherein the ring fused 2-pyridinones have the following formula:
Figure imgf000125_0001
Rj comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2H.
117. The process of claim 116 wherein n is 1, A comprises aryl, m is 0 and D comprises aryl.
118. The process of claim 116 wherein n is 1, A comprises aryl, m is 0 and D comprises phenyl.
119. The process of claim 113 wherein the solid support comprises a resin.
120. The process of claim 113 wherein the solid support comprises a HMBA-AM resin.
121. A process for the synthesis of ring fused 2-pyridinones on a solid support, comprising the steps of: (a) coupling a protected amino acid to a solid support via an acid stable linker, (b) removing the protecting groups, (c) adding an iminoether to form an imine, and (d) adding a Meldrum's acid derivative in acidic conditions.
122. The process of claim 121 wherein the iminoether has the following formula:
Figure imgf000126_0001
wherein R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
123. The process of claim 122 wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl.
124. The process of claim 121 wherein the imine has the following formula:
Figure imgf000126_0002
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2, or CR2. R2 comprises (CH2)πA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
125. The process of claim 124 wherein m is 0 and D comprises phenyl.
126. The process of claim 121 wherein the Meldrum's acid derivative has the following formula:
Figure imgf000127_0001
wherein R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
127. The process of claim 121 wherein the ring fused 2-pyridinones have the following structure:
Figure imgf000127_0002
wherein Rl comprises oxo;
R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl;
R4 comprises CO2H.
128. The process of claim 127 wherein n is 1, A comprises aryl, m is 0 and D comprises aryl.
129. The process of claim 127 wherein n is 1, A comprises aryl, m is 0 and D comprises phenyl.
130. The process of claim 121 wherein the protected amino acid comprises Boc- Cys(Trt)-OH.
131. The process of claim 121 wherein the solid support comprises a resin.
132. The process of claim 121 wherein the solid support comprises a HMBA-AM resm.
133. The process of claim 127 further comprising treating the pyridinone with a halogenating agent to form a halogen substituted pyridinone derivative of the formula:
Figure imgf000128_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between
0 and 5 and D comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2Y, wherein Y comprises hydrogen; and R5 comprises halogen.
134. An imine of the formula:
Figure imgf000129_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2 CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 comprises (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and when m is between 3 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and when m is 1, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and when m is 2, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2G, B(OY)2, CH2OY, CH(CO2Y)2, CHO, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and G comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
135. The imine of claim 134 possessing the formula:
Figure imgf000129_0002
136. An imine of the formula:
Figure imgf000130_0001
wherein Z comprises S, SO, SO2, O, P, PO, PO2, CH2 or CR2; R2 comprises (CH2)nA wherein n is a natural number between 0 and 5 and A comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; R3 (CH2)mD wherein m is a natural number between 0 and 5 and when m is between 1 and 5, D comprises alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and when m is 0, D comprises unsubstituted alkyl, subsituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R4 comprises CO2J, B(OY)2, CH(CO2Y)2, CHO, CH2OY, PO(OY)2 wherein Y comprises hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl and J comprises methyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted methyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl.
137. The imine of claim 136 possessing the formula:
Figure imgf000130_0002
138. An antibacterial agent comprising an effective amount of an N-substituted 2- pyridinone, its derivatives or the salts thereof which inhibits pilus formation in Gram-negative bacteria.
139. The antibacterial agent of claim 138 wherein said N-substituted 2-pyridinone exhibits antibacterial activity against a Gram-negative bacterium selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Heamophilus influenza, Salmonella enteriditis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bordetella pertussis, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Helicobacter pylori and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
140. A pharmaceutical composition which contains the antibacterial agent of claim 138 and one or more pharmacologically acceptable, inert or physiologically active diluents or adjuvants.
141. Antibodies specifically immunoreactive with the antibacterial agent of claim 138.
142. A method of inhibiting bacterial colonization of a Gram-negative organism, said method comprising administering the antibacterial agent of claim 138.
143. The method of claim 142 wherein the antibacterial agent comprises the pyridinone of claims 1, 19, 39 or 40.
144. The method of claim 142 further comprising contacting an environment or surface containing Gram-negative bacteria.
145. The method of claim 142 wherein the antibacterial agent is administered to a subject for the prevention or treatment of a Gram-negative infection.
146. The method of claim 145 wherein the antibacterial agent comprises the pyridinone of claims 1, 19, 39 or 40.
PCT/US2000/031879 1999-11-19 2000-11-20 Pyridinones to treat and prevent bacterial infections WO2001036426A1 (en)

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AU19235/01A AU1923501A (en) 1999-11-19 2000-11-20 Pyridinones to treat and prevent bacterial infections
EP00982170A EP1233967A4 (en) 1999-11-19 2000-11-20 Pyridinones to treat and prevent bacterial infections
US10/130,453 US6841559B1 (en) 1999-11-19 2000-11-20 Pyridinones to treat and prevent bacterial infections
CA002390658A CA2390658A1 (en) 1999-11-19 2000-11-20 Pyridinones to treat and prevent bacterial infections

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US60/166,621 1999-11-19

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JP2008500270A (en) * 2003-10-15 2008-01-10 イーエムテーエム ゲーエムベーハー Novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors that functionally affect different types of cells and treat immune diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, and other diseases
WO2009134203A1 (en) 2008-04-30 2009-11-05 Fredrik Almqvist New peptidomimetic compounds
US7659364B2 (en) * 2001-11-15 2010-02-09 Cis Bio International N-methyl-homocysteines and their use as well as process for their production
WO2011076687A1 (en) 2009-12-22 2011-06-30 Bayer Schering Pharma Aktiengesellschaft Pyridinone derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions thereof
WO2016075296A1 (en) * 2014-11-13 2016-05-19 Quretech Bio Ab 2,3-dihydro-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-5-one derivatives, intermediates thereof, and their use as antibacerial agents
CN113975274A (en) * 2016-04-08 2022-01-28 快尔生物技术公司 Cyclofused thiazoline 2-pyridones, method for the production thereof and use thereof for treating and/or preventing tuberculosis

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US7659364B2 (en) * 2001-11-15 2010-02-09 Cis Bio International N-methyl-homocysteines and their use as well as process for their production
US7262211B2 (en) 2001-12-04 2007-08-28 Dendreon Corporation Aromatic heterocyclic non-covalent inhibitors of urokinase and blood vessel formation
JP2008500270A (en) * 2003-10-15 2008-01-10 イーエムテーエム ゲーエムベーハー Novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors that functionally affect different types of cells and treat immune diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, and other diseases
JP2011519372A (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-07-07 フレードリク・アルムクヴィスト Novel peptide mimetic compounds
CN102066385A (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-05-18 弗雷德里克·阿尔姆奎斯特 New peptidomimetic compounds
WO2009134203A1 (en) 2008-04-30 2009-11-05 Fredrik Almqvist New peptidomimetic compounds
US8598195B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2013-12-03 Fredrik Almqvist Peptidomimetic compounds
WO2011076687A1 (en) 2009-12-22 2011-06-30 Bayer Schering Pharma Aktiengesellschaft Pyridinone derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions thereof
WO2016075296A1 (en) * 2014-11-13 2016-05-19 Quretech Bio Ab 2,3-dihydro-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-5-one derivatives, intermediates thereof, and their use as antibacerial agents
CN107074878A (en) * 2014-11-13 2017-08-18 快尔生物技术公司 2,3 the thiazolines simultaneously ketone derivatives of [3,2 a] pyridine 5, its intermediate and its purposes as antibacterial agent
US10294244B2 (en) 2014-11-13 2019-05-21 Quretech Bio Ab 2,3-dihydro-thiazolo[3,2-A]pyridin-5-one derivatives, intermediates thereof, and their use as antibacterial agents
AU2015345042B2 (en) * 2014-11-13 2019-10-17 Quretech Bio Ab 2,3-dihydro-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-5-one derivatives, intermediates thereof, and their use as antibacerial agents
CN107074878B (en) * 2014-11-13 2019-12-24 快尔生物技术公司 2, 3-dihydro-thiazolo [3,2-a ] pyridin-5-one derivatives, intermediates thereof and their use as antibacterial agents
CN113975274A (en) * 2016-04-08 2022-01-28 快尔生物技术公司 Cyclofused thiazoline 2-pyridones, method for the production thereof and use thereof for treating and/or preventing tuberculosis
CN113975274B (en) * 2016-04-08 2024-04-09 快尔生物技术公司 Cyclic fused thiazoline 2-pyridones, method for the production thereof and use thereof for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of tuberculosis

Also Published As

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EP1233967A4 (en) 2003-07-09
AU1923501A (en) 2001-05-30
CA2390658A1 (en) 2001-05-25
EP1233967A1 (en) 2002-08-28
WO2001036426B1 (en) 2001-12-06

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