WO2001010842A2 - Composes fixant les recepteurs de melanocortine-4 et procedes d'utilisation de ces composes - Google Patents

Composes fixant les recepteurs de melanocortine-4 et procedes d'utilisation de ces composes Download PDF

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WO2001010842A2
WO2001010842A2 PCT/US2000/021327 US0021327W WO0110842A2 WO 2001010842 A2 WO2001010842 A2 WO 2001010842A2 US 0021327 W US0021327 W US 0021327W WO 0110842 A2 WO0110842 A2 WO 0110842A2
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phenyl
tetrahydro
methoxy
pyrimidine
benzylsulfanyl
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PCT/US2000/021327
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English (en)
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WO2001010842A3 (fr
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Martin P. Maguire
Mingshi Dai
Tricia J. Vos
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Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
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Priority to JP2001515309A priority Critical patent/JP2003528810A/ja
Priority to AU66216/00A priority patent/AU6621600A/en
Priority to BR0012984-4A priority patent/BR0012984A/pt
Priority to CA002381008A priority patent/CA2381008A1/fr
Priority to EP00953837A priority patent/EP1204645A2/fr
Priority to MXPA02001160A priority patent/MXPA02001160A/es
Publication of WO2001010842A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001010842A2/fr
Publication of WO2001010842A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001010842A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D239/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/14—Prodigestives, e.g. acids, enzymes, appetite stimulants, antidyspeptics, tonics, antiflatulents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
    • C07D233/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/18—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with aryl radicals directly attached in position 2

Definitions

  • Melanocortins are known to have a broad array of physiological actions (Nakanishi, et al. Nature (1979) 278:423-427). Aside from their well known effects on adrenal cortical functions and on melanocytes, melanocortins have been shown to affect behavior, learning, memory, control of the cardiovascular system, analgesia, thermoregulation, and the release of other neurohumoral agents including prolactin, luetinizing hormone, and biogenic amines (De Weid et al. Methods Achiev. Exp. Pathol. (1991) 15:167-199; De Weid et al. Physiol Rev. (1982) 62:977-1059; Gruber, K.A.
  • melanocortins have been identified to have •immunomodulatory and neurotrophic properties, and to be involved in events surrounding partition (Cannon, J.G. et al. J.
  • the melanocortin-1 (MCI) receptor is found in melanoma cells, where it has a role in mediating pigmentation.
  • the melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2-R or ACTH receptor) is found in the adrenal glands where it mediates the effects of ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone).
  • the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3-R) is primarily found in the central nervous system (CNS) (Gantz, L. et al., J. Biol. Chem.
  • mice have been found in the brain, where it is widely distributed in several areas, including the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord (Gantz, L. et al. J. Biol. Chem. (1993) 268:15174-15179; Mountjoy, K.G. et al. Mol. Endocrinol. (1994) 8:1298-1308).
  • MC4-R has recently been related to weight homeostasis. MC4-R "knock out" mice have been shown to develop obesity (Huszar et al. Cell (1997) 88:131-141).
  • MSH peptides The melanocortin-5 receptor (MC5-R) has a wide peripheral distribution and is believed to participate in the regulation of the exocrine gland function (Chen et al. Cell (1997) 91:789-798).
  • the invention pertains to a method for treating a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) associated state in a mammal.
  • the method involves administering an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound to a mammal, such that the MC4-R associated state is treated.
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of the formula (I):
  • B is an anchor moiety
  • Z is a central moiety
  • ⁇ is a MC4-R interacting moiety
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of the formula (II):
  • the invention pertains to another method for treating an MC4-R associated state in a mammal, by administering to a mammal an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound of formula (III):
  • B is an anchor moiety
  • Li and L 2 are linking moieties
  • A is a cyclic moiety
  • E is a MC4-R interacting moiety, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the invention also pertains to treating MC4-R associated states with an MC4-R binding compound of formula III, wherein B is substituted or unsubstituted biaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, wherein one or more of said substituents are halogens, alkyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, amino, cyano, or nitro; Lj is a covalent bond, Ci-Cio branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one or two of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms; L 2 is a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted amino, ether, thioether, or alkyl; E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, amino, amidino, guanidino, heterocyclic, or aryl, wherein said substituents are amino, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl,
  • the compound is of the formula (IV):
  • B is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
  • A is aryl, heteroaryl, biaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, or cycloalkenyl;
  • Li and L 2 are selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, C !
  • R is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, arylalkyl, or heteroalkyl, and may optionally be linked to A, B, Li, or L 2 ; R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, halogen, thiol, or alkoxy, and may optionally be linked to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.
  • the invention also pertains to methods for treating an MC4-R associated state in a mammal by administering an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound of the formula (V):
  • B is substituted or unsubstituted biaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, wherein one or more of said substituents are halogens, alkyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, amino, cyano, or nitro; is a covalent bond, C1-C 10 branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one or two of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms; L 2 is a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted amino, ether, thioether, or alkyl; E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, amino, amidino, guanidino, heterocyclic, or aryl, wherein said substituents are amino, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; ⁇ is a covalent bond, ary
  • the invention also pertains to a method for treating an MC4-R associated state in a mammal by administering an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound to a mammal, wherein the compound is an MC4-R antagonist, and is of the formula (VI): wherein p i p 2 ⁇ p 3 ⁇ p 4 ⁇ an( j p 5 are 0 p t i ona ⁇ iy substituted carbon, sulfur, or nitrogen, and wherein one of P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 and P 5 may represent a covalent bond; Z x , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are optionally substituted carbon or nitrogen; Li is a covalent bond, -C I Q branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one or two of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms; L is a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted amino, ether,
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of formula (VII):
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are CH, N, or substituted carbon
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5 are CH, N or substituted carbon.
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of formula (VIII):
  • Z , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are CH, N, or substituted carbon
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5 are CH, N or substituted carbon.
  • the invention also pertains to MC4-R binding compound of the formula (IX):
  • P 2 is CH, CF, CC1, CBr, C-alkyl, C-alkoxy, C-CN, C-OH, or CI P 3 is CH, CF, CC1, CBr, C-alkyl, C-alkoxy, C-CN, C-OH, or CI P 4 is CH, CC1, CBr, CF, C-alkyl, C-alkoxy, C-CN, C-OH, or CI G 1 and G 2 are each independently CH 2 , S, or O; r is a covalent bond or CH 2 ; t is CH 2 , CR 3 , or CR 3 R 4 ; s is CH 2 , CHR 5 or CR 5 R 6 ; R is hydrogen or alkyl;
  • Z 1 is CH, or covalently linked to Z 2 to form a naphthyl ring
  • Z 2 is CH, C-(C ⁇ CH), CC1, CBr, CI, CF, or covalently linked to Z 1 to form a naphthyl ring
  • Z 5 is CH, or C-OMe
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are methyl, ethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, or amino, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the invention also features a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a
  • compositions contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a MC4-R binding compound.
  • the compounds are described herein in the context of the description of the method but it should be understood that the invention further pertains to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and the compounds per se.
  • pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective amount of at least one MC4-R binding compound of the formula (I):
  • B is an anchor moiety
  • Z is an central moiety
  • E is a MC4-R interacting moiety, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Figures la and lb are bar graphs showing the effects of MT II (a MC4-R agonist) on food intake in lean mice.
  • Figure 2 is a graph depicting the effects of treating lean mice with Compound N and MT II on food intake over a six hour period.
  • Figure 3 is a graph depicting the effects of treating lean mice with Compound O and MT II on food intake over a six hour period.
  • the invention pertains to a method for treating a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) associated state in a mammal.
  • the method involves administering an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound to a mammal, such that the MC4-R associated state is treated.
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of the formula (I):
  • B is an anchor moiety
  • Z is a central moiety
  • E is a MC4-R interacting moiety, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • MC4-R includes receptors for ⁇ -melanocyte stimulating hormone.
  • the MC4-R is usually found in the brain where it is widely distributed (Mountjoy et al. Mol. Endocrinol. (1994) 8:1298-1308).
  • Melanocortins are peptide hormones that play an important role in regulating melanocyte pigmentation as well as memory and thermoregulation. They consist of various peptides, such as ⁇ -melanocyte stimulating hormone, that are cleaved from the polypeptide precursor prooptiomelanocortin (POMC).
  • POMC prooptiomelanocortin
  • the effects of melanocortins are mediated via stimulation of adenylate cyclase via the activation of the melanocortin receptors.
  • the melancortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed in brain tissue.
  • GPCR G-protein coupled receptor
  • the specific role of the MC4-R protein in vivo was investigated by engineering MC4-R "knock out" mice. The mice were unable to produce functional MC4-R protein, because the endogenous MC4-R gene coding sequence was deleted. The knock-out mice were produced by using human MC4-r gene sequences to isolate and clone the murine MC4-r gene. A murine MC4-r targeting construct was then generated which was designed to delete the majority of the murine MC4-r coding sequence upon homologous recombination with the endogenous murine MC4-r gene.
  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells containing the disrupted MC4-r gene were produced, isolated and microinjected into murine blastocysts to yield mice chimeric for cells containing a disrupted MC4-r gene. Offspring of the chimeric mice resulting from germline transmission of the ES genome were obtained and animals heterozygous for the disrupted MC4-R were identified.
  • ES Embryonic stem
  • mice heterozygous for the MC4-r disrupted gene were bred together, producing litters containing wild-type mice, mice heterozygous for the MC4-r mutation and mice homozygous for the MC4-R mutation.
  • the weight gain of the animals was monitored regularly.
  • Homozygous null MC4-R mutants showed an increase in weight compared to mice heterozygous for MC4-R deletion and wild type mice as early as 25 days of age.
  • MC4-R deficient mice exhibited, on average, a 55-70% greater weight relative to wild type mice, and an approximately 50% greater weight compared to mice heterozygous for the MC4-R deletion.
  • MC4-R associated states includes those states, disorders, or diseases characterized by aberrant or undesirable activity or expression of MC4-Rs. It also includes those states, disorders and diseases associated with MC4-R ligands (e.g., ⁇ -melanocyte stimulating hormone). The language also includes prevention of states, disorders and diseases characterized by aberrant or undesirable activity of MC4-Rs or its ligands. Examples of MC4-R associated states include, but are not limited to, disorders involving pigmentation, weight homeostasis, e.g., weight loss or obesity. This can include the unhealthy decrease in body weight that can occur during an acute inflammatory response or that occurs in a cancer patient as a result of cachexia, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or to the undesirable decrease in body mass due to simulated or actual weightlessness, such as occurs during space travel.
  • unhealthy decreases occur in some patients during advance stages of illnesses such as AIDS. Physiologically, this may be a result from any one of a number of complex factors, such as loss of appetite and possibly abnormal catabolism. This cachexia, may be slowed by MC4-R binding compounds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the weight loss is a result of old age, anorexia nervosa, or cachexia (e.g., cachexia associated with cancer or HIV).
  • cachexia e.g., cachexia associated with cancer or HIV.
  • the MC4-R associated state is not weight loss.
  • mammal includes organisms which express the MC4-R. Examples of mammals include mice, rats, cows, sheep, pigs, goats, horses, bears, monkeys, dogs, cats and, preferably, humans. Transgenic organisms which express the MC4-R are also included in this definition.
  • MC4-R binding compound includes those compounds which interact with the MC4-R resulting in modulation of the activity of the MC4-R.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds are antagonists of the MC4-R.
  • antagonists includes compounds which interact with the MC4-R and modulate, e.g., inhibit or decrease, the ability of a second compound, e.g., ⁇ -melanocyte stimulating hormone or another MC4-R ligand, to interact with the MC4-R.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds is an agonist of the MC4-R.
  • agonists includes compounds which interact with the MCR-4 and modulate, e.g., increase or stimulate, its activity and/or its ability to interact with a second compounds, e.g., ⁇ -melanocyte stimulaturing hormone.
  • MC4-R binding compounds can be identified through both in vitro (e.g., cell and non-cell based) and in vivo methods. These methods are described in detail in Examples 2, 3, 4, and 5.
  • the Scincillation Proximity Assay is a non-cell based in vitro assay, described in Example 2. It can be used to identify compounds that interact with, e.g., bind to MC4-R. Such compounds may act as antagonists or agonists of MC4-R activity and may be used in the treatment of body weight disorders.
  • One example of a qualitative measure of binding affinity of a MC4-R binding compound to MC4-R is its IC 50.
  • the MC4-R binding compound binds to the MC4-R with a binding affinity, for example, of about 50 ⁇ M or less, 20 ⁇ M or less, 10 ⁇ M or less, 5 ⁇ M or less, 2.5 ⁇ M or less, or 1 ⁇ M or less.
  • the IC 50 of a MC4-R binding compounds is about 0.5 ⁇ M or less,, about 0.3 ⁇ M or less, about 0.1 ⁇ M or less, about 0.08 ⁇ M or less, about 0.06 ⁇ M or less, about 0.05 ⁇ M or less, about 0.04 ⁇ M or less, or, preferably, about 0.03 ⁇ M or less.
  • isolated membranes are used to identify compounds that interact with MC4-R.
  • 293 cells may be genetically engineered to express the MC4-R.
  • Membranes are be harvested by standard techniques and used in an in vitro binding assay.
  • 125 I-labeled ligand e.g., 125 I- labeled ⁇ -MSH, ⁇ -MSH, or ACTH
  • 125 I-labeled ligand is bound to the membranes and assayed for specific activity; specific binding is determined by comparison with binding assays performed in the presence of excess unlabelled ligand.
  • membranes are incubated with labeled ligand in the presence or absence of test compound.
  • Compounds that bind to the receptor and compete with labeled ligand for binding to the membranes reduced the signal compared to the vehicle control samples.
  • the screens are designed to identify compounds that antagonize the interaction between MC4-R and MC4-R ligands such as ⁇ -MSH, ⁇ -MSH and ACTH.
  • the MC4-R ligands are labeled and test compounds can be assayed for their ability to antagonize the binding of labeled ligand to MC4-R.
  • Cell based assay systems can also be used to identify MC4-R binding compounds.
  • cell based assay system is the cAMP assay described in detail in Example 3.
  • Cell based methods may use cells that endogenously express MC4- R for screening compounds which bind to MC4-R.
  • cell lines such as 293 cells, COS cells, CHO cells, fibroblasts, and the like, genetically engineered to express the MC4-R can also be used for screening purposes.
  • host cells genetically engineered to express a functional receptor that responds to activation by melanocortin peptides can be used as an endpoint in the assay; e.g., as measured by a chemical, physiological, biological, or phenotypic change, induction of a host cell gene or a reporter gene, change in cAMP levels, adenylyl cyclase activity, host cell G protein activity, extracellular acidification rate, host cell kinase activity, proliferation, differentiation, etc.
  • the host cells expressing functional MC4-R should give a significant response to MC4-R ligand, preferably greater than 5 -fold induction over background.
  • Host cells should preferably possess a number of characteristics, depending on the readout, to maximize the inductive response by melanocortin peptides, for example, for detecting a strong induction of a CRE reporter gene: (a) a low natural level of cAMP, (b) G proteins capable of interacting with the MC4-R, (c) a high level of adenylyl cyclase, (d) a high level of protein kinase A, (e) a low level of phosphodiesterases, and (f) a high level of c AMP response element binding protein would be advantageous.
  • host cells could be engineered to express a greater amount of favorable factors or a lesser amount of unfavorable factors.
  • alternative pathways for induction of the CRE reporter could be eliminated to reduce basal levels.
  • the cells expressing the melanocortin receptor are exposed to a test compound or to vehicle controls (e.g., placebos). After exposure, the cells can be assayed to measure the expression and/or activity of components of the signal transduction pathway of the melanocortin receptor, or the activity of the signal transduction pathway itself can be assayed. For example, after exposure, cell lysates can be assayed for induction of c AMP. The ability of a test compound to increase levels of cAMP, above those levels seen with cells treated with a vehicle control, indicates that the test compound induces signal transduction mediated by the melanocortin receptor expressed by the host cell.
  • vehicle controls e.g., placebos.
  • ligands that activate the MC4-R e.g., ⁇ -MSH, ⁇ -MSH or ACTH, to test for inhibition of signal transduction by the test compound as compared to vehicle controls.
  • the assays described above may be conducted using a panel of host cells, each genetically engineered to express one of the melanocortin receptors (MC1-R through MC5-R). Expression of the human melanocortin receptors is preferred for drug discovery purposes.
  • host cells can be genetically engineered to express any of the amino acid sequences shown for melanocortin receptors 1 through 5.
  • MC1-R and MC2-R Mountjoy., 1992, Science 257: 1248-1251 ; Chhajlani & Wikberg, 1992 FEBS Lett. 309: 417-420
  • MC3-R Roselli-Rehfuss et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 90: 8856-8860; Gantz et al., 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 8246-8250
  • MC4-R Gantz et al., 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 15174-15179; Mountjoy et al., 1994, Mol.
  • the activation, or inhibition of MC4- R activation is compared to the effect of the test compound on the other melanocortin receptors.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention are more selective for the MC4-R than at least one other MC receptors, for example, more than twice as selective, at least ten times as selective, at least twenty times as selective, at least fifty times as selective, or at least one hundred times as selective.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention are more selective for the MC4-R than the MC1-R, for example, more than twice as selective, at least ten times as selective, at least twenty times as selective, at least fifty times as selective, or at least one hundred times as selective.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention are more selective for the MC4-R than the MC3-R, for example, more than twice as selective, at least ten times as selective, at least twenty times as selective, at least fifty times as selective, or at least one hundred times as selective.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention are more selective for the MC4-R than the MC5-R, for example, more than twice as selective, at least ten times as selective, at least twenty times as selective, at least fifty times as selective, or at least one hundred times as selective.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention are more selective for the MC4-R receptor than at least one, two or three other MC receptors (such as, for example, MCI -R, MC3-R, or MC5-R).
  • the MC4-R binding compounds are more selective for the MC4-R than MCl-R, MC3-R, and MC5-R.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds as at least ten times as selective, at least twenty times as selective, at least fifty times as selective, or at least one hundred times as selective for the MC4-R than the MCl-R, MC3-R and the MC5-R.
  • the MC4-R binding compound includes compounds of the formula (I):
  • B-Z-E (I) wherein B is an anchor moiety, Z is a central moiety, E is a MC4-R interacting moiety, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • anchor moiety includes moieties which interact with the MC4-R, which may, advantageously, result in the binding of the MC4-R binding compound to the MC4-R.
  • anchor moieties include substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., branched, straight chain, or cyclic (e.g., cyclohexane, cyclopentane)), alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, etc.), heterocyclic (e.g., thienyl, morpholinyl, piprazinyl, piperidinyl, etc.), and multicyclic (e.g., indolyl, benzothioenyl, etc.) moieties.
  • alkyl e.g., branched, straight chain, or cyclic (e
  • anchor moieties include carbonyl moieties, thiol groups, cyano groups, amino groups, and hydrogen atoms.
  • the anchor moiety (“B”) includes substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aryl moieties, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, etc.
  • substituents include halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine, etc.), alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-propyloxy, n-butyloxy, pentoxy, cyclopentoxy, arylalkyloxy, etc.) hydroxy, alkylcarbonyl, cyano, nitro, thiol, alkenyl, alkynyl (e.g., ethynyl, etc.), alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acyla
  • the anchor moiety substituent can be substituted itself with one or more halogen, nitro, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or alkoxy groups, or combinations thereof.
  • the aryl moiety is fused to another ring which can be substituted or unsubstituted, carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic or non- aromatic.
  • the anchor moiety is substituted with at least one halogen, alkoxy group, or alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted) group.
  • halogen substituted phenyl anchor moieties include o-iodophenyl, m-iodophenyl, o- brornophenyl, m-brornophenyl, o-chlorophenyl, m-chlorophenyl, o-fluorophenyl, m- fluorophenyl, ⁇ -fluorophenyl, m-nitrophenyl, or o-methoxy.
  • the anchor moiety may also comprise more than one substituent, e.g.
  • anchor moieties include 2-methoxy-5- bromophenyl, 2-methoxy-5-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxy-5-iodophenyl, 2-methoxy-5- fluorophenyl, 2-ethoxy-5 -bromophenyl, 2-methoxy-6-bromophenyl, 3-methoxy-6- bromophenyl, 2-isopropyl-5-bromophenyl, 2- «-propyl-5-bromophenyl, and 2- cyclopentyloxy-5-bromophenyl.
  • anchor moieties include, but are not limited to, 2-methoxy-5- cyanophenyl, 2-chloro-5-chlorophenyl, 2-methoxy-6-methoxyphenyl, 2-methoxy-5- nitrophenyl, 2-methoxy-5-phenyl phenyl, 2-methoxy-5-3'-thiofuranyl phenyl, 2- methoxy-5-methylcarbonyl phenyl, 3,5-dimethyloxy phenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2,5- dimethoxy phenyl, 2-fluoro-6-chlorophenyl, and 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl.
  • the anchor moiety includes substituted and unsubstituted heterocycles.
  • heterocycles include, but are not limited to, furanyl, imidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzodiozanyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, ethylenedioxyphenyl, indolyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, purinyl, deazapurinyl, morpholine, piprazine, piperidine, thiomorpholine, and thioazolidine.
  • substituents include alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, branched straight chain or cyclic, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, etc.), alkenyl, alkynyl, halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonyla
  • the anchor moiety is a substituted or unsubstituted fused aryl or biaryl moiety.
  • Biaryl moieties include moieties with two or more aromatic rings, which may be fused or connected through one or more covalent bonds. Examples include biphenyl, fluorene, anthracenyl, benzoquinazolinyl, and naphthyl.
  • substituents of biaryl moieties include alkyl (e.g., substituted and unsubstituted, branched or straight chain, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, etc.), alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, cyclopentoxy, etc.), alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamin
  • Biaryl moieties also include moieties which comprise one or more heterocycles, such as, benzothiofuranyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, isoquinolinyl, benzodiozanyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, ethylenedioxyphenyl, and indolyl.
  • heterocycles such as, benzothiofuranyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, isoquinolinyl, benzodiozanyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, ethylenedioxyphenyl, and indolyl.
  • biaryl anchor moieties include naphthyl, 2-methoxynaphthyl, 2-methoxy-5-phenyl phenyl, 2-ethoxynaphthyl, 2-methoxy-5-thiofuranyl phenyl, 2-methyl naphthyl, 2-n- propyl naphthyl, benxothiofuranyl, 2-phenyl phenyl, 2-methoxy-5-4'methoxy-phenyl phenyl; 2-methoxy-5-(3'-fluoro-4'-phenyl) phenyl phenyl; 2-cyclopentoxynaphthyl; quinolinyl; and 2-methoxy-5-(3'-chloro-4'fluoro)phenyl phenyl.
  • the anchor moiety can be multicyclic and comprise a combination of one or more aromatic, non-aromatic, heterocyclic, and heteroaryl rings, which can be fused, bridged, or linked together through covalent bonds.
  • the multicyclic anchor moiety may also be substituted with substituents such as alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, branched straight chain or cyclic, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, etc.), alkenyl, alkynyl, halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato
  • central moiety includes moieties which covalently attach the anchor moiety to the MC4-R interacting moiety.
  • central moieties include cyclic moieties, optionally substituted amines (e.g., tertiary amino, aminoalkylamino, dialkylaminoalkylamino, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonylamino; arylaminocarbonylamino groups; arylaminothiocarbonylamino), optionally substituted alkyl groups (e.g., carbon atoms with substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl), heterocyclic moieties (e.g., morpholinyl, piprazinyl, etc.), and carbonyl groups, etc.
  • amines e.g., tertiary amino, aminoalkylamino, dialkylaminoalkylamino, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonylamino; arylaminocarbonylamino groups; arylaminothiocarbonylamino
  • substituents of the central moiety include, for example, alkyl (e.g., straight, branched or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl), alkenyl (ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, etc.), alkynyl (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, etc.), halogen (e.g., chlorine, fluorine, iodine, bromine), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, cyclopropoxy, etc.), alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,
  • central moiety also includes moieties of the formula (XII):
  • ⁇ is a covalent bond, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, heterocyclic, alkyl, carbocyclic, or aryl;
  • L 3 is a covalent bond, CpC ⁇ branched, unbranched or cyclic alkyl(wherein one, two or three of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms), carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy , or_aminothiocarbony 1 moiety ;
  • ⁇ is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic, aryl, alkoxy, amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or hydrogen; and ⁇ is 0, 1 or 2.
  • IT is a carbon or nitrogen atom.
  • ⁇ is alkyl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic (e.g., piprazinyl, morphonlinyl, piperidinyl, etc.).
  • ⁇ is heterocyclic (e.g., non-aromatic, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, bridged, fused, or monocyclic, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, azetidinyl, piprazinyl, etc. or aromatic, e.g., pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, etc.), aryl e.g., phenyl, naphthyl) or amino (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, e.g., alkylamino, dialkyl amino, etc.).
  • heterocyclic e.g., non-aromatic, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, bridged, fused, or monocyclic, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, azetidinyl, piprazinyl, etc. or aromatic, e.g., pyridinyl,
  • cyclic moiety includes heterocyclic and carbocyclic groups, such as substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, heteroaryl, or biaryl moieties.
  • cyclic moieties include those without aromaticity (e.g., cyclohexane, cyclopentane, etc.) and those with aromaticity, e.g. moieties that have at least one aromatic ring.
  • Cyclic moieties may include one or more heteroatoms.
  • Examples include phenyl, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, naphthyl, quinolyl, indolyl, and the like.
  • the cyclic moiety can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents such as, for example, alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl), alkenyl (ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, etc.), alkynyl (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, etc.), halogen (e.g., chlorine, fluorine, iodine, bromine), hydroxyl, alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, cyclopropoxy, etc.), aryloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alky
  • the cyclic moiety of the present invention is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, heteroaryl, or biaryl.
  • the language "cyclic moiety” also includes non-aromatic cyclic moieties, such as, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic alkanes, (e.g., cyclohexane, and cyclopentane), cyclic alkenes (e.g., cyclohexene), and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycles (e.g., thiofuran, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrrole, imidazole, quinoxaline, etc.).
  • cyclic moiety comprises not only the heterocyclic or carbocyclic moieties, but also may additionally include moieties which further comprise linking moieties, such as h and L 2 which, for example, may link the anchor moiety to the carbocyclic or heterocyclic cyclic portion of the cyclic moiety. Furthermore, linking moieties may also link the heterocyclic or carbocyclic cyclic moiety to the MC4-R interacting moiety.
  • cyclic moieties include unsubstituted phenyl, halogenated phenyl (e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro and iodo phenyl), alkyl substituted phenyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.),amino substituted phenyl, heteroaryls (e.g., thiofuran, pyridine, quinoxaline, pyrazine, pyrrole, etc.).
  • halogenated phenyl e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro and iodo phenyl
  • alkyl substituted phenyl e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.
  • amino substituted phenyl e.g., thiofuran, pyridine, quinoxaline, pyrazine, pyrrole, etc.
  • MC4-R interacting moiety (“E") includes moieties which permit the MC4-R binding compound to perform its intended function, e.g., interact with the MC4-R.
  • MC4-R interacting moieties include substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., substituted with amino, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, etc.), aryl (e.g., phenyl, heteroaryl), amino (e.g., 3-aminopropylamino, dimethyl amino, diethyl amino), amidino, guanidino, carbocyclic and heterocyclic moieties.
  • the language "MC4-R interacting moiety” is not intended to suggest that this moiety is the active pharmacophore of the molecule, responsible for the pharmacological, binding or other properties of the MC4-R binding compound.
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety is cyclic, e.g., aryl, alkyl, biaryl, polycyclic, heteroaromatic, or heterocyclic.
  • heterocyclic MC4-R interacting moieties include heterocycles which contain nitrogen atoms, such as, substituted and unsubstituted pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, piprazinyl, imidoazopyridinyl, pyrolloimidazolyl, pyrrolyl, azetidinyl, azapanyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, morpholinyl, diazapanyl, and piperidinyl moieties.
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety may be bicyclic, polycyclic, bridged or a fused ring system. Examples of fused and bridged heterocycles include:
  • the substituent R includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, etc.), benzocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, and other groups which allow the MC4-R interacting moiety to perform its intended function.
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety can be substituted with substituents such as, but not limited to, halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, branched straight chain or cyclic, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, etc.), alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, aminoalkyl, and alkylary
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety is not cyclic, e.g., the MC4-R interacting moiety is alkyl, unsubstituted amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amidino, guanidino, etc.
  • alkyl MC4-R interacting moieties include straight and branched chain alkyls such as n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl.
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety contains one or more nitrogen atoms, e.g., pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, quinoxalinyl, or pyrimidinyl.
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety is of the formula (XIII):
  • r is a covalent bond, CH, CH 2 , CR 1 , CR*R 2 , or H; t is CH, CH 2 , CR 3 , CR 3 R 4 , or H; s is CH, CH 2 , CHR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , or absent; R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, benzocarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally linked to A, B, L ⁇ , L 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 to form one or more rings;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclic, halogen, thiol, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano, or alkoxy, and may optionally be linked to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.
  • the carbocyclic ring that is formed through the linkage of R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 may be bridged, fused, or spiro.
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety is represented by the formula (XIV) below, when s is absent:
  • the MC4-R interacting moiety may be bicyclic, e.g., biheterocyclic, for example, quinoxalinyl.
  • the language "linked to form a ring” refers to moieties covalently connected through a chain of atoms (e.g., carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms).
  • the chain of atoms can comprise any number of atoms, which allow the MC4-R binding moiety to perform its intended function.
  • the chain of atoms is selected such that a ring with three, four, five, six, seven, or eight members are formed.
  • the ring that can be formed may be spiro (e.g., connected through the same carbon atom), fused (connected through adjacent carbon atoms), or bridged (e.g., connected through carbon atoms which are neither identical nor adjacent).
  • R and t are linked, e.g., to for a bicyclic moiety.
  • bicyclic moieties include, but are not limited to, imidazopyridinyl, pyrolloimidazolyl, cyclopentaimidazolyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, etc.
  • R is H, alkyl, benzocarboxy, alkylcarboxy, or arylalkylcarboxy.
  • s is CR 5 R 6 and R 5 and Re are each methyl.
  • r is a covalent bond, and at least one oft and s are CH 2 .
  • t, r, and s are each CH .
  • r is a covalent bond, and t and s are linked through a 4 carbon chain.
  • at least one R group is OH. Examples of MC4-R interacting moieties include, but are not limited to, the following structures:
  • the invention pertains to a method for treating an MC4-
  • MC4-R binding compounds include compounds comprising the formula
  • B is a anchor moiety;
  • A is a cyclic moiety;
  • E is a MC4-R interacting moiety, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of formula (II), may further comprise linking moieties, Li and L 2 .
  • Such MC4-R binding compounds include compounds of the formula (III):
  • B-L,-A-L 2 -E (III) wherein B is an anchor moiety (as described above), Lj and L 2 are linking moieties, A is a cyclic moiety (as described above), and E is a MC4-R interacting moiety.
  • B is an anchor moiety (as described above)
  • Lj and L 2 are linking moieties
  • A is a cyclic moiety (as described above)
  • E is a MC4-R interacting moiety.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the MC4-R binding compound are also included.
  • linking moiety includes moieties which link, preferably covalently, the MC4-R interacting moiety, the cyclic moiety, and the anchor moiety of the invention.
  • linking moieties include covalent bonds, 1-10 atom chains which may be branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, heterocyclic, alkenyl, or alkynyl. The chains may be substituted with 0-3 heteroatoms or other moieties which allow the MC4-R binding compound to perform its intended function. Examples of suitable heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
  • the invention contemplates MC4-R binding compounds which comprises more than two linking moieties.
  • Li is a chain of 1-10 atoms (e.g., such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9 or 10 atoms.
  • Lj is selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, C ⁇ -C 6 , C 1 -C 5 , C ⁇ -C , C 1 -G 3 , Cj- C 2 , branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one, two or three of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms.
  • Lj is a thioether (e.g., -S-CH 2 -, S-CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 -S-CH 2 , -S-, or -S-CH-(C 6 H 5 )-.), an ether (e.g., -O-CH 2 or -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -), a sulfoxide, a sulfone, an amine (e.g., -NH-, -NH- CH 2 -, -NMe-CH 2 -, CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -, etc.) or alkyl (e.g., -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -, or -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 2 - ).
  • a thioether e.g., -S-CH 2 -, S-CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 -S-CH 2 , -S-
  • Li comprises a sulfonyl group.
  • ⁇ can be substituted or unsubstituted (e.g., a hydrogen can be replaced by another moiety), such that the MC4-R binding compound is capable of performing its intended function, e.g., bind to or interact with the MC4-R.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, branched straight chain or cyclic, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, etc.), alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino),
  • examples of L 2 include a covalent bond, a chain of 1-10 atoms (e.g., such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 atoms.
  • Li is selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, CrC ⁇ , -Cs, C ⁇ -C 4 , C ! -C , C ! -C 2 , branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one, two or three of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms..
  • L 2 is a covalent bond, -CH 2 - or -NH-.
  • L 2 may also comprise one or more carbonyl groups.
  • L 2 can be substituted with any substituent such that the MC4-R binding compound is capable of performing its intended function.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), alkyl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, branched straight chain or cyclic, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, etc.), alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, ary
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of formula (III) (e.g., B-L ⁇ -A-L 2 -E), wherein B is substituted or unsubstituted biaryl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl), unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl
  • B is substituted or unsubstituted biaryl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl), unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl
  • Li is a covalent bond, branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one or more of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms;
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, etc.), or biaryl (e.g., naphthyl, quinoxalinyl, purinyl, etc.) wherein said substituent is selected from the group consisting of halogens (e.g., bromine, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, etc.), alkyl groups (e.g., branched, straight chain or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.), alkoxy groups (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-propoxy, isobutoxy, n- butoxy, pentoxy, cyclopentoxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy
  • L 2 is a covalent bond, a chain of 1-10 atoms (e.g., such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 atoms.
  • Lj is selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, Cj-C 6 , C 1 -C 5 , C(-C 4 , C C 3 , - C 2 , branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one, two or three of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms, substituted or unsubstituted amino (e.g., -NH-, -NH-CH 2 ), ether, thioether, or alkyl (e.g., C ⁇ -C 10 , -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, or -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, etc.);
  • E is unsubstituted amino, unsubstituted and substituted alkylamino (e.g., 3- aminopropylamino), dialkylamino (e.g., dimethyl amino, diethyl amino), amidino, guanidino, heterocyclic (e.g., substituted and unsubstituted piprazinyl, mo ⁇ holinyl, piperidinyl, imidoazopyridinyl, pyrolloimidazolyl, pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl) moieties, aryl (e.g., phenyl, heteroaromatic, e.g., substituted and unsubstituted pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, quinoxalinyl, or pyrimidinyl), wherein said substituents include, but are not limited to, amino (e.g., unsubstituted amino, alkylamino, dialkyl amino), aminoalkyl (e
  • the invention pertains to a method for treating an MC4-
  • the compound is of the formula (IV):
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, etc.), or biaryl (e.g., naphthyl, quinoxalinyl, purinyl, etc.) wherein said substituent is selected from the group consisting of halogens (e.g., bromine, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, etc.), alkyl groups (e.g., branched, straight chain or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.), alkoxy groups (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-propoxy, isobutoxy, n- butoxy, pentoxy, cyclopentoxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy
  • B is substituted or unsubstituted biaryl (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl), unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl (e.g., thienyl, benzothienyl, furanyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, etc.), unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, wherein one or more of said substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogens (e.g., bromine, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, etc.), alkyl groups (e.g., branched, straight chain or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.), alkoxy groups (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy,
  • L ⁇ and L 2 are selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, Ci- C 4 branched or unbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, wherein one or two of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms; r is a covalent bond, CH, CH 2 , CR 1 , CR'R 2 , or H; t is CH, CH 2 , CR 3 , CR 3 R 4 , or H; s is CHR 5 , CR 5 R6 or absent (e.g., leaving a non-cyclic diamine); R is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, arylalkyl, or heteroalkyl, and may optionally be linked to A, B, Li, or L 2 ;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, halogen, thiol, alkoxy, and may be optionally linked to each other to form additional ring moieties, e.g., quinoxalinyl.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the MC4-R binding compounds are also included.
  • A is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • substituents include halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine), alkoxy, alkyl (e.g., methyl, trifluoromethyl), and amino moieties.
  • A is heteroaromatic, (e.g., thienyl), or biaryl, (e.g., napthyl or quinoxalinyl).
  • the invention also pertains to methods for treating an MC4-R associated state in a mammal comprising by administering an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound of the formula (V):
  • B is substituted or unsubstituted biaryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, wherein one or more of said substituents are halogens, alkyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, amino, cyano, or nitro;
  • Li is a covalent bond, Ci-Cio branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one or two of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms;
  • L 2 is a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted amino, ether, thioether, or alkyl;
  • E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, amino, amidino, guanidino, heterocyclic, or aryl, wherein said substituents are amino, arylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
  • ⁇ is a covalent bond, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, heterocyclic, alkyl, carbocyclic, or aryl;
  • L 3 is a covalent bond, Ci-C 6 branched, unbranched or cyclic alkyl (wherein one, two or three of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms), carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, or an aminothiocarbonyl moiety; and
  • A is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic, aryl, alkoxy, amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or hydrogen; and ⁇ is 0, 1 or 2, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Examples of MC4-R binding compounds with this structure include, but are not limited to, compounds, wherein ⁇ is a carbon atom, L 3 is aminocarbonyloxy, ⁇ is substituted aryl, ⁇ is one, Li and L 2 are each CH 2 , and B and E are each pipridinyl.
  • substituents for ⁇ include but are not limited to, alkoxy (e.g., Ci-Cio alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, octoxy, nonoxy, and decoxy), cyano, halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), alkyl (e.g., straight or branched chain, etc.), aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, nitro, amino, or any other substituents which enables the MC4-R binding compound to perform its intended function, e.g., treat an MC4-R associated state.
  • alkoxy e.g., Ci-Cio alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, octoxy, nonoxy, and dec
  • compounds of formula (V) include, but are not limited to, compounds wherein ⁇ , L 2 and L 3 together are a single covalent bond, E is alkyl, and B is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic.
  • IT is a nitrogen atom
  • L 2 , Li and L 3 are each alkyl
  • E is substituted amino (e.g., alkyl substituted), or heterocyclic (e.g., piprazinyl, piperidinyl, mo ⁇ holinyl, etc.)
  • B and ⁇ are each aryl (e.g., phenyl, anthracenyl, biaryl, e.g., naphthyl).
  • the invention pertains to yet another method for treating an MC4-R associated state in a mammal by administering to a mammal an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound of the formula(VI):
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are optionally substituted carbon, sulfur, or nitrogen, and wherein one of P l , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 may represent a covalent bond;
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are optionally substituted carbon or nitrogen;
  • L 1 is a covalent bond, C ⁇ -C branched or unbranched alkyl, wherein one or two of the carbons are optionally replaced with oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms;
  • L 2 is a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted amino, ether, thioether, or alkyl;
  • J is an unsubstituted or substituted nitrogen containing heterocycle or a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • substituents of P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 include halogens
  • alkyl groups e.g., branched, straight chain or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.
  • alkoxy groups e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n- propoxy, isobutoxy, n-butoxy, pentoxy, cyclopentoxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, etc.
  • aryl groups e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, heterocyclic groups
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are each substituted or unsubstituted carbon (e.g., CH).
  • P 1 and P 3 may be CH.
  • P 2 and P 4 are each CH, CF, CC1, CBr, CI, CMe, C-OMe, or C-OCF 3 .
  • Z 3 and Z 4 are each CH.
  • Z 1 is CH, or covalently linked to Z 2 to form a naphthyl ring.
  • Z 2 include CH, C-(C ⁇ CH), CC1, CBr, CI, and CF.
  • Z may be substituted with a chain of atoms which covalently links it to Z to form a naphthyl ring.
  • Z 5 examples include, but are not limited to, CH and C-alkoxy.
  • C- alkoxy includes carbon atoms covalently bound to an alkoxy group, as described below.
  • alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, etc.
  • L is a covalent bond
  • J examples include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted piprazinyl, imidoazopyridinyl, pyrolloimidazolyl, pyrrolyl, azetidinyl, azapanyl, diazapanyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, mo ⁇ holinyl, or piperidinyl. Furthermore, J may be a substituted or unsubstituted fused ring or bridged heterocycle.
  • each of P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are each optionally substituted carbon; Z , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are each also optionally substituted carbon (e.g., alkoxy substituted, halogen substituted or linked to form a ring); wherein Li is either -S-CH 2 -, or CH 2 -CH .
  • L 2 is a covalent bond and J is a moiety of formula XIII, as described above.
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of formula (VII):
  • Z , Z , Z , Z 4 , and Z are CH, N, or substituted carbon
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5 are CH, N or substituted carbon.
  • substituents of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5 include halogens (e.g., bromine, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, etc.), alkyl groups (e.g., branched, straight chain or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.), alkoxy groups (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-propoxy, isobutoxy, n-butoxy, pentoxy, cyclopentoxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, etc.), aryl groups (e.g., substituted or unsubsti
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 and P 5 are each substituted or unsubstituted carbon (e.g., CH).
  • P 1 and P 3 may be CH.
  • P 2 and P 4 are each CH, CF, CC1, CBr, or CI.
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 can be linked covalently to form a bicyclic ring.
  • Z 3 and Z 4 are each CH.
  • Z is CH, or covalently linked to Z to form a naphthyl ring.
  • Z 2 include CH, C-(C ⁇ CH), CC1, CBr, CI, and CF.
  • Z may be substituted with a chain of atoms which covalently links it to Z to form a naphthyl ring.
  • P 5 is C-L 2 -J, wherein C is a carbon atom, L 2 is a linking moiety, e.g., a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted amino, ether, thioether, or alkyl; and J is an unsubstituted or substituted nitrogen containing heterocycle or a substituted or unsubstituted amino group.
  • L 2 is a covalent bond and J is a moiety of formula (XIII):
  • r is a covalent bond, CH, CH 2 , CR 1 , CR'R 2 , or H; t is CH, CH 2 , CR 3 , CR 3 R 4 , or H; s is CH, CH 2 ,alkenyl, CHR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , or absent; R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, benzocarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally linked to A, B, L l5 L 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R to form one or more rings; and
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 ; and R 6 are each halogen, thiol, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclic, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano, aryl, optionally linked to form a ring with R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 ; or R 6 .
  • the MC4-R binding compound is of formula (VIII):
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are CH, N, or substituted carbon; and P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5 are CH, N or substituted carbon.
  • substituents of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5 include halogens (e.g., bromine, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, etc.), alkyl groups (e.g., branched, straight chain or cyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.), alkoxy groups (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-propoxy, isobutoxy, n-butoxy, pentoxy, cyclopentoxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, etc.), aryl groups (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, heterocyclic groups), alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, alky
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are each substituted or unsubstituted carbon (e.g., CH).
  • P 1 and P 3 may be CH.
  • P 2 and P 4 are each CH, CF, CC1, CBr, or CI.
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 can be linked covalently to form a bicyclic ring.
  • Z 3 and Z 4 are each CH.
  • Z 1 is CH, or covalently linked to Z 2 to form a naphthyl ring.
  • Z 2 include CH, C-(C ⁇ CH), CC1, CBr, CI, and CF. • 1
  • Z may be substituted with a chain of atoms which covalently links it to Z to form a naphthyl ring.
  • P 5 is C-L 2 -J, wherein C is a carbon atom, L 2 is a linking moiety, e.g., a covalent bond, substituted or unsubstituted amino, ether, thioether, or alkyl; and J is an unsubstituted or substituted nitrogen containing heterocycle or a substituted or unsubstituted amino group.
  • L 2 is a covalent bond and J is a moiety of formula (XIII):
  • r is a covalent bond, CH, CH 2 , CR 1 , CR ! R 2 , or H; t is CH, CH 2 , CR 3 , CR 3 R 4 , or H; s is CH, CH 2 , alkenyl, CHR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , or absent;
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, benzocarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally linked to A, B, Li, L 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 to form one or more rings; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each halogen, thiol, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclic, aryl, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano, optionally linked
  • the invention pertains to MC4-R binding compounds of formulae VII and VIII.
  • MC4-R binding compound of these formulae include, for example, compounds wherein P 5 is a carbon covalently bonded to a moiety of formula XIII.
  • the moiety of formula XIII is not benzoimidazole.
  • Z 3 is not ethoxy.
  • the invention pertains to both methods of using and MC4-R binding compounds of formula (IX):
  • P 2 is CH, CF, CC1, CBr, C-alkyl, C-alkoxy, C-CN, C-OH, or CI
  • P 3 is CH, CF, CC1, CBr, C-alkyl, C-alkoxy, C-CN, C-OH, or CI
  • P 4 is CH, CC1, CBr, CF, C-alkyl, C-alkoxy, C-CN, C-OH, or CI
  • G and G are each independently CH 2 , S, or O; r is a covalent bond or CH 2 ; t is CH 2 , CR 3 , or CR 3 R 4 ; s is CH 2 , CHR 5 or CR 5 R 6 ;
  • R is hydrogen or alkyl
  • Z 1 is CH, or covalently linked to Z 2 to form a naphthyl ring;
  • Z 2 is CH, C-(C ⁇ CH), CC1, CBr, CI, CF, or covalently linked to Z 1 to form a naphthyl ring;
  • Z 5 is CH, or C-OMe
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are methyl, ethyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, amino, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the language "linked to form a naphthyl ring” includes moieties which join Z 1 1 and Z to form a naphthyl (fused) ring system.
  • Z 1 is CH;
  • Z 2 is CBr; and
  • Z 5 is C-OMe.
  • P 2 is CH.
  • P 4 is CCl or CF.
  • G 1 and G 2 are each CH 2 .
  • G 1 and G 2 together are -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH -O-, -O-CH 2 -, -CH 2 - S- or -S-CH 2 -.
  • Z 1 and Z 2 are linked to form a naphthyl ring.
  • the invention pertains to MC4-R binding compound of the formula (VII):
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are CH, N, or substituted carbon
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are CH, N or substituted carbon; and P 5 is C-L 2 -J, wherein L 2 is a covalent bond, alkyl (e.g., C ⁇ -C 3 ), amino, ether, carbonyl, etc., and wherein J is a moiety of the formula (XIII):
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, benzocarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally linked to R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 to form one or more rings; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 ; and R 6 are each halogen, thiol, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclic, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano,aryl, optionally linked to form a ring with R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 .
  • the invention also pertains to MC4-R binding compound of the formula (VIII):
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are CH, N, or substituted carbon; P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are CH, N or substituted carbon; and
  • P 5 is C-L 2 -J, wherein L 2 is a covalent bond, alkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 ), amino, ether, carbonyl, etc., and wherein J is a moiety of the formula (XIII):
  • r is a covalent bond, CH, CH 2 , CR 1 , C ⁇ R 2 , or H; t is CH, CH 2 , CR 3 , CR 3 R 4 , or H; s is CH, CH 2 , CHR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , or absent;
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, benzocarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally linked to R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 to form one or more rings; and
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each halogen, thiol, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclic, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano,aryl, optionally linked to form a ring with R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 or R 6 .
  • the invention also pertains to MC4-R binding compound of the formula (XV):
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are CH, N, or substituted carbon
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are CH, N or substituted carbon
  • P 5 is C-L 2 -J, wherein L 2 is a covalent bond, alkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 ), amino, ether, carbonyl, etc., and wherein J is a moiety of the formula (XIII):
  • r is a covalent bond, CH, CH 2 , CR 1 , CR ! R 2 , or H;
  • t is CH, CH 2 , CR 3 , CR 3 R 4 , or H;
  • s is CH, CH 2 , CHR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , or absent;
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, benzocarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally linked to R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 to form one or more rings;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each halogen, thiol, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclic, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano,aryl, optionally linked to form a ring with R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 .
  • the invention also pertains to MC4-R binding compound of the formula (XVI): wherein
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are CH, N, or substituted carbon
  • P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are CH, N or substituted carbon; and P 5 is C-L 2 -J, wherein L 2 is a covalent bond, alkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 ), amino,.ether, carbonyl, etc., and wherein J is a moiety of the formula (XIII):
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, benzocarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally linked to R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 to form one or more rings; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each halogen, thiol, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclic, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, cyano,aryl, optionally linked to form a ring with R, R 1 , R 2 , R
  • the invention includes compounds wherein P , P , P , and P 4 of any one of formulas VII, VIII, XV, or XVI are each substituted or unsubstituted carbon.
  • P 1 is CH.
  • at least one of P 2 , P 3 and P 4 is a substituted carbon.
  • P 2 , P 3 and P 4 are selected from the group consisting of CH, CF, CI, CBr, C-alkyl, C-alkyoxy, or CI.
  • the compounds of formulae VII, VIII, XV, or XVI include compounds wherein Z and Z 4 are each CH. In another further embodiment of the formulae, Z is CH.
  • Z 1 is covalently linked to Z 2 to form a naphthyl ring.
  • Z 2 is CH, C-(C ⁇ CH), CCl, CBr, CI, and CF.
  • the compounds of the invention include compounds of formulae VII, VIII, XV, or XVI, wherein L 2 is a covalent bond. Also included are compounds wherein R is H, alkyl, benzocarboxy, alkylcarboxy, or arylalkylcarboxy.
  • the compounds of the invention include compounds of formulae VII, VIII, XV, or XVI, wherein s is CRsR ⁇ and R 5 and R$ are each methyl.
  • r is a covalent bond.
  • each oft, r and s may be CH 2 .
  • formula VII do not include benzoimadazole as the moiety of formula XIII, when P , P , P 3 , P 4 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 4 , Z 3 , and Z 5 are each CH.
  • the compounds of the invention do not include compounds wherein the moiety of formula XIII is tetrahydropyrimidine, when P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 4 , and Z 5 are each CH and Z 3 is C-OEt or CH.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention of formula VIII do not include compounds wherein the moeity of formula XIII is benzoimidazolyl. In another further embodiment, the MC4-R binding compounds of the
  • invention of formula VIII do not include compounds wherein P is not CI, if P , P , or P 4 are CH.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention of formula VIII do not include compounds wherein P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z , Z 3 , and Z 5 are each CH, when the moiety of formula XIII is tetrahydropyrimidine.
  • the compounds of formula VIII of the invention do not include compounds wherein the moiety of formula is 4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazole, when P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are each CH, and wherein one or two of Z 1 , Z 2 , or Z 3 is CCl, and the remaining Z groups are CH.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of formula VIII of the invention do not include compounds wherein the moiety of formula XIII is tetrahydropyrimidine, and when P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are each CH, and Z is CCl and the remaimng Z groups are CH.
  • the compounds of formula VIII of the invention do not include compounds wherein when the moiety of formula XIII is tetrahydropyrimidine, and when P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 are each CH, and Z 1 and one of Z 4 or Z 5 are CCl and the remaining Z groups are CH.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention do not include compounds of formula XV, wherein the moiety of formula VIII is not benzoimidazole if P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 are each CH, and wherein Z 2 is CMe and the remaining Z groups are CH.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention do not include compounds of formula XVI, wherein the moiety of formula XVI, wherein L 2 is not NH (e.g., amino), if P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 4 , Z 3 , and Z 5 are each CH.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds of formula XVI of the invention do not include compounds wherein P groups are substituted to form a naphthyl ring.
  • the invention features a method for treating an MC4-R associated state in a mammal by administering an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound to a mammal.
  • Compounds of formula (X) are also included in the invention.
  • the compound is of the formula (X):
  • Ar and Ar' are aromatic groups; R 1 ' is selected independently for each position capable of substitution from the group hydrogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, halogen, alkyl, amino, or aryloxy.
  • R 12 is selected for each position capable of substitution from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, acetylenic, nitro, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, acyl, or carbonyl;
  • R 13 is hydrogen, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, nitro, cyano, alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cio alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, etc.) acyl, carbonyl, or SO 2 CH 3 , and may optionally be linked to an R 16 or an R 16 group;
  • R 16 and R 16 are each independently selected for each position capable of substitution from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, carbonyl, or acyl, and may optionally be connected through an alkyl chain to R 13 or another R 16 or R 16 group, to form a fused or
  • X is NR 17 , S, O or a covalent bond
  • R 17 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, heterocyclic, or carbonyl;
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroaromatic, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, or aryl, for each occurrence; w is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; e is 0, 1, 2, or 3; f is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof
  • Ar groups include:
  • R is acyl, alkyl or hydrogen.
  • Ar is, , R 11 is selected independently for each aromatic position capable of substitution.
  • R 11 groups include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, halogen (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, or bromine), alkyl, amino, and benzyloxy.
  • Ar' groups examples include:
  • R 19 is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl.
  • each R 12 group is selected independently from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, halogen (e.g., fluorine, bromine, chlorine, or iodine), and cyano.
  • alkoxy groups include C ⁇ -C 10 alkoxy, such as, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, and cyclopentoxy.
  • Examples of X include covalent bond, S, O and NR .
  • Examples of R include hydrogen, alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cio alkyl, e.g., methyl), or acyl.
  • R 16 and R 16 include alkyl and hydrogen. Each R 16 and R 16 group is selected independently for each occurrence. In a further embodiment, at least one of R 16 or R 16 are at least once hydrogen. In another embodiment, at least one of R 1 or R 16' are at least once C I -C JO alkyl, e.g., methyl or ethyl.
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cjo, e.g., methyl) or phenyl for each occurrence.
  • R is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl (e.g., Ci- o alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, etc.) acyl, carboxy, or SO 2 CH 3 .
  • alkyl e.g., Ci- o alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, etc.
  • acyl group include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted Ci-C ⁇ 0 alkyl acyl (e.g., i- propylcarbonyl and benzylcarbonyl).
  • w is 2 or 3. In yet another further embodiment, e is 0 or 1. In yet another further embodiment, f is 0 or 1.
  • the invention features a method for treating an MC4-R associated state in a mammal by administering an effective amount of a MC4-R binding compound to a mammal.
  • the compound is of the formula (XI):
  • Ar and Ar' are aromatic groups, as described above; R 11 is selected independently for each position capable of substitution from the group hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, amino, cyano, or aryloxy.
  • R is selected for each position capable of substitution from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, acetylenic, nitro, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, acyl, or carbonyl;
  • X is NR 17 , S, O or a covalent bond
  • R 17 is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, heterocyclic, or carbonyl
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl, for each occurrence;
  • R 20 and R 21 are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, hydrogen, or carbonyl, and may optionally be linked to form a heterocycle (e.g., mo ⁇ honlinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, etc.); v is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; e is 0, 1, 2, or 3; f is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Examples of Ar, Ar', R 1 ', R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and X moieties include those described for formula (X).
  • MC4-R binding compounds include compounds of the formula (XVIII):
  • Ar and Ar' are aromatic groups
  • R 1 ' is selected independently for each position capable of substitution from the group hydrogen, cyano, alkoxy, nitro, halogen, alkyl, amino, or aryloxy;
  • R is selected for each position capable of substitution from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, acetylenic, nitro, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, acyl, or carbonyl;
  • R 13 is hydrogen, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, nitro, cyano, alkyl, acyl, carbonyl, or SO 2 CH 3 , and may optionally be linked to an R 16 or an R 16 group;
  • R 16 and R 16 are each independently selected for each position capable of substitution from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, cyano, aryl, heterocyclic, carbonyl, or acyl, and may optionally be connected through an alkyl chain to R 13 or another R 16 or R 16 group, to form a fused or spiro ring system;
  • X is NR 17 , S, O or a covalent bond;
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, or carbonyl
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl; w is 1, 2, 3, or 4; e is 0 or 1 ; f is 0 or 1 , wherein both e and f are not both 0 if X is a covalent bond, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Ar, Ar', R 11 , R 12 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 16' and X moieties include those described for formula (X).
  • MC4-R binding compounds include compounds of the formulae:
  • the invention also includes MC4-R binding compounds such as:
  • Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid (2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-naphthalen- 1 -ylmethyl-amide; l-[2-(5-Bromo-2-methoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-3-chloro-benzyl]-2-methoxymethyl- pyrrolidine;
  • the methods of the invention do not include methods wherein 2-[2-(2,5-dichlorothiophen-3-ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-l, 4, 5, 6- tetrahydropyrimidine (Compound A); 2[2-(2-chloro- 6-fluoro-benzylsulfanyl)-phenyl]- 1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyrimidine (Compound B); l-(6-bromo-2-chloro-quinolin-4-yl)-3- (2-diethylaminoethyl)-urea (Compound AN); 2-[2-(2,6-difluorobenzylsulfanyl)-phenyl]- 1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyrimidine (Compound AO); l-(4-hydroxy-l, 3, 5-trimethyl- piperadin-4-y l)-ethanone (Compound AR) ; 4,6-dimethyl-2-piperazin- 1 -y
  • the compounds claimed as MC4-R binding compounds do not include those listed above.
  • the methods of the invention do not include methods wherein 2-naphthalen-l-ylmethyl-4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazole (NAPHAZOLINE; Compound AS); 10-[2-(l -methyl-piperadin-2-yl)-ethyl]-2-methylsulfanyl- 10H- phenothiazine (THORADIAZINE; THIODIAZINE; Compound AP); (2,6-dichloro- phenyl)-imidazolidin-2-ylidene-amine (CLONIDINE; Compound AY); or 2-benzyl-4,5- dihydro-1 H-imidazole (TOLAZOLINE; Compound AZ) are used as MC4-R binding compounds.
  • the invention pertain to compounds other than those listed above as MC4-R binding compounds.
  • the methods of the invention do not include 5-(4- chloro-phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3H-imidazo[2,l-a]-isoindol-5-ol (MASPINDOL; Compound DT) as an MC4-R binding compound.
  • the compounds of the invention include MC4-R binding compounds other than MASPINDOL.
  • alkyl includes saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc.), branched-chain alkyl groups (isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, etc.), cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups (cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl), alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups.
  • straight-chain alkyl groups e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl,
  • alkyl further includes alkyl groups, which can further include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 10 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C ⁇ -C 10 for straight chain, C 3 -C 10 for branched chain), and more preferably 6 or fewer.
  • preferred cycloalkyls have from 4-7 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5 or 6 carbons in the ring structure.
  • alkyl includes both "unsubstituted alkyls" and “substituted alkyls”, the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • substituents can include, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sul
  • Cycloalkyls can be further substituted, e.g., with the substituents described above.
  • An "alkylaryl” or an “aralkyl” moiety is an alkyl substituted with an aryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl)).
  • the term “alkyl” also includes the side chains of natural and unnatural amino acids. Examples of halogenated alkyl groups include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, perfluoromethyl, perchloromethyl, perfluoroethyl, perchloroethyl, etc.
  • aryl includes groups, including 5- and 6-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, phenyl, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, isothiaozole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isooxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like.
  • aryl includes multicyclic aryl groups, e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g., naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline, isoquinoline, napthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, or indolizine.
  • aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles", “heterocycles,” “heteroaryls” or “heteroaromatics”.
  • the aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and
  • alkenyl includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double bond.
  • alkenyl includes straight-chain alkenyl groups (e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, etc.), branched-chain alkenyl groups, cycloalkenyl (alicyclic) groups (cyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl), alkyl or alkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkenyl groups.
  • alkenyl includes straight-chain alkenyl groups (e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, de
  • alkenyl further includes alkenyl groups which include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkenyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C2-C for straight chain, C3-C6 for branched chain).
  • cycloalkenyl groups may have from 3-8 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5 or 6 carbons in the ring structure.
  • C -C 6 includes alkenyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl includes both "unsubstituted alkenyls" and “substituted alkenyls”, the latter of which refers to alkenyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • substituents can include, for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,
  • alkynyl includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but which contain at least one triple bond.
  • alkynyl includes straight-chain alkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, etc.), branched-chain alkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups.
  • alkynyl further includes alkynyl groups which include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkynyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C2-Cg for straight chain, C3-C6 for branched chain).
  • C 2 -C 6 includes alkynyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkynyl includes both "unsubstituted alkynyls" and “substituted alkynyls”, the latter of which refers to alkynyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • substituents can include, for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,
  • lower alkyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to five carbon atoms in its backbone structure.
  • Lower alkenyl and “lower alkynyl” have chain lengths of, for example, 2-5 carbon atoms.
  • acyl includes compounds and moieties which contain the acyl radical
  • substituted acyl includes acyl groups where one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido),
  • acylamino includes moieties wherein an acyl moiety is bonded to an amino group.
  • the term includes alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido groups.
  • aroyl includes compounds and moieties with an aryl or heteroaromatic moiety bound to a carbonyl group. Examples of aroyl groups include phenylcarboxy, naphthyl carboxy, etc.
  • alkoxyalkyl examples include alkyl groups, as described above, which further include oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms.
  • alkoxy includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom.
  • alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy, and pentoxy groups and may include cyclic groups such as cyclopentoxy.
  • substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups.
  • the alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate
  • amine or "amino” includes compounds where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon or heteroatom.
  • alkyl amino includes groups and compounds wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkyl group.
  • dialkyl amino includes groups wherein the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups.
  • arylamino and “diarylamino” include groups wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively.
  • alkylarylamino alkylaminoaryl or “arylaminoalkyl” refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group.
  • alkaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkyl group.
  • amide or “aminocarboxy” includes compounds or moieties which contain a nitrogen atom which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or a thiocarbonyl group.
  • alkaminocarboxy groups which include alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group bound to a carboxy group. It includes arylaminocarboxy groups which include aryl or heteroaryl moieties bound to an amino group which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group.
  • alkylaminocarboxy alkenylaminocarboxy
  • alkynylaminocarboxy arylaminocarboxy
  • carbonyl or “carboxy” includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom, and tautomeric forms thereof. Examples of moieties which contain a carbonyl include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc.
  • carboxy moiety refers to groups such as “alkylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, "alkenylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkenyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, "alkynylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkynyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, “arylcarbonyl” groups wherein an aryl group is covalently attached to the carbonyl group.
  • the term also refers to groups wherein one or more heteroatoms are covalently bonded to the carbonyl moiety.
  • the term includes moieties such as, for example, aminocarbonyl moieties, (wherein a nitrogen atom is bound to the carbon of the carbonyl group, e.g., an amide), aminocarbonyloxy moieties, wherein an oxygen and a nitrogen atom are both bond to the carbon of the carbonyl group (e.g., also referred to as a "carbamate").
  • aminocarbonylamino groups e.g., ureas
  • heteroatom can be further substituted with one or more alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyl, etc. moieties.
  • thiocarbonyl or “thiocarboxy” includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbon connected with a double bond to a sulfur atom.
  • thiocarbonyl moiety includes moieties which are analogous to carbonyl moieties.
  • thiocarbonyl moieties include aminothiocarbonyl, wherein an amino group is bound to the carbon atom of the thiocarbonyl group, furthermore other thiocarbonyl moieties include, oxythiocarbonyls (oxygen bound to the carbon atom), aminothiocarbonylamino groups, etc.
  • ether includes compounds or moieties which contain an oxygen bonded to two different carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
  • alkoxyalkyl which refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which is covalently bonded to another alkyl group.
  • esters includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbon or a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon of a carbonyl group.
  • ester includes alkoxycarboxy groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, etc.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups are as defined above.
  • thioether includes compounds and moieties which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two different carbon or hetero atoms.
  • examples of thioethers include, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls, alkthioalkenyls, and alkthioalkynyls.
  • alkthioalkyls include compounds with an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfur atom which is bonded to an alkyl group.
  • alkthioalkenyls and alkthioalkynyls refer to compounds or moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkynyl group.
  • hydroxy or "hydroxyl” includes groups with an -OH or -O " .
  • halogen includes fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine, etc.
  • perhalogenated generally refers to a moiety wherein all hydrogens are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • polycyclyl or “polycyclic radical” include moieties with two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are "fused rings". Rings that are joined through non-adjacent atoms are termed "bridged" rings.
  • Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and urei
  • heteroatom includes atoms of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus.
  • heterocycle or “heterocyclic” includes saturated, unsaturated, aromatic (“heteroaryls” or “heteroaromatic”) and polycyclic rings which contain one or more heteroatoms.
  • heterocycles include, for example, benzodioxazole, benzofuran, benzoimidazole, benzothiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, deazapurine, furan, indole, indolizine, imidazole, isooxazole, isoquinoline, isothiaozole, methylenedioxyphenyl, napthridine, oxazole, purine, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinoline, tetrazole, thiazole, thiophene, and triazole.
  • heterocycles include mo ⁇ holine, piprazine, piperidine, thiomo ⁇ holine, and thioazolidine.
  • the heterocycles may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • substituents include, for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylary
  • the structure of some of the compounds of this invention includes asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be understood accordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry (e.g., all enantiomers and diastereomers) are included within the scope of this invention, unless indicated otherwise. Such isomers can be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis. Furthermore, the structures and other compounds and moieties discussed in this application also include all tautomers thereof.
  • the compound is an antagonist of the MC4-R.
  • the compound is an agonist of the MC4-R. Compounds which are agonists of MC4-R can be identified using the cAMP assay given in Example 5.
  • administering includes routes of administration which allow the MC4-R binding compound to perform its intended function, e.g. interacting with MC4- Rs and/or treating a MC4-R associated state.
  • routes of administration which can be used include parental injection (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular), intraperitoneal injection, oral, inhalation, and transdermal.
  • the injection can be bolus injections or can be continuous infusion.
  • the MC4-R binding compound can be coated with or disposed in a selected material to protect it from natural conditions which may detrimentally effect its ability to perform its intended function.
  • the MC4-R binding compound can be administered alone or with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the MC4-R binding compound can be administered as a mixture of MC4-R binding compounds, which also can be coadministered with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the MC4-R binding compound can be administered prior to the onset of a MC4-R associated state, or after the onset of a MC4-R associated state.
  • the MC4-R binding compound also can be administered as a prodrug which is converted to another form in vivo.
  • the invention includes methods of treating an MC4-R associated state by administering the MC4-R binding compound of the invention in combination with art recognized compounds, e.g., therapeutic agents.
  • a patient suffering from cachexia resulting from HIV may be treated using both the MC4-R binding compounds of the invention in combination with art recognized compounds for treating the cachexia or HIV itself.
  • the term "combination with” includes both simultaneous administration as well as administration of the MC4-R binding compound before the art recognized compound or after the compound.
  • the period between administrations of the MC4-R binding compound and the other agent may be any length of time which allows the compositions to perform their intended function, e.g., the interval may be between few minutes, an hour, more than one hour, etc.
  • the MC4-R binding compounds may also be administered in combination with other MC4-R binding compounds of the invention.
  • the invention also features a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a MC4-R associated state in a mammal.
  • the pharmaceutical composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective amount of an MC4-R binding compound of the formula (I):
  • compositions of the invention include MC4-R binding compounds of formulae II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, and/or XI.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions comprising pharmaceutically acceptable salts of at least one MC4-R binding compound are also included.
  • the language "effective amount" of the compound is that amount necessary or sufficient to treat or prevent a MC4-R associated state, e.g. prevent the various mo ⁇ hological and somatic symptoms of a MC4-R associated state.
  • the effective amount can vary depending on such factors as the size and weight of the subject, the type of illness, or the particular MC4-R binding compound. For example, the choice of the MC4-R binding compound can affect what constitutes an "effective amount".
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the aforementioned factors and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the MC4-R binding compound without undue experimentation.
  • an in vivo assay as described in Example 4 below or an assay similar thereto also can be used to determine an "effective amount" of a MC4-R binding compound.
  • the ordinarily skilled artisan would select an appropriate amount of a MC4-R binding compound for use in the aforementioned in vivo assay.
  • the effective amount is effective to treat a disorder associated with pigmentation or weight loss, e.g., weight loss is a result of anorexia nervosa, old age, cancer cachexia, or HIV cachexia.
  • the regimen of administration can affect what constitutes an effective amount.
  • the MC4-R binding compound can be administered to the subject either prior to or after the onset of a MC4-R associated state. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages, can be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose can be continuously infused, or can be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the MC4-R binding compound(s) can be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.
  • the term "treated,” “treating” or “treatment” includes the diminishment or alleviation of at least one symptom associated or caused by the state, disorder or disease being treated. For example, treatment can be diminishment of one or several symptoms of a disorder or complete eradication of a disorder.
  • composition includes preparations suitable for administration to mammals, e.g., humans.
  • pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is art recognized and includes a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, suitable for administering compounds of the present invention to mammals.
  • the carriers include liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
  • Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
  • materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and
  • wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
  • antioxidants examples include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, ⁇ -tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
  • oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin
  • Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical, transdermal, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
  • the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred per cent, this amount will range from about 1 per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 per cent to about 70 per cent, most preferably from about 10 per cent to about 30 per cent.
  • Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.
  • lozenges using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth
  • a compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, poly vinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; abso ⁇ tion accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds
  • compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.
  • compositions may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by inco ⁇ orating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
  • These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluent commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3- butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluent commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and e
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
  • Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar- agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar- agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirri taring excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
  • the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
  • Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
  • Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body.
  • dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium.
  • Abso ⁇ tion enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the active compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
  • aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
  • vegetable oils such as olive oil
  • injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged abso ⁇ tion of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay abso ⁇ tion such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as
  • Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide.
  • the rate of drug release can be controlled.
  • biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides).
  • Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
  • the preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given by forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories. Oral administration is preferred.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
  • systemic administration means the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
  • These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.
  • the compounds of the present invention which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
  • the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
  • a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.
  • intravenous and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient when used for the indicated analgesic effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, more preferably from about 0.01 to about 50 mg per kg per day, and still more preferably from about 1.0 to about 100 mg per kg per day.
  • An effective amount is that amount treats an MC4-R associated state.
  • the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
  • a compound of the present invention While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical composition.
  • certain embodiments of the present compounds can contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts is art recognized and includes relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977) "Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
  • the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts in these instances includes relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like.
  • Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like.
  • esters refers to the relatively non-toxic, esterified products of the compounds of the present invention. These esters can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form or hydroxyl with a suitable esterifying agent.
  • Carboxylic acids can be converted into esters via treatment with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst.
  • Hydroxyls can be converted into esters via treatment with an esterifying agent such as alkanoyl halides.
  • the term also includes lower hydrocarbon groups capable of being solvated under physiological conditions, e.g., alkyl esters, methyl, ethyl and propyl esters.
  • a preferred ester group is an acetomethoxy ester group.
  • the amount of the MC4-R binding compound is effective to treat a pigmentation or weight loss disorder, e.g., weight loss associated with anorexia nervosa, old age, cachexia, HIV or cancer.
  • the invention also pertains to packaged MC4-R binding compounds.
  • the packaged MC4-R binding compounds include, an MC4-R binding compound (e.g., of formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, and/or XI), a container, and directions for using said MC4-R binding compound to treat an MC4-R associated state, e.g., weight loss, etc.
  • Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid (2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-naphthalen- 1 -y lmethy 1-amide; l-[2-(5-Bromo-2-methoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-3-chloro-benzyl]-2-methoxymethyl- pyrrolidine; (2-Hexyloxy-phenyl)-carbamic acid 2-piperidin- 1 -yl- 1 -piperidin- 1 -ylmethyl-ethyl ester;
  • compositions of the invention include compositions wherein the MC4-R binding compound is not 5-(4-chloro-phenyl)- 2,5-dihydro-3H-imidazo[2,l-a]-isoindol-5-ol (MASPINDOL; Compound DT).
  • compositions of the invention include compositions wherein the MC4-R binding compound is not 2-naphthalen- 1 - ylmethyl-4,5-dihydro-l H-imidazole (NAPHAZOLINE; Compound AS); 10-[2-(l- methyl-piperadin-2-yl)-ethyl]-2-methylsulfanyl- 1 OH-phenothiazine (THORADIAZINE; THIODIAZINE; Compound AP); (2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-imidazolidin-2-ylidene-amine (CLONIDINE; Compound AY); or 2-benzyl-4,5-dihydro-l H-imidazole (TOLAZOLINE; Compound AZ).
  • the MC4-R binding compound is not 2-naphthalen- 1 - ylmethyl-4,5-dihydro-l H-imidazole (NAPHAZOLINE; Compound AS); 10-[2-(l- methyl-piperadin-2
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention includes compositions wherein the MC4-R binding compound is not 2-[2-(2,5- dichlorothiophen-3-ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-l, 4, 5, 6- tetrahydropyrimidine (Compound A); 2[2-(2-chloro- 6-fluoro-benzylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-l, 4, 5, 6- tetrahydropyrimidine (Compound B); l-(6-bromo-2-chloro-quinolin-4-yl)-3-(2- diethylaminoethyl)-urea (Compound AN); 2-[2-(2,6-difluorobenzylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-l, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyrimidine (Compound AO); l-(4-hydroxy-l, 3, 5-trimethyl-piperadin- 4-yl)-ethanone (Compound AR); 4,6-dimethyl
  • the compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using standard methods of chemical synthesis and/or can be synthesized using schemes described herein. Synthesis of specific compounds is discussed in detail in the Example sections below. Examples of syntheses of several classes of compounds of the invention are outlined in the schemes below. Scheme 1 depicts a method of synthesizing thiomethylene compound of the invention.
  • 2-hydroxy or 2-mercapto benzoic acid is heated with the diamine in refluxing 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene to form the corresponding heterocyclic compound.
  • the desired thioether or ether is formed by treating the thiol or alcohol with a corresponding halogenated compound.
  • Scheme 2 depicts a general preparation of ethanyl-linked compounds of the invention.
  • Scheme 2 shows a method of synthesizing ethanyl linked compounds by treating ⁇ -tolunitrile with a lithium base in THF at -78 °C. A halogenated alkylaryl compound is then added to form the ethanyl linkage. To form the heterocycle, hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of the nitrile and 1,3 diaminopropane. After formation, the product can then be obtained and purified using standard techniques.
  • Scheme 3 depicts a method of preparing methylenethio linked compounds of the invention.
  • the methylenethio compounds of the invention can be prepared by adding anhydrous K CO to a thiophenol compound (Ar-SH) in DMF. The solution is then stirred and bromomethyl-benzonitrile is subsequently added. The thioether is then converted to the heterocyclic compound by bubbling hydrogen sulfide through a solution of the thioether and 1,3 diaminopropane. After formation, the product can then be obtained and purified using standard techniques.
  • the invention is further illustrated by the following examples which in no way should be construed as being further limiting. The contents of all references, pending patent applications and published patent applications, cited throughout this application are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference. It should be understood that the animal models used throughout the examples are accepted animal models and that the demonstration of efficacy in these animal models is predictive of efficacy in humans.
  • the reaction was capped and heated to 40 °C for 12 hours.
  • the mixture was subsequently diluted with 5 mL of water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2x1 OmL).
  • the organic extracts were washed with water (3xl0mL), brine (2xl0mL), and dried (Na 2 SO ).
  • the solvent was evaporated and the product was purified on silica gel (eluting with 9:1 of hexane/ethyl acetate) to afford 102 mg of the product as a colorless oil.
  • MC4-R cells were stable recombinant K293 cells overexpressing the MC4-R.
  • the cells were routinely cultured and passaged in a growth medium composed of DMEM base medium: 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), IX Glutamine, and 0.5 mg/ml G418.
  • Terminal cultures i.e., those which will be processed to produce plasma membranes
  • the media contained 0.2 mg/ml G418.
  • harvested cells were pelleted and immediately washed with 25 mL of PBS.
  • the washed cells were resuspended in two volumes of STM buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 5 mM Tris, 1 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.5), containing Boehringer CompleteTM protease inhibitors.
  • Cell breakage was accomplished using a Dounce homogenizer. After 20-30 strokes, nuclei and unbroken cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1100 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was saved and the pellet was resuspended in 1 volume of STM/protease inhibitors, and then a further lysis step was carried out by the Dounce homogenizer (10-20 strokes).
  • the membrane suspension obtained from the sucrose interface was collected and diluted with 5 mM Tris and 1 mM MgCl 2 .
  • Membranes were collected by a further round of centrifugation at 33,000 rpm for 30 minutes (SW-41 Ti rotor). The pellet of membranes was subsequently resuspended in a small (0.5 mL) volume of STM, using a 2 mL Dounce homogenizer, and immediately frozen. The resulting membranes were stable to both freeze-thaw cycles and temperatures around 4°C for at least 6 hours.
  • SPA scincillation proximity assay
  • the membranes from the MC4-R mammalian cells were bound to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) coated SPA beads.
  • WGA wheat germ agglutinin
  • the membrane coated SPA beads were added to screening plates, which contained the test compounds pre-dissolved in 30 ⁇ L of 10% DMSO. After pre-equilibration of the receptor coated beads with the test compounds (1 hour), 2nM of radioactive ligand ([ 125 I]NDP- ⁇ -MSH) was added. Since the binding of the radioactive ligand to the receptor causes the scincillation of the beads, blockage of the binding of the radioactive ligand by a small molecule causes a reduction in scincillation.
  • the membranes were mixed with the SPA beads to make a 2X stock of membrane and beads.
  • the following assay was performed with automation using a Titertec MultiDrop with plate stacker.
  • Binding was initiated by adding 20 ⁇ L of radioactive ligand (a 20 nM solution of [ I]-NDP- ⁇ -MSH) to each test well. The plates were incubated overnight at room temperature and read the following morning.
  • Test compound stock diluted in BuOH 1 :10, 2 5 ⁇ L dried in assay plate in hood prior to addition of assay buffer.
  • Well contained 0. 5 nmol of each test compound (20/well) in 2.5 ⁇ L 100% DMSO.
  • Results from the SPA are summarized in Table 4.
  • Table 4 * indicates good inhibition of the MC4-R, ** indicates very good inhibition of the MC4-R, and *** indicates exemplary inhibition of the MC4-R.
  • the present invention pertains to the compounds and methods described herein provided that the compound is not selected from the group consisting of those depicted in Table 5.
  • Table 4
  • MC4 Receptors are expressed in stably transfected K293 cells.
  • the cells are incubated in DMEM base medium (10% FBS, IX glutamine, and 0.4 mg/ml G418) at 37°C, in an atmosphere of 6.0% CO 2 and 90% relative humidity. Two days before the experiment, the cells are trypsinized and 200 ⁇ l of the cell suspension (138,000 cells/ml) is deposited into 96-well Costar cell culture plates.
  • test compounds are then dissolved in DMSO creating a 30mM stock solution, which is subsequently diluted to 180, 650, 20, 6.6, 2.2 ⁇ M in OPTI-MEM (GIBCO-BRL) media with 50 ⁇ M IBMX (isobutylmethylxanthine, Sigma) minutes before the experiment.
  • OPTI-MEM GENERAL-BRL
  • IBMX isobutylmethylxanthine, Sigma
  • the media is then thoroughly removed from the cell culture plates through a 12-channel straight manifold.
  • 90 ⁇ l of OPTI-MEM media with 50 ⁇ M IBMX is added to each well (McHale et al. FEBS Letters 345 (1994) 147-150).
  • the plate is then placed in an incubator set at 37 °C, 6.0% CO 2 and 90% relative humidity. After 15 minutes of incubation, 90 ⁇ l of the test compound solutions (or a control solution of OPTI-M ⁇ M and IBMX) are added and the plates are incubated for another 10 minutes. 20 ⁇ l of the ligand MSH solution in OPTI-M ⁇ M is then added. The cell plates are incubated for an additional hour at 37 °C.
  • mice Male lean C57BL/6J mice were individually housed in macrolon cages (22 ⁇ 2C°; 12:12 h light/dark cycle with lights off at 6 pm). Tap water and mouse chow diet were given ad libitum. Mice were stereotaxically implanted with a chronic guide cannula aimed to the third ventricle (intracerabroventricular) one week prior to testing. It had been previously determined that food deprived lean mice which had been injected with 0.1 nmol of MT II (a MC4-R agonist) prior to refeeding showed decreased feeding response within 1 hour of injection (Figure 1). In previous experiments using peptidic MC4-R antagonists, it has been shown that the decreased feeding response of MT II treated food-deprived mice can be reversed by the intracerabroventricular injection of MC4-R antagonists.
  • MT II a MC4-R agonist
  • Figure 2 shows that administration of 15 nmol of Compound N partially reverses the effect of the administration of the MC4-R agonist, MT II.
  • Figure 3 shows that administration of Compound O did not significantly effect the food intake of mice treated with MT II.
  • the cAMP assay identifies compounds which have agonist activity against MC receptors. It is used to identify the selectivity of agonist which selectively antagonize receptors of interest. The following method is outlined for MC4-R, but corresponding procedures were used for the other MC receptors, MCl-R, MC3-R, and
  • MC4 Receptors are expressed in stably transfected HEK293 cells.
  • the cells are incubated in DMEM base medium (10% FBS, IX glutamine, and 0.4 mg/ml G418) at
  • the cells are trypsinized and 200 ⁇ l of the cell suspension (138,000 cells/ml) is deposited into 96-well Costar cell culture plates.
  • the test compounds are then dissolved in DMSO creating a 30mM stock solution, which is subsequently diluted to 180, 650, 20, 6.6, 2.2 ⁇ M in OPTI-MEM (GIBCO-BRL) media with 50 ⁇ M IBMX (isobutylmethylxanthine, Sigma) minutes before the experiment.
  • the media is then thoroughly removed from the cell culture plates through a 12- channel straight manifold.
  • the media mixture is removed by 12-channel straight manifold. 60 ⁇ l of 70% ethanol is added to each well. The plates are then placed on a shaker for 30 minutes to extract the cAMP. The amount of cAMP is detected by the cyclic AMP [ 125 I] Biotrak SPA screening assay system (Amersham). The system involves adding 50 ⁇ l of IX assay buffer into each well of an OptiPlate-96 (Packard). 50 ⁇ l of the tracer solution (cAMP- 125 I) is added into each well. 5 ⁇ l of the cAMP extract is added into the mixture, followed by the addition of cAMP antiserum and 50 ⁇ l of SPA PVT-antibody binding beads. The plates are then covered with TopSeal-A (Packard) and incubated at room temperature for up to fifteen hours before being analyzed using a TOPCOUNT machine.
  • TopSeal-A Packard

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Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à des composés fixant les récepteurs MC4-R, ces composés étant représentés par la formule: B-Z-E (I), où B représente une fraction d'ancrage, Z représente une fraction centrale et E représente une fraction interagissant avec les récepteurs MC4-R. Des procédés d'utilisation de ces composés pour traiter les maladies associées aux récepteurs MC4-R, telles que les troubles associés à la perte de poids, sont également décrits.
PCT/US2000/021327 1999-08-04 2000-08-04 Composes fixant les recepteurs de melanocortine-4 et procedes d'utilisation de ces composes WO2001010842A2 (fr)

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JP2001515309A JP2003528810A (ja) 1999-08-04 2000-08-04 メラノコルチン−４受容体結合化合物及びその使用方法
AU66216/00A AU6621600A (en) 1999-08-04 2000-08-04 Melanocortin-4 receptor binding compounds and methods of use thereof
BR0012984-4A BR0012984A (pt) 1999-08-04 2000-08-04 Método para tratar um estado associado com o mc4-r em um mamìfero, composto de ligação ao mc4-r, e, composição farmacêutica
CA002381008A CA2381008A1 (fr) 1999-08-04 2000-08-04 Composes fixant les recepteurs de melanocortine-4 et procedes d'utilisation de ces composes
EP00953837A EP1204645A2 (fr) 1999-08-04 2000-08-04 Composes fixant les recepteurs de melanocortine-4 et procedes d'utilisation de ces composes
MXPA02001160A MXPA02001160A (es) 1999-08-04 2000-08-04 Compuestos que se unen a los receptores para melanocortina-4, y metodo de uso de estos.

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AU6621600A (en) 2001-03-05
EP1204645A2 (fr) 2002-05-15
CA2381008A1 (fr) 2001-02-15
JP2003528810A (ja) 2003-09-30
WO2001010842A3 (fr) 2001-08-16
BR0012984A (pt) 2002-07-16
MXPA02001160A (es) 2002-07-02

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