WO2001006632A2

WO2001006632A2 - Thermionic generator

Info

Publication number: WO2001006632A2
Application number: PCT/HR2000/000029
Authority: WO
Inventors: Boris-Roman BLAŽINIĆ
Original assignee: Blazinic Boris-Roman
Priority date: 1999-07-16
Filing date: 2000-07-14
Publication date: 2001-01-25
Also published as: WO2001006632A3

Abstract

Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator is a ring (cathode) covered by metal oxide of calcium, strontium, and barium, considering they have got the best constant of electrons emission at given temperature. The ring (cathode) encircles another ring (anode) at equal distance and it is planparallel with the cathode on which we bring working voltage that overcomes space charge around cathode and leads to saturated current. Dimension and geometric shape of cathode/anode favor the development of larger space charge as well as working voltage. Dimension and geometric shape of cathode/anode enable the largest emission of electrons at given temperature.

Description

BORIS-ROMAN THERM-ELECTRONIC GENERATOR

DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

1. THE AREA TO WHICH INVENTION REFERS

This invention refers to application of "hot" emission of electrons in electric power production and according to international classification it has been classified as:

2. TECHNICAL PROBLEM

The basic problem of mankind is hunger for "clean" energy. The one which could be available with more or less possibility of usage, with more or less consequences for life on Earth.

3. THE CONDITION OF TECHNIQUE

There are many up-to-date solutions of getting energy, created on traditional approach, natural resources and technological status, or perhaps there is no single usable or rational solution for numerous areas where the energy is needed. Waste in any of its form, which is being made through any way of energy production is becoming more voluminous. On the occasion of transformation, the losses occure, especially if the production itself is located at one place and the usage is at the other. There are also many parts - mobile as well as immobile.

On the other hand, we have the situation of "running away" of possible solutions by other science or technology areas.

Among these solutions there is "hot" emission of electrons which was used a lot in the beginning of radio diffusion, but only as a generator or radio waves receiver or as an amplifier of signals in diodas, triodas, pentodas etc.

Development of semiconductor elements totally pushed out the development of that particular form and the occurrence of hot emission of electrons have never been used in some other area. 4. THE ESSENCE OF THE INVENTION

The basic goal of the invention is to simplify the production of electric energy, to reduce harmful side products as much as possible, to achieve homogeneous source of energy which can be usable in all the areas, easily portable powerful source of electric power. The base, foundation of the invention lies in the following facts:

Fact I.

In heated metals, the atoms move lively, as well as "free electrons" which exist among some atoms. Beyond certain temperature, the velocity of electrons is so accelerated that they leave metal mass, similarly as molecular vapour leaves boiling water.

Emission of electrons can be attained at considerable lower temperature if calcium, barium or strontium oxide instead of pure metals. In that way we reduce operations, which electrons spend when leaving their surrounding. At oxide compounds mentioned above it is enough to heat the body at 900 degrees Kelvin, and at pure metal, wolfram for example, at 2300 degrees Kelvin. These independent electrons can be picked up by a certain voltage, that is - when we put them on a steep they will do the work. The quantity of emitted electrons from a certain area can be calculated according to equation by Richardson-Schottky-Dushman and expressed in amperes per square centimetres: I_s=60,2 x T² x e ^~b/T. The T is absolute temperature, e is a base of logarithms, b is constant dependent on stoking material. For barium oxide is =17.450. At 900 degrees Kelvin and barium oxide emission of electrons is 0,185 A/cm². With increasing of temperature for only 50 (950 degrees Kelvin) degrees the current of emitted electrons triples and becomes 0,581A/cm².

The body that is the source of these electrons is called cathode. Fact II. Wherever the unipolar current of charge carriers (electron, ion) flows through the vacuum the electric charge is being made in the interspace between cathode and anode. The reason is accumulation of carriers, which is called space charge and which works counterly on other same charge carriers - the electrons coming out of cathode. This cloud of electrons can be picked up or absorbed by the anode voltage. Increased anode voltage absorbs higher number of electrons in the same time so space charge reduces while the anode current rises. Value / power of flowing current is defined with the so-called Three-halves law (Langmuir and Child): I_A=KU_A , in which the K is the constant dependent on distance and shape of electrodes and the UA is potential difference between anode and cathode.

I'm stressing that the current of space charge depends only on geometrical shape and anode voltage.

USING OF FACT I. AND FACT II. IN THE INVENTION

CATHODE: A ring of R(adius)/diameter (R can be arbitrary) of 32 cm and 1 cm height v(l) is spreaded with the barium oxide from outside (pictures 1 & 2). This ring is warmed on the inner side by any source of warmth (with the combustion of gas, liquid, solid fuel or the atomic reaction). The source of thermal energy can be focused infrared rays, some convenient chemical reaction, battery source of electric energy or some other (picture 1). Keep the temperature of the ring at 900 (950)K.

According to Richardson-Schottky-Dushman the quantity of emitted electrons (in amperes per cm² ) of cathode area is going to be for 900K 0,185A/cm² and for 950K 0,581 A/cm². In our example a total quantity of emitted electrons will be 18,59/58,39 A taking in consideration that the area of emition is approximately 100 cm².

ANODE = The ring which encircles cathode is equally distant in all points for 1.0 cm (it's planparallel with cathode) picture 1.

ANODE VOLTAGE = Necessary voltage from the space charge equation which originates from the Three-halves law and which is going to absorb 90 emitted electrons and is going to pass into the saturated current in first case (at 18,59 A) 77.670 V and in other case (at 58,39 A) 166.596 V. CONCLUSION = The invention will generate the energy with given current value and voltage in first case 1.444.099 W and for second 9.728.897 W. According to the facts mentioned above it is noticeable that by the dimension 95 (area of cathode and anode measured in square cm, dm and m) and with the inversed relations (which haven't been used until now) of geometrical values, high value of usable energy can be achieved.

That's exactly the difference between this invention and the existing electronic elements called electron tubes. The relation between diameter of cathode /

100 anode and their length in these tubes is 1 part of diameter of cathode / anode in accordance with 10 parts (and more) of cathode / anode length, the area moved for few square mm, eventually few square cm and the voltage up to 1000 V. This invention sets the values reversely, 1 part ( and more ) of cathode / anode diameter in accordance with 1 part cathode / anode length

105 and it uses areas of emit 10 cm² up to more and voltage 1000 V and more. There must be a vacuum between anode and cathode and one more electrode between cathode / anode can be set in order to command. By this invention, we can achieve direct transformation of thermal energy into the electric energy. We avoid many technological intersteps (making of

110 technol. water, steam, and heavy equipment) mobile machine parts and losses in each transformation.

Classic generators 1 ,5/9,5 MW are 10 m³ volume and they take up workrooms of approximately few hundreds m³. Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator of above mentioned power would be

115 cubic meter large and it can be placed (together with the steering mechanism) into quite small container.

5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Accompanied drawings included in description and are parts of invention 120 description illustrating the best way to realise the invention and help at explaining the basic principles of the invention.

Picture 1 is a review of Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator with the view from above with the Diameter A' - A' and Detail B'.

Picture 2 is a review of increased Detail B' along with the review of certain 125 elements mentioned in the text.

6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AT LEAST ONE OF THE WAY TO REALISE THE INVENTION

Refering to Facts 1 and 2 and Pictures 1 and 2, if we make Boris-Roman

130 Therm-electronic generator of the following dimensions of cathode K - diameter 15,92 cm and height 0,30 cm, barium oxide covered area of 15 cm² (15,92 x 3, 141 (PI) x 0,3) warmed up to 900K, it'll give the emission of electrons od 2,775, (15 x 0,185) amperes. Necessary voltage on the anode of 17,92 cm diameter which would achieve

135 the current of saturation for this space charge by Three-halves law is 31.820 V. The power, and power in time or operation for these dimensions is 88.302 W or approximately 120 HP. Dimension of this generator would be 2 - 3 litres, depends on realisation. This generator, with these values, is especially convenient for car industry. By increasing the warming up of cathode to 940K,

140 we can get the generator suitable for freight vehicles, buses, ship engines etc. By considerable increasing of cathode and anode dimensions (as in previous example), we can get the generator of high energy.

In the following tables 1 and 2, there is parallel calculation for the heating, warming of cathode at 900/950K. Maximal (in tables) voltage is approximately

145 220 kV and 380 kV, or it's the existing voltage in the distributive electric system. That does not mean that we cannot use even higher voltages on cathode / anode but in that case they have to be transformed to lower voltages suitable for distribution. With the existing technical and other solutions, it is possible to generate the

150 energies of 1 ,3 and 2,6 GW. tabele 1 REVIEW OF POWERS FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF CATHODE/ANODE DIMENSIONS for heated anode at 900K and given voltage

tabela 2 REVIEW OF POWERS FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF CATHODE/ANODE DIMENSIONS for heated anode at 950K and given voltage

Key: l(k) - length (height) of cathode in centimetres

175 i"(^k) - half-diameter of cathode in centimetres P(k) - area of cathode in square centimetres A - quantity of emitted electrons, in amperes l(a) - length (height) of anode in centimetres r(a) - half-diameter of anode in centimetres

180 v - voltage in Volts necessary for saturated current W - realised power in Watts (V x A) 7. THE WAY OF INDUSTRIAL OR OTHER USAGE OF INVENTION

This invention enables practical, lasting and useful device which can be economically produced by using existing technology, and which includes

185 remarkable improvement comparing to earlier known generators or electric generating stations. We avoid many mechanical mobile / immobile parts, we reduce the volume of instalation, we increase rationalisation and simplicity in operation, we achieve elasticity through wide range of application - portable sources of electric power for small plants, especially for construction

190 companies (mixers, cranes etc.); car industry as a source of energy for electrical cars; autonomous housing units; mobile machines in mines; shipping industry; railway; transport etc.

Engineers will realise that they can make a number of changes, alterations if they want to adjust this invention to requirements of users without abandoning the scope and spirit of this invention.

Claims

PATENT REQUIREMENT - CLAIMS

1. Boris-Roman Therm-generator works on the principle of free electrons emit from metals or metal oxides under the temperature of 700K up to 1400K. a) Until now, this principle has been used merely at electron tubes (diode, triode, duodiode, pentode, etc.) in generating the alternating flow of charge carriers (electron) or in correction of alternating flow of charge carriers (electron). b) Emission of electrons happened on cathode of 1 cm² area. c) Cathode was cylinder-shaped and the relation between the diameter of cylinder and its length was 1 to 10 and more. In this way, we can achieve the space charge as low as possible as well as necessary voltage that will absorb emitted electrons. d) In existing electron tubes, we tried to achieve the lowest possible voltage between cathode and anode. It was up to 300 V and only in exceptional cases it was 1000 V. Warming up of cathode has been made solely by electric current. e) Electron tubes have been abandoned as inappropriate and they have been changed with the development of semiconductor elements.

2. According to requirement, Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator is: 1.a) characterised by the fact that free electrons emit from metals and metal oxides under increased temperature is used for electric current production.

3. According to the requirement, Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator is; 1.b) characterised by the emission of electrons is made from the cathode of an area more than 1 cm².

4. According to the requirement, Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator is:

1.c) characterised by the fact that the cathode is made as a ring, not a cylinder, and relation between diameter of ring and its height is 1 to 1 and less.

5. According to the requirement, Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator is: 1.d) characterised by the fact that the working voltages on anode can be

1000 V and more.

6. According to the requirement, Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator is: 1.e) characterised by warming up of cathode is being made with different sources of thermal energy and electric current is one of them.

7. According to the requirement, Boris-Roman Therm-electronic generator is: 1 f) characterised by the fact that it is also used under term electronic drum and it turns back in usage termion/thermic? emission as suitable for electric power production.