WO2000068267A1 - LOW-DOSE IL-1β-INDUCED PHOTORECEPTOR CELL RESCUE WITHOUT RETINAL DYSPLASIA - Google Patents
LOW-DOSE IL-1β-INDUCED PHOTORECEPTOR CELL RESCUE WITHOUT RETINAL DYSPLASIA Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000068267A1 WO2000068267A1 PCT/US2000/012565 US0012565W WO0068267A1 WO 2000068267 A1 WO2000068267 A1 WO 2000068267A1 US 0012565 W US0012565 W US 0012565W WO 0068267 A1 WO0068267 A1 WO 0068267A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- A61K38/20—Interleukins [IL]
- A61K38/2006—IL-1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Definitions
- the invention relates to the rescue of photoreceptor cells and other neuronal cells prone to disease or injury.
- Retinal photoreceptors are a highly specialized cell type, vulnerable to a wide range of microenvironmental insults and numerous specific gene defects (e.g., J. Stone et al . ) .
- mutations associated with photoreceptor cell degeneration frequently involve genes that are specific to the PRC outer segment (e.g., Allikmets et al .
- ⁇ FGF acidic fibroblast growth factor
- bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
- BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor
- IL-l ⁇ interleukin-1 beta
- interleukin 1 beta (IL-l ⁇ ), another injury-related mediator, has been found associated with rescue of light-damaged photoreceptor cells.
- IL-l ⁇ interleukin 1 beta
- the amount of IL-l ⁇ administered also produced extensive disruption of the retinal cytoarchitecture, likely related to the potent pro-inflammatory actions of this cytokine (LaVail et al., injecting a 1.0- ⁇ l bolus of 0.5 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l IL-l ⁇ intravitreally) .
- the prior art has found that intravitreal and intraocular administration of ILl ⁇ causes retinal inflammatory response accompanied by breakdown of the vascular blood-retinal barrier (BRB) , via recruitment of macrophages mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
- BRB vascular blood-retinal barrier
- IL-l ⁇ has been considered primarily as a factor in the pathogenesis of human retinal inflammation (Bamforth et al. 1997 and 1997a) , and has been used to induce experimental retinal inflammation.
- the present invention relates to the discovery that significantly lower levels of IL-l ⁇ can still induce photoreceptor cell rescue while minimizing the destructive sequelae previously observed at 50-1000 fold higher doses.
- the invention uses lower but rescue- effective levels of 11-1 designed to reduce or eliminate its destructive sequelae.
- the invention provides a method of rescuing neuronal cells in a dystrophic neural tissue site, by locally administering to at least one dystrophic neural tissue site in an individual, a composition comprising a low-dose amount of interleukin 1-beta (IL-l ⁇ ) that is effective to rescue neuronal cells without causing substantial dysplasia of the neural tissue at the dystrophic site.
- IL-l ⁇ interleukin 1-beta
- Figure 1 is a topographical representation of the sampling process used in counting photoreceptor number for each retina
- Figures 2A-B show the mean photoreceptor cell counts in pigmented dystrophic rats after different treatments
- Figures 3A-B show the mean PRC counts in albino dystrophic rats after different treatments
- Figures 4A-D shows historesin-embedded sections of dystrophic pigmented RCS rat retinas, stained with H&E;
- FIG. 5 shows cryostat sections of retina from dystrophic pigmented RCS rat, 24 hours after injection with IL-l ⁇ , stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D)
- Figures 6A-D show cryostat sections of retina from IL-l ⁇ -injected RCS rat, 48 hours after injection, stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D)
- FIG. 5 shows cryostat sections of retina from dystrophic pigmented RCS rat, 24 hours after injection with IL-l ⁇ , stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D)
- Figures 6A-D show cryostat sections of retina from IL-l ⁇ -injected RCS rat, 48 hours after injection, stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D)
- FIGS 7A-D show cryostat sections of retina from IL-l ⁇ -injected RCS rat, 72 hours after injection, stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D) ;
- Figures 8A-C show cryostat sections of dystrophic pigmented RCS rat retinas, stained for CD45, after injection with media (A), IL-l ⁇ (B) , or bFGF (C) .
- the present invention relates to the local administration of low-dose administration of interleukin 1-beta (IL-l ⁇ ) to a dystrophic neural tissue site in an individual, in an amount effective to rescue neuronal cells at the site while avoiding or minimizing the damaging side-effects of higher doses of IL-l ⁇ .
- IL-l ⁇ interleukin 1-beta
- the dystrophic neural tissue site may be a dystrophic retina, a spinal cord defect or injury, a brain lesion from a stroke, or other diseased or injured site within the CNS .
- the term "dystrophic" encompass injured as well as genetically or pathogenically diseased tissue.
- IL-l ⁇ about 50 ⁇ g/ml or less
- rescue is meant the preservation of remaining, functional neuronal cells, i.e., the prevention or delay of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in these cells.
- the amount of IL-l ⁇ administered is preferably about 50 ⁇ g/ml or less, more preferably about 20 ⁇ g/ml or less, advantageously lO ⁇ g/ml or less.
- the low-dose ILl ⁇ concentration may be within a range of 0.01-10 ⁇ g/ml. These dosages are made with reference to the specific activity of human recombinant IL-l ⁇ (R&D Systems, USA) . It is within the purview of one skilled in the art to adjust the concentrations specific activity of the particular IL-1B administered.
- Low-dose IL-l ⁇ to the eye may be by intravitreal injection, e.g., in a bolus volume of about 0.1-10 ⁇ l, preferably 0.5-2 ⁇ l .
- Intrathecal administration may be used when treating a spinal cord, and intracranial delivery for treating brain lesions.
- the low-dose IL-l ⁇ -comprising composition may also be locally administered to a dystrophic neural site by means of injection or application of the composition directly to the neural site.
- a targeted drug- delivery vehicle such as an oral or intravenous formulation could be used that is designed to release ⁇ 50 ⁇ g/ml of IL-l ⁇ only upon reaching the neural tissue site or a vicinity thereof.
- local administration of the composition can be accomplished by a time-release drug-delivery vehicle that locally releases ⁇ 50 ⁇ g/ml of IL-l ⁇ in the dystrophic neural tissue site over an extended period of time.
- the IL-l ⁇ may be an isolated and purified product or a recombinant product.
- the IL-l ⁇ used is from the same species as the treated individual.
- any mammalian IL-l ⁇ may be used when treating a mammalian according to the invention.
- low-dose IL-l ⁇ as a general neuroprotective agent can be applied to conditions involving neuronal loss within the central nervous system, be they genetic in origin, degenerative, post- traumatic, ischemic, or toxic.
- Specific diseases that may benefit from treatment in accordance with the method of the invention include stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) , brain trauma, cerebral palsy, various cerebellar ataxias, and spinal cord trauma.
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Low-dose Il-l ⁇ might also serve as an adjunct to surgery in general, and to the treatment of CNS tumors in particular, as a means of promoting neuroprotection of healthy neuronal cells, prior to an invasive procedure or the use of cytodestructive modalities .
- retinal dystrophies amenable to treatment by low-dose IL-l ⁇ include but are not limited to all forms of retinitis pigmentosa, all cone dystrophies, all known or unknown RPE-based dystrophies, other retinal degenerations including macular degeneration. Retinal ganglion cell loss also occurs in glaucoma, retinal detachment, and other optic neuropathies. These conditions might also be ameliorated by local administration of low-dose IL-l ⁇ . In the case of retinal detachment, the IL-l ⁇ administration would be an adjunct treatment, for preserving PRCs in the retina prior to or in conjunction with reattaching the retina.
- IL-l ⁇ Local administration of low-dose IL-l ⁇ would also be useful in combination with adjunct therapeutic modalities that either: a) decrease destructive inflammatory sequelae, e.g., selectively inhibit cytotoxic T- lymphocyte or NK cell activity; or b) increase neuroprotective efficacy, e.g., by manipulating gene expression of the transcription factor NFkB, NFkB gene product function, or selected "down-stream" neuroprotective genes, either directly or indirectly.
- adjunct therapeutic modalities that either: a) decrease destructive inflammatory sequelae, e.g., selectively inhibit cytotoxic T- lymphocyte or NK cell activity; or b) increase neuroprotective efficacy, e.g., by manipulating gene expression of the transcription factor NFkB, NFkB gene product function, or selected "down-stream" neuroprotective genes, either directly or indirectly.
- the invention also encompasses an article of manufacture, comprising packaging material and an IL-l ⁇ - comprising composition contained within said packaging material, wherein the composition is effective for rescuing neuronal cells in a dystrophic neural tissue site to which the composition is locally administered.
- the composition preferably comprises a low-dose amount of IL-l ⁇ in a range of about 50 ⁇ g/ml or less.
- the packaging material comprises a label that indicates that the composition can be used for rescuing neuronal cells remaining in a dystrophic neural tissue site to which the composition is locally administered, while minimizing dysplasia of neural tissue at said site resulting from said administration.
- the packaging material may indicate or instruct that the composition is for use in rescuing photoreceptor cells without causing substantial retinal dysplasias .
- RCS rats 3 and 4 week- old pigmented dystrophic (rdy ⁇ p + ) , pink-eyed dystrophic (rdy ⁇ p ⁇ ) and congenic (rdy + p ⁇ ) .
- Animals were maintained according to NIH and ARVO animal guidelines.
- RCS rats are a model of inherited retinal dystrophy due to apoptosis and photoreceptor degeneration. (Tso et al.)
- Intravitreal injections were performed using fine, beveled, pulled glass micropipettes, coated with Sigmacote®.
- the pipette was connected to a lO ⁇ l Hamilton syringe via poly-ethylene tubing and the apparatus was filled with PBS.
- An air lock introduced into the pipette before the volume to be injected, prevented dilution of the concentration.
- IL-l ⁇ was mouse-derived (R&D Systems, USA) .
- animals were sacrificed by sodium pentobarbitone overdose (2g/kg body weight) and their eyes removed.
- the eyes were immersion fixed in 2% gluteraldehyde / 1% paraformaldehyde at 4°C overnight and then the anterior part of the eye (cornea, iris, lens etc.) dissected away and discarded.
- the eyecups were transferred to 30% sucrose in PBS overnight for cryoprotection, embedded in OCT (Tissue-Tek®) and frozen for cryostat sectioning. Sections were cut at 6 ⁇ m thickness from the middle of the eye, where the optic nerve was present, and stained with Haemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E) . Slides were then examined for photoreceptor number.
- IL-l ⁇ and bFGF were human recombinant (R&D Systems, USA and Promega, respectively) .
- animals were sacrificed by sodium pentobarbitone overdose and their eyes removed and immersion fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C.
- the eyecups were dissected away, transferred to 30% sucrose in PBS overnight for cryoprotection, embedded in OCT and frozen for cryostat sectioning. Sections were cut at 6 ⁇ m thickness from the middle of the eye, stained with H&E and photoreceptor cell profiles counted.
- CD45 a marker of all cells of hematopoetic lineage except erythrocytes .
- CD45 staining was visualized using Cy3 immunofluorescence (1:150; Jackson, USA).
- Figure 1 is a topographical representation of the sampling process used in counting photoreceptor number for each retina.
- the number of photoreceptor cell profiles were counted in three 50 ⁇ m bins for each of 6 retinal regions: Superior Peripheral, Superior, Superior Central, Inferior Central, Inferior and Inferior Peripheral.
- 3 sections were analyzed, providing a total of 9 samples per region and 54 samples per eye. The first sample came from the superior region of the nasal section, and the last sample was from the inferior region of the temporal section. All sections sampled contained the optic nerve, thus ensuring their relatively central location.
- FIGS. 2A-B show the mean photoreceptor cell counts in pigmented dystrophic rats after different treatments.
- Fig. 2A shows the mean number of photoreceptors per 50 ⁇ m for the 5 treatment groups of pigmented dystrophic rats.
- Fig. 2B shows the mean number of photoreceptors per 50 ⁇ m for all treatment groups, shown for each region of the retina from superior to inferior peripheries.
- Figure 3B shows the mean number of photoreceptors per 50 ⁇ m for all treatment groups, shown for each region of the retina from superior to inferior peripheries.
- Figures 4A-C historesin- embedded sections of dystrophic pigmented RCS rat retinas, stained with H&E.
- Figure 4A is an example of a media-injected eye, 4 weeks post-injection. There is substantial photoreceptor loss, with the outer nuclear layer (ONL) reduced to 2 to 3 cells in thickness.
- Figure 4B is an example of the highest low-dose injection of Il-l ⁇ used (5 ⁇ g/ml), 4 weeks after injection, which gives good preservation of the ONL.
- Figure 4C is an example of bFGF-injected eye, 4 weeks post-injection, which gives comparable levels of rescue to IL-l ⁇ -injected eyes.
- IL-l ⁇ low-dose IL- l ⁇ was associated with significant levels of PRC rescue, despite being used at dosages 100-1,000 fold lower than in LaVail et al . More significantly, the low dosages of IL-l ⁇ used in this experiment did not result in retinal dysplasia (i.e., rosettes, retinal folds, and other focal disruptions of the retina's outer nuclear layer), a complication seen after LaVail et al.'s treatment with IL-l ⁇ or bFGF at higher dosages.
- retinal dysplasia i.e., rosettes, retinal folds, and other focal disruptions of the retina's outer nuclear layer
- Figure 5 shows cryostat sections of retina from dystrophic pigmented RCS rat, 24 hours after injection with IL-l ⁇ , stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D) .
- Leukocyte infiltrate is very evident in the region of injection, the superior periphery (A and B) , but much less apparent in the central retina (C and D) .
- FIG. 6 shows cryostat sections of retina from IL-l ⁇ - injected RCS rat, 48 hours after injection, stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D) .
- Leukocyte infiltrate has reached high levels throughout the retina, with the greatest change from 24 hours occuring in the central retina (C and D) , where a large increase in leukocyte number is apparent.
- FIG. 7 shows cryostat sections of retina from IL-l ⁇ -injected RCS rat, 72 hours after injection, stained for CD45 (A and C) and H&E (B and D) .
- Leukocyte numbers have begun to decrease in both peripheral (A and B) and central (C and D) retina.
- substantial numbers of CD45 positive cells are still visible (A and C) .
- FIG. 8A Media-injected eye, 4 weeks post-injection
- Fig. 8B IL-l ⁇ -injected eye, 4 weeks after injection
- Fig. 8C bFGF-injected eye, 4 weeks post-injection.
- CD45 is at low levels, implying few infiltrating leukocytes.
- Low-dose IL-l ⁇ refers to concentrations of about 50 ⁇ g/ml or less, preferably 20 ⁇ g/ml or less, advantageously 10 ⁇ g/ml or less, as low as 0.01 ⁇ g/ml, administered locally. These concentrations are with reference to the specific activity of human recombinant IL-l ⁇ ) R&D Systems, USA) .
- bFGF neurotrophic factor
- IL-l ⁇ is a potent inducer of bFGF in a variety of settings, including the CNS . (Aravjo et al.; Rivera et al . ) .
- the presence of IL-l ⁇ markedly enhances the production of bFGF by glial cells, thereby providing one possible explanation for the neuroprotective effects of even low-dose IL- ⁇ , as observe here.
- IL-1 family of cytokines shares considerable sequence homology with the FGF family and it has been proposed that both evolved from duplication of a common ancestral gene (Zhang et al.)
- IL-l ⁇ is a secreted member of the IL-1 family that plays a major role early in the inflammatory cascade (Dinarello)
- exuberant inflammation is itself a cause of tissue injury (e.g., Geiger et al.; Jeohn et al . ; Andersson et al.; Theofilopoulos et al . ) under more typical circumstances, the inflammatory response may be better viewed as the initial step in tissue regeneration and repair. It is within this context that the neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of IL-l ⁇ need not appear contradictory.
- IL-l ⁇ potentiates the destructive effects of a variety of other agents.
- IL- l ⁇ in combination with nitric oxide (NO) is cytotoxic to cultured neurons (Chao et al 1996; Hu et al.).
- IL-1RI receptor The mechanism by which IL-l ⁇ exerts a neuroprotective influence appears to involve the IL-1RI receptor (Ohtsuki et al.), the transcription factor NFkB (Yu et al.) and, by implication, the expression of "downstream" genes.
- NFkB has also been implicated in the expression of a number of pro- inflammatory cytokines by activated macrophages (Kelly et al.), some of which have also been implicated in neuroprotection (Carlson et al . , Klusman et al . ) .
- IL-l ⁇ may therefore be that of an early warning or "stress" signal, the cellular response to which serves to enhance cell survival in the face of various deleterious stimuli, including the inflammatory response itself (Neta et al., Lee et al., Galcheva-Gargova et al.; Han et al . ) Cells that have not entered into this protective mode, presumably because they are functioning too poorly to do so, would be at increased risk for cell death as the inflammatory response intensifies. 78 Central nervous system (CNS) neurons (as exemplified by PRC cells) , being less amenable to replacement, apparently can react to low levels of IL-l ⁇ with a robust anti-apoptotic response. As with other functions of this cytokine, the protective response likely results from the induction of multiple additional genes, perhaps as part of an amplifying cascade .
- CNS Central nervous system
- Adler R Mechanisms of photoreceptor death in retinal degenerations. From the cell biology of the 1990s to the opthalmology of the 21 st century? [see comments] . Arch Ophthalmol . 1996; 114:79-83. Akimoto M, Miyatake S, Kogishi J, et al. Adenovirally expressed basic fibroblast growth factor rescues photoreceptor cells in RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1999;40:273-279.
- a photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy [see comments] . Na t Genet . 1997;15:236-246.
- Baird AZ Mormede P, Bohlen P. Immunoreactive fibroblast growth factor in cells of peritoneal exudate suggests its identity with macrophage-derived growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1985;126:358-364. Bamforth SD, Lightman SL, Greenwood J. Interleukin-1 beta-induced disruption of the retinal vascular barrier of the central nervous system is mediated through leukocyte recruitment and histamine. Am J Pahtol . 150:329-340 (1997).
- Faktorovich EG Steinberg RH, Yasumura D, Matthes MT, LaVail MM.
- Basic fibroblast growth factor and local injury protect photoreceptors from light damage in the rat. J Neurosci . 1992;12:3554-3567.
- Kirsch M Fuhrmann S, Wiese A, Hofmann HD. CNTF exerts opposite effects on in vitro development of rat and chick photoreceptors. Neuroreport . 1996;7:697-700.
- Interleukin-1 beta increases basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA expression in adult rat brain and organotypic hippocampal cultures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res . 1994;27:12-26.
- Vige X Costa E, Wise BC. Mechanism of nerve growth factor mRNA regulation by interleukin-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Mol Pharmacol . 1991;40:186-192.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00932180A EP1179020A4 (en) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-05-08 | Low-dose il-1beta-induced photoreceptor cell rescue without retinal dysplasia |
AU49940/00A AU4994000A (en) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-05-08 | Low-dose il-1beta-induced photoreceptor cell rescue without retinal dysplasia |
JP2000616241A JP2003525206A (en) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-05-08 | Method of inducing rescue of photoreceptor cells without retinal dysplasia by low dose IL-1β |
CA002372738A CA2372738A1 (en) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-05-08 | Low-dose il-1.beta.-induced photoreceptor cell rescue without retinal dysplasia |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13285599P | 1999-05-06 | 1999-05-06 | |
US60/132,855 | 1999-05-06 |
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WO2000068267A1 true WO2000068267A1 (en) | 2000-11-16 |
WO2000068267A9 WO2000068267A9 (en) | 2001-06-14 |
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PCT/US2000/012565 WO2000068267A1 (en) | 1999-05-06 | 2000-05-08 | LOW-DOSE IL-1β-INDUCED PHOTORECEPTOR CELL RESCUE WITHOUT RETINAL DYSPLASIA |
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EP (1) | EP1179020A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003525206A (en) |
AU (1) | AU4994000A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2372738A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000068267A1 (en) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US5667968A (en) * | 1989-08-30 | 1997-09-16 | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Prevention of retinal injury and degeneration by specific factors |
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JP3645902B2 (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 2005-05-11 | リジェネロン ファーマシューティカルズ,インコーポレーテッド | Prevention of retinal damage and degeneration by certain factors |
-
2000
- 2000-05-08 CA CA002372738A patent/CA2372738A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-05-08 EP EP00932180A patent/EP1179020A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-05-08 AU AU49940/00A patent/AU4994000A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-05-08 JP JP2000616241A patent/JP2003525206A/en active Pending
- 2000-05-08 WO PCT/US2000/012565 patent/WO2000068267A1/en active Search and Examination
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5667968A (en) * | 1989-08-30 | 1997-09-16 | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Prevention of retinal injury and degeneration by specific factors |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
"1995 CYTOKINE RESEARCH PRODUCTS", CYTOKINE RESEARCH PRODUCTS, XX, XX, 1 January 1995 (1995-01-01), XX, pages 01/02 + 35, XP002931829 * |
See also references of EP1179020A4 * |
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CA2372738A1 (en) | 2000-11-16 |
AU4994000A (en) | 2000-11-21 |
EP1179020A4 (en) | 2004-08-18 |
EP1179020A1 (en) | 2002-02-13 |
WO2000068267A9 (en) | 2001-06-14 |
JP2003525206A (en) | 2003-08-26 |
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