WO2000017377A2 - Methods for large-scale production of recombinant aav vectors - Google Patents
Methods for large-scale production of recombinant aav vectors Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000017377A2 WO2000017377A2 PCT/US1999/022052 US9922052W WO0017377A2 WO 2000017377 A2 WO2000017377 A2 WO 2000017377A2 US 9922052 W US9922052 W US 9922052W WO 0017377 A2 WO0017377 A2 WO 0017377A2
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/86—Viral vectors
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- C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
- C12N2710/00011—Details
- C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
- C12N2710/16611—Simplexvirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 1, 2
- C12N2710/16641—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
- C12N2710/16643—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
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- C12N2750/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssDNA viruses
- C12N2750/00011—Details
- C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
- C12N2750/14111—Dependovirus, e.g. adenoassociated viruses
- C12N2750/14141—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
- C12N2750/14143—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
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- C12N2800/00—Nucleic acids vectors
- C12N2800/10—Plasmid DNA
- C12N2800/108—Plasmid DNA episomal vectors
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology. More particularly, it concerns the replication and packaging of recombinant adeno-associated viral-based vectors, and a scaleable process for their large-scale production.
- Adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV)-2 is a human parvovirus that can be propagated both as a lytic virus and as a provirus (Cukor et al, 1984; Hoggan et al, 1972).
- the viral genome consists of linear single-stranded DNA (Rose et al, 1969), 4679 bases long (Srivastava et al, 1983), flanked by inverted terminal repeats of 145 bases (Lusby and Berns, 1982).
- AAV requires co-infection with a helper virus.
- adenovirus Ad; Atchinson et al, 1965; Hoggan, 1965; Parks et al, 1967
- HSV herpes simplex virus
- AAV persists as an integrated provirus
- AAV Integration apparently involves recombination between AAV termini and host sequences and most of the AAV sequences remain intact in the provirus.
- the ability of AAV to integrate into host DNA is apparently an inherent strategy for insuring the survival of AAV sequences in the absence of the helper virus.
- helper virus When cells carrying an AAV provirus are subsequently superinfected with a helper, the integrated AAV genome is rescued and a productive lytic cycle occurs (Hoggan, 1965).
- AAV sequences cloned into prokaryotic plasmids are infectious (Samulski et al, 1982).
- the wild type AAV/pBR322 plasmid, pSM620 is transfected into human cells in the presence of adenovirus, the AAV sequences are rescued from the plasmid and a normal AAV lytic cycle ensues (Samulski et al, 1982).
- AAV contains at least three phenotypically distinct regions (Hermonat and Muzyczka, 1984).
- the rep region codes for one or more proteins that are required for DNA replication and for rescue from the recombinant plasmid, while the cap and lip regions appear to code for AAV capsid proteins and mutants within these regions are capable of DNA replication (Hermonat and Muzyczka, 1984). It has been shown that the AAV termini are required for DNA replication (Samulski et al, 1983). The construction of two E.
- Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have important utility as vehicles for the in vivo delivery of polynucleotides to target host cells (Kessler etal, 1996; Koeberl et al, 1997; Kotin, 1994; Xiao et al, 1996).
- rAAV vectors are useful vector for efficient and long-term gene transfer in a variety of mammalian tissues, e.g., lung (Flotte, 1993), muscle (Kessler, 1996; Xiao et al, 1996; Clark et al, 1997; Fisher et al, 1997), brain (Kaplitt, 1994; Klein, 1998) retina (Flannery, 1997; Lewin et al, 1998), and liver (Snyder, 1997).
- mammalian tissues e.g., lung (Flotte, 1993), muscle (Kessler, 1996; Xiao et al, 1996; Clark et al, 1997; Fisher et al, 1997), brain (Kaplitt, 1994; Klein, 1998) retina (Flannery, 1997; Lewin et al, 1998), and liver (Snyder, 1997).
- Scalable methods of rAAV production that do not rely on DNA transfection have also been developed (Chiorini et al, 1995; Inoue and Russell, 1998; Clark et al, 1995). These methods, which generally involve the construction of producer cell lines and helper virus infection, are suitable for high- volume production.
- the conventional protocol for downstream purification of rAAV involves the stepwise precipitation of rAAV using ammonium sulfate, followed by two or preferably, three rounds of CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Each round of CsCl centrifugation involves fractionation of the gradient and probing fractions for rAAV by dot-blot hybridization or by PCRTM analysis.
- rAAV vectors A major problem associated with the use of rAAV vectors has been the difficulty in producing large quantities of high-titer vector stocks (Clark et al, 1995, Clark et al, 1996).
- the standard production protocol involves low-efficiency transfection of plasmid DNA containing the rep and cap genes and a plasmid containing the rAAV provirus with inverted terminal repeats. Cells are then superinfected with adenovirus to provide essential helper functions required for rAAV production.
- the present invention overcomes these and other inherent limitations in the prior art by providing packaging systems that provide all of the required helper functions, and methods for the large-scale production of rAAV.
- the present invention demonstrates the ability of a recombinant herpes simplex virus (rHSV) or a rHSV amplicon expressing AAV Rep and Cap to support replication and packaging of rAAV.
- the present methods overcome the need for transfection procedures, and provide reliable, cost-effective means for generating large quantities of rAAV. Superinfection of appropriate host cell cultures with the vectors described herein produces quantities of rAAV not attainable by any other means.
- the present methods overcome the significant problem of spontaneous deletions in the AAV ITR when growing rAAV-based plasmids in bacterial cell cultures.
- the present invention provides the first system that supplies AAV genes rep and cap and the HSV-1 helper functions needed for rAAV production in one delivery vehicle.
- the rHSV-1 and rHSV-1 amplicon-based vector systems supply Rep, Cap and the HSV-1 helper functions required for rAAV production.
- Amplicon and virus stocks have been produced that express Rep and Cap from their native promoters (p5, pi 9 and p40).
- HSV-1 amplicon and vector systems that expresses Rep and Cap from their native promoters and uses an ICP27 mutated HSV-1 virus, d27-l, as the genetic background of the amplicon or vector has been developed.
- Use of the defective HSV-1 amplicon or vector results in rAAV production with an efficiency that exceeds previously described methods (Flotte et al, 1995).
- Southern blot and PCRTM analyses have shown that no wt AAV were produced using these modified amplicons or helper viruses.
- the present system provides means for increasing the scale of rAAV production to a level such that sufficient rAAV can now be produced for preclinical and clinical trials utilizing rAAV-based vectors for gene delivery.
- the present invention provides DNA segments comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an HSV-1 origin of replication and an HSV-1 packaging sequence.
- the AAV rep coding sequence and/or the AAV cap coding sequence is operably linked to a p5, pi 9 or p40 promoter.
- the DNA segment is comprised within a recombinant herpes simplex virus vector, or within a recombinant herpes simplex virus capsid.
- the term "recombinant herpes simplex virus vector” will be understood to mean genomic DNA of the herpes simplex virus with non-herpes simplex virus DNA added by the hand of man.
- the term "recombinant herpes simplex virus capsid”, as used herein in this context will be understood to mean the herpes simplex virus head, comprised of herpes simplex virus capsid proteins, comprising a recombinant DNA segment, such as a plasmid, cosmid or the like, that comprises at least an HSV-1 origin of replication and an HSV-1 packaging sequence.
- the present invention also provides recombinant herpes simplex virus vectors comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter and an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter.
- the AAV rep coding sequence and/or the AAV cap coding sequence is operably linked to a p5, pi 9 or p40 promoter.
- a non-essential HSV gene is altered.
- the non-essential HSV gene is altered to increase expression.
- genes that encode proteins that are beneficial to the host cell, or that increase the production of rAAV particles are contemplated for such alteration.
- non-essential HSV genes that are altered to increase expression includes, but is not limited to, the HSV gene encoding ICP8.
- the non-essential HSV gene is mutated, such as by one or more point mutants or insertions, or substantially or completely deleted, such that the gene product of the non-essential HSV gene is either non-functional or absent.
- genes that encode proteins that are deleterious to the host cell, or that decrease the production of rAAV particles are contemplated for such alteration.
- non-essential HSV genes that are contemplated for mutation or deletion include, but are not limited to, the HSV genes encodes ICP27, an HSV late gene and/or glycoprotein H.
- the recombinant vector is comprised within a recombinant herpes simplex virus.
- recombinant herpes simplex virus will be understood to mean a complete herpes simplex virus that comprises a "recombinant herpes simplex virus vector”, as defined above.
- the present invention further provides recombinant herpes simplex viruses comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter and an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter.
- the AAV rep coding sequence and/or the AAV cap coding sequence is operably linked to a p5, pi 9 or p40 promoter.
- a non-essential HSV gene is altered.
- the non-essential HSV gene is altered to increase expression.
- examples of non-essential HSV genes that are altered to increase expression includes, but is not limited to, the HSV gene encoding ICP8.
- the non-essential HSV gene is mutated, such as by one or more point mutants or insertions, or substantially or completely deleted, such that the gene product of the non-essential HSV gene is either non-functional or absent.
- non-essential HSV genes that are contemplated for mutation or deletion include, but are not limited to, the HSV genes encodes ICP27, an HSV late gene and/or glycoprotein H.
- the recombinant virus is the d.27. e virus.
- kits comprising, in a suitable container, a DNA segment comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an HSV-1 origin of replication and an HSV-1 packaging sequence.
- the kit comprises an HSV-1 helper virus.
- a non-essential gene of the HSV-1 helper virus is altered.
- a non-essential gene of the HSV-1 helper virus exemplified by, but not limited to the gene encoding ICP8, is altered to increase expression.
- a non-essential gene of the HSV-1 helper virus including, but not limited to the genes encoding ICP27 and/or glycoprotein H, is mutated or substantially deleted.
- the HSV-1 helper virus is the d27.1 HSV-1 virus.
- kits comprising, in a suitable container, a recombinant herpes simplex virus vector comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter and an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter.
- the recombinant herpes simplex virus vector is comprised in a recombinant herpes simplex virus.
- the present invention also provides methods for preparing a rAAV comprising providing an HSV-1 helper virus and a DNA segment comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an HSV-1 origin of replication and an HSV-1 packaging sequence to a host cell that comprises a rAAV, culturing the cell under conditions effective to produce rAAV in the cell, and obtaining the rAAV from the cell.
- the term "host cell that comprises a rAAV” will be understood to include a host cell that comprises a rAAV provirus integrated into the genome of the host cell, as well as a host cell that is infected with a rAAV.
- the host cell comprises the rAAV integrated into the genome of the cell, while in other aspects the host cell is provided with the rAAV, the HSV-1 helper virus and the DNA segment simultaneously.
- Preferred host cells include, but are not limited to, HeLa, 293 or Vero cells.
- the rAAV comprises an AAV-2 genome.
- the rAAV comprises an AAV-1, AAV-2, AAV-3, AAV-4, AAV-5 or AAV-6 capsid.
- the rAAV comprises a therapeutic gene.
- the AAV rep coding sequence and/or the AAV cap coding sequence is operably linked to a p5, pi 9 or p40 promoter.
- at least a first AAV capsid protein is operably linked to an HSV late promoter, such as the HSV 110 promoter.
- a non-essential gene of the HSV-1 helper virus is altered.
- a non-essential gene of the HSV-1 helper virus exemplified by, but not limited to the gene encoding ICP8, is altered to increase expression.
- a non-essential gene of the HSV-1 helper virus including, but not limited to the genes encoding ICP27 and/or glycoprotein H, is mutated or substantially deleted.
- the HSV-1 helper virus is the d27.1 HSV-1 virus.
- the present invention further provides a recombinant AAV virus produced by any of the methods of the present invention, as well as kits comprising, in a suitable container, a recombinant AAV virus produced by any of the methods of the present invention.
- the present invention additionally provides methods for preparing a rAAV comprising providing a recombinant herpes simplex virus that comprises an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter and an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter to a host cell that comprises a rAAV, culturing the cell under conditions effective to produce rAAV in the cell, and obtaining the rAAV from the cell.
- a non-essential gene of the recombinant herpes simplex virus such as the gene encoding ICP8
- a non-essential gene of the recombinant herpes simplex virus such as the gene encoding ICP27 or glycoprotein H, is mutated or substantially or completely deleted.
- FIG. 1 shows a map of pHSV-RC, which was used to generate amplicons that replicate and package rAAV virions.
- the plasmid is a pUC-based vector.
- the ⁇ -sequence contains the HSV-1 packaging signals and is cloned into the Ec ⁇ RI site.
- the 110- sequence contains an HSV-1 origin of replication and is the internal Smal fragment from the HSV-1 ori S.
- the iiO-sequence is inserted in the Smal site.
- the 110 and ⁇ -sequence containing plasmid is pi 10a.
- Rep and cap are the AAV-2 rep and cap genes isolated from psub201 by anXbal digest and cloned into the Xbal site of pi 10a to create pHSV-RC.
- FIG. 2 shows the integration vector used to produce d27.1-rc.
- the plasmid pHSV-106 contains the BamHl fragment encoding the tk gene of HSV-1.
- the AAV-2 rep and cap genes under control of their native promoters, were cloned into the Kpnl site of tk gene to generate pHS V- 106-rc. Restriction digest of pHS V- 106-rc with Sphl was used to generate the linear fragment. This fragment was cotransfected with d27.1-lacZ infected cell DNA into V27 cells to generate d27.1-rc by homologous recombination.
- FIG. 3 demonstrates that recombinant adeno-associated virus can be amplified after coinfection with d27.1-rc.
- 293 cells were transfected with AAV-GFP proviral plasmid. Approximately 3x10 7 cells were present in each group. 24 h after transfection, the cells were superinfected with different MOIs of d27.1-rc. 36 h post infection, a cell lysate was made from the infected cells by three rounds of freeze- thaw. The viral lysate was heat inactivated at 55°C for one hour and then titered in duplicate on C12 cells that were coinfected with Ad (MOI of 20). 48 h post infection the C12 cells were analyzed for GFP expression using fluorescent microscopy and a titer was determined (in expression units). The amount of AAV-GFP produced per transfected cell was then calculated. This study was repeated three times.
- FIG. 4 illustrates that the vector d27.1-rc can produce rAAV from a proviral cell line.
- the cell line GFP-92 is a 293 derived cell line that has a single copy of AAV-GFP integrated into its genome.
- the vector d27.1-rc was used to produce AAV-GFP from this cell line.
- 1.5xl0 7 GFP-92 cells were infected with d27.1-rc at different MOIs.
- 48h post-infection a cell lysate was made from the infected cells by three rounds of freeze-thaw. The viral lysate was heat inactivated at 55°C for one hour and then titered in duplicate on C12 cells that were coinfected with Ad (MOI of 20).
- 48h post-infection the C 12 cells were analyzed for GFP expression using fluorescent microscopy and a titer was determined (expression units). The amount of AAV-GFP produced per transfected cell was then calculated. This study was
- HSV-1 amplicons and viral vectors have been constructed that contain the AAV rep and cap genes under control of their native promoters (p5, pi 9 and p40).
- HSV-1 amplicons and viral vectors (HSV-RC/KOS, HSV-RC/d27 and HSV-AAV-GFP) were generated by supplying helper functions with either wild type HSV-1 (KOS strain) or the ICP27 immediate early mutant of HSV-1, d27-l, respectively, by homologous recombination using the targeting vector shown in FIG. 2.
- Growth of the amplicon or recombinant virus stock is not inhibited in the presence of Rep protein, which highlights important differences between HSV-1 and adenovirus (Ad) replication and the mechanism of providing helper function for productive AAV infection.
- Co-infection of rAAV and HSV-RC/d27 also termed27.1rc results in the replication and amplification of rAAV genomes.
- the HSV-RC/KOS and HSV-RC/d27 amplicons were able to replicate and amplify all forms of proviral rAAV. These amplicons are useful in replication center assays and also for the detection of episomal or integrated proviral rAAV in cells previously infected with rAAV. While the amplicon demonstrates the ability of rHSV to replicate in the presence of rAAV, there is an advantage to having a single recombinant molecule that expresses rep and cap. Therefore, the rHSV, d27.1-rc was generated as described below.
- HSV-RC/KOS or HSV-RC/d27 eliminates the need for coinfection of cells with wild-type (wt) AAV and adenovirus, and helps standardize problematic assays, which are difficult to reproduce. Eliminating the use of wt AAV is also desirable since it reduces the likelihood of wt AAV contamination of viral preparations and cells.
- a producer cell line was able to produce rAAV vector when infected with HSV-RC/KOS.
- HSV-RC/KOS could express all of the helper functions needed for rAAV production, this system was extremely inefficient.
- a defective HSV-1 vector, d27-l which overexpresses the HSV-1 helper genes required for AAV replication, was then used to make the second Rep and Cap expressing amplicon, HSV-RC/d27.
- the HSV-RC/d27 alone was shown to be capable of providing all of the helper functions required for rAAV replication and packaging. Infection with HSV-RC/d27 was capable of producing rAAV particles as efficiently as transfection methods.
- HSV-1 is a large enveloped virus greater than 200 nm in diameter (Roizman and Sears, 1996).
- the HSV-1 virion is extremely sensitive to heat and chemical inactivation.
- size exclusion chromatography is extremely effective at eliminating HSV-1 virions from the rAAV preparations. This is likely due to the large size difference between the AAV capsid (20 nm diameter) and HSV-1 virion. Chromatographic methods have been developed to increase the efficiency of rAAV production by eliminating the need for CsCl gradients (Tamayose et al, 1997). Size exclusion chromatography may be easily be added to these production processes.
- the present invention allows for the large-scale growth of host cells that contain infectious rAAV particles.
- host cells that contain infectious rAAV particles.
- approximately 10 n to 10 12 cells, each containing approximately 500 infectious particles per cell, are needed for the production of sufficient rAAV particles for use in gene therapy of patients.
- the growth of this number of cells would have taken approximately one year.
- the time need to grow this number of host cells can be reduced to as little as two weeks or so.
- Large scale growth of host cells for rAAV production can be facilitated using the methods disclosed herein, and modern apparatus for cell growth, such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,501,971, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- Amplification of rAAV virions from a cell lysate using an HSV-1 amplicon system is also contemplated, eliminating the need for proviral cell lines and large-scale transfections. Stepwise coinfections may then be utilized to amplify the quantity of rAAV vector as is commonly done for other recombinant viruses that replicate in complementing cell lines.
- Rep does not disrupt HSV-1 replication as completely as it does adenovirus replication.
- One member of the herpes virus family, HHV-6 actually encodes and expresses a functional Rep homologue (Thomson and Efstathiou, 1991; Thomson et al, 1994).
- Rep potently disrupts the replication of adenovirus and has made the production of p5 driven rep recombinant Ad unsuccessful to date.
- the creation of inducible promoter driven rep recombinant adeno viruses has also been problematic. While Rep has been shown to decrease HSV-1 viral DNA replication, it clearly does not preclude construction of amplicons, which express a functional Rep.
- AAV-2 infection results in the AAV-2 genome entering a non-productive, non-progeny producing latent state where the viral genome exists as a provirus integrated into the host cell's chromosomal DNA (Cheung et al, 1980).
- Preferential integration of the wt AAV genome seems to occur via site specific, nonhomologous recombination in human cells at chromosome 19ql3.3 (Kotin and Berns, 1989; Kotin et al, 1992; Kotin et al, 1990; Samulski et al, 1991).
- a productive lytic cycle ensues in which AAV DNA is replicated, amplified and packaged into progeny virions only during coinfection of AAV with the appropriate helper virus (adenovirus or herpes viruses) or infection of a latently infected cell with helper virus (Berns et al. , 1988; Russell et al, 1995). Infection of wt AAV in the presence of DNA damaging agents also promotes viral replication through the induction of cellular DNA repair pathways.
- helper virus adenovirus or herpes viruses
- the AAV DNA sequences, AAV viral proteins and helper virus genes that are required for productive wt AAV infection have been identified and have been utilized to produce rAAV vectors (Berns, 1984; Carter, 1990; Huang and Hearing, 1989; Mishra and Rose, 1990; Samulski and Shenk, 1988; Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991).
- the DNA sequences required for AAV replication that serve as origins of replication of the AAV genome and primers of second strand synthesis are located in the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of the AAV genome (Samulski et al, 1983). These sequences must be located cis to the recombinant genome that is to be replicated and packaged, and this rAAV genome is usually introduced into cells by transfection.
- the AAV Rep 78 or Rep 68 proteins which direct replication of the genome from the ITRs, the viral Rep 52 and 40, which are necessary for efficient packaging, and the structural capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3, are supplied in trans in the traditional packaging scheme, usually by transfection of Rep and Cap expressing plasmids (Samulski et al, 1987).
- Viral helper functions for AAV replication are usually supplied by adenoviral early gene expression of El a, Elb, E2a, E4 and by VA RNA after adenovirus infection (Berns, 1984; Carter, 1990; Huang and Hearing, 1989; Samulski and Shenk, 1988).
- Adenovirus has been the most thoroughly studied AAV helper virus, and the virus generally utilized to produce rAAV.
- the adenovirus helper functions required for AAV-2 or rAAV replication are probably not involved in AAV DNA synthesis directly. Instead, the adenoviral helper genes make AAV replication possible through regulation of cellular gene expression and regulation of rep expression (Im and Muzyczka, 1990). Attempts to use Ad vectors to carry AAV genes have met with failure, presumably because the AAV rep gene is not tolerated by Ad.
- HSV-1 is a fully competent helper virus for wt AAV replication and packaging (Johnston et al, 1997; Mishra and Rose, 1990; Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991). In contrast to adenovirus, however, the helper functions provided by HSV-1 are due to the activities of replication proteins and not transcriptional regulators (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991).
- the minimal set of HSV-1 genes required for efficient AAV replication and encapsidation include UL5, UL8, UL52 and UL29 (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991).
- the genes UL5, UL8, and UL52 encode components of the HSV-1 helicase-primase complex (Crute et al, 1989).
- UL29 encodes a single-stranded DNA binding protein (Knipe et al, 1982). These four proteins essential for AAV DNA replication are components of the HSV-1 core replication machinery along with the HSV-1 DNA polymerase (UL30), the polymerase-accessory factor (UL42) and the origin binding protein (UL9) (Challberg, 1986; Wu et al, 1988).
- the genes UL5, UL8, UL52, and UL29 are transcribed early in infection preceding HSV-1 DNA replication and are absolutely required for HSV-1 DNA replication (Roizman and Sears, 1996). AAV replication and packaging can occur in the absence of HSV-1 DNA replication as long as HSV-1 early gene expression occurs (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991).
- DNA is delivered to a cell as an expression construct.
- Preferred gene therapy vectors of the present invention are generally viral vectors.
- Adeno-associated virus is particularly attractive for gene transfer because it does not induce any pathogenic response and can integrate into the host cellular chromosome (Kotin et al, 1990).
- the AAV terminal repeats are the only essential c/s-components for the chromosomal integration (Muzyczka and McLaughin, 1988). These TRs are reported to have promoter activity (Flotte et al, 1993). They may promote efficient gene transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus or increase the stability of plasmid DNA and enable longer-lasting gene expression. Studies using recombinant plasmid DNAs containing AAV TRs have attracted considerable interest.
- AAV-based plasmids have been shown to drive higher and longer transgene expression than the identical plasmids lacking the TRs of AAV in most cell types (Shafron et al, 1998).
- AAV (Ridgeway, 1988; Hermonat and Muzyczka, 1984) is a parovirus, discovered as a contamination of adenoviral stocks. It is a ubiquitous virus (antibodies are present in 85% of the US human population) that has not been linked to any disease. It is also classified as a dependovirus, because its replication is dependent on the presence of a helper virus, such as adenovirus. Five serotypes have been isolated, of which AAV-2 is the best characterized.
- AAV has a single-stranded linear DNA that is encapsidated into capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 to form an icosahedral virion of 20 to 24 nm in diameter (Muzyczka and McLaughlin, 1988).
- the AAV DNA is approximately 4.7 kilobases long. It contains two open reading frames and is flanked by two ITRs. There are two major genes in the AAV genome: rep and cap.
- the rep gene encodes a protein responsible for viral replication, whereas cap encodes the capsid protein, VP1-3. Each ITR forms a T- shaped hairpin structure. These terminal repeats are the only essential cis components of the AAV for chromosomal integration. Therefore, the AAV can be used as a vector with all viral coding sequences removed and replaced by the cassette of genes for delivery.
- Three viral promoters have been identified and named p5, pl9, and p40, according to their map position. Transcription from p5 and pi 9 results in production of Rep proteins, and transcription from p40 produces the Cap proteins (Hermonat and Muzyczka, 1984).
- Retroviruses have promise as gene delivery vectors due to their ability to integrate their genes into the host genome, transferring a large amount of foreign genetic material, infecting a broad spectrum of species and cell types and of being packaged in special cell-lines.
- viral delivery systems one will desire to purify the virion sufficiently to render it essentially free of undesirable contaminants, such as defective interfering viral particles or endotoxins and other pyrogens such that it will not cause any untoward reactions in the cell, animal or individual receiving the vector construct.
- a preferred means of purifying the vector involves the use of buoyant density gradients, such as cesium chloride gradient centrifugation, heparin affinity chromatography (Clark et al, 1999), or non-ionic iodixinol gradients followed by heparin affinity chromatography (Zolotukhin et al., 1999).
- buoyant density gradients such as cesium chloride gradient centrifugation, heparin affinity chromatography (Clark et al, 1999), or non-ionic iodixinol gradients followed by heparin affinity chromatography (Zolotukhin et al., 1999).
- the titer of AAV in a given sample may be determined using any one of the methods routinely accepted in the AAV arts.
- the inventors routinely use the methods of QC-PCRTM or infectious center assay, as described in detail in the Examples and by Zolotukhin et al. (1999), to determine the titer of a viral stock.
- the infectivity of a given AAV sample may be determined using any one of the methods routinely accepted in the AAV arts.
- the inventors routinely use the methods of Hermonat and Muzyczka (1984) or Clark et al. (1999) to determine the infectivity of a given AAV stock.
- the titer and infectivity of HSV in a given sample may also be determined using any one of the conventional methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, the methods described in detail in Example 9, below, are routinely employed by the inventors to determine the titer and infectivity of an HSV viral stock.
- Herpes simplex virus comprises a double-stranded, linear DNA genome that encodes approximately 80 genes and consists of an approximately 152-kb nucleotide sequence.
- the viral genes are transcribed by cellular RNA polymerase II and are temporally regulated, resulting in the transcription and subsequent synthesis of gene products in roughly three discernable phases. These phases are referred to as the Immediate Early (IE, or ⁇ ), Early (E, or ⁇ ) and Late (L, or ⁇ ) genes.
- IE Immediate Early
- E, or ⁇ Early
- Late L, or ⁇
- IE genes transcribed.
- the efficient expression of these genes does not require prior viral protein synthesis.
- the products of IE genes are required to activate transcription and regulate the remainder of the viral genome.
- ICP4 Infected Cell Polypeptide 4
- Vmwl75 is absolutely required for both virus infectivity and the transition from IE to later transcription (DeLuca et al, 1987; DeLuca et al, 1988; Paterson et al, 1988a; 1988b; Shepard et ⁇ /., 1989; Shepard et ⁇ /., 1991).
- U. S. Patent 5,879,934 teaches that several reports have described the use of viruses deleted in ICP4 for gene transfer (Breakefield et al, 1991; Chocca et al, 1990).
- viruses deleted for ICP4 that makes them desirable for gene transfer is that they only express the five other IE genes: ICPO, ICP6, ICP27, ICP22 and ICP47 (DeLuca et al, 1985). This excludes the expression of viral genes encoding proteins that direct viral DNA synthesis, as well as the structural proteins of the virus, which is desirable because it minimizes possible deleterious effects on host cell metabolism following gene transfer.
- one or more polynucleotide compositions disclosed herein will be used to transfect an appropriate host cell.
- Technology for introduction of nucleic acids into cells is well known to those of skill in the art. These include calcium phosphate precipitation (Graham and Van Der Eb, 1973; Chen and Okayama, 1987; Rippe et al, 1990) DEAE-dextran (Gopal, 1985), electroporation (Wong and Neumann, 1982; Fromm et al, 1985; Tur-Kaspa et al, 1986; Potter et al, 1984; Suzuki et al., 1998; Vanbever et al, 1998), direct microinjection (Capecchi, 1980; Harland and Weintraub, 1985), DNA-loaded liposomes (Nicolau and Sene, 1982; Fraley et al, 1979; Takakura, 1998) and lipofectamine-DNA complexes, cell sonication (Fechheimer et al, 1987), gene bombardment using high
- the rAAV vectors and related expression constructs may be formulated by entraping within a liposome, nanocapsule, microcapsule, lipofectamine-DNA complex, or other suitable lipid particle, as discussed below.
- the inventors contemplate the use of liposomes, nanocapsules, microparticles, microspheres, lipid particles, vesicles, and the like, for the introduction of the viral compositions of the present invention into suitable host cells.
- the liposome may be complexed with a hemagglutinating virus (HVJ). This has been shown to facilitate fusion with the cell membrane and promote cell entry of liposome-encapsulated DNA.
- HVJ hemagglutinating virus
- the liposome may be complexed or employed in conjunction with nuclear non-histone chromosomal proteins (HMG-1).
- HMG-1 nuclear non-histone chromosomal proteins
- the delivery vehicle may comprise a ligand and a liposome.
- Such formulations may be preferred for the introduction of pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of the viral vectors disclosed herein.
- the formation and use of liposomes is generally known to those of skill in the art (see for example, Couvreur et al, 1977; Couvreur, 1988; Lasic, 1998; which describes the use of liposomes and nanocapsules in the targeted antibiotic therapy for intracellular bacterial infections and diseases).
- liposomes were developed with improved serum stability and circulation half-lives (Gabizon and Papahadjopoulos, 1988; Allen and Choun, 1987; U. S. Patent 5,741,516, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
- Liposomes have been used successfully with a number of cell types that are normally resistant to transfection by other procedures including T cell suspensions, primary hepatocyte cultures and PC 12 cells (Renneisen et al, 1990; Muller et al, 1990). In addition, liposomes are free of the D ⁇ A length constraints that are typical of viral-based delivery systems.
- Liposomes have been used effectively to introduce genes, drugs (Heath and Martin, 1986; Heath etal, 1986; Balazsovits etal, 1989; Fresta and Puglisi, 1996), radiotherapeutic agents (Pikul et al, 1987), enzymes (Imaizumi et al, 1990a; Imaizumi et al, 1990b), viruses (Faller and Baltimore, 1984), transcription factors and allosteric effectors ( ⁇ icolau and Gersonde, 1979) into a variety of cultured cell lines and animals.
- Liposomes are formed from phospholipids that are dispersed in an aqueous medium and spontaneously form multilamellar concentric bilayer vesicles (also termed multilamellar vesicles (MLNs).
- MLNs generally have diameters of from 25 nm to 4 ⁇ m. Sonication of MLNs results in the formation of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) with diameters in the range of 200 to 500 A, containing an aqueous solution in the core.
- SUVs small unilamellar vesicles
- Liposomes bear resemblance to cellular membranes and are contemplated for use in connection with the present invention as carriers for the peptide compositions. They are widely suitable as both water- and lipid-soluble substances can be entrapped, i.e. in the aqueous spaces and within the bilayer itself, respectively. It is possible that the drug-bearing liposomes may even be employed for site-specific delivery of active agents by selectively modifying the liposomal formulation. In addition to the teachings of Couvreur et al. (1977; 1988), the following information may be utilized in generating liposomal formulations. Phospholipids can form a variety of structures other than liposomes when dispersed in water, depending on the molar ratio of lipid to water.
- the liposome is the preferred structure.
- the physical characteristics of liposomes depend on pH, ionic strength and the presence of divalent cations. Liposomes can show low permeability to ionic and polar substances, but at elevated temperatures undergo a phase transition which markedly alters their permeability.
- the phase transition involves a change from a closely packed, ordered structure, known as the gel state, to a loosely packed, less- ordered structure, known as the fluid state. This occurs at a characteristic phase- transition temperature, and results in an increase in permeability to ions, sugars, and drugs.
- soluble proteins such as cytochrome c bind, deform, and penetrate the bilayer, thereby causing changes in permeability. Cholesterol inhibits this penetration of proteins, apparently by packing the phospholipids more tightly. It is contemplated that the most useful liposome formations for antibiotic and inhibitor delivery will contain cholesterol.
- SUVs unilamellar vesicles
- LUVs large unilamellar vesicles
- Polar compounds are trapped in the aqueous spaces and nonpolar compounds bind to the lipid bilayer of the vesicle. Polar compounds are released through permeation or when the bilayer is broken, but nonpolar compounds remain affiliated with the bilayer unless it is disrupted by temperature or exposure to lipoproteins. Both types show maximum efflux rates at the phase transition temperature.
- Liposomes interact with cells via four different mechanisms: Endocytosis by phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system such as macrophages and neutrophils; adsorption to the cell surface, either by nonspecific weak hydrophobic or electrostatic forces, or by specific interactions with cell-surface components; fusion with the plasma cell membrane by insertion of the lipid bilayer of the liposome into the plasma membrane, with simultaneous release of liposomal contents into the cytoplasm; and by transfer of liposomal lipids to cellular or subcellular membranes, or vice versa, without any association of the liposome contents. It often is difficult to determine which mechanism is operative and more than one may operate at the same time.
- liposomes The fate and disposition of intravenously injected liposomes depend on their physical properties, such as size, fluidity and surface charge. They may persist in tissues for h or days, depending on their composition, and half lives in the blood range from min to several h. Larger liposomes, such as MLVs and LUVs, are taken up rapidly by phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system, but physiology of the circulatory system restrains the exit of such large species at most sites. They can exit only in places where large openings or pores exist in the capillary endothelium, such as the sinusoids of the liver or spleen. Thus, these organs are the predominate site of uptake.
- SUVs show a broader tissue distribution but still are sequestered highly in the liver and spleen.
- this in vivo behavior limits the potential targeting of liposomes to only those organs and tissues accessible to their large size. These include the blood, liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymphoid organs. Targeting is generally not a limitation in terms of the present invention. However, should specific targeting be desired, methods are available for this to be accomplished.
- Antibodies may be used to bind to the liposome surface and to direct the antibody and its drug contents to specific antigenic receptors located on a particular cell-type surface.
- Carbohydrate determinants may also be used as recognition sites as they have potential in directing liposomes to particular cell types. Usually, it is contemplated that intravenous injection of liposomal preparations would be used, but other routes of administration are also conceivable.
- the invention provides for pharmaceutically acceptable nanocapsule formulations of the polynucleotide compositions of the present invention.
- Nanocapsules can generally entrap compounds in a stable and reproducible way (Henry-Michelland et al, 1987; Quintanar-Guerrero et al, 1998; Douglas et al, 1987).
- ultrafine particles sized around 0.1 ⁇ m
- Biodegradable polyalkyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles that meet these requirements are contemplated for use in the present invention, and such particles may be are easily made, as described (Couvreur et al, 1980; 1988; zur Muhlen et al, 1998; Zambaux et al. 1998; Pinto-Alphandry et al, 1995 and U. S. Patent 5,145,684, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety 4.7 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
- the vector compositions are preferably dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or solution.
- the pharmaceutical compositions comprising the vector compositions may be administered parenterally, intraperitoneally or topically.
- Solutions of the active compounds as a free base or a pharmacologically acceptable salt may also be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose.
- Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
- the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
- the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
- the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
- the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
- a coating such as lecithin
- surfactants for example, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
- isotonic agents for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
- Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
- Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with several of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
- dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
- the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile- filtered solution thereof.
- the vector compositions may also be advantageously administered extraocularly or intraocularly, by topical application, inserts, injection, implants, or by cell therapy or gene therapy.
- slow- releasing implants containing the vector compositions embedded in a biodegradable polymer matrix can deliver the vector compositions intra ocularly.
- the vector compositions may also be administered extracerebrally in a form that has been modified chemically or packaged so that it passes the blood-brain barrier, or it may be administered in connection with one or more agents capable of promoting penetration of the vector compositions across the barrier.
- the vector compositions may be administered intraocularly, or may be administered extraocularly in connection with one or more agents capable of promoting penetration or transport of the vector compositions across the membranes of the eye.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like.
- the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
- compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a human.
- pharmaceutically acceptable refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a human.
- the preparation of an aqueous composition that contains a protein as an active ingredient is well understood in the art.
- such compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection can also be prepared.
- the preparation can also be emulsified.
- the composition can be formulated in a neutral or salt form.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like.
- solutions Upon formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective.
- the formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms such as injectable solutions, drug release capsules and the like.
- aqueous solutions For parenteral administration in an aqueous solution, for example, the solution should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
- aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration.
- sterile aqueous media that can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
- one dosage could be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion, (see for example, "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” 15th Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580).
- kits that comprise, in a suitable container means, at least a first, or at least a first and a second rAAV vector in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation.
- the vector compositions may comprise one or more polynucleotide sequences that encode all, or portions of one or more genes targeted for delivery to a selected host cell by the rAAV vector. These genes may encode full-length proteins, truncated proteins, site-specifically mutated proteins, or peptide epitopes.
- the rAAV vector may comprise nucleic acid segments that encode enhancers, transcription factors, structural or regulatory proteins, ribozymes, or fusion proteins, and the like.
- kits comprising at least a first rAAV construct and instructions for using the construct (e.g., in embodiments concerning gene therapy regimens) are also within the scope of the present invention.
- Such instructions may comprise information regarding the formulation, administration, dosage, or assay of the appropriate gene therapy constructs.
- kits may comprise a single container that may, if desired, contain a pharmaceutically acceptable sterile excipient, having associated with it the vector compositions.
- the single container means may contain a dry, or lyophilized, mixture of the viral vector composition, which may or may not require pre- wetting before use.
- kits of the invention may comprise a distinct container for each component.
- separate or distinct containers would contain the viral vector, either as a sterile DNA solution or in a lyophilized form.
- the kits may also comprise a third container for containing a sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, diluent or solvent.
- a solution may be required to formulate the vector components into a more suitable form for application to the body, e.g., as an intravenous or other injectable form(s). It should be noted, however, that all components of a kit could be supplied in a dry form (lyophilized), which would allow for "wetting" upon contact with body fluids.
- the presence of any type of pharmaceutically acceptable buffer or solvent is not a requirement for the kits of the invention.
- the container(s) will generally be a container such as a vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe or other container, into which the components of the kit may placed.
- the compositions may also be aliquoted into smaller containers, should this be desired.
- the kits of the present invention may also include material for containing the individual containers in close confinement for commercial sale, such as, e.g., injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which the desired vials or syringes are retained. Irrespective of the number of containers, the kits of the invention may also comprise, or be packaged with, an instrument for assisting with the placement of the vector compositions within the body of an animal.
- kit may also comprise one or more sets of instructions for use of the kit, for delivery of the vector to a selected host cell, or for storage and handling of the kit and its contents.
- kits that comprise, in a suitable container means, at least a first DNA segment comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter, an HSV-1 origin of replication and an HSV-1 packaging sequence.
- kits may also comprise an HSV-1 helper virus.
- kits may comprise a single container that contains the DNA segment and the helper virus, or the DNA segment and helper virus may be contained in distinct containers.
- Kits that comprise a recombinant herpes simplex virus vector comprising an AAV rep coding sequence operably linked to a promoter and an AAV cap coding sequence operably linked to a promoter are also provided.
- kits may also include material for containing the individual containers in close confinement for commercial sale, such as, e.g., injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which the desired vials or syringes are retained.
- the kits of the invention may also comprise one or more sets of instructions for use of the kit, for delivery of the vector to a selected host cell, or for storage and handling of the kit and its contents.
- Such instructions may provide protocols for the large-scale preparation of the vector components, and may include such information as growth conditions, isolation and purification methodologies, and other parameters for preparation of the final vector compositions
- Site-specific mutagenesis is a technique useful in the preparation of individual peptides, or biologically functional equivalent polypeptides, through specific mutagenesis of the underlying polynucleotides that encode them.
- the technique well-known to those of skill in the art, further provides a ready ability to prepare and test sequence variants, for example, incorporating one or more of the foregoing considerations, by introducing one or more nucleotide sequence changes into the DNA.
- Site-specific mutagenesis allows the production of mutants through the use of specific oligonucleotide sequences which encode the DNA sequence of the desired mutation, as well as a sufficient number of adjacent nucleotides, to provide a primer sequence of sufficient size and sequence complexity to form a stable duplex on both sides of the deletion junction being traversed. Mutations may be employed in a selected polynucleotide sequence to improve, alter, decrease, modify, or change the properties of the polynucleotide itself, and/or alter the properties, activity, composition, stability, or primary sequence of the encoded polypeptide.
- the inventors contemplate the mutagenesis of the disclosed polynucleotide sequences to alter the activity or effectiveness of such viral vector constructs in a transformed host cell. Likewise in certain embodiments, the inventors contemplate the mutagenesis of the viral genome itself to facilitate improved infectivity, replication, stability, activity, or viral titers, as well as efficiency of transfection both in vitro and/or in vivo.
- site-directed mutagenesis in accordance herewith is performed by first obtaining a single-stranded vector or melting apart of two strands of a double-stranded vector which includes within its sequence a DNA sequence which encodes the desired polypeptide(s).
- An oligonucleotide primer bearing the desired mutated sequence is prepared, generally synthetically. This primer is then annealed with the single-stranded vector, and subjected to DNA polymerizing enzymes such as E. coli polymerase I Klenow fragment, in order to complete the synthesis of the mutation-bearing strand.
- DNA polymerizing enzymes such as E. coli polymerase I Klenow fragment
- sequence variants of the selected polynucleotide segments using site-directed mutagenesis is provided as a means of producing potentially useful species and is not meant to be limiting, as there are other ways in which sequence variants of polypeptides and the DNA sequences encoding them may be obtained.
- recombinant vectors encoding a desired polypeptide sequence may be treated with mutagenic agents, such as hydroxylamine, to obtain sequence variants.
- mutagenic agents such as hydroxylamine
- oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis procedure refers to template-dependent processes and vector-mediated propagation that result in an increase in the concentration of a specific nucleic acid molecule relative to its initial concentration, or in an increase in the concentration of a detectable signal, such as amplification.
- oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis procedure is intended to refer to a process that involves the template-dependent extension of a primer molecule.
- template dependent process refers to nucleic acid synthesis of an RNA or a DNA molecule wherein the sequence of the newly synthesized strand of nucleic acid is dictated by the well-known rules of complementary base pairing (see, for example, Watson, 1987).
- nucleic acids used as a template for amplification methods, may be isolated from cells according to standard methodologies (Sambrook etal, 1989).
- the nucleic acid may be genomic DNA or fractionated or whole cell RNA. Where RNA is used, it may be desired to convert the RNA to a complementary DNA. In one embodiment, the RNA is whole cell RNA and is used directly as the template for amplification.
- primers that selectively hybridize to nucleic acids corresponding to the ribozymes or conserved flanking regions are contacted with the isolated nucleic acid under conditions that permit selective hybridization.
- the term "primer,” as defined herein, is meant to encompass any nucleic acid that is capable of priming the synthesis of a nascent nucleic acid in a template-dependent process.
- primers are oligonucleotides from ten to twenty base pairs in length, but longer sequences can be employed.
- Primers may be provided in double-stranded or single-stranded form, although the single-stranded form is preferred.
- the nucleic acid:primer complex is contacted with one or more enzymes that facilitate template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis. Multiple rounds of amplification, also referred to as "cycles,” are conducted until a sufficient amount of amplification product is produced.
- the amplification product is detected.
- the detection may be performed by visual means.
- the detection may involve indirect identification of the product via chemiluminescence, radioactive scintigraphy of incorporated radiolabel or fluorescent label or even via a system using electrical or thermal impulse signals (Affymax technology).
- PCRTM polymerase chain reaction
- the primers will bind to the marker and the polymerase will cause the primers to be extended along the marker sequence by adding on nucleotides.
- the extended primers will dissociate from the marker to form reaction products, excess primers will bind to the marker and to the reaction products and the process is repeated.
- a reverse transcriptase PCR amplification procedure may be performed in order to quantify the amount of mRNA amplified. Methods of reverse transcribing RNA into cDNA are well known and described in Sambrook et al, 1989. Alternative methods for reverse transcription utilize thermostable, RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. These methods are described in WO 90/07641, filed December 21, 1990, incorporated herein by reference. Polymerase chain reaction methodologies are well known in the art.
- LCR ligase chain reaction
- Qbeta Replicase (Q ⁇ R), described in Intl. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. PCT/US87/00880, incorporated herein by reference, may also be used as still another amplification method in the present invention.
- a replicative sequence of RNA that has a region complementary to that of a target is added to a sample in the presence of an RNA polymerase.
- the polymerase will copy the replicative sequence that can then be detected.
- An isothermal amplification method in which restriction endonucleases and ligases are used to achieve the amplification of target molecules that contain nucleotide 5'-[alpha-thio]-triphosphates in one strand of a restriction site may also be useful in the amplification of nucleic acids in the present invention.
- Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), described in U. S. Patent Nos. 5,455,166, 5,648,211, 5,712,124 and 5,744,311, each incorporated herein by reference, is another method of carrying out isothermal amplification of nucleic acids which involves multiple rounds of strand displacement and synthesis, i.e., nick translation.
- a similar method called Repair Chain Reaction (RCR)
- RCR Repair Chain Reaction
- SDA Strand Displacement Amplification
- RCR Repair Chain Reaction
- SDA Strand Displacement Amplification
- CPR cyclic probe reaction
- a probe having 3' and 5' sequences of non-specific DNA and a middle sequence of specific RNA is hybridized to DNA that is present in a sample.
- the reaction is treated with RNase H, and the products of the probe identified as distinctive products that are released after digestion.
- the original template is annealed to another cycling probe and the reaction is repeated.
- nucleic acid amplification procedures include transcription-based amplification systems (TAS), including nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and 3SR Gingeras et al, PCT Application WO 88/10315, incorporated herein by reference.
- TAS transcription-based amplification systems
- NASBA nucleic acid sequence based amplification
- 3SR Gingeras et al PCT Application WO 88/10315, incorporated herein by reference.
- the nucleic acids can be prepared for amplification by standard phenol/chloroform extraction, heat denaturation of a clinical sample, treatment with lysis buffer and minispin columns for isolation of DNA and RNA or guanidinium chloride extraction of RNA. These amplification techniques involve annealing a primer that has target specific sequences.
- DNA/RNA hybrids are digested with RNase H while double stranded DNA molecules are heat denatured again.
- the single stranded DNA is made fully double stranded by addition of second target specific primer, followed by polymerization.
- the double-stranded DNA molecules are then multiply transcribed by an RNA polymerase such as T7 or SP6.
- an RNA polymerase such as T7 or SP6.
- the RNA's are reverse transcribed into single stranded DNA, which is then converted to double- stranded DNA, and then transcribed once again with an RNA polymerase such as T7 or SP6.
- the resulting products whether truncated or complete, indicate target specific sequences.
- ssRNA single-sfranded RNA
- dsDNA double-stranded DNA
- the ssRNA is a template for a first primer oligonucleotide, which is elongated by reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase).
- RNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase
- the RNA is then removed from the resulting DNA:RNA duplex by the action of ribonuclease H (RNase H, an RNase specific for RNA in duplex with either DNA or RNA).
- RNase H ribonuclease H
- the resultant ssDNA is a template for a second primer, which also includes the sequences of an RNA polymerase promoter (exemplified by T7 RNA polymerase) 5' to its homology to the template.
- This primer is then extended by DNA polymerase (exemplified by the large "Klenow" fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I), resulting in a double-stranded DNA (“dsDNA”) molecule, having a sequence identical to that of the original RNA between the primers and having additionally, at one end, a promoter sequence.
- This promoter sequence can be used by the appropriate RNA polymerase to make many RNA copies of the DNA. These copies can then re-enter the cycle leading to very swift amplification. With proper choice of enzymes, this amplification can be done isothermally without addition of enzymes at each cycle. Because of the cyclical nature of this process, the starting sequence can be chosen to be in the form of either DNA or RNA.
- Miller et al, PCT Application WO 89/06700 disclose a nucleic acid sequence amplification scheme based on the hybridization of a promoter/primer sequence to a target single-sfranded DNA ("ssDNA”) followed by transcription of many RNA copies of the sequence.
- This scheme is not cyclic, i.e., new templates are not produced from the resultant RNA transcripts.
- Other amplification methods include "RACE” and "one-sided PCR” (Frohman, 1990 incorporated by reference).
- Methods based on ligation of two (or more) oligonucleotides in the presence of nucleic acid having the sequence of the resulting "di-oligonucleotide", thereby amplifying the di-oligonucleotide may also be used in the amplification step of the present invention.
- amplification products are separated by agarose, agarose-acrylamide or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using standard methods (Sambrook et al, 1989).
- chromatographic techniques may be employed to effect separation.
- chromatography There are many kinds of chromatography which may be used in the present invention: adsorption, partition, ion exchange and molecular sieve, and many specialized techniques for using them including column, paper, thin-layer and gas chromatography.
- Amplification products must be visualized in order to confirm amplification of the marker sequences.
- One typical visualization method involves staining of a gel with ethidium bromide and visualization under UN light.
- the amplification products can then be exposed to x-ray film or visualized under the appropriate stimulating spectra, following separation.
- visualization is achieved indirectly.
- a labeled, nucleic acid probe is brought into contact with the amplified marker sequence.
- the probe preferably is conjugated to a chromophore but may be radiolabeled.
- the probe is conjugated to a binding partner, such as an antibody or biotin, and the other member of the binding pair carries a detectable moiety.
- detection is by Southern blotting and hybridization with a labeled probe.
- the techniques involved in Southern blotting are well known to those of skill in the art and can be found in many standard books on molecular protocols (Sambrook et al, 1989). Briefly, amplification products are separated by gel electrophoresis. The gel is then contacted with a membrane, such as nitrocellulose, permitting transfer of the nucleic acid and non-covalent binding. Subsequently, the membrane is incubated with a chromophore-conjugated probe that is capable of hybridizing with a target amplification product. Detection is by exposure of the membrane to x-ray film or ion-emitting detection devices.
- Modification and changes may be made in the structure of the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention and still obtain a functional molecule that still possesses desirable characteristics. As mentioned above, it is often desirable to introduce one or more mutations into a specific polynucleotide sequence. In certain circumstances, the resulting encoded polypeptide sequence is altered by this mutation, or in other cases, the sequence of the polypeptide is unchanged by one or more mutations in the encoding polynucleotide.
- the amino acid changes may be achieved by changing one or more of the codons of the encoding DNA sequence, according to Table 1.
- amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a protein structure without appreciable loss of interactive binding capacity with structures such as, for example, antigen-binding regions of antibodies or binding sites on substrate molecules. Since it is the interactive capacity and nature of a protein that defines that protein's biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a protein sequence, and, of course, its underlying DNA coding sequence, and nevertheless obtain a protein with like properties. It is thus contemplated by the inventors that various changes may be made in the polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein, without appreciable loss of their biological utility or activity.
- the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered.
- the importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biologic function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982, incorporate herein by reference). It is accepted that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resultant protein, which in turn defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, D ⁇ A, antibodies, antigens, and the like.
- Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of their hydrophobicity and charge characteristics (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982), these are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (-0.4); threonine (-0.7); serine (-0.8); tryptophan (-0.9); tyrosine (-1.3); proline (-1.6); histidine (-3.2); glutamate (-3.5); glutamine (-3.5); aspartate (-3.5); asparagine (-3.5); lysine (-3.9); and arginine (-4.5).
- hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0 + 1); glutamate (+3.0 ⁇ 1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (-0.4); proline (-0.5 + 1); alanine (-0.5); histidine (-0.5); cysteine (-1.0); methionine (-1.3); valine (-1.5); leucine (-1.8); isoleucine (-1.8); tyrosine (-2.3); phenylalanine (-2.5); tryptophan (-3.4).
- an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent, and in particular, an immunologically equivalent protein.
- substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ⁇ 2 is preferred, those that are within ⁇ 1 are particularly preferred, and those within +0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
- amino acid substitutions are generally therefore based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like.
- Exemplary substitutions which take several of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include: arginine and lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine and isoleucine.
- Abbreviations used include: AAV, Adeno-associated virus; Ad, Adenovirus; HSV-1, Herpes simplex virus- 1; MOI, multiplicity of infection; pfu, plaque-forming units; wt, wild type.
- HeLa cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's media (DMEM, Gibco-BRL, Grand Island, NY) that contained 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). Vero cells were maintained in DMEM which contained 5% FCS.
- the V27 cell line a neomycin resistant Vero cell line capable of expressing ICP27, was maintained in DMEM which contained 10% FCS and has already been described (Rice and Knipe, 1990). All 293 cell lines were maintained in DMEM which contained 10% FCS. Cells were cultured at 37°C in 5% CO 2 .
- the UF2-293 cell line was generated by transfection of a 10 cm dish of 293 cells (from ATCC) with 10 ⁇ g of ⁇ UF2 DNA (Zolotukhin et al, 1996). The cells were then passaged in 600 ⁇ g/ml G418 (Gibco-BRL) for three weeks. Surviving cells were then sorted using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), utilizing the adsorption and emission spectrum of the humanized green fluorescent protein (hGFP) to isolate high expressing cells (Zolotukhin et al, 1996).
- FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- Cells were considered high expressors when on adsorption of light of 395 nm wavelength, emitted light of 509 nm wavelength at an intensity 125 times greater than the emission of similarly stimulated, non-transfected 293 cells.
- the high expressors were maintained in G418 at 600 ⁇ g/ml.
- the GFP-92 cell line was created by infecting 293 cells with rAAV-UF2. Cells were passaged in 200 ⁇ g G418 for two weeks and screened for GFP fluorescence. Colonies were isolated and analyzed by PCRTM, as described below, for their ability to produce rAAV when transfected with pIM45 DNA and superinfected with adenovirus (Ad5). A producer cell line was identified and single clones were again isolated and analyzed for their ability to produce rAAV.
- pUF2 is a bicistronic vector containing the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate early (MIE) enhancer driving humanized green fluorescent protein (hgfp) and the HSV-1 thymidine kinase promoter driving a neomycin resistant gene inserted between AAV-2 ITRs.
- HCMV human cytomegalovirus
- MIE major immediate early
- hgfp humanized green fluorescent protein
- pRS5 and pIM45 are helper plasmids that supply Rep and Cap for generating rAAV.
- pAAV2 is a pKS based vector containing the AAV-2 genome.
- pAAV-lacZ is a HCMV MIE driven lacZ reporter construct inserted between AAV-2 ITRs.
- pHSV-RC was used to generate the HSV-1 amplicons HSV-RC/KOS and HSV-RC/d27 and is a pUC19-derived vector (FIG. 1).
- the ⁇ -sequence contains the HSV-1 packaging signals and was cloned into the EcoRI site of pUC19.
- the oriS sequence contains an HSV-1 origin of replication (the internal Smal fragment from the HSV-1 ori S) and was inserted at Smal to generate pHSV.
- pHSV-RC the rep and cap genes from AAV-2 were isolated from psub201 by anXbal digest and cloned onto X aXbal site of pHSV (FIG. 1).
- pHSV-gfp was constructed from pHSV and pl.l-gfp (a vector expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP).
- pl.l-gfp was Notl digested and Klenow blunted. This fragment was then cloned into the Sphl digested and T4 polymerase blunted pHSV to create pHSV-gfp.
- p43-hgfp is based on the pUF2 vector.
- the expression cassette from pCI (isolated by a BamHl - Bgl ⁇ l digest) was cloned between the ITRs of Bgl ⁇ l digested pUF2 to create p43.
- the hgfp cD ⁇ A was isolated from pUF2 by a Notl digest and then cloned into the Notl site of the p43 to create p43-hgfp.
- pCI-hgfp was created by cloning hgfp into the Notl site of pCI.
- the 115 base pair deletion vector pCI-hgfpd was created by PflMl and Pvull digestion of pCI-hgfp, followed by T4 polymerase blunting of the overhanging ends, and then self-ligation of the vector.
- TRANSFECTION Transfections for the rescue of rAAV genomes from p AAV -lacZ were performed using Lipofectamine (Gibco-BRL), following the manufacturer's protocol 24 h after seeding 2 x 10 5 HeLa cells onto 6 well plates.
- the UF2-293 cell line was generated by plating 1 x 10 6 293 cells onto a 10-cm dish followed by transfection with 10 ⁇ g of pUF2. This transfection was done by precipitation of plasmid DNA with CaCl 2 in 2x N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid (BES), (25mM, pH 6.95). The transfected cells were incubated at 35°C, 3% CO 2 overnight.
- BES N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid
- the transfected cells were rinsed once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and grown in DMEM with 10% FCS.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the GFP-92 cell line was created by seeding 1 x 10 6 293 cells on a 10 cm plate followed by transfection with 10 ⁇ g of pUF2 DNA by CaC- 2 coprecipitation in HEPES buffered saline.
- HSV-1 (wt KOS strain) was propagated by infecting Vero cells (90% confluent in T175 flasks) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1 per cell. Adsorption of virus was done for 45 min in reduced serum DMEM (2% FCS). After full cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed (usually 48 h post infection) the cell pellet was collected by centrifugation (1000 rpm for 10 min), then frozen and thawed 3 times. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 5 min). d27-l is an ICP27 deletion of HSV-1 (KOS strain) and has been previously described (Rice and Knipe, 1990).
- MOI multiplicity of infection
- Ad5 from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD was propagated by infecting 293 cells (90% confluent in 15 cm dishes) at an MOI of 0.1 per cell. Ad5 was harvested as described for HSV-1 after full CPE was observed (usually 72 to 96 h post infection).
- AAV-2 was propagated by coinfection of 293 cells with AAV-2 (MOI of 200 particles per cell) and Ad5 (MOI of 0.1).
- AAV-2 viral lysates were prepared by freeze-thaw, and the Ad5 was heat inactivated by incubation at 55°C for 45 min.
- HSV-1 (wt KOS) was titered by plaque forming assay on Vero cells.
- d27-l was titered by plaque forming assay on V27 cells. Analysis of d27-l stocks for the presence of wt HSV-1 was done by plaque assay on non-complementing Vero cells ( ⁇ 100 pfu/ml detected).
- Ad5 was titered by plaque forming assay on 293 cells.
- AAV-2 was titered for particles by dot blot analysis as described below for recombinant genomes in the amplicon stocks.
- HSV-RC/KOS was propagated by harvesting the cell pellet by centrifugation (1000 rpm for 10 min) after full CPE was observed in the transfected cells. The cell pellet was frozen and thawed three times and cell debris removed by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 5 min). One fourth of the virus was then used to infect Vero cells (90% confluent in T175 flasks) as previously described to generate the second passage of HSV-RC/KOS. One fourth of the virus was used to infect Vero cells in T175 flasks to generate each successive passage. HSV-RC/d27 was generated by superinfection of the pHSV-RC transfected V27 cells with d27-l virus 36 h post transfection at an MOI of 2.5.
- the cell pellet was collected as previously described after full CPE was observed (72 h post infection). Successive passages of HSV-RC/d27 were generated as described for HSV-RC/KOS except that the complementing cell line, V27, was used. Fourth passage or greater amplicon stocks were used in the studies described.
- Each amplicon stock was titered for the presence of helper virus by a plaque- forming assay on the appropriate cell line (Vero cells for HSV-RC/KOS, V27 cells for HSV-RC/d27).
- HSV-RC/d27 was analyzed for the presence of wt HSV-1 by plaque assay on non-complementing Vero cells ( ⁇ 100 pfu/ml detected).
- the titer of recombinant genomes (the rep and cap genome from pHSV-RC) in each amplicon stock was determined by dot blot analysis of the stocks. Aliquots of the virus were DNAsel treated for 2 h at 37°C in DNAsel buffer (final concentration lOmM Tris (pH 7.4), lOmM KC1, 1.5mM MgCl 2 ) and then proteinase K treated for 2 h at 55°C in proteinase K buffer (final concentration 10 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 5mM EDTA, 0.5% SDS). 5 ⁇ l of 5N NaOH was then added to the samples and they were incubated at 65°C for 1 h.
- the samples were neutralized with 50 ⁇ l of 2N NH 4 OH and were then transferred using a vacuum apparatus to a nylon membrane that was first equilibrated with IN NH 4 OH for 1 h. The slots were then washed with 50 ⁇ l of 2N NH 4 OH. A standard curve of serial dilutions of HSV-1 was processed and applied to the membrane in an identical fashion. A standard curve of serial dilutions of pHSV-RC was denatured, neutralized and also applied to the membrane.
- the membrane was then incubated with prehybridization solution (1% SDS, 5 mg/ml nonfat dried milk, 0.05 mg/ml heparin, 0.2 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, 60 mg/ml PEG 8000, 5x SSPE (750 mM NaCl, 50 mM Na ⁇ PO ⁇ 5 mM EDTA, and 10% formamide) for 4 h at 60°C.
- prehybridization solution 1% SDS, 5 mg/ml nonfat dried milk, 0.05 mg/ml heparin, 0.2 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, 60 mg/ml PEG 8000, 5x SSPE (750 mM NaCl, 50 mM Na ⁇ PO ⁇ 5 mM EDTA, and 10% formamide) for 4 h at 60°C.
- the membrane was hybridized overnight at 60°C in the prehybridization solution with [ ⁇ - 32 P] dATP labeled, random primer generated probe.
- the membrane was then washed twice in 0.1 x SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65°C for 45 min. The membrane was exposed to film for 24-48 h at -70°C.
- the titer of recombinant genomes varied between 3 x 10 7 to 7 x 10 7 recombinant genomes per ml for HSV- RC/KOS and 1 x 10 7 to 3 x 10 7 recombinant genomes per ml for HSV-RC/d27.
- the specificity of the probe for recombinant genomes and not HSV-1 genomes was confirmed by demonstrating that the HSV-1 standard curve did not produce a signal when the membrane was hybridized with probe for the recombinant genomes.
- the membrane was stripped by washing the membrane with O.lx SSC and 0.1% SDS at 100°C and then rehybridized with an [ ⁇ - 32 P] dATP labeled oriS DNA probe. The membranes were then processed as described above.
- rAAVUF2 was prepared from six T175 flasks of UF2-293 cells. Flasks were infected with HSV-RC/KOS (MOI of the HSV-RC/KOS was 2 recombinant genomes per cell and 2.5 pfu of HSV-1 per cell) when the cells were 90% confluent (10 8 cells). The total number of cells in the preparation was determined by counting the number of cells present on a similarly prepared flask using a hemocytometer. 48 h later (after full CPE), the cells were centrifuged for 10 min at 1000 rpm.
- HSV-RC/KOS MOI of the HSV-RC/KOS was 2 recombinant genomes per cell and 2.5 pfu of HSV-1 per cell
- the cell pellet was then frozen and thawed three times and cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min.
- the sample was heat inactivated for 1 h at 55°C and DNAsel treated for 1 h at 37°C in DNAse buffer.
- Virus was purified on an isopycnic CsCl gradient as described (Kessler et al, 1996). 100 ⁇ l fractions were collected, the refractive index was determined for each fraction, and each fraction was then analyzed for the presence of rAAVUF2 by infecting HeLa cells in the presence of Ad5 and directly observing the cells by fluorescent microscopy for the presence of hGFP expression 36 h later.
- Samples from clarified cell lysates (70 ⁇ l from 7 ml for detection of rAAVUF2 made from the cell line UF2-293 with HSV-RC/KOS, 2 ⁇ l from 3 ml for detection of rAAVUF2 made from the GFP-92 cell line with HSV-RC/d27, 100 ⁇ l from 3 ml for wt AAV detection) were treated with 50U DNAsel for 2 h at 37°C in DNAsel buffer and then proteinase K digested in proteinase K buffer for 2 h at 55°C. The samples were then phenol and chloroform extracted and ethanol precipitated followed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°C to pellet the DNA.
- the DNA pellet was rinsed once with 70% ethanol, then dried, and reconstituted in dH O.
- An aliquot of this sample (1 ⁇ l from 20 ⁇ l for rAAVUF2 and 9 ⁇ l of 10 ⁇ l for wt AAV) was used in the PCRTM reactions.
- PCRTM reactions were carried out in a 50- ⁇ l volume, and PCRTM products (15 ⁇ l) were analyzed on 2% agarose gels at 100V.
- QC-PCRTM quantitative-competitive PCRTM (QC-PCRTM)
- the products were analyzed on 2% agarose gels for 3 h at 50V.
- a Stratagene Eagle EyeTM detection system was used to record the images.
- the primers used to detect rAAVUF2 particles anneal to the coding region of hfgp and generate a 700 bp product.
- the hgfp sense primer was 5'-ATGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAACTGTTC-3' (SEQ ID NO:l).
- the hgfp antisense primer was 5'-TCACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:2).
- the positive control was 200 pg of p43-hgfp.
- the PCRTM conditions were: 4 min at 94°C;
- the primers used to detect the presence of wt AAV anneal to the ITR D sequence and to the cap coding sequence and generate a 370 bp product The D sequence primer was 5'-CTCCATCACTAGGGGTTCC -3' (SEQ ID NO:3).
- the cap primer was 5'-CTTCATCACACAGTACTCCACGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:4).
- the positive controls were serial dilutions of pAAV2.
- the PCRTM conditions were identical to those used with the hgfp primers except that 30 cycles were completed. Typically 10 fg of pAAV2 could be detected by PCRTM amplification after ethidium bromide staining.
- a particle count of rAAVUF2 was determined by QC-PCRTM and was based on the determination of the amount of rAAVUF2 template present in a sample through comparison with a known quantity of internal control standard.
- the internal control for the QC-PCRTM reactions, pCI-hgfpd, was identical to the hgfp sequence to which the primers annealed and amplified except that an internal deletion was made as described above.
- the hgfp primers generate a 585 bp product when pCI-hgfpd is used as the template.
- a constant amount of rAAVUF2 DNA was added to each QC-PCRTM reaction (1 ⁇ l) and the amount of internal control was varied to produce a standard curve (see brief description of the figures for exact amounts of pCI-hgfpd added to each reaction).
- the amount of rAAVUF2 template present was then determined by identifying the amount of internal control DNA that had to be added which would give full size and deleted PCRTM products of equal intensity after ethidium bromide staining. The number of single strand template genomes present (the number of particles) was then calculated.
- PCRTM detection of rAAVUF2 particles does not give a false positive result under the conditions used.
- 1 x 10 8 GFP-92 cells were pelleted and reconstituted in 1ml of DMEM. The cells were then frozen and thawed three times. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min and DMEM was added to the lysate so that the final volume was 1 ml. 100 ⁇ l of this sample was DNAsel and proteinase K treated, phenol and chloroform extracted, precipitated and reconstituted in 20 ⁇ l dH 2 O.
- Rep interacts with Ad and cellular DNA replication in viral replication centers and disrupts their subsequent formation and function (Weitzman et al, 1996a, 1996b). Expression of the Rep protein also inhibits HSV-1 induced cellular DNA amplification and HSV-1 viral DNA replication itself (Heilbronn et al, 1990).
- pHSV-RC pHSV-RC
- the HSV-1 amplicon had to be able to rescue and replicate rAAV genomes efficiently if the HSV-1 amplicon system expressing Rep and Cap were to be successful at packaging rAAV genomes into virions.
- Rescue and replication of rAAV genomes by HSV-RC/KOS requires the appropriate expression of Rep from the p5 and pi 9 promoters, which are in a different genomic structural context than they are in the wt AAV genome. Additionally, expression of Rep from the amplicon genome has to be appropriately timed with HSV-1 early gene expression so that rAAV replication proceeds, as does wt AAV replication.
- HSV-RC/KOS The ability of HSV-RC/KOS to replicate rAAV genomes introduced into cells by infection of rAAV virions, by transfection as plasmids, or when maintained as proviral rAAV genomes integrated into cellular chromosomal DNA was analyzed.
- HeLa cells (2 x 10 5 ) were seeded onto 6 well plates. After 24 h, the cultures were either mock infected, infected with rAA VlacZ (5 x 10 4 particles), AAV-2 (MOI of 1000 particles per cell) or both.
- the cells were infected with HSV-1 (KOS strain, MOI of 2), or HSV-RC/KOS (MOI of the HSV-RC/KOS was one recombinant genome per cell and 2 pfu of HSV-1 per cell) 24 h later. The wells were scraped and the cells were collected and centrifuged (2000 rpm, 5 min) after 36 h.
- Hirt extracted DNA (5 ⁇ g) was loaded per lane on a 0.8% agarose gel and run for 12 h at 25V. DNA from the gel was transferred to Nylon membrane by Southern blotting, and probed with an [ ⁇ - 32 P] dATP-labeled lacZ DNA probe or an [ - 32 P] dATP-labeled psub201 DNA probe.
- replicative intermediates of rAAV, the double stranded monomers (RF m ), double stranded dimers (RF d ), and higher molecular weight replicative forms indicate successful replication. Positive replication was observed in samples in which small molecular weight DNA was analyzed from cells coinfected with rAAV, AAV-2 and HSV-1 (positive control) or coinfected with rAAV and HSV-RC/KOS. Replicative forms of rAAV were not detectable in any of the other samples.
- HSV-1 amplicon is temporally and quantitatively appropriate for the task of replicating rAAV genomes introduced into cells by viral infection.
- the intensity of the RF m and RF d in cells coinfected with rAAV and HSV-RC/KOS, as compared to cells coinfected with rAAV, AAV-2 and HSV-1 suggests that Rep expression from an amplicon in the presence of HSV-1 coinfection is capable of supporting rAAV replication at a higher level than AAV-2 and HSV-1 at similar multiplicities of infection. This may be due to the absence of replication competent AAV-2 in HSV-RC/KOS. Replication competent AAV-2 would successfully compete with rAAV for replication machinery and lead to a decrease in rAAV replication (Clark et al. , 1996).
- HSV-RC/KOS The ability of HSV-RC/KOS to rescue and replicate rAAV genomes from different rAAV templates was also evaluated. These data indicate that HSV-RC/KOS was able to rescue and replicate rAAV genomes from transfected plasmids.
- HeLa cells were seeded onto 6 well plates (2 x 10 5 ). The cells were either mock transfected, transfected with 3 ⁇ g of pAA YlacZ, or infected with rAAVlacZ (5 x 10 4 particles) 24 hours later.
- the plasmid pAAVlacZ contains a HCMV MIE driven lacZ expression cassette flanked by ITRs.
- the cells were either mock infected, infected with wt HSV-1 (MOI of 2) or infected with HSV-RC/KOS (MOI of the HSV-RC/KOS was one recombinant genome per cell and 2 pfu of HSV-1 per cell) 24 h later.
- Cells were collected 36 h later and centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm. Media was removed and small molecular weight DNA was isolated from the pellet by Hirt extraction.
- Hirt extracted DNA (10 ⁇ g) was extensively digested with Dpnl (100 U) for 24 h. Dpnl does not digest newly replicated rAAV, which is not methylated after replication in eukaryotic cells.
- DNA was then ethanol precipitated and analyzed on a 0.8% agarose gel for 12 h at 25V.
- DNA was transferred to a nylon membrane by Southern blotting.
- the membrane was hybridized with an [ ⁇ - 3 P] dATP-labeled lacZ DNA probe and exposed to film for 24 h.
- the RF m and RF d were readily observed the positive control for rescue and replication of rAAV genomes.
- Rescue and replication of Dpnl resistant rAAV genomes from transfected plasmids was also observed where pAAVlacZ transfection was followed by HSV-RC/KOS superinfection. Replicative forms of rAAV were not observed in any of the other samples.
- HSV-RC/KOS was also proven to rescue and amplify proviral rAAV genomes that were chromosomally integrated in the cell line UF2-293. Plates (10 cm) were seeded with 1.5 x 10 6 UF2-293 cells. The cells were mock infected, infected with HSV-1 (MOI of 2) or infected with HSV-RC/KOS (MOI of the HSV-RC/KOS was one recombinant genome per cell and 2 pfu of HSV-1 per cell) 24 h later. Plates were scraped 36 h post infection. Cells were centrifuged (5 min, 2000 rpm) and the media was discarded. Small molecular weight DNA was isolated from the pellet by Hirt extraction.
- Hirt extracted DNA (10 ⁇ g) was analyzed per well on a 0.8% agarose gel for 12 h at 25V. DNA was transferred to a nylon membrane by Southern blotting. The membrane was hybridized with an [ ⁇ - 32 P] dATP-labeled hgfp DNA probe, and exposed to film for 24 hours.
- the replicating monomers and dimers indicative of rAAV rescue and replication were only seen in the sample containing Hirt extracted DNA from the UF2-293 cells infected with HSV-RC/KOS.
- Rescue of rAAV genomes from the UF2-293 cells was not due to latent wt AAV infection of the cells, which could supply Rep in trans.
- Replicative forms of rAAV were not observed in the sample in which Hirt extracted DNA was analyzed from HSV-1 infected UF2-293 cells. If the UF2-293 cells were latently infected with wt AAV, rescue and replication of rAAV genomes would be observed in this sample.
- the particle titers of rAAVUF2 were determined by QC-PCRTM of the rAAVUF2 prepared from UF2-293 cells using HSV-RC/KOS.
- UF2-293 cells (1 x 10 8 ) were infected with HSV-RC/KOS. After full CPE occurred, the cell pellet was harvested, then frozen and thawed three times. The cell lysate was then clarified and an aliquot (1/100th of the volume of the cell lysate) was treated with DNAsel and proteinase K, phenol and chloroform extracted and precipitated in ethanol. Aliquots (1 ⁇ l) of the reconstituted DNA pellet (l/20th of the volume) were then analyzed by QC-PCRTM.
- the number of particles produced per cell was 2.3 +/- 0.3.
- the number of rAAVUF2 particles produced per cell was 100 fold lower than the number of particles usually produced per cell by transfection methods employing adenovirus superinfection.
- the efficient replication of rAAV genomes in a lytic cycle by HSV-RC/KOS is clearly shown, as described above. Packaging of rAAV genomes by HSV-RC/KOS is extremely inefficient, however.
- HSV-1 helper virus to generate HSV-RC/KOS was made because it can supply the necessary functions (early gene expression) required for wt AAV production.
- HSV-1 induces CPE in infected cells much more rapidly than a similar infection with Ad.
- the rapid time course of host cell death probably limits the amount of rAAV that can be produced from each cell.
- Full CPE of host cells was consistently observed within 36 to 48 h after infection with HSV-1 compared to 72 to 96 h after adenoviral infection at the same MOIs.
- the rapidity of CPE after HSV-1 infection is due, in part, to the toxicity of the HSV-1 immediate early gene products, which are expressed within two h after infection and quickly alter the host cell's macromolecular synthesis machinery (Johnson et al, 1992a; Johnson et al, 1994). Host cell transcription, RNA splicing and protein synthesis are all perturbed by immediate early gene products of HSV-1 and contribute to the rapid CPE (Johnson et al, 1992a; Johnson etal, 1994). An additional possible reason for the inefficiency of rAAV particle production by HSV-RC/KOS is the inhibition of host cell mRNA splicing by ICP27 (Sandri-Goldin and Mendoza, 1992).
- ICP27 expression would also interfere with the appropriate splicing of the AAV late p40 transcripts, which encode Cap. Decreased synthesis of Cap message in turn would limit the production of rAAV.
- a Rep and Cap expressing amplicon was made using the defective HSV-1 virus, d27-l.
- the virus d27-l has a deletion in ICP27.
- ICP27 itself is toxic to cells and therefore elimination of ICP27 was expected to reduce toxicity of the defective vector compared to HSV-1 (Johnson et al, 1994).
- ICP27 protein is also implicated in the inhibition of mRNA splicing, and the d27-l strain should permit more efficient and accurate splicing of the late p40 transcripts encoding Cap and increase rAAV particle yield per cell.
- ICP 27 is involved in the down regulation of HSV-1 early gene expression. ICP27 mutants overexpress the early gene products of HSV-1, such as ICP8, and it is these early gene products that are essential for wt AAV productive infection (McCarthy et al, 1989; Rice and Knipe, 1990; Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991). Overexpression of early gene products may result in an increase in the yield of rAAV particles produced.
- HSV-RC/d27 was produced and tested in a replication assay. Dishes were seeded with 2 x 10 5 GFP-92 cells per well.
- the cells were mock infected, infected with wt HSV-1 (MOI of 1), infected with d27-l (MOI of 1), infected with HSV-RC ⁇ I27 (MOI of the HSV-RC/d27 was 1 recombinant genome per cell and 1 pfu of d27-l per cell), or infected with HSV-RC/d27 (MOI of the HSV-RC/d27 was one recombinant genome per cell and one pfu of d27-l per cell) and 12 h later superinfected with HSV-1 (MOI of 1). Plates were scraped 36 h post infection.
- Hirt extracted DNA (10 ⁇ g) was analyzed per well on a 0.8% agarose gel for 12 h at 25V. DNA was transferred to a nylon membrane by Southern blotting. The membrane was hybridized with an [ ⁇ - 32 P] dATP-labeled hgfp DNA probe, and exposed to film for 24 hours.
- HSV-RC/d27 alone, to rescue and replicate chromosomally integrated rAAV provirus from the cell line GFP-92 was demonstrated.
- Coordinated expression of Rep from the amplicon and early genes from d27-l allows replication of rAAV. Wild type levels of HSV-1 DNA synthesis and HSV-1 late gene expression are clearly not required for rAAV replication, in agreement with previous reports (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991). Addition of HSV-1, which would provide ICP27 and allow HSV-1 DNA replication and expression of late genes to occur, does increases the amount of rAAV DNA replication.
- HSV-RC/d27 was sufficient not only to replicate but also to package rAAV in the absence of wt levels of HSV-1 DNA synthesis and late gene expression, the ability of the HSV-RC/d27 amplicon to generate rAAVUF2 DNAsel resistant particles from the cell line GFP-92 was studied.
- GFP-92 cells (2 x 10 5 ) were plated onto 6 well dishes.
- the cells were either not infected nor transfected, infected with Ad5 (MOI of 2), HSV-1, (MOI of 1), d27-l (MOI of 1), HSV-RC/d27 (MOI of the HSV-RC/d27 was one recombinant genome per cell and one pfu of d27-l per cell), or transfected with pRS5 DNA (which supplies Rep and Cap; 2 ⁇ g) and superinfected with Ad5 eight h later (MOI of 2).
- the cells were scraped and pelleted after full CPE was observed. The cell pellet was then frozen and thawed three times in 100 ⁇ l DMEM and clarified.
- HSV-RC/d27 alone, was sufficient to produce DNAsel resistant, PCRTM detectable rAAV genomes from rAAVUF2 particles.
- the CMV92gfp cell line was not latently infected with wt AAV as demonstrated by the absence of RF m and RF d in the study described above. If GFP-92 cells were latently infected with wt AAV, replication of rAAV genomes would have occurred when the cells were infected with HSV-1 or d27-l alone. In addition, replicative forms of wt AAV were not detected when the membrane was stripped and probed for wt AAV sequences with an [ ⁇ - 32 P] dATP-labeled cap DNA probe after a 7 day exposure.
- GFP-92 cells (at 60% confluency) were either transfected with pRS5 (and then superinfected with Ad5), or infected with HSV-RC/d27 (with and without superinfection with HSV-1). 6 x 10 7 GFP-92 cells were in each preparation. After full CPE occurred, the cell pellet was harvested, frozen, and thawed three times. The cell lysate was then clarified and an aliquot (1/1500th of the volume of the cell lysate) was treated with DNAsel and proteinase K, phenol and chloroform extracted and precipitated in ethanol.
- the rAAVUF2 virus prepared from the amplicon system was heat inactivated and purified on an isopycnic CsCl gradient and analyzed for its ability to transduce cells as measured by replication competence following transduction of HeLa cells.
- rAAVUF2 was prepared from 6 confluent T175 flasks of UF2-293 cells (10 8 cells). Flasks were infected with HSV-RC/KOS (MOI of the HSV-RC/KOS was
- rAAVUF2 2 recombinant genomes per cell and 2.5 pfu of wt HSV-1 per cell).
- rAAVUF2 was collected, heat inactivated for 1 h at 55°C and CsCl gradient purified as described.
- the purified rAAVUF2 (5 x 10 5 particles) were added to 2 x 10 5 HeLa cells seeded into 6 well plates 24 h earlier or the cells were mock infected. The cells were then either mock infected, infected with HSV-1 (MOI of 2.5), or infected with
- HSV-RC/KOS MOI of the HSV-RC/KOS was 2 recombinant genomes per cell
- the replicative forms indicative of infectious rAAV were produced after the cells transduced with rAAVUF2 were superinfected with HSV-RC/KOS.
- the RF m and RF d were probably not due to transduction of the cells with a recombinant HSV vector that was generated through a recombination event of the amplicon or HSV-1 helper virus with the proviral rAAVUF2.
- a recombinant HSV-1 vector would not be infectious after prolonged heat inactivation and purification on a CsCl gradient.
- a PCRTM assay was used to detect the generation of wt AAV during production of rAAV using the HSV-1 amplicons. Primers that anneal to the D sequence and cap sequence of AAV-2 only produce a product after PCRTM amplification if wt AAV is present.
- An aliquot of the clarified cell lysate from GFP-92 cells infected with HSV-RC/d27 or HSV-RC/d27+wt HSV-1 (l/30th of the volume of the cell lysate, preparations one and two) was treated with DNAsel and proteinase K, phenol and chloroform extracted and precipitated in ethanol. Aliquots of the reconstituted DNA pellet (9 ⁇ l, 90% of the total volume) were then analyzed for the presence of wt AAV.
- DNA template was not added to one of the PCRTM reactions.
- a standard curve of 1 pg, 100 fg and 10 fg of pAAV2 DNA was added to three of the PCRTM reactions. Aliquots from the PCRTM reaction using DNA from preparation (prep) 1, HSV-RC/d27; prep 1, HSV-RC/d27 + HSV-1; prep 2, HSV-RC/d27 and prep 2, HSV-RC/d27 + HSV-1 were analyzed. A 123 bp DNA ladder was run on the gel as a molecular weight standard. The other l ⁇ l from the DNA samples was analyzed for the presence of rAAVUF2 DNA using the hgfp primers to assure that DNA was present in the samples.
- the vector d27.1-rc can efficiently produce rAAV from transfected 293 cells.
- 293 cells were transfected with AAV-GFP proviral plasmid. Approximately 3 x 10 7 cells were present in each experimental group. 24 h after transfection the cells were superinfected with different MOIs of d27.1-rc. 36 h post infection, a cell lysate was Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors (rAAV) have been extremely successful vectors for in vivo gene transfer. These vectors have produced long term, high-level gene expression of therapeutic proteins in immunocompetent animal models.
- mice sustained production of erythropoietin from skeletal muscle after rAAV transduction has been achieved in mice (Kessler et al, 1996).
- Therapeutic levels of Factor IX have been produced after rAAV gene transfer to the liver and skeletal muscle (Herzog et al, 1997; Koeberl et al, 1997; Nakai et al, 1998; Monahan et al, 1998).
- Levels of therapeutic protein production have reached up to 800 ⁇ g/ml in mice treated intramuscularly with AAV vectors expressing alpha- 1 antitrypsin (Song et al, 1998).
- AAV vectors have been used effectively in the central nervous system (Kaplitt et al, 1994; Peel et al, 1997; Xiao et al, 1997).
- rAAV has been used in human clinical trials to transfer the CFTR gene (Flotte and Carter, 1998).
- the process requires the efficient cellular delivery of the proviral construct to be packaged as rAAV, the AAV-2 rep and cap genes, as well as specific helper virus functions (Muzyczka, 1992).
- the proviral construct to be packaged contains the cDNA expression cassette flanked by AAV-2 inverted terminal repeats (ITRs).
- ITRs are the cis acting viral DNA sequences required to direct replication and packaging of the rAAV vector (Samulski etal, 1983; Hermonat and Muzyczka, 1984).
- AAV-2 rep and cap genes encode the four Rep proteins (Rep 78, 68, 52 and 40) involved in viral DNA replication, resolution of replicative intermediates and generation of single-strand genomes and the three structural genes (VP1, VP2 and VP3) that make up the viral capsid (Berns, 1984; Chejanovsky and Carter, 1989; Samulski et al, 1987).
- the proviral rAAV and the rep and cap genes are introduced into cells by plasmid transfection.
- Ad infection is used to provide helper virus functions (Muzyczka, 1992).
- the specific helper functions have been identified as the El a, Elb, E2a, E4orf6 and Va RNA genes.
- Ad genes encode proteins or RNA transcripts which are transcriptional regulators, and are involved in DNA replication or modify the cellular environment in order to permit efficient viral production (Berns, 1984; Carter, 1990; Huang and Hearing, 1989; Samulski and Shenk, 1988; Xiao et al, 1998).
- the rep inducible cell lines do not produce rAAV more efficiently than traditional methods. Translational and transcriptional control of Rep and Cap production do not increase the efficiency of rAAV production more than ten fold (Vincent et al, 1997b; Li et al. 1997).
- the Ad free method requires successful transfection on a large scale that is not easily achieved.
- HSV-1 Herpes simplex virus type 1
- HSV-1 Herpes simplex virus type 1
- the minimal set of HSV-1 genes required for AAV-2 replication and packaging has been identified as the early genes UL5, UL8, UL52 and UL29 (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991). These genes encode components of the HSV-1 core replication machinery- the helicase, primase and primase accessory proteins and the single-stranded-DNA binding protein (reviewed in (Knipe, 1989; Weller, 1991).
- rAAV adeno-associated virus type 2
- rHSV-1 herpes simplex virus type I vector
- d27.1-rc is replication defective, it does express the HSV-1 early genes required for rAAV replication and packaging (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991; Rice and Knipe, 1990).
- the vector d27.1-rc has been found to be as efficient at producing rAAV as
- the rHSV-1 vector is 100 times more efficient at producing rAAV than the amplicon system based on the HSV-1 helper functions described above.
- the optimal dose of this vector, d27.1-rc, for AAV production has been determined and results in a yield of 380 expression units (eu) of AAV-GFP produced from 293 cells following transfection with AAV-GFP plasmid DNA.
- d27.1-rc was also efficient at producing rAAV from cell lines that have an integrated AAV-GFP provirus.
- AAV-GFP Up to 480 eu/cell of AAV-GFP could be produced from the cell line GFP-92, a proviral, 293 derived cell line. Effective amplification of rAAV vectors introduced into 293 cells by infection was also demonstrated. Passage of rAAV with d27.1-rc results in up to 200-fold amplification of AAV-GFP with each passage after coinfection of the vectors. Efficient, large-scale production (>10 9 cells) of AAV-GFP from a proviral cell line was also achieved and these stocks were free of replication competent AAV.
- the described rHSV-1 vector provides a novel, simple and flexible way to introduce the AAV-2 rep and cap genes and helper virus functions required to produce high-titer rAAV preparations from any rAAV proviral construct.
- the efficiency and potential for scalable delivery of d27.1-rc to producer cell cultures should facilitate the production of sufficient quantities of rAAV vectors for clinical application.
- the plasmid pTR-UF5 is an AAV-GFP proviral construct with AAV-2 ITRs flanking both an eGFP and a neomycin resistance gene (neo) expression cassette. Expression of GFP is driven by the human CMV promoter. The neo gene is expressed from the HSV-1 tk promoter.
- the plasmid pSub201 contains the AAV-2 rep and cap genes (Samulski et al, 1987).
- the plasmid pHSV-106 is a pBR derived plasmid into which the BamHl fragment of HSV-1 (17+ stain) containing the thymidine kinase (tk) gene was cloned.
- the plasmid pHSV-106-/ ⁇ cZ was constructed by cloning a lacZ expression cassette into the Kpnl restriction site of pHSV-106 interrupting the tk gene.
- the plasmid pHSV-106-rc has the AAV-2 rep and cap genes from ⁇ Sub201 cloned into the Kpnl site of pHSV-106.
- the 293 and Vero cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection.
- the V27 cell line is a Vero derived cell line that expresses the HSV-1 ICP27 protein (Rice and Knipe, 1990).
- the C12 cell line is a HeLa derived cell line with inducible AAV-2 rep gene expression (Clark et al, 1995).
- the GFP-92 cell line was created by infecting 293 cells with AAV-GFP, as described herein. In AAV- GFP, expression of GFP is driven by the human CMV promoter and the neo gene is expressed from the HSV-1 tk promoter. All cell lines were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS).
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- FBS fetal bovine serum
- the virus d27.l is an ICP27 deletion mutant (Kos strain), which is propagated on the complementing cell line, V27 (Rice and Knipe 1990).
- the virus d27.1-rc was constructed by first creating the lacZ expressing virus d27.1-lacZ. This ⁇ -galactosidase expressing vector was created by traditional techniques involving cotransfection of d27.1 infected cell DNA and the integrating plasmid, pHSV-106- lacZ (linearized by BamHl restriction digest) into V27 cells.
- Recombinant viruses were isolated by screening for blue plaques after agar overlay containing 400 ⁇ g/ml halogenated indolyl- ⁇ -D-galactoside (Bluogal, Gibco-BRL). Recombinant viruses were purified by three rounds of limiting dilution. Integration was confirmed by Southern analysis of restriction enzyme digested d27.1-lacZ infected cell DNA. The virus d27.1-rc was created by cotransfection of d27.1 -lacZ infected cell DNA and the Sphl linearized integration plasmid pHSV-106-rc into V27 cells. Recombinant viruses were isolated by screening for white plaques after agar overlay containing 400 ⁇ g/ml Bluo-gal.
- Recombinant viruses were purified by three rounds of limiting dilution. Integration was confirmed by Southern analysis of restriction enzyme digested d27.1-rc infected cell DNA. The stability of integration with passage was assessed by isolating 10 clones of d27.1-rc after ten serial passages of d27.1-rc at a MOI of 0.1. All clones were able to rescue rAAV. Wild type HSV-1 virus capable of replicating on Vero cells was not detected in any preparation (limit of detection is ⁇ 20 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml).
- AAV-GFP Production of AAV-GFP from pTR-UF5 transfected 293 cells.
- Tissue culture dishes (10 cm) plated with 2 x 10 6 293 cells were transfected with 5 ⁇ g pTR-UF5 and 25 ⁇ l Lipofectamine (Gibco-BRL) as per manufacturer's instruction.
- DMEM fetal calf serum
- the GFP-92 cells were plated in 75 cm 2 tissue culture flasks. Twelve hours later, the cells were infected with d27.1-rc at different MOIs or d27.1-lacZ at a MOI of 10. The number of cells in one extra flask was determined as described above. Approximately 1.5 x 10 7 GFP-92 cells were infected per MOI. Cells were harvested 48h post-infection and cell associated AAV-GFP was processed and titered as described above. This experiment was repeated in triplicate.
- 293 cells (1.5 x 10 6 cells) were plated in six well tissue culture dishes. Twelve hours later, the cells were infected with AAV-GFP at different MOIs. Twelve hours later, the cells were infected with d27.1-rc at a MOI of 10. Cells were harvested 48 h post-infection and cell associated AAV-GFP was processed as described above. This experiment was repeated in triplicate. The amount of output rAAV was determined using the fluorescent cell assay described below.
- GFP-92 cells were plated on 175 cm 2 tissue culture flasks 12 h prior to infection. 1 x 10 9 GFP-92 cells were infected 12 h later with d27.1-rc at a MOI of 10. Cells were harvested 48 h post-infection and cell associated AAV-GFP was processed as described above. This experiment was repeated in duplicate. Stocks were analyzed for replication competent AAV (rcAAV) (Koeberl et al, 1997). Replication competent AAV was not detected (limit of detection was one replication unit per 10 7 gfp expression units). 9.1.8 TlTERING OF AAV-GFP IN THE VIRAL LYSATES BY THE FLUORESCENT CELL
- Viral lysates were heat inactivated (55°C, one h). Serial dilutions of AAV- GFP were then titered on C12 cells with Ad coinfection (MOI of 20) (Clark et al, 1996). The cells were then analyzed for GFP expression using fluorescence microscopy at 48h post-infection.
- the indicated cells (approximately 4 x 10 6 cells) were plated onto 6 cm tissue culture plates 12 h before infection with d27.1-rc (MOI as indicated). Control samples not infected. Cells were harvested 48 h post-infection and cell lysates were made and loaded on a 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel followed by immunoblotting using a monoclonal antibody (clone 1F11.8, 1:5000 dilution) that recognizes all four AAV-2 Rep proteins. The antibody was detected by chemiluminescence (Amersham).
- Cells (293, Vero or V27 cells) were plated onto a two-well tissue culture slides at a density of 1.5 x 10 5 cells per well.
- 293 cells were infected 12h later with d27.1-rc at a MOI of 10.
- Cells were washed with DMEM after a 45 minute adsorption period and DMEM with 10% FBS was then added. After 10 h, cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed for 10 minutes in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Cells were washed twice with PBS and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for two minutes.
- the cells were then washed twice with PBS and incubated with the anti-ICP8 antibody (diluted 1 :50 in 2% goat serum, 2% donkey serum in PBS) for one hour in a humidified chamber at 37°C.
- the cells were then washed three times with PBS and then incubated with a rhodamine conjugated, donkey-anti-rabbit secondary antibody and FITC conjugated, donkey-anti-mouse secondary antibody (both diluted 1:100 in 2% goat serum, 2% donkey serum in PBS) for 30 minutes at 37°C.
- the slides were then washed three times, covered with DAPI containing mounting solution, sealed and analyzed for immunofluorescence. Vero cells were infected and processed along side V27 cells to serve as positive controls for Rep staining.
- AAV-2 rep and cap genes into the tk locus of the rHSV-1 virus d27.1 (FIG. 2).
- the AAV-2 rep and cap genes are under control of their native promoters- the p5, pi 9 and p40 promoters.
- the p5, pi 9 and p40 promoters drive expression of the AAV-2 proteins Rep 78 and 68, Rep 52 and 40, and the capsid structural proteins VPl, VP2 and VP3, respectively (Carter et al, 1983; Green and Roeder, 1980; Laughlin et al, 1979; Lusby et al, 1980; Marcus et al, 1981).
- the AAV-2 Rep proteins In order for d27.1-rc to replicate rAAV, the AAV-2 Rep proteins must be efficiently expressed and localized to the nucleus of the cell after d27.1-rc infection. To determine the level of expression of the AAV-2 Rep proteins from d27.1-rc, Western analysis was utilized. The expression of the AAV-2 Rep proteins from d27.1-rc after infection of three different cell lines (293, Vero and V27 cells) at different multiplicities of infection (MOI; 0, 0.1, 1 and 5 infectious units/cell) was analyzed.
- MOI multiplicities of infection
- the vector d27.1-rc expressed different levels of each of the AAV-2 Rep proteins in the different cell lines.
- high level expression of all four Rep proteins occurred after infection with d27.1-rc.
- Expression of the Rep proteins was also observed in Vero cells after d27.1-rc infection.
- only a small amount of Rep was produced in V27 cells after d27.1-rc infection, especially at higher MOIs.
- the level of Rep expression after d27.1-rc infection of 293 and Vero cells was observed to be dependent on the MOI.
- the higher level expression of Rep in 293 cells after d27.1-rc infection may be due to upregulation of the p5 promoter by Ad El a present in 293 cells.
- the low level of Rep expressed in V27 cells after d27.1-rc infection in part results from lytic replication of d27.1-rc after infection of this cell line.
- the cellular distribution of the AAV-2 Rep proteins was determined in an immunofluorescence assay (IF A) which utilized a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the four Rep proteins.
- IF A immunofluorescence assay
- the IFA was conducted 10 h after infection of 293 cells with d27.1-rc.
- the 293 cells were processed for IFA and the cells were incubated with a monoclonal antibody that detects all four Rep proteins (78, 68, 52, and 40).
- the cells were then incubated with a FITC conjugated, donkey-anti-mouse secondary antibody.
- Rep proteins expressed after infection of 293 cells by d27.1-rc, localized to discrete nuclear punctate bodies.
- the distribution of Rep proteins to the nucleus of 293 cells infected with d27.1-rc is a prerequisite for rAAV replication.
- rep gene products are capable of inhibiting viral and cellular DNA replication (Khleif et al, 1991; Heilbronn et al, 1990; Weitzman et al, 1996a).
- rep gene products have been shown to be potent inhibitors of Ad DNA replication and prevent the maturation of Ad DNA replication centers (Weitzman et al, 1996b).
- This inhibitory effect of Rep proteins is presumably responsible for the inability to generate a recombinant Ad that expresses the AAV-2 rep gene. If rep gene products similarly inhibited HSV-1 viral DNA replication, the recombinant virus, d27.1-rc, would not be able to propagate. Replication of d27.1-rc was not affected by the presence of the rep gene, however.
- the kinetics of plaque formation on V27 cells, the complementing cell line, and the amount of virus produced per cell was identical to the parent virus, d27.1.
- HSV-1 DNA replication centers develop in the nuclei of infected cells in a time dependent manner (Quinlan et al, 1984).
- Viral and cellular proteins required for viral DNA replication such as the HSV-1 core replication proteins which includes ICP8, the single- stranded-DNA binding protein
- replicating viral DNA localize to these centers (Quinlan et al, 1984; Liptak et al, 1996; Lukonis and Weller, 1996; Zhong and Hayward, 1997).
- the immunofluorescence assay showing the development of mature HSV-1 viral DNA replication centers and minimal Rep expression in V27 cells after infection with d27.1-rc was conducted as follows. Twelve hours after infection (MOI of 1), V27 cells were processed for IFA and incubated with a rabbit, anti-ICP8 antibody and a monoclonal, anti-Rep antibody. The cells were then incubated with a rhodamine conjugated, donkey-anti-rabbit secondary antibody and a FITC conjugated, donkey- anti-mouse secondary antibody.
- Mature HSV-1 replication centers were observed in the nuclei of V27 cells 12 h after d27.1-rc infection, as indicated by the distribution of ICP8. This distribution of ICP8 is characteristic of fully developed HSV-1 replication centers (Zhong and Hayward, 1997) and did not differ from replication centers formed in V27 cells by the parent virus, d27.1. In addition, minimal AAV-2 Rep expression was observed in V27 cells after d27.1-rc infection.
- the production of rAAV from proviral plasmid transfected into cells, from a proviral cell line and by amplifying rAAV by coinfection was studied.
- the vector d27.1-rc was observed to effectively rescue rAAV from pTR-UF5 transfected 293 cells.
- the plasmid pTR-UF5 contains a proviral rAAV genome that encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Zolotukhin et al, 1996).
- GFP green fluorescent protein
- the purified AAV-GFP produced by d27.1-rc was shown to be infectious.
- C12 cells were infected with the AAV-GFP (MOI of 5 eu) produced by d27.1-rc.
- the cells were then coinfected with Ad (MOI of 20). Fluorescent microscopy was used to detect GFP expression 24h after infection. Transfection of 293 cells with pTR-UF5 followed by super-infection with d27.1-rc resulted in rescue of infectious AAV-GFP (FIG. 3).
- the amount of AAV-GFP produced was a function of the MOI of d21.1 -re. An increase in the yield of AAV-GFP was observed up to an MOI of 10.
- AAV-GFP the yield of AAV-GFP was 381 eu/cell. This level of production compares favorably with recently developed rAAV production protocols based upon Ad free transfection procedures (Xiao et al, 1998; Matsushita et al, 1998). Infection of pTR- UF5 transfected 293 cells with a control virus, d27.1-lacZ, at an MOI of 10 did not produce AAV-GFP.
- the vector d27.1-rc was also capable of efficient AAV-GFP production from the cell line GFP-92 (FIG. 4).
- GFP-92 a proviral rAAV genome that encodes GFP is integrated into the chromosomal DNA.
- the amount of AAV-GFP produced was observed to be a function of the MOI of d27.1-rc.
- 480 eu/cell was produced using the vector d27.1-rc. Infection of this cell line with the control virus d27.1-lacZ at an MOI of 10 did not produce AAV-GFP.
- d27.1-rc can also be used to amplify rAAV genomes introduced into cells by infection of rAAV (Table 3).
- 293 cells were infected with different MOIs of AAV-GFP as indicated. 12 h after infection, the cells were superinfected with d27.1-rc at a MOI of 10.
- 48 h post-infection a cell lysate was made from the infected cells by three rounds of freeze-thaw. The viral lysate was heat inactivated at 55 °C for one hour and then titered in duplicate on C12 cells that were coinfected with adenovirus (MOI of 20).
- MOI of 20 adenovirus
- Recombinant adeno-associated virus mediated gene transfer has been uniquely successful in achieving long-term, high-level gene expression in vivo.
- Many potential applications for the use of rAAV in genetic disease require a substantial vector dose to achieve a therapeutic effect.
- One significant problem associated with rAAV vectors has been the difficulty in generating sufficient quantities of high-titer vector required for in vivo applications. This difficulty has led to improvements in numerous aspects of rAAV vector development in order to increase the efficiency of rAAV production.
- These strategies have all involved the use of adenovirus to provide the helper functions for rAAV production, however. Few studies have explored the possibility of using other helper viruses of AAV-2 replication and packaging for large-scale production.
- This Example describes the development of an alternative system for production of rAAV.
- This system is based upon the HSV-1 helper functions of AAV- 2 replication and packaging.
- HSV-1 helper functions of AAV- 2 replication and packaging.
- Rep By generating a recombinant HSV-1 encoding the AAV- 2 rep and cap genes, a single infectious helper has been created.
- the expression of Rep from this vector appears to be regulated and is appropriately distributed to the nucleus.
- the rHSV-1, d27.1-rc propagates readily and its replication is not affected by the presence of rep.
- the d27.1 vector was chosen as the mutant background to provide the viral helper functions for several reasons.
- the vector d27.1 has a mutation in the immediate early gene IE63 and does not produce ICP27 (Rice and Knipe, 1990).
- the protein ICP27 has been implicated in the inhibition of host cell mRNA splicing (Sandri-Goldin and Mendoza, 1992; McLauchlan et al, 1992).
- the use of d27.1 minimizes inhibition of splicing of the rep and cap messages compared to a vector which produces ICP27.
- d27.1 overexpresses ICP8 (Rice and Knipe, 1990), one of the HSV-1 genes essential for AAV-2 replication (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991). High level expression of ICP8, the single-stranded DNA binding protein, is beneficial for rAAV production.
- d27.1-rc The most efficient manner in which d27.1-rc is used for large scale rAAV production involves infection of a proviral cell line that provides the rAAV template to be packaged.
- the proviral cell line is grown at high densities in large quantities in spinner cultures or cartridge systems.
- the AAV-2 rep and cap genes and the helper functions required for rAAV production are then provided by d27.1-rc infection.
- d27.1-rc to infect the proviral cells eliminates the need for transfection at any step in the production process.
- the choice of cell line used for this system is important, however.
- the results of Western analysis indicate that d27.1-rc efficiently expresses the AAV-2 Rep proteins only in certain cell lines.
- the dose response curve for the production of AAV-GFP by d27.1-rc demonstrates that increasing the MOI of d27.1-rc augments rAAV production to a point.
- the vector d27.1-rc still expresses the immediate early genes that encode the viral proteins ICPO and ICP4 (Rice and Knipe, 1990). Expression of these immediate early genes is detrimental to the cell and induces cell death (Johnson et al, 1992b; Johnson and Curtis, 1994). At high MOIs, increased expression of these immediate early genes probably leads to rapid cell death, limiting the production of rAAV.
- AAV-2 (Weindler and Heilbronn, 1991).
- Cells lines such as 293 cells, which do not complement d27.1-rc replication, can therefore be used to produce rAAV.
- Using a non-complementing cell line to produce rAAV permits the production of rAAV without generating additional d27.1-rc.
- the helper virus, d27.1-rc is therefore effectively eliminated from the rAAV produced.
- an amplicon system has a variable helper virus to amplicon virus ratio from passage to passage. This variability makes optimization of an amplicon system for rAAV production difficult since the ratio of helper virus to amplicon virus effects the amount of rAAV produced.
- the vector d27.1-rc facilitates the production of rAAV.
- the vector d27.1-rc is flexible and can be utilized to produce rAAV from transfected cells, cell lines or even infected rAAV.
- the rescue of rAAV from proviral cell lines at or above the efficiency of Ad free methods permits large-scale production of rAAV without requiring a transfection procedure.
- d27.1-rc is an attractive way to produce the large quantity of rAAV that is needed for clinical success of rAAV based gene therapy.
- Clark et al "Cell lines for the production of recombinant adeno-associated virus."
- Heath and Martin "The development and application of protein-liposome conjugation techniques," Chem. Phys. Lipids, 40:347-358, 1986. Heath et al, "Liposome-mediated delivery of pteridine antifolates to cells: in vitro potency of methotrexate and its alpha and gamma substituents," Biochim. Biophys. Ada, 862:72-80, 1986.
- Hermonat and Muzyczka "Use of adeno-associated virus as a mammalian DNA cloning vector: transduction of neomycin resistance into mammalian tissue culture cells," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6466-6470, 1984.
- Herzog et al "Stable gene transfer and expression of human blood coagulation factor IX after intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus," Proc.
- Kessler et al "Gene delivery to skeletal muscle results in sustained expression and systemic delivery of a therapeutic protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
- Knipe et al "Characterization of two conformational forms of the major DNA- binding protein encoded by herpes simplex virus 1," J Virol. AA:136-1A1,
- Knipe "The role of viral and cellular nuclear proteins in herpes simplex virus replication," Adv. Virus Res. 37:85-123, 1989.
- Lusby et al "Nucleotide sequence of the inverted terminal repetition in adeno- associated virus DNA," J Virol 34: 402-409, 1980. Lusby and Berns, “Mapping of the 5' termini of two adeno-associated virus 2 RNAs in the left half of the genome,” J Virol. 41:518-526, 1982. Maloy et al, In: Microbial Genetics, 2nd Edition, Jones and Barlett Publishers, Boston, MA, 1994.
- Matsushita et al "Adeno-associated virus vectors can be efficiently produced without helper virus," Gene Ther. 5:938-945, 1998.
- McCarthy et al "Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 deletion mutants exhibit altered patterns of transcription and are DNA deficient,” J. Virol. 63:18-27, 1989.
- McLauchlan et al "Herpes simplex virus IE63 acts at the posttranscriptional level to stimulate viral mRNA 3' processing," J. Virol. 66:6939-6945, 1992.
- Muzyczka "Use of adeno-associated virus as a general transduction vector for mammalian cells," Curr. Top Microbiol Immunol. 158:97-129, 1992. Muzyczka and McLaughlin, "Use of adeno-associated virus as a mammalian transduction vector," In: Current Communications in Molecular Biology: Viral Vectors, Glzman and Hughes, Eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- AAV adeno-associated virus
- HHV-6 Human herpesvirus 6
- AAV-2 adeno-associated virus type 2
- Virology Virology
- Tratschin et al "Genetic analysis of adeno-associated virus: properties of deletion mutants constructed in vitro and evidence for an adeno-associated virus replication function," J Virol. 51:611-619, 1984a.
- Tratschin et al "A human parvovirus, adeno-associated virus, as a eucaryotic vector: transient expression and encapsidation of the procaryotic gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase," Mol Cell Biol 4:2072-2081, 1984b.
- Tur-Kaspa et al "Use of electroporation to introduce biologically active foreign genes into primary rat hepatocytes," Mol. Cell Biol. 6:716-718, 1986. Vanbever et al, "In vivo noninvasive evaluation of hairless rat skin after high- voltage pulse exposure,” Skin Parmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol 11 :23-34, 1998.
- Vincent et al "Analysis of recombinant adeno-associated virus packaging and requirements for rep and cap gene products," J Virol. 71:1897-1905, 1997a.
- Vincent et al "Preclinical testing of recombinant adenoviral herpes simplex virus- thymidine kinase gene therapy for central nervous system malignancies,"
- compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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AU (2) | AU774706B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2347129A1 (en) |
NZ (2) | NZ511171A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000017377A2 (en) |
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US11697824B2 (en) | 2018-01-19 | 2023-07-11 | Oxford Genetics Limited | Vector for the production of AAV particles |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2000017377A3 (en) | 2000-09-08 |
NZ528942A (en) | 2005-03-24 |
CA2347129A1 (en) | 2000-03-30 |
NZ511171A (en) | 2004-02-27 |
AU2004218673A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
AU774706B2 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
AU1094900A (en) | 2000-04-10 |
EP1115880A2 (en) | 2001-07-18 |
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