WO2000013589A1 - A method of analysing consumption and digestibility in animals or humans - Google Patents
A method of analysing consumption and digestibility in animals or humans Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000013589A1 WO2000013589A1 PCT/DK1999/000462 DK9900462W WO0013589A1 WO 2000013589 A1 WO2000013589 A1 WO 2000013589A1 DK 9900462 W DK9900462 W DK 9900462W WO 0013589 A1 WO0013589 A1 WO 0013589A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- animals
- marker
- humans
- ray
- feed
- Prior art date
Links
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 235000019621 digestibility Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000005095 gastrointestinal system Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002798 spectrophotometry method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 8
- SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 6
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium dichromate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-1,1-DIMETHYLUREA Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001479434 Agfa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005293 duran Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920004511 Dow Corning® 200 Fluid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019733 Fish meal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910019093 NaOCl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000772415 Neovison vison Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000271567 Struthioniformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940000425 combination drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002872 contrast media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001198 duodenum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006862 enzymatic digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004467 fishmeal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004451 qualitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
- A61B6/481—Diagnostic techniques involving the use of contrast agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/50—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications
- A61B6/508—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for non-human patients
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of analysing consumption and digestibility in animals or humans, wherein animals or humans are given a test feed which contains at least one marker, wherein the marker is followed through the alimentary canal in animals or humans by X-raying, and wherein faeces from animals or humans are analysed.
- JP 09217697 It is known from JP 09217697 to use barium sulphate as a digestion marker in X-ray analyses. In connection with X- ray analysis it is generally known to use a number of different contrast agents. In connection with digestibil- ity measurements, the scientific literature describes a large number of markers which are either naturally found in the feed, or which are added to the feed in the form of chemical substances.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method of analysing consumption and digestibility in animals or humans of a quantified meal.
- test feed contains at least a first marker for X-ray analysis of feed consumption, said test feed likewise containing at least a second marker for chemical analysis of the digestibility of the feed consumed.
- Consumption may be analysed by X-ray, while animals or humans are placed permanently relative to an X-ray source where X-ray pictures are taken in the period after consumption of a test meal .
- X-ray pictures may hereby be taken automatically with limited intervention from staff. Animals or humans are stressed as little as possible, and the measurement result is improved. A large number of pictures may be taken, which may subsequently be processed on a picture processing device suitable for the purpose such that the digestion process can be seen as a time-shortened film.
- Another possibility is that in the period after consumption of a test meal animals or humans are moved to an X- ray apparatus in which X-ray pictures are taken.
- a single X-ray device may be used for a large number of test individuals, where many small individuals are photographed simultaneously, or many larger individuals are photographed singly.
- test animals may be kept indi- vidually in confined spaces where the animals are X-rayed simultaneously. This minimizes stress. If the animals are small, more individuals may be included at the same time on each film.
- the X-ray pictures may advantageously be taken by a digital camera which is in direct connection with a computer in which automatic picture analysis takes place.
- Picture analysis inter alia allows determination of the volume of the feed content in the stomach and also the density of X-ray markers.
- a first quantification of the second marker in the test feed may be carried out. This determines the concentration of the marker prior to feeding.
- a second quantification of the second marker may be carried out, and then the first quantification is compared with the second quantification.
- concentration of the marker through the gastrointestinal system may be determined hereby.
- a microscopic amount of faeces may be used for an analysis pie, where subamounts of the analysis pie are used for various analyses.
- a plurality of parameters such as e.g. protein, fat, etc., may be measured in the same dung sample.
- the second marker may consist of Cr203, where a small dried amount of feed or faeces is analysed by a combina- tion of dry oxidation in a heating furnace and a bleaching agent oxidation, where the process takes place at a high temperature in silicon oil until all chromium oxide has oxidized, before addition of HCL to remove excess of bleaching agent, and then the contents of the second marker are determined by spectrophotometry .
- the chemical analysis may be performed on a very small amount of faeces, an amount of 10 mg of dry matter being sufficient to achieve a reliable result.
- the method is thus very suitable for small and young animals, it being possible to measure on the individual subject.
- the same animal may be used for a large number of tests, and digestion may be related to the descent of the individual .
- the method may thus be used for the selection of animals for breeding with optimum utilization of feed.
- the dung amount is reduced, and livestock pollution may be reduced. A better feed conversion also improves the economy of livestock production.
- Test feed is produced by comminuting human or animal feed in a kitchen blender, and then adding a consumption marker (KM) and a digestion marker (FM) .
- Barium sulphate (BaS04) is used as KM and constitutes 10-20% by weight of the feed.
- Chromium oxide (Cr2 ⁇ 3) is used as FM and constitutes about 1% of the feed. Then water is added, and the dough is kneaded and converted into feed pellets in a mincing machine or in a commercial feed production system. The pellets are dried in a furnace or a freeze drier.
- glass globes may advantageously be used instead of barium sulphate.
- Raw materials such as fish meal and feed phosphates may be added to the feed in a varying amount and quality.
- the livestock is given normal feed, and when welfare and behaviour are deemed normal, the double marker (DM) feed is used until the normal feed is out of the gastrointestinal system. Manual or machine feeding may be used.
- DM double marker
- Consumption is measured by means of X-ray technique.
- the animals are X-rayed so that the entire gastrointestinal system is seen on photos .
- Photos can be taken where the animals stand permanently under the X-ray source, or where the animal or the X-ray source is moved when measurements are being performed.
- a qualitative evaluation e.g. the duration from the meal and until the feed leaves the stomach and is seen in the duodenum or the in- testine
- a quantitative determination feed amount consumed in a given period
- Fig. 1 shows a permanent X-ray source.
- the test animals may be kept in separate compartments (rats), cages (poultry, mink), buildings (ostriches, pigs) or aquaria (fish). Typically 4-8 animals are used.
- the X-ray source is placed in the vicinity of the animals so that the source may be moved manually or by machine from animal to animal.
- Fig. 1 shows an X-ray source 10 arranged over an aquarium 11 which contains fish 12, and a film cassette 13 is present under the aquarium.
- test animals may be out in the open. After feeding, the animals are caught and anaesthetized. The animal is then moved to the X-ray source or conversely.
- a standard curve is made, giving a mathematical relation between known feed amount and amount of X-ray marker.
- a linear regres- sion curve is made with glass globes between the feed weight of feed and the number of glass particles on a plurality of X-ray photos.
- barium sulphate the area or the intensity of barium sulphate is used on photos. The area and intensity are determined by picture analy- sis.
- Feed consumption may now be determined quantitatively by photographing the animals, determining the amount of marker and using the standard curve for calculating feed amount in the stomach or the entire gastrointestinal system.
- a transportable X-ray device may be used, e.g. Siemens Polymobil 3 with X-ray tubes SR 100/20 is suitable.
- the X-ray source is placed 1 rrt from the object.
- the apparatus is adjusted at 50 kV and 1 mAs (milliampere seconds are the product of 40 mA and 25 mS) .
- Photos of the type Agfa Curix Ortho HT-Universal may be used as a standard, but a range of types and qualities will be used for different purposes. Development can be carried out in an Agfa developing machine with developers which are optimum for the individual films .
- Fig. 2 shows an X-ray photo 14 which shows markings of particles in an alimentary canal.
- the qualitative and quantitative analysis may be made directly on a light table without any other aids than a pencil and a ruler.
- the accuracy and the speed of the quantitative analysis may be increased considerably by photographing photos on the light table with a video camera of great resolution.
- the pictures may be digitized and analysed further by picture analysis programs with suitable transformations. The optimum procedure in future is digitization at the X- ray source and transfer of picture information directly to the computer.
- Fig. 3 shows an X-ray source 14 which illuminates a cage 15 containing a test animal 16. Behind the cage there is a screen 17 in a light-tight room 18, which screen may be photographed by a digital camera 19 that is connected to a picture processing device 20, which may consist of a PC. Dung samples may be collected from the individual subjects and the water content is determined by drying. The dried samples are cooled in an desiccator to avoid water absorption from atmospheric air. After drying, FM is ana- lysed as part of an analysis pie. It is of paramount importance to quantify the marker in the feed as well as in the dung, because, otherwise, the digestibility of the individual ingredients of the feed cannot be determined. It is decisive for the chemical analyses that the dung is homogenized, e.g. in a swing mill with ceramic dishes with stone globes .
- Fig. 4 shows an analysis pie. Only a very small dung amount can be collected from small animals like chicken, rabbits and fish. The rat is also an important example, because it may be used as a model when testing livestock feed, in particular for pigs.
- Analysis pie means that a small dung amount of 100-200 milligrams constitutes the entire pie, and the less dung used for the individual analyses, the more information gained on nutrition and digestion.
- the dung from a large number of individuals may be grouped, but in the concept described the dung is kept separate as far as possible to obtain the maximum amount of information from each individual, which is important with a view to distinguishing between the importance of heredity and environment.
- Oxidation with bleaching agent may take place in a fume cupboard, where the green chromium oxide is converted into orange dichromate .
- Duran borosilicate test tubes (75 mm height, 12 mm diameter) are heated over night in a furnace at 550 °C to remove particles and to be certain that the tubes do not break when the dry matter is to be burned.
- a new design has been created for the simultaneous burning of 104 tubes .
- c About 10 milligrams of dung from each individual are diluted with silicon gel (colloidal solution of silicic acid which is dried after gel formation) . Dilution at least with a factor 2 (10 mg of gel per 10 mg of sample) is necessary to avoid the situation that KM (BaS ⁇ 4) impedes the oxidation of FM (Cr2 ⁇ 3). FM in dung is frequently so high that dilution up to 32 times is possible without any adverse effect on the analysis accuracy. The dilution is very important, and without this element it would not be possible to determine chromium oxide. One cannot rule out the possibility that other diluents will be tested and used.
- the tubes are moved from the heating racks to the oxi- dation racks, which are adjusted to a water bath with silicon oil. 1 ml of the oxidation agent, "bleaching agent” sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl in 6% solution) is added to each tube with an automatic pipette. Also three pumice stones are added to each tube to avoid bumping.
- the rack is lowered into a Grant thermostat-controlled water bath (capacity 38 litres) with Dow Corning 200/100 cS silicon oil that flows around.
- the heating member was turned on one hour before so that the temperature is 125 °C.
- Racks of stainless steel have been designed to allow oxidation of about 350 samples at a time in a totally uniform environment (heat) .
- a lid is applied to avoid accidents with the hot oil and reduce heat losses.
- test tubes remain in the oil bath until all the liquid has evaporated. The reason is that an accurate liquid volume must be used in the subsequent calculations . When the precipitate appears to be dry, and no liquid can be recognized, the work in the oil bath is completed.
- test tubes Before the final measurement, exactly two ml of distilled water are added to each test tube.
- the tubes are manually mixed for 20 seconds, and any salt residues stuck on the tube wall are loosened and moved down into the tube by a plastics spatula. Then the test tubes are centrifuged for 10 minutes at a rate of 5000 revolutions per minute. Then salt particles precipitate, and there is a clear separation between precipitate and the two ml of liquid phase.
- Dichromate is analysed by spectrophotometry since the substance has an absorption maximum at 440 nanometers (nm) .
- a reference spectrophotometer with distilled water is used (absorption is zero) as a reference.
- a di- lution series of the orange potassium dichromate is measured in the range 0.1 to 1 ⁇ mole per ml.
- the same dilution series is measured as has been subjected to the described chemical analysis procedure for chromium oxide. This is necessary, because the saturated salt solution in the test tubes reduces the absorption.
- the slope of the curve where absorption of potassium dichromate (treated with sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid) is plotted against the known concentration (0.1 to 1 ⁇ mole per ml) is decisive for the calculations.
- the sample volume is 2 millilitres
- a dilution factor which is at least a factor 2 and max. 32.
- Livestock consume a quantified test meal with admixed chromium oxide marker, and then a representative dung sample is taken
- the diluted dung amount constitutes an analysis pie which is to give as much information on the feed as possible
- the organic content is removed in a heating furnace at 550 degrees, leaving ashes and chromium oxide
- the ash samples are admixed with 1 ml of bleaching agent (sodium hypochlorite 6-15%) and placed in a water bath with silicon oil at 125 degrees
- the content of chromium oxide in the dung sample is determined on the basis of a dichromate standard curve
- Digestibility of the feed is determined by comparing the amount of chromium oxide in feed and dung. The feed is analysed in the same manner, apart from the dilution
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU54082/99A AU5408299A (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1999-09-02 | A method of analysing consumption and digestibility in animals or humans |
EP99939965A EP1109493A1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1999-09-02 | A method of analysing consumption and digestibility in animals or humans |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DKPA199801101 | 1998-09-02 | ||
DKPA199801101 | 1998-09-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000013589A1 true WO2000013589A1 (en) | 2000-03-16 |
Family
ID=8101007
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DK1999/000462 WO2000013589A1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1999-09-02 | A method of analysing consumption and digestibility in animals or humans |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1109493A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5408299A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000013589A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3247841A (en) * | 1961-05-29 | 1966-04-26 | Galen B Cook | Diagnostic method |
DE3022248A1 (en) * | 1980-06-13 | 1981-12-24 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | X=ray appts. with automatic film cassette transport - feeds cassette horizontally between spaced surfaces via endless band engaging cassette edges |
DE3322687A1 (en) * | 1983-06-23 | 1985-01-03 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | X-ray diagnostic system having an X-ray aiming device and an image-intensifier television relay link |
DE3510131A1 (en) * | 1984-03-20 | 1985-10-03 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | DEVICE FOR RECORDING AND RECOVERY AN IMAGE |
-
1999
- 1999-09-02 AU AU54082/99A patent/AU5408299A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-09-02 EP EP99939965A patent/EP1109493A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-09-02 WO PCT/DK1999/000462 patent/WO2000013589A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3247841A (en) * | 1961-05-29 | 1966-04-26 | Galen B Cook | Diagnostic method |
DE3022248A1 (en) * | 1980-06-13 | 1981-12-24 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | X=ray appts. with automatic film cassette transport - feeds cassette horizontally between spaced surfaces via endless band engaging cassette edges |
DE3322687A1 (en) * | 1983-06-23 | 1985-01-03 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | X-ray diagnostic system having an X-ray aiming device and an image-intensifier television relay link |
DE3510131A1 (en) * | 1984-03-20 | 1985-10-03 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | DEVICE FOR RECORDING AND RECOVERY AN IMAGE |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
G. STARCK.: "Lärobok i Kemi för realgymnasiet, tredje upplagan", SVENSKA BOKFÖRLAGET, P.A. NORDSTEDT & SÖNER,, 1946, (STOCKHOLM), pages 186 - 219, XP002958628 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1109493A1 (en) | 2001-06-27 |
AU5408299A (en) | 2000-03-27 |
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