WO2000011202A1 - Complexes cationiques d'adenovirus modifie par polymere - Google Patents

Complexes cationiques d'adenovirus modifie par polymere Download PDF

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WO2000011202A1
WO2000011202A1 PCT/US1999/019162 US9919162W WO0011202A1 WO 2000011202 A1 WO2000011202 A1 WO 2000011202A1 US 9919162 W US9919162 W US 9919162W WO 0011202 A1 WO0011202 A1 WO 0011202A1
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adenovirus
virus
polymer
glycol
peg
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PCT/US1999/019162
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English (en)
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Samuel C. Wadsworth
Catherine R. O'riordan
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Genzyme Corporation
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Priority to CA002341516A priority Critical patent/CA2341516A1/fr
Priority to AU56857/99A priority patent/AU5685799A/en
Priority to EP99943838A priority patent/EP1108048A1/fr
Priority to JP2000566454A priority patent/JP2002523054A/ja
Publication of WO2000011202A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000011202A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6901—Conjugates being cells, cell fragments, viruses, ghosts, red blood cells or viral vectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/10011—Adenoviridae
    • C12N2710/10311—Mastadenovirus, e.g. human or simian adenoviruses
    • C12N2710/10341—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
    • C12N2710/10343—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/10011—Adenoviridae
    • C12N2710/10311—Mastadenovirus, e.g. human or simian adenoviruses
    • C12N2710/10341—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
    • C12N2710/10345—Special targeting system for viral vectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2810/00—Vectors comprising a targeting moiety
    • C12N2810/10—Vectors comprising a non-peptidic targeting moiety

Definitions

  • transgenes for the treatment of inherited and acquired disorders require efficient delivery of transgenes.
  • Various vector systems have been developed that are capable of delivering a transgene to a target cell. While newer generations of vectors having improved characteristics have been developed, there still remains a need to improve efficiency of available gene transfer methods. Improved efficiency is desirable both to increase the ability of the vector to deliver the transgene to target cells to correct the cellular defect, or provide a gene encoding a desirable product and to decrease the required amount of the vector and thereby reduce toxicity, including immunogenicity.
  • Adenoviral vectors have been designed to take advantage of the desirable features of adenovirus which render it a suitable vehicle for nucleic acid transfer.
  • Adenovirus is a non-enveloped, nuclear DNA virus with a genome of about 36 kb, which has been well-characterized through studies in classical genetics and molecular biology (Horwitz, M.S., "Adenoviridae and Their Replication," in Virology. 2nd edition, Fields et al., eds., Raven Press, New York, 1990).
  • the viral genes are classified into early (known as E1-E4) and late (known as L1-L5) transcriptional units, referring to the generation of two temporal classes of viral proteins. The demarcation between these events is viral DNA replication.
  • the human adenoviruses are divided into numerous serotypes (approximately 47, numbered accordingly and classified into 6 subgroups: A, B, C, D, E and F), based upon various properties including hemaglutination of red blood cells, oncogenicity, DNA base and protein amino acid compositions and homologies, and antigenic relationships.
  • Recombinant adenoviral vectors have several advantages for use as gene transfer vectors, including tropism for both dividing and non-dividing cells, minimal pathogenic potential, ability to replicate to high titer for preparation of vector stocks, and the potential to carry large inserts (Berkner, K.L., Curr. Top. Micro. Immunol. 158:39-66, 1992; Jolly, P.. Cancer Gene Therapy 1 :51-64, 1994).
  • the cloning capacity of an adenovirus vector is proportional to the size of the adenovirus genome present in the vector.
  • a cloning capacity of about 8 kb can be created from the deletion of certain regions of the virus genome dispensable for virus growth, e.g., E3, and the deletion of a genomic region such as El whose function may be restored in trans from 293 cells (Graham, F.L., J. Gen. Virol. 36:59-72, 1977) or A549 cells (Imler et al., Gene Therapy 3:75-84, 1996).
  • El- deleted vectors are rendered replication-defective.
  • the upper limit of vector DNA capacity for optimal carrying capacity is about 105%- 108% of the length of the wild-type genome.
  • adenovirus genomic modifications are possible in vector design using cell lines which supply other viral gene products in trans, e.g., complementation of E2a (Zhou et al., J. Virol. 70:7030-7038, 1996), complementation of E4 (Krougliak et al, Hum. Gene Ther. 6:1575-1586, 1995; Wang et al., Gene Ther. 2:775-783, 1995), or complementation of protein IX (Caravokyri et al., J. Virol. 69:6627-6633, 1995; Krougliak et al, Hum. Gene Ther. 6:1575-1586, 1995).
  • Adenoviral vectors for use in gene transfer to cells and in gene therapy applications commonly are derived from adenoviruses by deletion of the early region 1 (El) genes (Berkner, K.L., Curr. Top. Micro. Immunol. 158:39-66, 1992). Deletion of El genes renders the vector replication defective and significantly reduces expression of the remaining viral genes present within the vector. However, it is believed that the presence of the remaining viral genes in adenovirus vectors can be deleterious to the transfected cell for one or more of the following reasons: (1) stimulation of a cellular immune response directed against expressed viral proteins, (2) cytotoxicity of expressed viral proteins, and (3) replication of the vector genome leading to cell death.
  • El early region 1
  • Transgenes that have been expressed to date by adenoviral vectors include p53 (Wills et al., Human Gene Therapy 5:1079-188, 1994); dystrophin (Vincent et al., Nature Genetics 5:130-134, 1993; erythropoietin (Descamps et al., Human Gene Therapy 5:979-985, 1994; ornithine transcarbamylase (Stratford-Perricaudet et al., Human Gene Therapy 1 :241-256, 1990; We et al., J. Biol. Chem.
  • CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
  • Adenovirus vectors engineered to carry the CFTR gene have been developed (Rich et al., Human Gene Therapy 4:461-476, 1993) and studies have shown the ability of these vectors to deliver CFTR to nasal epithelia of CF patients (Zabner et al., C l 75 :207-216, 1993), the airway epithelia of cotton rats and primates (Zabner et al, Nature Genetics 6:75-83, 1994), and the respiratory epithelium of CF patients (Crystal et al.. Nature Genetics 8:42-51, 1994).
  • CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
  • CF cystic fibrosis
  • Vector systems including adenoviral vectors (Zabner et al. (1993) Cell 75: 207; Knowles et al. ⁇ 995) New Engl. J. Med. 333: 823; Hay et al. (1995) Hum. Gene. Ther. 6: 1487: Zabner et al. T1996 ⁇ J. Clin. Invest. 97: 1504 and U.S. Patent No.
  • CFTR cDNA can be delivered to target cells for expression
  • current adenoviral vectors are less than optimal in delivering the CFTR cDNA to airway epithelia because the binding of the virus to the apical (exposed) surface of the epithelium is limited.
  • the limited infection can be partially overcome by increasing the contact time between the virus and the apical surface. Zabner et al. (1996) J. Virol. 70: 6994.
  • Cationic lipid vector-mediated gene transfer to mature human airway epithelia is also suboptimal.
  • adenovirus has been incorporated into the gene delivery systems to take advantage of its endosomolytic properties.
  • the reported combinations of viral and nonviral components generally involve either covalent attachment of the adenovirus to a gene delivery complex or co- internalization of unbound adenovirus with cationic lipid: DNA complexes.
  • the transferred gene is contained in plasmid DNA that is exogenous to the adenovirus. In these formulations, large amounts of adenovirus are required, and the increases in gene transfer are often modest.
  • the present invention overcomes certain limitations associated with adenoviral vectors and while retaining the desirable features of the vector system.
  • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is an adenovirus complex of a cationic molecule and of an adenovirus having at least one polyalkalene glycol polymer bound thereto.
  • polyalkalene glycol polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol, methoxypolyethyleneglycol, polymethyl- ethyleneglycol, polyhydroxypropyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol, and polymethylpropylene glycol, in which polyethylene glycol is more preferred.
  • the polyethylene glycol polymers have an average molecular weight of from 200 daltons to 20,000 daltons, with 2000 daltons to 12,000 daltons being preferred, and about 5000 daltons being even more preferred.
  • the polyalkalene glycol poymer is an activated polyalkylene glycol polymer.
  • activated polyalkylene glycol polymer examples include, but are not limited to, methoxypolyethylene glycol-tresylate (TMPEG), methoxypolyethylene glycol- acetaldehyde, methoxypolyethylene glycol activated with cyanuric chloride, N- hydroxysuccinimide polyethylene glycol (NHS-PEG), polyethyleneglycol-N- succimimide carbonate and mixtures thereof.
  • the adenovirus component of the complex is preferably a recombinant adenoviral vector.
  • Adenoviral vectors containing a transgene such as a nucleic acid encoding CFTR are particularly preferred.
  • the polyalkalene glycol polymer is directly covalently bound to the virus particle, indirectly covalently bound to the virus particle by an intermediate coupling moiety, directly noncovalently attached to the virus particle, or indirectly noncovalently attached to the virus particle by a ligand.
  • the ligand for indirect noncovalent attachment is preferably a ligand having specificity for a viral surface component, such as an antibody.
  • One particularly preferred antibody to be used is a non-neutralizing anti-adenovirus antibody, such as a non-neutralizing anti-hexon antibody.
  • the cationic molecule component of the complexes of the present invention is a cationic polymer, with DEAE-Dextran being preferred.
  • the cationic molecule is a cationic lipid.
  • the present invention provides a composition containing the above-described adenovirus complexes in a carrier.
  • Fig. 1 shows capillary electropherographs of adenovirus treated with 3% (w/v) TMPEG and MPEG.
  • Fig. 2 is a graph of the time course of mobility change on capillary electropherographs of adenovirus treated with 3 % (w/v) TMPEG.
  • Figs. 3A-D show photon correlation spectroscopy results demonstrating the change in viral particle size during PEGylation.
  • Fig. 4 depicts infectivity (CPRG) assay results for a single addition of 3
  • Figs. 5A-E depict infectivity (CPRG) assay results for stepwise additions of 5% PEG 5000 , PEG 12000 , or PEG 20000 .
  • Figs. 6A-C depict infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU) assay results for stepwise additions of 3%, 5% or 8% PEG 5000 .
  • Figs. 7A-C depict infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU) assay results for stepwise additions of 5% PEG 5000 .
  • Figs. 8A-C depict infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU) assay results for stepwise additions of 5% PEG 12000 and PEG 20000 .
  • Fig. 9 depicts infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU) assay results for a single addition of 3 % PEG 5000 .
  • Figs. 10A - C show graphs of an antibody neutralization assay for the impact of stepwise additions of 5% PEG 5000 on neutralization of infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU assay), 10,000:1 antibody molecules to virus particles.
  • Figs. 11 A - C show graphs of antibody neutralization assays for the impact of stepwise additions of 5% PEG 5000 on neutralization of infectivity (chemiluminescence RLU assay); 5,000:1 antibody molecules to virus particles.
  • Figs. 12A - C show graphs of an antibody neutralization assay for the impact of stepwise additions of 5% PEG ]2000 on neutralization of infectivity (chemiluminescence RLU assay); 10,000:1 antibody molecules to virus particles.
  • Figs. 13A - C show the elution profile of control and TMPEG-treated virus from DEAE ion exchange resin following chromatography.
  • Fig. 14 depicts comparative infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU) assay results as illustrated by transgene expression in naive and immunized mice infected with PEGylated or sham treated adenoviral vectors.
  • Fig. 15 depicts infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU) assay results in naive mice for (i) adenovirus alone, (ii) adenovirus with 10% TMPEG 5000 , (iii) adenovirus/ 10% TMPEG 5000 complexed with poly-L-lysine , and (iv) adenovirus/ 10% PEG 5000 complexed with DEAE-Dextran.
  • Fig 16 depicts comparative infectivity (chemiluminescence, RLU) assay results in naive and immunized mice for (i) adenovirus with 10% TMPEG 5000 , and (ii) adenovirus/ 10% TMPEG 5000 complexed with DEAE-Dextran, (iii) sham- treated adenovirus (10% MPEG 5000 ) and (iv) sham-treated adenovirus (10% MPEG 5000 ) complexed with DEAE-Dextran.
  • the present invention provides complexes of cationic molecules and polymer-modified adenovirus that advantageously exhibit increased infectivity and reduced immunogenicity.
  • the cationic complexes of the present invention have surprisingly been found to exhibit heightened levels of infectivity in cells previously immunized with adenovirus, in addition to heightened levels of infectivity in naive (i.e., non-immunized) cells.
  • adenoviral vector particles are polymer-modified by covalently or noncovalently binding to the virus a polyalkalene glycol polymer, which renders the viral vector substantially non- immunogenic.
  • the polyaklene glycol polymers used in the present invention preferably have an average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 20,000 daltons.
  • glycol polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, polyoxymethylene glycols, polyethylene glycols (PEG), methoxypolyethylene glycols, and derivatives thereof including for example polymethyl-ethylene glycol, polyhydroxypropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polymethylpropylene glycol.
  • a preferred glycol polymer used in accordance with the present invention is PEG.
  • PEG is a water-soluble polymer having the formula H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OH, wherein n is the number of repeating units and determines the average molecular weight.
  • PEGs having average molecular weights of from 200 to 20,000 daltons are commercially available from a variety of sources.
  • PEG having an average molecular weight of from 200 (PEG 200 ) to 20,000 (PEG 20000 ) can be used to prepare adenoviruses modified with PEG.
  • PEG has an average molecular weight from about 2000 to about 12,000, with an average molecular weight from about 4000 to about 6000 (e.g., 5000) being more preferred.
  • the adenoviruses are polymer- modified by direct covalent, indirect covalent, or indirect noncovalent attachment of the polyaklalene glycol polymer to the virus particle.
  • a variety of schemes exist for covalent and non-covalent attachment 1) the glycol polymer can be attached via direct covalent coupling to the surface of the adenovirus; 2) the glycol polymer can be attached via indirect covalent coupling (e.g., via an intermediate coupling moiety that links the polymer to the adenovirus surface); or 3) the glycol polymer can be attached via an indirect non-covalent linkage using, for example, a suitable PEGylated ligand.
  • suitable ligands include, but are not limited to, antibodies to surface proteins, lipids or carbohydrates.
  • Targets for polymer modification include reactive groups on the viral surface with which the polymer or coupling agent can interact, including for example primary and secondary amine groups, thiol groups and aromatic hydroxy groups.
  • the preferred method for polymer modification of the adenovirus is dependent upon the available target sites found on the viral surface.
  • available target sites for attachment of the glycol polymer to the adenovirus include, but are not limited to, the hexon, penton cell base, and fiber proteins.
  • the adenoviral hexon protein is a particularly preferred site for attachment of the alkalene glycol polymer. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that modification of these sites masks epitopes from neutralizing antibodies thereby providing the adenoviral vector with reduced antigenicity and/or immunogenicity.
  • the glycol polymer is activated by converting a terminal moiety of the polymer to an activated moiety, or by attaching an activated coupling moiety to the polymer.
  • the activated polymer is then coupled to the target via the activated moiety.
  • the activated moiety or activated coupling moiety can be selected based upon its affinity for the desired target site on the viral surface.
  • the terminal hydroxyl groups of PEG can be converted into reactive functional group or attached to an activated coupling moiety to provide a molecule known as "activated" PEG.
  • activated PEG Various forms of activated PEG are known in the art and are commercially available.
  • MPEG-tresylate TMPEG
  • MPEG-acetaldehyde MPEG-tresylate
  • activated PEG For indirect covalent linkage other forms of activated PEG are known in the art and commercially available, including for example methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) derivatives such as MPEG activated with cyanuric chloride, PEG N-hydroxysuccinimide PEG (NHS-PEG), which reacts with amine groups, and PEG-N-succimimide carbonate.
  • MPEG methoxypolyethylene glycol
  • NHS-PEG PEG N-hydroxysuccinimide PEG
  • PEG-N-succimimide carbonate PEG-N-succimimide carbonate
  • PEGylation The covalent attachment of PEG to the adenovirus surface (“PEGylation") is accomplished by incubating the virus with the activated PEG (e.g., TMPEG). Single addition or multiple addition incubation regimes can be used.
  • the optimal ratios of TMPEG to adenoviral particles to achieve reduced antigenicity, along with heightened infectivity, may be ascertained by performing the various assays described below. Under conditions designed to provide direct TMPEG modified adenovirus, PEGylation in the amount of about 5-20% w/v is preferred, with a concentration of about 10% w/v being most preferred.
  • the activated polymer is added in a stepwise fashion.
  • Stepwise addition is preferred since viral particles tend to aggregate at high concentrations, which reduce the overall effeciency of PEGylation.
  • aggregation is exacerbated by the use of certain activated polymers, e.g., TMPEG.
  • TMPEG certain activated polymers
  • activated PEG such as TMPEG may be added in separate steps to a viral stock solution every thirty minutes to increase the polymer concentration each time by 3%, 5% or 8% (w/v) in the reaction mixture to obtain final polymer concentrations of 12%, 20% and 32% respectively (approximately w/v, i.e., not correcting for the volume of the polymer).
  • a further incubation time might be allowed after the last addition of the glycol polymer.
  • the attachment reaction may be quenched by dialysis or by addition of excess lysine (e.g., a 10 tolOO-fold excess lysine).
  • excess lysine e.g., a 10 tolOO-fold excess lysine
  • the reaction might be run to completion (i.e., the point at which the activated PEG, such as TMPEG, is either completely consumed in the PEGylation reaction or rendered inactive by hydrolysis).
  • the glycol polymer is indirectly noncovalently attached to the adenovirus via a suitable ligand.
  • the ligand is an antibody or antibody fragment, including for example a non-neutralizing anti-virus antibody or fragment therefrom (e.g., Fab,
  • the term "antibody” includes monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
  • the ligand is a non-neutralizing anti-hexon antibody.
  • Such antibodies are commercially available and include, for example, MAb 8052 and MAb 805 available from Chemicon International, Temecula, CA, USA.
  • Indirect non-covalent attachment of glycol polymer to the adenovirus is accomplished by incubation of the virus with a suitable ligand that has been modified by the covalent attachment of polymer.
  • the glycol polymer can be covalently attached (i.e., bound) to the ligand by standard methods as described herein above.
  • a non-neutralizing anti-virus antibody such as anti-hexon antibody may be PEGylated using an activated PEG molecule as described above.
  • anti-hexon antibody is modified using TMPEG.
  • TMPEG Tetramethyl methacrylate
  • One of ordinarly skilled in the art can ascertain the optimal ratios of activated PEG to antibody, concentrations of activated PEG and antibody, buffer and time and temperature of incubation to achieve optimal modification of the antibody.
  • the polymer-modified ligand is then incubated with adenovirus to allow non-covalent binding of the polymer-modified ligand to the virus surface.
  • Antibodies modified with PEG at the epitope binding site can exhibit reduced affinity to the adenovirus thereby decreasing the efficiency noncovalentl attachment.
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • an antibody is preferably immobilized prior to PEG modification.
  • anti-hexon antibody is bound to purified immobilized hexon (e.g., hexon-Sepharose®) prior to PEG modification of antibody.
  • the PEGylated antibody is then released from immobilized hexon.
  • non-immobilizied anti-hexon antibodies can be PEGylated creating a population of antibodies PEGylated on the epitope binding site in addition to other sites, which are thereafter separated by immunoaffinity chromatography.
  • the mixed population of modified antibodies can be incubated with immobilized hexon, to which antibodies modified only at sites other than the epitope binding site will bind. These PEGylated antibodies are then released from the immobilized hexon for use in accordance with the present invention.
  • hexon affinity resin may be useful to separate the PEGylated antibody from unreacted PEG.
  • phase partitioning in an aqueous biphasic polyalkylene glycol solution may allow the separation of PEG-modified virus from unmodified virus. Partitioning may be performed by counter-current distribution.
  • the phase system is prepared by mixing solutions of dextran and PEG.
  • PEG and PEG-modified virus are incorporated into the phase system, mixed by inversion or rotation, and allowed to separate.
  • PEG modified virus partitions into the PEG phase, and unmodified virus partitions into the dextran phase.
  • adenovirus polymer modification e.g., PEGylation
  • adenovirus polymer modification e.g., PEGylation
  • CE capillary electrophoresis
  • PCS photon correlation spectroscopy
  • a labeled e.g., biotinylated
  • Ion exchange chromatography e.g., DEAE-chromatography
  • Whole virus CE provides a means to monitor the modification of adenovirus by the glycol polymer as a function of altered surface charge.
  • CE may be performed by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For instance, a ramped low-high voltage pre-treatment is used to electrophorese the highly mobile salt ions in which the virus may be formulated for stability, before true, high voltage separation begins.
  • virus particles with PEG covalently attached run at a position closer to the neutral point than virus without covalently attached PEG.
  • CE may be conveniently used to assess the influence of various conditions, including molar ratios, concentrations and incubation times, on the covalent attachment of PEG to the virus particles. Increasing neutrality reflects increasing PEG-chain density on the virus surface.
  • PCS uses the relationship between particle size and movement in suspension (via Brownian motion) to gain accurate measurements on the size of the particles. This method is widely applied to monitor polymer attachment to particles including liposomes, microspheres and nanoparticles by measuring their increase in size. These data suggest that covalently attached PEG at relatively low density forms globular "mushroom” shapes and thus the increase in size is relatively small. Altering the conditions under which one would expect to increase the density of covalently attached PEG chains results in a more extended conformation of the polymer or "brush" shapes which is reflected by a relatively larger increase in particle size. Thus PCS may be used using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art to monitor the size changes of the virus particle under different reaction conditions.
  • the ELISA analysis of a biotinylated PEG can provide the most quantitative assessment of the number of molecules of PEG covalently bound to the adenovirus virus particle.
  • the ELISA can be performed by standard methods known in the art.
  • the indirect noncovalent attachment of glycol polymer via a polymer- modified ligand can also be monitored by displacement of labeled ligand from the adenovirus in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  • ELISA competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • the ability of a PEGylated anti-hexon antibody to bind to the adenovirus surface is measured in a standard competition ELISA using a biotinylated anti-hexon antibody.
  • the term "adenovirus” includes genetically engineered adenoviruses (i.e., recombinant adenoviral vectors).
  • the adenovirus of the present invention is a recombinant adenovirus engineered to be incapable of replicating and exhibits minimal expression of adenoviral genes.
  • Suitable recombinant adenovirus include adenoviral vectors derived from adenovirus type 2 (Ad2), type 5 (Ad5) and type 6 (Ad6) which have been deleted for the El regions.
  • Representative adenoviral vectors that are useful for delivery of a transgene are disclosed by Zabner et al. (1996) J. Clin. Invest. 6 : 1504, Zabner et al. (1993); Ceil 75 : 207, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,707,618 and 5,670,488, the disclosures of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • the recombinant adenoviruses also preferably contain transgenes operably linked to suitable promoter and other regulatory sequences.
  • Transgenes are defined herein as nucleic acids that are not native to the adenovirus. Examples of transgenes to be utilized are nucleic acids encoding a biologically functional protein or peptide, an antisense molecule, or a marker molecule.
  • the promoter may be an endogenous adenovirus promoter, for example the Ela promoter or the Ad2 major late promoter (MLP) or a heterologous eucaryotic promoter, for example a phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter or a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.
  • MLP major late promoter
  • PGK phosphoglycerate kinase
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • the recombinant adenoviral vector contains a transgene such as the nucleic acid encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
  • CFTR is a phosphorylation and nucleoside triphosphate-regulated Cl " channel located in the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the lung, intestine, pancreas and sweat glands.
  • Cystic fibrosis (CF) results from a non-functional Cl * channel in an individual's epithelial cells caused by mutations in the gene encoding CFTR.
  • DNA encoding wild-type CFTR is known in the art; the sequence is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,670,488, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • a deletion mutant of CFTR that encodes a regulated Cl " channel is disclosed by Sheppard et al. (1994) Cell 76: 1091, and in , U.S. Patent Nos. 5,670,488 and 5,639,661, the disclosures of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • DNA encoding a CFTR protein includes the foregoing published sequences as well as other DNAs encoding CFTR known to those of skill in the art.
  • the polymer-modified recombinant adenovirus is an adenovirus that can induce tumor-specific cytolysis also known as viral oncolysis.
  • Representative adenovirus that are useful for viral oncolysis are disclosed by Bischoff et al. (1996) Science 274:373; Heise et al. (1997) Nature Medicine 3:630; and EP689447A, the disclosures of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • the polymer-modified adenovirus is complexed with a cationic molecule.
  • the cationic molecule can be any cationic compound that exhibits minimal toxicity to mammals and does not decrease the infectivity of the polymer-modified virus.
  • the cationic molecule provides the polymer-modified virus with infectivity levels comparable to, if not greater than, the infectivity levels exhibited by the corresponding unmodified adenovirus.
  • Examples of cationic molecule that can be used include, but are not limited to, cationic polymers, cationic lipids, cationic sugars, cationic proteins, or cationic dendrimers.
  • the cationic molecules can also be combined with non-cationic molecules.
  • cationic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethyleneimine (PEI), DEAE-dextran, and histone (fraction V-S), protamine, polybrene (Hexadimethrine Bromide) and cationic dendrimers, in which DEAE- dextran is preferred.
  • the polymer-modified adenovirus can be dispersed in a metal salt precipitate such as calcium phosphate, as set forth in pending application U.S. Serial No. 09/082,510, filed May 21, 1998, which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • PEI is preferably used at an average molecular weight of 25 kDa.
  • Cationic lipids are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Representative cationic lipids include those disclosed e.g., by U.S. Patent No.
  • the cationic lipid is (N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC- Chol) disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,283,165.
  • the cationic lipid is N 4 -spermine cholesterol carbamate (GL-67) or N 4 -spermidine cholesterol carbamate (GL-53) disclosed in WO96/18372 and U.S. Patent No. 5,650,096.
  • cationic lipids include (2, 3-dioleyloxy-N- [2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl] -N,N-dimethy 1- 1 -propanaminium trifluoroacetate (DOSPA), dioctadecylamidoglycyl spermine (DOGS), commercially available as TRANSFECTAM® from Promega, Madison, WI; l,3-dioleoyloxy-2-(6- carboxyspermyl)-propyl amide (DOSPER); N-[l-(2,3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl] -N,N,N- trimethyl-ammoniummethylsulfate (DOTAP); N-[l-2(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N- trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA); ( ⁇ )-N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3- bis
  • the cationic lipid is GL-53 or GL-67.
  • the cationic lipid may be combined with a colipid such as DOPE or cholesterol.
  • the ratio of cationic molecule to polymer-modified adenovirus to be used in complex formation is variable.
  • factors that may affect the cationic molecule : virus ratios include the cationic molecule selected, polyalkylene glycol polymer selected, and cell type targeted for infection.
  • optimal cationic molecule : virus ratios can easily be determined by one skilled in the art utilizing the infectivity assays described herein.
  • Some illustrative cationic molecule : virus ratios for the complexes of the present invention are set forth below. DEAE-Dextran is complexed with the polymer-modified adenovirus at a ratio of 100-3000 molecules per virus particle, with 400-600 molecules per virus particle being preferred.
  • PEI is complexed at a ratio of 200-1200 molecules per virus particle, with 400-600 molecules per virus particle being preferred.
  • Protamine is complexed with 400-40,000 molecules per virus particle, with 3000-5000 molecules per virus particle being preferred.
  • Polybrene is complexed with 4 x 10 3 - 4 x 10 5 molecules per virus particle, with 3.5 x 10 5 - 4.5 x 10 5 molecules per virus particle being preferred.
  • the cationic lipid, GL-67 is complexed with 9 x 10 5 - 9 x 10 6 molecules per virus particle, with 8.5 x 10 6 - 9.5 x 10 6 molecules per virus particle being preferred.
  • calcium phosphate can be co-precipitated in the presence of the polymer-modified virus by admixing a molar excess of calcium (Ca 2+ ) to phosphate (PO 4 " ), (Ca 2+ : PO 4 " ), ranging from 6 : 1 to 42 : 1 , with a ratio 13 : 1 to 15:1 being preferred.
  • the complexes of the present invention can be simply prepared by admixing the components under suitable conditions.
  • suspensions of viral particles and cationic molecules are prepared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH of 7.
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • the suspensions Prior to admixing the two suspension, the suspensions are warmed to 30° C to facilitate complex formation.
  • the two suspensions are mixed and incubated at 30° C for approximately 15 minutes to allow sufficient complex formation.
  • complex formation can be conducted at room temperature with additional incubation times.
  • the complexed polymer-modified adenovirus is then resuspended in PBS and is ready for administration to a host.
  • the cationic complexes of polymer-modified (e.g., PEGylated) adenovirus exhibit heightened levels of infectivity in both immune subjects and naive (i.e., non-immune) subjects.
  • PEGylation of the virus exceeding 15% can cause a decrease or ablation of viral infectivity, thereby providing a disincentive for further PEGylation.
  • decreases in viral infectivity do not occur at PEGylation levels of 10% or less depending on the glycol polymer selected for attachment (e.g., TMPEG vs. MPEG).
  • the cationic complexes of the present invention provide a solution to this problem by allowing significantly greater levels of polymer modification to be used (e.g., 20% or greater) while maintaining viral infectivity levels comparable to unmodified (i.e., non-polymer-modified) adenovirus.
  • the complexes of the present invention provide infectivity levels significantly greater that either unmodified adenovirus and polymer-modified adenovirus.
  • Infectivity of the adenoviral complexes of present invention are assessed by standard infection assays.
  • the ability of adenovirus to infect a cell is assessed by monitoring the expression of a transgene (e.g. , a reporter gene such as lacZ) contained within the adenovirus.
  • a transgene e.g. , a reporter gene such as lacZ
  • Genetic reporter systems are well- known in the art, and are disclosed for example in Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. 1995, Ausubel et al, eds., 3 rd edition, Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  • the adenoviral vector is engineered by standard methods to contain a transgene, and the complexed adenoviral vector is used to infect cells that are permissive for the virus.
  • cell lysates are analyzed for the presence of the product of the transgene, e.g., ⁇ -galactosidase.
  • the product of the transgene can be assessed by colorimetric, chemiluminescence or fluorescence assays, or immunoassays.
  • those of ordinary skill in the art can compare complexed and uncomplexed adenoviral vector, and can determine the optimal percentages and conditions for glycolization and cationic complexing that result in optimum retention of infectivity.
  • infectivity can be measured by acsertaining the ability of the CFTR protein expressed in cultured CF airway epithelia to correct the Cl " channel defect following the methods described by Rich et al. (1990) Nature 347: 358, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference. Briefly, cultured CF airway epithelial cells are infected with adenoviral vectors containing DNA encoding a CFTR protein. Virus-mediated expression of functional CFTR protein is assessed using an SPQ [6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-quinolinium, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR] halide efflux assay.
  • SPQ is a halide-sensitive fluorophore, the fluorescence of which is quenched by halides.
  • cells are loaded with SPQ, CFTR is activated by cAMP agonists, the CFTR Cl " channel opens, halides exit the cell, and SPQ fluorescence in the cell increases rapidly.
  • increases in intracellular fluorescence in response to cAMP provide a measure of a functional Cl " channel.
  • CF epithelial cells are infected with adenoviral vectors containing DNA encoding a CFTR protein, and secretion of Cl " from infected cells is measured in response to cAMP stimulation.
  • the secretion of Cl " can be measured as an increase in transepithelial short-circuit current with addition of cAMP agonists, as described for example by Rich et al. (1993) Human Gene Therapy 4: 461, the disclosure of which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • Expression of a functional CFTR protein can also be assessed by patch clamp techniques that detect reversibly activated whole-cell currents in response to addition of cAMP agonists, or single-channel currents in excised, cell-free patches of membrane in response to cAMP-dependent protein kinase and ATP. Patch clamp techniques are described for example by Sheppard et al. (1994) Cell 76: 1091, and U.S. Patent No. 5,639,661, the disclosures of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • Retention of infectivity is defined herein as an infectivity level sufficient to have therapeutic value, for example at least about 20% infective relative to unmodified virus (non-complexed, non-polymer-modified adenovirus).
  • the virus complex maintains at least 60% infectivity.
  • the complexed modified virus is preferred to maintain at least 80% infectivity. Lower percent infectivity of at least 5% may be useful for applications such as viral oncolysis.
  • an adenoviral vector containing the ⁇ -galactosidase ( ⁇ -gal) reporter gene (lacZ) is covalently modified by exposure to various concentrations of TMPEG and subsequently complexed with a cationic molecule, other than poly-L-lysine (e.g., DEAE-dextran).
  • a cell line that supports adenoviral vector propagation for example 293 human embryonic kidney cells (ATCC CRC 1573), is exposed to unmodified and modified/complexed adenoviral vector containing the ⁇ -gal gene. Cells are then incubated under conditions appropriate for ⁇ -gal expression.
  • the presence of ⁇ -gal in cell lysates is measured by standard colorimetric, fluorescence, or chemiluminescence assays, e.g., by using X-gal.
  • the quantity of ⁇ -gal in 293 cell lysates provides a measurement of the ability of the complexed, PEGylated adenovirus to infect 293 cells.
  • the complexed, PEGylated virus that maintains 50% infectivity relative to unmodified virus is considered to retain infectivity.
  • the complexed, polymer-modified adenoviruses of the present invention exhibit reduced antigenicity relative to unmodified virus.
  • Reduced antigenicity is defined as a statistically significant (p>0.05) reduction in binding of the polymer-modified virus to neutralizing antibodies against the virus.
  • Reduced antigenicity is assessed by methods known in the art, including in vitro and in vivo assays. For example, both modified and unmodified viruses containing reporter genes are incubated in the presence or absence of neutralizing antibodies or serum. The antibody-treated viruses and non-antibody treated control viruses are then used to infect cells as described above, and reporter gene expression in infected cells is performed as described above.
  • the complexed, polymer-modified adenoviruses of the present invention are protected from neutralization by the polymer coating, and thus provide increased infectivity and increased transgene expression in the present assays relative to unmodified viruses that have been exposed to neutralizing antibodies.
  • the cationic complexes of polymer- modified adenoviruses are particularly useful for therapeutic and diagnostic in vivo applications.
  • the cationic complexes of the present invention have utility in medical therapy and diagnosis in medical and veterinary practice and in agriculture. They are of particular use in gene therapy (for example the delivery of genes for the localized expression of a desired gene product) and for non-gene therapy applications such as, but without limitation, viral oncolysis.
  • the viruses are useful, for example, to deliver genes, toxins and/or diagnostic markers.
  • An additional application is in the creation of tolerogens for viral antigens.
  • a method for introducing a transgene into a target cell.
  • the method comprises introducing into the target cell the complexed, polymer-modified adenovirus of the present invention, wherein the adenovirus is a recombinant adenoviral vector comprising the transgene.
  • the complexed, polymer-modified adenoviruses are particularly useful for delivering a transgene to a target cell for the treatment of various disorders, for example in which the transgene product is absent, insufficient, or nonfunctional.
  • the expression of the transgene may serve to block the expression or function of an undesired gene or gene product in the target cell.
  • Target cells for adenovirus complexes of the present invention are any cell in which expression of a transgene is desired.
  • Target cells include cell types permissive to adenovirus infection (e.g. , 293 cells and A549 cells) and cell types resistant to adenovirus infection (e.g., human epithelial cells, NIH 3TC cells, and 9L gliosarcoma cells).
  • cell types permissive to adenovirus infection e.g. , 293 cells and A549 cells
  • cell types resistant to adenovirus infection e.g., human epithelial cells, NIH 3TC cells, and 9L gliosarcoma cells.
  • the complexed, polymer-modified adenoviral vectors are particularly suitable for infecting adenovirus resistant cells for transgene expression. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the complexes of the present invention do not require binding to the Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor
  • the complexed, polymer-modified adenovirus is introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, including for example infection. Infection of a target cell in vivo is accomplished by contacting the target cell with the adenovirus.
  • the adenovirus is delivered as a composition in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier.
  • physiologically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, diluents, isotonic agents, and the like.
  • the complexed, polymer-modified adenovirus is a recombinant adenoviral vector polymer-modified by covalent attachment of PEG and subsequently complex with DEAE-dextran.
  • the adenoviruses of the invention may be delivered to the target cell by methods appropriate for the target cell, including for example by ingestion, injection, aerosol, inhalation, and the like.
  • the compositions may be delivered intravenously, by injection into tissue, such a brain or tumor, or by injection into a body cavity such as pleura or peritoneum.
  • the formulation of compositions is generally known in the art and reference can conveniently be made to Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17 th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA.
  • the forms of the present complexes suitable for administration include sterile aqueous solutions and dispersions.
  • the subject complexed, polymer-modified adenoviruses are compounded for convenient and effective administration in effective amounts with a suitable physiologically acceptable carrier and/or diluent.
  • the effective amounts of the complexed, polymer-modified adenovirus to be used in accordance with the present invention for humans, or any other mammal, can be determined by the ordinary skilled artisan with consideration of individual differences in age, weight and condition of the subject.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired effect in association with the required carrier.
  • the specification for the novel dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly depend on the unique characteristics of the polymer-modified viruses and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding. In the case of compositions containing supplementary active ingredients, the dosages are determined by reference to the usual dose and manner of administration of the ingredients.
  • the present invention further provides a method for delivering a virus to a tumor, comprising administering a complexed, polymer-modified adenovirus of the invention to a subject in need of such treatment under conditions whereby the adenovirus localizes to a tumor.
  • a complexed, polymer-modified adenovirus of the invention comprising administering a complexed, polymer-modified adenovirus of the invention to a subject in need of such treatment under conditions whereby the adenovirus localizes to a tumor.
  • the ability of the complexed adenoviruses of the present invention to provide retention of infectivity and reduced impact of neutralizing antibodies open up this additional method of use for polymer-modified virus.
  • Particulates of the size range 100-200nm undergo passive tumor targeting in relation to the so-called EPR effect (Enhanced Permeability and Retention). Tumors have leaky vasculature and thus long circulating particles have the opportunity to leave the circulation and enter the tumor
  • PEG has been used to enhance the passive targeting of liposomes to tumors via increased circulation time.
  • this approach leads to unfavorable properties such as unacceptable low tumor to blood ratios (i.e. less than 1) for much of the lifetime of the product.
  • additional effects of PEGylation, other than improved circulation time can be exploited to solve this problem and achieve both good tumor localization and high tumor to blood ratios as well as high tumor to normal tissue ratios.
  • the present invention provides a means of improving the tumor localization of virus particles.
  • TMPEG Polyethylene Glycol to Adenovirus Tresyl-monomethoxypolyethylene glycol
  • WO 95/06058 which corresponds to U.S. Application Serial Nos. 08/471,348 and 08/601,040, filed June 6, 1995 and February 23, 1996, respectively, the disclosures of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • Type 2 adenovirus (genetically modified to carry the ⁇ -gal reporter gene), as disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
  • 5,670,488 was prepared by banding in isopycnic CsCl density centrifugation (three rounds), then extensively dialysed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) containing 5% sucrose.
  • the stock solution used contained 6.4x10 10 infectious units per ml (4.8x10" particles/ml).
  • the virus stock was made 3%w/v by the addition of dry TMPEG, typically 3.0mg to lOO ⁇ l of stock. The samples were incubated at 25 °C with rotary mixing for 24h.
  • a preliminary 1.5min wash in IM NaOH and second wash in running buffer (20mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 5.0mM NaCl) were performed. After incubation, the samples were transferred to the CE machine where the auto sampler removed a few nanolitres by a pressure injection setting of 10s and separation was achieved using 2 minute voltage ramping to a final of 17Kv.
  • Whole virus CE monitors the changes in surface charge of the virus upon treatment with PEG. Incubation with PEG correlates with a progressively increased more neutral mobility to the virus. Increasing neutrality is consistent with an increased PEG-chain density on the virus surface.
  • Figure 1 shows superimposed capillary electropherographs for adenovirus exposed to 3%(w/v) TMPEG and MPEG.
  • the hiatus in each plot marks the trough at the point of neutrality.
  • the TMPEG treated virus ran at a location significantly nearer the neutral point than the sham-treated MPEG. Under these PEGylation conditions there is no evidence of residual unPEGylated virus (i. e. no peak or shoulder on the TMPEG trace corresponding to the control virus).
  • Figure 1, lower panel Two well separated peaks were evident, corresponding to those shown in the upper panel.
  • Figure 2 shows the time course of the change in electrophoretic mobility of virus with duration of exposure to TMPEG 3% (w/v), prepared essentially as described, above using 300 ⁇ l of virus stock and 3%(w/v) TMPEG.
  • the % mobility was calculated as follows: (mobility of modified virus peak- mobility of neutral position)/(mobility of unmodified virus peak-mobility of neutral position) X 100. Since the reaction co-product can influence the running buffer, this was renewed at the point arrowed: lOO ⁇ l of reaction mixture was analyzed up to this point (using the repeat sampling function of the CE machine, i.e. without mixing) and a fresh lOO ⁇ l aliquot of the reaction mixture was used thereafter.
  • Example 2 Covalent Attachment of Polyethylene Glycol to Adenovirus Type 2 adenovirus stock solution prepared as in Example 1 (1.35x10'° infectious units per ml; 9.3x10 1 ' particles per ml) was PEGylated using 3%(w/v)
  • Viral particle size was monitored using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) in a Malvern Instrument's ZetaMaster 5.
  • Figures 3 A and 3B show the diameter versus time for TMPEG treated and untreated virus respectively. Results are expressed as % time 0 values.
  • Figures 3C and 3D show measurements taken during a PEGylation reaction over a longer time period. Reaction with TMPEG is shown in Figure 3D and sham treatment with MPEG is shown in Figure 3C. Treatment with TMPEG results in an increase in particle size (Figs. 3B and 3D) which is not seen in the control untreated virus (Fig. 3A) or in the MPEG treated virus (Fig. 3C). Increases in size are shown in Figs. 3B and 3D.
  • PCS has the advantage of giving numeric data and thus the method gives an ability to rank samples.
  • stepwise addition was also used (the objective being to achieve higher ultimate PEGylation).
  • the rationale behind step wise addition is that viral particles tend to aggregate and this is exacerbated by PEG, especially at high concentrations.
  • PEGylation has been shown, in the context of other particles (e.g. liposomes), to prevent aggregation.
  • initial PEGylation at low polymer concentration can serve to reduce the tendency to aggregate at subsequent higher polymer concentrations and hence achieve a higher degree of PEGylation.
  • TMPEG or MPEG were added every thirty min to viral stock solution (prepared as in Example 1) to increase the polymer concentration by 3%, 5% or 8% in the reaction mixture.
  • Viral stocks used for these experiments ranged from 1.35-7.6x10 infectious units per ml and 9.3-20x10" particles per ml.
  • a maximum of four additions of dry polymer were made, equating to final polymer concentrations of 12 %, 20 % and 32% ( ⁇ w/v, i.e. not correcting for the volume of the polymer).
  • the 4th addition was sampled after 30 mins and a further incubation time (giving 5 reaction conditions).
  • Infectivity was measured in two ways (see also Example 4). ⁇ -gal expression was monitored in human 293 cells (Graham et al., J. Gen. Virol. 36:59-72. 1977) exposed to virus in culture (this cell line is permissive for adenoviral replication). Cells were trypsinised 1 day prior to assay and seeded at 400 ⁇ l per well in a 24 well microliter plate using a lxl0 6 /ml cell suspension. Having established a monolayer by 24h, lO ⁇ l of reaction mixture was added to each of 4 replicate wells containing 293 cells. The cells were incubated overnight in a fully humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air at 37 °C to express ⁇ -gal.
  • the cell monolayer was depleted of medium and then washed with PBS. Then 60 ⁇ l of lysis buffer (15 % triton X-100, 25OmM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0) was added and the microliter plate incubated at room temperature for 30 min in an orbital shaker. After the cells had lysed for 30 min 50 ⁇ l of each sample was transferred to a fresh microliter plate. A set of ⁇ -gal standards (5.5 units in lysis buffer and doubling dilutions in lysis buffer) was added to the same microliter plate.
  • CPRG substrate buffer 1.6mM CPRG, 60mM phosphate buffer: ImM MgSO 4 ; lOmM KC1; 50mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol; 250 ml distilled water
  • CPRG substrate buffer 1.6mM CPRG, 60mM phosphate buffer: ImM MgSO 4 ; lOmM KC1; 50mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol; 250 ml distilled water
  • FIG. 4 shows the results of CPRG assays on TMPEG treated virus (open circles) and MPEG sham-treated virus (triangles) and control virus (filled circles). None of the treatments produced a trend of falling infectivity over the time period studied (six hours). A second independent experiment confirmed this result, showing no significant decline in OD over 6 hours for either control virus, TMPEG treated virus or virus sham-treated with MPEG (data not shown). Thus the PEG treatment of virus in Examples 1 and 2 demonstrated no reduction in infectivity.
  • Example 4 Infectivity Assays for PEGylated and SHAM Treated Virus Single and stepwise additions of TMPEG and MPEG were prepared as in Example 3 and analyzed with respect to infectivity using a chemiluminesent reporter assay system for the detection of the virally encoded ⁇ -galactosidase
  • Figures 6A - C compares the effects of 3%, 5% and 8% incremental additions of TMPEG 5000 (filled circles) or MPEG 5000 (open circles) on viral infectivity. Note that in Figure 6A and B the MPEG and TMPEG treated viral samples show similar infectivity. A modest decline in infectivity with treatment with either MPEG or TMPEG was observed. In subsequent experiments with no-PEG controls these showed a similar decline in infectivity, suggesting that this was a handling effect and not due to PEG. In Figure 6C the MPEG and the TMPEG treated virus performed similarly. Thus, this experiment shows that treatment with TMPEG or MPEG does not result in loss of infectivity.
  • Figure 8 shows comparable results for PEG 12o00 (panels A and B, filled circles TMPEG; open circles MPEG) and PEG 20000 (panel C, same symbols).
  • condition 0 is an untreated virus control and conditions 1-4 are stepwise additions of 5 % TMPEG or MPEG.
  • PEG 12000 there was a modest additional loss of infectivity with TMPEG in one of the two experiments after the 3rd and 4th addition of TMPEG (panel B).
  • PEG 20000 TMPEG treatment produced lower infectivity than MPEG for all additions including the first, but approximately one third the initial infectivity value remained even after the 4th addition of TMPEG.
  • Example 5 The Impact of PEGylation on the Reduction of Infectivity by Neutralizing Antibodies Using the infectivity assay given in Example 4, exposure of the TMPEG and MPEG treated virus to neutralizing antibodies was used to seek evidence of the protection from neutralization afford by the polymer treatment.
  • Transgene expression was monitored in the presence and absence of a polyclonal neutralizing antibody purified from rabbit anti-hexon serum using a hexon affinity resin.
  • the polyclonal antibody was titered with untreated virus and the ratio was established where 30 to 50% infectivity was retained in the presence of the neutralizing antibody.
  • Two antibody titers were used 10,000:1 (-30%) or 5,000:1 (-40-50%) (antibody molecules to virus particles) where indicated.
  • Figures 10-12 show the impact of incremental additions of 5% TMPEG 5000 ( Figures 10 and 11) and TMPEG 12000 (Figure 12) to the adenovirus on antibody neutralisation (B Panels) compared to incremental addition of MPEG (A Panels) to the virus.
  • the open circles in the A and B panels of Figures 10 - 12 are infectivity in the absence of antibody; the closed circles are infectivity in the presence of antibody.
  • protection is defined as there being a statistically significant difference in transgene expression in the presence of the immune agent under test (e.g. antibody or cell suspension) as compared with the expression observed in untreated control.
  • the single addition of 3% TMPEG 5000 showed some protection after 4h and 6h incubation in two independent assays.
  • Ad 2- ⁇ -gal 2 vector was treated with increasing amounts of TMPEG-biotin 5%, 10%, or NHS- PEG-biotin 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%. Both PEG 5000 's were obtained from Shearwater
  • Type 2 adenovirus (genetically modified to carry the ⁇ -gal reporter gene) was prepared by banding with isopycnic CsCl density centrifugation then extensively dialysed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS pH 7.2).
  • Three different types of MPEGs were tested for their ability to PEGylate adenovirus namely a) cyanuric chloride activated MPEG 5000 b) TMPEG 5000 and c) amino-PEG 5000 .
  • the MPEGs were obtained from Shearwater Polymers. Activation of MPEG with cyanuric chloride couples one triazine ring per MPEG molecule. This activated MPEG can react with amino groups on proteins.
  • MPEG can be activated with tresyl chloride (2,2,2,-trifluoroethanesulphonyl chloride) to form tresylated MPEG which can react with epsilon amino groups on proteins to form a highly stable amine linkage.
  • SPDP-amino MPEG couples to proteins via cysteine residues.
  • the activated NHS ester end of SPDP reacts with the amine groups on the amino PEG to form an amide linkage.
  • the 2-pyridyldithiol group at the other end is free to react with sulfhydryl groups to form a disulfide linkage.
  • SPDP - aminoPEG was synthesized by the addition of SPDP (N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridylditthio) propionate) to amino PEG in the presence of methanol. Following an overnight incubation at room temperature the SPDP-aminoPEG was collected by precipitation with ether.
  • Ad2- ⁇ -gal 2 virus was incubated with either a) cyanuric chloride activated MPEG b) TMPEG or c) amino PEG at increasing ratios of PEG:lysine.
  • Ad2- ⁇ -gal 2 virus was dialysed into 0.1M sodium carbonate buffer pH 8.5 containing 0.15M NaCl before treatment with cyanuric chloride activated MPEG or 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5 containing 0.15M NaCl before treatment with TMPEG. All PEGylation reactions were performed at room temperature. Samples were mixed on a rotary platform, the PEGylation reaction was terminated by the addition of excess lysine or alternatively by lowering the temperature.
  • Infectivity of the PEGylated viruses was initially assessed qualitatively by infecting 293 cells with PEGylated virus followed by measurement of transgene expression ( ⁇ -galactosidase) using X-gal staining. Using this assay the TMPEG treated virus had greater infectivity than the virus that had been treated with cyanuric chloride activated PEG or SPDP-PEG.
  • the TMPEG treated virus was further measured for infectivity using the more quantitative assay of end-point dilution in 293 cells using fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC)- conjugated anti-hexon antibody as described by Rich, DP, Couture LA, Cardoza LM, Guiggio, VM, Armentano, D., Espino, PC, Hehir, K., Welsh, MJ, Smith, AE and Gregory, RJ, 1993, Hum. Gen. Ther. 4:461-476.
  • FITC fluorescence isothiocyanate
  • Ad2- ⁇ -gal 2 virus was PEGylated with TMPEG as described in Example 11. Virus was incubated with serial two-fold dilutions of neutralizing human serum for 1 h/37°C and 293 cells were added. The assay was read when 293 cells incubated alone reached confluency. The neutralizing titer was defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum that showed detectable protection of 293 cells from cytopathic effect when compared to cells incubated with virus not exposed to serum. Prior to the assay, the different virus preparations to be tested were titrated to ascertain the lowest dilution that caused 100% cytopathic effect. Results are shown in Table 3.
  • Example 9 Ion-exchange Chromatography of PEGylated Virus Particles
  • Ad 2- ⁇ -gal virus was PEGylated as described in Example 11 with TMPEG at ratios of 50 moles and 10 moles PEG:lysine.
  • the virus was applied to a DEAE ion-exchange resin (Millipore, Bedford, MA) in phosphate buffer containing NaCl.
  • Bound virus was eluted from the resin using an increasing salt gradient and the flow through peaks and eluted protein peaks were analyzed for control virus, virus treated with TMPEG at a ratio of 50: 1 PEG:lysine and virus treated with PEG at a ratio of 10:1 PEG:lysine. All samples had equivalent protein values before chromatography .
  • FIG. 13 panel A shows the elution profile from the DEAE-ion exchange resin (Millipore, Bedford, MA) following chromatography of control virus. One main protein peak was eluted from the resin and this was shown to contain infectious virus particles (data not shown).
  • panel B shows the elution profile from the DEAE-ion exchange resin following chromatography of virus that had been treated with TMPEG (10:1 ratio). In contrast to the profile for the control virus there is the appearance of a flow through peak in addition to the eluted protein peak, which has diminished in size.
  • the flow through peak in this sample was significantly larger while the eluted protein peak was in contrast reduced.
  • the virus particles had increased levels of PEGylation.
  • Table 4 expresses the size of the two peaks (expressed as area under peak) in relation to the PEG: lysine ratios used during PEGylation.
  • ion exchange chromatography may be used to resolve heterogeneous populations of PEGylated virus particles and may be used to separate highly PEGylated virus particles from lightly PEGylated particles on the basis of charge differences.
  • Example 10 Transgene Expression by PEGylated Ad2/ ⁇ -Gal2 in Immune Mice
  • Two batches of Type 2 adenovirus stock solution prepared as in Example 1 were mixed (2ml of a batch at 5.38x10 10 infectious units per ml, 2.055x10 12 particles per ml and 4 ml of a batch at 1.35x10 10 infectious units per ml, 9.3x10" particles per ml) and subjected to treatment with PEG using a stepwise addition regime of 5% TMPEG as in Example 3.
  • Samples obtained following two and three additions of TMPEG i.e., total 10% and 15% TMPEG, respectively
  • the purified PEG treated viral suspension prepared with total 10% TMPEG contained 2.7x10" particles/ml (3x10 9 infectious units/ml) and the purified PEG treated viral suspension prepared with total 15% TMPEG contained 2.4x10" particles/ml (6.4x10 8 infectious units/ml).
  • the two PEGylated viral suspensions were compared to untreated Type
  • mice were pre-immunized by the intra-nasal administration of 10 9 infectious units of a replication defective Type 2 adenovirus encoding human CFTR (Ad2/CFTR).
  • Ad2/CFTR Type 2 adenovirus encoding human CFTR
  • the animals chosen for the study had serum anti-adenovirus antibody titers of circa 1/25,000 to 1/50,000.
  • BALB/c mice were simply mice that had not been exposed to adenovirus vector.
  • the viral preparations were administered as follows: a) untreated virus, 2xl0 8 infectious units were instilled in a volume of 100 ⁇ l to each of four mice in the naive group and four mice in the pre-immunized group, b) "PEGylated virus 10%", 3x10 8 infectious units (2.7x10'° particles) were instilled in a volume of 100 ⁇ l to each of four mice in the naive group and four mice in the pre-immunized group, c) "PEGylated virus 15%", 6.4x10 7 infectious units (2.4x10'° particles) were instilled in a volume of 100 ⁇ l to each of four mice in the naive group and four mice in the pre- immunized group.
  • mice in the pre-immunized group were subjected to eyebleed on the day of instillation and the blood was analyzed for antibody titers. All mice were sacrificed three days after instillation and lung tissue, right caudal lobe and left lobe, was excised. The right caudal lobe from all four naive and four immunized animals per condition (untreated, "PEGylated virus 10%” and "PEGylated virus 15%”) was used for quantification of ⁇ -gal in an AMPGD assay (Galacto-LightTM Kit, Tropix, Bedford, MA). The protein concentration of lung homogenates was determined using the BioRad DC reagent (BioRad, Hercules, CA).
  • mice The left lobe from two naive and two immunized animals per condition was used for x-gal staining.
  • Table 5 shows the beta-galactosidase expression per microgram of protein (relative light units, RLU per microgram of protein) for untreated virus, "PEGylated virus 10%” and “PEGylated virus 15%” in both naive and pre-immunized mice.
  • Beta-galactosidase expression in the naive mice was observed for all three viral preparations in all four mice per condition. In the pre-immunized mice, the untreated vector gives only background levels of beta-galactosidase expression in all four mice.
  • Beta-Galactosidase expression in lung tissue expressed as relative light units per microgram of protein (RLU/ ⁇ g protein).
  • Ad2/ ⁇ -gal 4 virus (U.S. Patent No. 5,670,488) was PEGylated with 10% tresyl MPEG (TMPEG) as already described. PEGylated virus was purified from unreacted TMPEG by banding on cesium chloride gradients (Rich et al., Human Gene Therapy 4:461-476, 1993). The purified PEGylated virus was dialysed into phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 5% sucrose and the titre was determined by end point dilution on HEK293 cells using fluorescent isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-hexon antibody (Rich et al., 1993).
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • FITC fluorescent isothiocyanate
  • Control or sham treated vector was treated with non- reactive MPEG and was purified and titred as described for TMPEG virus.
  • PEGylated and sham treated virus were instilled into immune and naive mice.
  • the dose for each vector was 2 x 10 8 iu/mouse (equivalent to ⁇ 2 x 10'° particles), the dose volume per mouse was 100 ⁇ l.
  • Immune mice had previously been instilled with Ad2 - CFTR-8 vector (U.S. Patent No. 5,707,618) and had titres to adenovirus in the range 25,000 - 51,200.
  • Figure 14 shows the ⁇ -galactosidase expression for PEGylated virus (Ad TMPEG) and sham treated virus (Ad MPEG). Results shown are the mean ⁇ standard deviation of the values obtained with individual animals. ⁇ -Galactosidase expression was measured in the lungs of naive mice for both the MPEG and the
  • the sham treated virus (Ad MPEG) had reduced levels of ⁇ -galactosidase expression (-47% of the ⁇ - galactosidase expression measured in naive animals), presumably due to neutralisation by adenovirus specific antibodies.
  • the PEGylated virus gave levels of ⁇ -galactosidase expression equivalent to those measured in naive animals (-89% of the expression measured in naive animals).
  • PEGylation of the adenovirus protects the virus from neutralisation, allowing full expression of the vector in the target tissue in the presence of an immune response.
  • Example 12 Transgene Expression of Cationic Complexes of PEGylated Ad2/ ⁇ -gal 2 virus in Naive and Immunized Mice Following the procedure of Example 1, Ad2- ⁇ -gal 2 virus was PEGylated with 10% TMPEG (Shearwater Polymers, Huntsville, AL). The
  • PEGylated virus was purified from unreacted TMPEG by banding on CsCl gradients and purified by dialysis against phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as previously described. The titre was determined by end point dilution on 293 cells using fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-hexon antibody as set forth in Rich et al., (1993) Hum.Gen.Ther. 4:461-476. The PEGylated virus had a titre of 7.6 x 10 8 iu/ml and a particle ⁇ u ratio of 800. Interestingly, the titre of the virus before PEGylation was 9.5 x 10 9 iu/ml with a particle ⁇ u ratio of 80. Thus, viral infectivity was compromised during PEGylation.
  • FITC fluorescence isothiocyanate
  • Naive mice were instilled with samples of unmodified virus (control), the PEGylated virus and the PEGylated virus complexed with either DEAE-dextran or Poly-L-lysine (PLL).
  • the dose for the control was 2 x 10 8 iu/animal, which was equivalent to 1.0 x 10'° particles/mouse ratio.
  • the dose for PEGylated virus (complexed and non-complexed) was 7.6 x 10 7 iu/animal, which was equivalent to 6.4 x 10'° particles/mouse.
  • PEGylated virus was complexed with DEAE-dextran at a ratio of 3000 molecules DEAE-dextran per virus particle while the virus was complexed with PLL at a ratio of 500 molecules per virus particle.
  • the dose volume per mouse was 100 ul.
  • Figure 16 shows that the PEGylated virus when complexed with DEAE-dextran and administered to naive and immune mice exhibited increased infectivity. Moreover, transgene expression in the immune mice that received virus PEGylated with TMPEG and complexed with DEAE-dextran was equal to that measured for naive mice which demonstrates the reduced antigenicity of the PEGylated virus complexed with DEAE-dextran. In comparison, the transgene expression of virus PEGylated with MPEG and complexed with DEAE-dextran was increased only in naive mice. Thus, virus PEGylated with TMPEG and complexed with DEAE-dextran exhibited both increased infectivity and reduced antigenicity.

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Abstract

Un complexe d'adénovirus comprend un complexe d'une molécule cationique et d'un adénovirus auquel est lié au moins un polymère de polyalkylène glycol. Le polymère de polyalkylène glycol comprend, sans limitation aucune, le polyéthylène glycol, le méthoxypolyéthylène glycol, le polyméthyléthylène glycol, le polyhydroxypropylène glycol, le polypropylène glycol et le polyméthylpropylène glycol. Le poids moléculaire du polymère varie entre 200 et 20 000 daltons, la préférence se situant entre 2 000 et 12 000 Daltons. L'adénovirus est de préférence un vecteur adénoviral de recombinaison tel qu'un vecteur viral de recombinaison contenant un transgène. Le polymère est lié, directement ou indirectement, à la particule virale par un système covalent ou non covalent. La molécule cationique est de préférence un polymère cationique, tel que le DEAE-Dextran, ou un lipide cationique. L'invention concerne également une composition contenant le complexe d'adénovirus et un support.
PCT/US1999/019162 1998-08-24 1999-08-23 Complexes cationiques d'adenovirus modifie par polymere WO2000011202A1 (fr)

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WO2000074722A2 (fr) * 1999-06-09 2000-12-14 Hybrid Systems Limited Modification d'elements biologiques
WO2004072289A1 (fr) * 2003-02-17 2004-08-26 Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. Nouveau vecteur de virus
JP2005517393A (ja) * 2001-12-12 2005-06-16 エフ エイチ フォールディング アンド カンパニー リミテッド ウイルスの保存のための組成物
WO2008060356A2 (fr) * 2006-09-29 2008-05-22 Canji, Inc. Procédés et compositions pour une thérapie génique
WO2009053700A1 (fr) * 2007-10-23 2009-04-30 Cancer Research Technology Limited Modification d'entités biologiques contenant des acides nucléiques
EP2172552A3 (fr) * 2001-10-11 2010-07-21 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Acide nucléique recombinant comprenant des régions de AD6
US8530234B2 (en) 2001-10-11 2013-09-10 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Hepatitis C virus vaccine
WO2015163622A1 (fr) * 2014-04-22 2015-10-29 한양대학교 산학협력단 Composite polymère-virus sensible au ph et bioréducteur pour le traitement du cancer
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CN105764491A (zh) 2013-12-09 2016-07-13 度瑞公司 药物活性剂复合物、聚合物复合物，以及包括其的组合物和方法

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000033886A1 (fr) * 1998-12-04 2000-06-15 Genzyme Corporation Complexes de poudres seches destines a la fourniture de genes
WO2000074722A2 (fr) * 1999-06-09 2000-12-14 Hybrid Systems Limited Modification d'elements biologiques
WO2000074722A3 (fr) * 1999-06-09 2001-07-12 Hybrid Systems Ltd Modification d'elements biologiques
EP2172552A3 (fr) * 2001-10-11 2010-07-21 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Acide nucléique recombinant comprenant des régions de AD6
US8530234B2 (en) 2001-10-11 2013-09-10 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Hepatitis C virus vaccine
JP2005517393A (ja) * 2001-12-12 2005-06-16 エフ エイチ フォールディング アンド カンパニー リミテッド ウイルスの保存のための組成物
WO2004072289A1 (fr) * 2003-02-17 2004-08-26 Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. Nouveau vecteur de virus
WO2008060356A3 (fr) * 2006-09-29 2008-07-24 Canji Inc Procédés et compositions pour une thérapie génique
WO2008060356A2 (fr) * 2006-09-29 2008-05-22 Canji, Inc. Procédés et compositions pour une thérapie génique
WO2009053700A1 (fr) * 2007-10-23 2009-04-30 Cancer Research Technology Limited Modification d'entités biologiques contenant des acides nucléiques
WO2015163622A1 (fr) * 2014-04-22 2015-10-29 한양대학교 산학협력단 Composite polymère-virus sensible au ph et bioréducteur pour le traitement du cancer
KR20150122588A (ko) * 2014-04-22 2015-11-02 한양대학교 산학협력단 항암치료용 pH 민감성 및 생환원성 폴리머-바이러스 복합체
KR101967768B1 (ko) 2014-04-22 2019-04-30 진메디신 주식회사 항암치료용 pH 민감성 및 생환원성 폴리머-바이러스 복합체
US11529414B2 (en) * 2020-06-23 2022-12-20 Orbis Health Solutions, Llc Viral vaccines for in vivo expression of a nucleic acid encoding an immunogenic peptide and methods of using the same

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