WO1999019362A1 - MOLECULES BISPECIFIQUES DIRIGEES CONTRE LES RECEPTEURS DE Fc ET LA GLYCOPROTEINE 72 ASSOCIEE AUX TUMEURS - Google Patents

MOLECULES BISPECIFIQUES DIRIGEES CONTRE LES RECEPTEURS DE Fc ET LA GLYCOPROTEINE 72 ASSOCIEE AUX TUMEURS Download PDF

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WO1999019362A1
WO1999019362A1 PCT/US1997/018428 US9718428W WO9919362A1 WO 1999019362 A1 WO1999019362 A1 WO 1999019362A1 US 9718428 W US9718428 W US 9718428W WO 9919362 A1 WO9919362 A1 WO 9919362A1
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cell
antibody
receptor
bispecific
cells
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PCT/US1997/018428
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English (en)
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Yashwant M. Deo
Tibor Keler
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Medarex, Inc.
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Priority to AU47543/97A priority Critical patent/AU4754397A/en
Priority to PCT/US1997/018428 priority patent/WO1999019362A1/fr
Publication of WO1999019362A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999019362A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/283—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against Fc-receptors, e.g. CD16, CD32, CD64
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/732—Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]

Definitions

  • Tumor associated glycoprotein (TAG) 72 is a high molecular weight sialylated glycoprotein, which was originally isolated from the human LS174T tumor cell line (Thor, A. et al. (1997) Cancer Res 46: 3118; Soisson A. P. et al. (1989) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. : 1258-63). Expression of TAG-72 has been shown to be associated with a number of adenocarcinomas such as colon, breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancer (Thor, A. et al. (1997) supra).
  • TAG-72 Unlike the majority of normal adult tissues which do not express detectable amounts of TAG-72, the normal endometrium has been shown to express high levels of TAG-72 (Soisson A. P. et al. (1989) supra). The restricted expression of TAG-72 on predominantly neoplastic tissues has prompted several groups to explore the utility of TAG-72 as a tumor marker. Numerous murine monoclonal antibodies have been developed which have binding specificity for human TAG-72. One of these monoclonal antibodies, designated B72.3, is a murine IgGl produced using a human breast carcinoma extract as the immunogen (Colcher, D. et al. (1981) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 78: 3199-3203; U.S.
  • CC monoclonal antibodies (“CC” refers to colon cancer) were prepared using TAG-72 purified using the B72.3 monoclonal antibody.
  • a number of the CC monoclonal antibodies have been shown to have relatively high binding affinities for human TAG-72, including CCl 1, CC15, CC30, CC46, CC49, CC83 and CC92 (EP 0365997; Kuroki et al. (1990) Cancer Research 50:4872-4879).
  • the murine monoclonal CC49 has been shown to react with human ovary, breast and lung tumor tissue, as well as inflammatory colon tissue (Molinolo et al. (1990) Cancer Research 50:1291-1298).
  • the CC49 antibody has also been shown to localize with high frequency to prostate cancer.
  • the localization of CC49 to prostate cancer has been correlated with anti-tumor effects, specifically with pain relief in individuals afflicted with prostate cancer (Meredith et al. (1994) J. Nuc. Med. 35:1017-1022).
  • murine monoclonal antibodies such as CC49 antibodies to a number of human therapies have been limited by the development of adverse immune responses to the "foreign" murine proteins.
  • These immune response are known as human anti -mouse antibody or HAMA response (Schroff, R. et al. (1985), Cancer Res., 45, 879-885).
  • HAMA responses cause serum sickness in humans and result in rapid clearance of the murine antibodies from an individual's circulation.
  • the immune response in humans has been shown to be against both the variable and the constant regions of murine immunoglobulins.
  • Recombinant DNA techniques have been used to alter antibodies, for example, by substituting specific immunoglobulin regions from one species with immunoglobulin regions from another species.
  • "chimeric antibodies” have been generated in which the complementary heavy and light chain variable domains of an Ig molecule from one species such as murine, may be combined with the complementary heavy and light chain Ig constant domains from another species, e.g., human (Neuberger et al. PCT/GB85/00392).
  • An improvement to these techniques of altering antibodies involves the process of "CDR grafting" or substituting the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with those from another species as described by Winter et al. GB2188538A.
  • This process has been used to substitute the CDRs from the murine variable region domains of a monoclonal antibody with desirable binding properties into human heavy and light chain Ig variable region domains.
  • These altered Ig variable regions have been combined with human Ig constant regions to create antibodies which are totally human in composition except for the substituted murine CDRs.
  • the "reshaped” or “humanized” antibodies described by Winter have been shown to elicit a considerably reduced immune response in humans compared to chimeric antibodies because of the considerably less murine components.
  • the half life of the altered antibodies in circulation has been shown to approach that of natural human antibodies.
  • Humanized anti-TAG-72 antibodies have been generated.
  • humanized CC49 monoclonal antibodies (HCC49) which retain the binding specificity for TAG 72 have been described in Slavin-Chiorini et al. (1995) Cancer Research suppl. 55:5957s-5967s.
  • HCC49 antibodies have been shown to have strong immunoreactivity with human primary prostate cancer and are currently in phase III clinical trials for use as imaging agents (Brenner et al. (1995) Urology 153:1575-1579).
  • the present invention features bispecific and multispecific molecules comprising at least one first binding specificity for an Fc receptor and a second binding specificity for a target cell antigen, e.g., a tumor associated antigen present on a target cell.
  • a target cell antigen e.g., a tumor associated antigen present on a target cell.
  • the invention provides a bispecific molecule, e.g., a bispecific antibody, which binds both to the cytotoxic trigger molecule, human Fc ⁇ RI, and to the human tumor associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72).
  • TAG-72 human tumor associated glycoprotein 72
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention can be used as diagnostic or therapeutic agents in vivo and in vitro.
  • Multispecific molecules of the invention include trispecific, tetraspecific and other multispecific molecules.
  • the multispecific molecule includes an anti-enhancement factor (EF) portion, e.g., a molecule which binds to a surface protein involved in cytotoxic activity.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention comprise at least one antibody, or a fragment thereof, including, e.g., an Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, or a single chain Fv.
  • the antibody or fragment thereof is "humanized” (e.g., has at least a complementarity determining region (CDR) or a portion thereof derived from a non-human antibody (e.g., murine) with the remaining portion(s) are human in origin).
  • the invention provides a bispeicific or multispecific molecule (e.g., antibody) comprising at least two humanized antibodies.
  • the Fc receptor recognized by the bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention is preferably a human IgG receptor, e.g., an Fc-gamma receptor (Fc ⁇ R), such as Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), Fc ⁇ RII(CD32), and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD16).
  • Fc ⁇ R Fc-gamma receptor
  • the Fc ⁇ receptor is the high affinity Fc ⁇ receptor, Fc ⁇ RI.
  • the Fc receptor is preferably located on the surface of an effector cell, e.g., a monocyte, macrophage or an activated polymorphonuclear cell.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules bind to an Fc receptor at a site which is distinct from the immunoglobulin (e.g., IgG) binding site of the receptor, Therefore, the binding of the bispecific and multispecific molecules is not blocked by physiological levels of immunoglobulins.
  • immunoglobulin e.g., IgG
  • the binding specificity for an Fc receptor comprises an anti-Fc ⁇ RI antibody, or a fragment thereof.
  • anti-Fc ⁇ RI antibodies include mAb 22, mAb 32, mAb 44, mAb 62 and mAb 197.
  • a humanized form of the anti-Fc ⁇ receptor antibody is used, such as humanized monoclonal antibody 22 (H22), or a fragment thereof.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention further comprise a second binding specificity which recognizes, e.g., binds to, a target cell antigen, e.g., a tumor associated antigen.
  • a target cell antigen e.g., a tumor associated antigen.
  • the tumor associated antigen is the tumor associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72), most preferably human TAG-72.
  • TAG-72 tumor associated glycoprotein-72
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecule binds to the surface of a TAG-72-expressing cell, e.g., a tumor cell or an endometrial cell.
  • the binding specificity for TAG-72 can be provided by an anti-TAG-72 antibody, or a fragment thereof.
  • the anti- TAG-72 antibody can be a first or a second generation monoclonal anti-TAG-72 antibody, or a fragment thereof.
  • Exemplary anti-TAG-72 antibodies include B72.3, CCl 1, CC15, CC30, CC46, CC49, CC83, CC92 and fragments of these antibodies.
  • CC49, humanized CC49 (HCC49) and fragments thereof are particularly preferred.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention can be produced, for example, by recombinant techniques and/or chemical methods.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules are produced by chemically conjugating the binding specificities making up the molecules, e.g., by crosslinking an anti-Fc antibody or a fragment thereof, e.g., an Fab' fragment, and an anti-TAG-72 antibody.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • the present invention provides a target-specific effector cell which comprises an effector cell expressing an Fc ⁇ receptor, e.g., a macrophage or an activated PMN cell, and a bispecific or multispecific molecule of the invention.
  • the present invention provides methods of using bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention to trigger at least one Fc receptor-mediated effector cell activity, such as antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis of a target cell, e.g., a TAG-72-expressing cell, cytokine release, or generation of superoxide anion, upon binding to the Fc receptor on an effector cell.
  • Fc receptor-mediated effector cell activity such as antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis of a target cell, e.g., a TAG-72-expressing cell, cytokine release, or generation of superoxide anion, upon binding to the Fc receptor on an effector cell.
  • the effector cell is contacted with the bispecific or multispecific molecule in vitro or in vivo.
  • Exemplary effector cells include any Fc-receptor- expressing immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages or activated polymorphonuclear cells.
  • the effector cells can be pretreated with an agent capable of up-regulating Fc-receptor expression, e.g., a cytokine, prior to contacting with a bispecific and multispecific molecule.
  • an agent capable of up-regulating Fc-receptor expression e.g., a cytokine
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecule contacts, e.g., binds to, an Fc receptor, and activates, e.g., crosslinks, the Fc receptor.
  • Fc receptors When the Fc receptors are activated a variety of signal transduction events are triggered which result in effector cell activity.
  • bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention can be used to induce ADCC and/or phagocytosis of a target cell, e.g., a TAG-72-expressing cell.
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecule is capable of binding both an Fc receptor expressing effector cell, and a TAG-72-expressing cell. The binding can occur simultaneously or sequentially.
  • the induction of ADCC and/or phagocytosis can occur in vivo or in vitro.
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention can also be used to direct an effector cell to a target cell, e.g., a TAG-72 -bearing cell either in vivo or in vitro.
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention can also be used in the treatment of, or prophylactic prevention of, a diseases characterized by abnormal or aberrant functioning (e.g., activity) of a target cell, e.g., TAG-72-expressing cell, e.g, a TAG-72-expressing tumor cell or endometrial cell, by administering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition of a bispecific or multispecific molecule of the invention, or an effector cell of the invention, in an amount effective to inhibit the abnormal activity of the TAG-72-expressing cells.
  • the subject can be additionally treated with an agent that modulates, e.g., enhances or inhibits, the expression or activity of Fc ⁇ receptors, by for example, treating the subject with a cytokine.
  • cytokines for administration during treatment with the bispecific and multispecific molecule include of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
  • GM-CSF granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • IFN- ⁇ interferon- ⁇
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • the invention provides methods for detecting in vitro and in vivo expression of an Fc ⁇ receptor or a TAG-72 protein on an effector cell or a target cell, respectively.
  • the method comprises (i) contacting a sample or a control sample under conditions that allow interaction of a bispecific or multispecific molecule and an Fc ⁇ receptor or TAG-72 protein, and (ii) detecting formation of a complex.
  • a statistically significant change in the formation of the complex with respect to a control sample in the presence of the test compound is indicative of expression of Fc ⁇ receptor, or TAG-72 protein.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a bispecific molecule, HCC49 X H22, having an anti-TAG-72 binding specificity, which is provided by an HCC49 humanized Fab', and an anti-Fc ⁇ RI binding specificity, which is provided by an H22 Fab'.
  • Figure 2 shows an SDS-PAGE analysis of HCC49 X H22.
  • Lanes 1-4 show samples analyzed in reducing conditions, lanes 6-9 show samples analyzed in non- reducing conditions.
  • Lanes 1 and 9 show the low molecular weight and high molecular weight standards, respectively;
  • lanes 2 and 6 show a sample containing 5 ⁇ g of HCC49 X H22;
  • lanes 3 and 7 show a sample containing 5 ⁇ g of H22 F(ab')2;
  • lanes 4 and 8 show a sample containing 5 ⁇ g of CC49 F(ab')2-
  • Figures 3A-C are schematic representations showing a comparison of binding of HCC49 X H22 to various human carcinoma cell lines as measured by flow cytometry.
  • Figures 3A-C show the binding of HCC49 X H22, H22 F(ab')2 and control to human endometrial carcinoma cells (Kleb cells; Fig. 3 A); acute human T cell leukemia cells (Jurkat cells; Fig. 3B) and human colon carcinoma (LS174T; Fig. 3C).
  • Figures 4A-B are graphic representations of the binding of HCC49 X H22 to various cell lines as measured by flow cytometry.
  • Figure 4A shows the binding of HCC49 X H22 (filled circles) and CC49 monoclonal antibody (empty circles) to human endometrial carcinoma cells (Kleb cells).
  • Figure 4B shows the binding of HCC49 X H22 to U937 cells.
  • Figures 5A-B are graphic representations of the simultaneous binding of HCC49 X H22 to various cell lines as measured by bifunctional flow cytometry.
  • Figure 5 A shows the simultaneous binding of HCC49 X H22 (filled circles) or control anti-EGF X anti-Fc ⁇ RI (solid circles) to Kleb cells and soluble Fc ⁇ RI.
  • Figure 5B shows the simultaneous binding of HCC49 X H22 to soluble Fc ⁇ RI and Kleb cells (solid circles), Jurkat cells (empty circles) or CEM cells (filled inverted triangle).
  • Figures 6A-B are graphic representations showing induction of ADCC of various human carcinoma cell lines using IFN ⁇ -treated monocytes as effector cells.
  • Figure 6A shows a comparison of dose response curves demonstrating induction of ADCC of Kleb cells (filled circles) or LS174T cells (empty circles) with respect to the concentration of HCC49 X H22 ( ⁇ g/ml).
  • Figure 6B shows a comparison of dose response curves demonstrating induction of ADCC of Kleb cells (filled circles) or Jurkat cells (empty circles) with respect to the concentration of HCC49 X H22 ( ⁇ g/ml).
  • Figure 7 is a dose response curve showing induction of ADCC of TAG-72 overexpressing Kleb cells using IFN ⁇ and G-CSF pretreated PMNs as effector cells with respect to the concentration of HCC49 X H22 (filled circles) or CC49 monoclonal antibody (empty circles).
  • the present invention is based in part on the discovery that effector cells expressing Fc receptors can be successfully targeted via their Fc receptors to particular tumor antigen-bearing cells to promote death of the target cells. More particularly, as part of this invention, it was discovered that targeted cytotoxicity of cells bearing the tumor associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) could be achieved using bispecific and multispecific molecules comprising at least one binding specificity for an Fc receptor located on the surface of an effector cell and a second binding specificity for a TAG-72 antigen. By physically bringing together cytotoxic effector cells and TAG-72 bearing tumor cells using bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention, more efficient, targeted elimination of such undesirable tumor cells can be achieved.
  • TAG-72 tumor associated glycoprotein 72
  • the invention provides a bispecific or multispecific molecule comprising a first binding specificity for the cytotoxic trigger molecule, Fc ⁇ RI, and a second binding specificity for the tumor associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72), preferably human TAG-72.
  • Fc ⁇ RI cytotoxic trigger molecule
  • TAG-72 tumor associated glycoprotein 72
  • These bispecific and multispecific molecules are capable of binding both to Fc ⁇ RI -expressing effector cells (e.g., monocytes, macrophages or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)), and to target cells expressing TAG- 72, e.g., a carcinoma-derived tumor cell, or an endometrial cell.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules When binding in this manner, the bispecific and multispecific molecules trigger Fc receptor-mediated effector cell activities, such as antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis of a target cell, cytokine release, or generation of superoxide anion.
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity
  • phagocytosis of a target cell cytokine release, or generation of superoxide anion.
  • bispecific molecule is intended to include any agent, e.g., a protein, peptide, or protein or peptide complex, which has two different binding specificities which bind to, or interact with (a) a cell surface antigen and (b) an Fc receptor on the surface of an effector cell.
  • multispecific molecule or “heterospecific molecule” is intended to include any agent, e.g., a protein, peptide, or protein or peptide complex, which has more than two different binding specificities which bind to, or interact with (a) a cell surface antigen, (b) an Fc receptor on the surface of an effector cell, and (c) at least one other component.
  • the invention includes, but is not limited to, bispecific, trispecific, tetraspecific, and other multispecific molecules which are directed to cell surface antigens, such as TAG-72, and to Fc receptors on effector cells.
  • heteroantibodies refers to two or more antibodies, antibody binding fragments (e.g., Fab), derivatives therefrom, or antigen binding regions linked together, at least two of which have different specificities. These different specificities include a binding specificity for an Fc receptor on an effector cell, and a binding specificity for an antigen or epitope on a target cell.
  • Multispecific molecules of the invention can further include a third binding specificity, in addition to an anti-Fc binding specificity and an anti-target cell antigen binding specificity, such as TAG-72.
  • the third binding specificity is an anti-enhancement factor (EF) portion, e.g., a molecule which binds to a surface protein involved in cytotoxic activity and thereby increases the immune response against the target cell.
  • EF anti-enhancement factor
  • the "anti-enhancement factor portion” can be an antibody, functional antibody fragment or a ligand that binds to a given molecule, e.g., an antigen or a receptor, and thereby results in an enhancement of the effect of the binding determinants for the F c receptor or target cell antigen.
  • the "anti-enhancement factor portion” can bind an F c receptor or a target cell antigen.
  • the anti-enhancement factor portion can bind to an entity that is different from the entity to which the first and second binding specificities bind.
  • the anti-enhancement factor portion can bind a cytotoxic T-cell (e.g. via CD2, CD3, CD8, CD28, CD4, CD40, ICAM-1 or other immune cell that results in an increased immune response against the target cell).
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention comprise as a binding specificity at least one antibody, or an antibody fragment thereof, including, e.g., an Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, or a single chain Fv.
  • the antibody may also be a light chain or heavy chain dimer, or any minimal fragment thereof such as a Fv or a single chain construct as described in Ladner et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778, issued August 7, 1990, the contents of which is expressly incorporated by reference.
  • the terms "monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition” as used herein refer to a preparation of antibody molecules of single molecular composition.
  • a monoclonal antibody composition displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecule comprises a chimeric antibody or binding fragment thereof.
  • a “chimeric antibody” is intended to include an antibody in which the variable regions are from one species of animal and the constant regions are from another species of animal.
  • a chimeric antibody can be an antibody having variable regions which derive from a mouse monoclonal antibody and constant regions which are human.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecule comprises a humanized antibody or binding fragment thereof.
  • humanized antibody is intended to include antibodies in which the hypervariable regions, also termed, the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are from one species of animal and the framework regions and constant regions of the antibody are from a different species animal species. In a humanized antibody of the invention, the CDRs are from a mouse monoclonal antibody and the other regions of the antibody are human.
  • a human antibody is derived from known proteins NEWM and KOL for heavy chain variable regions (VHs) and REI for Ig kappa chain, variable regions (VKs).
  • the term antibody as used herein is intended to include chimeric and humanized antibodies, binding fragments of antibodies or modified versions of such.
  • fragment or binding fragment of an antibody or protein capable of binding to an antigen is intended to include a fragment of the antibody or protein which is sufficient for binding to the antigen. Binding of a binding fragment of an antibody to an antigen can be with the same affinity or a different affinity, e.g., lower or higher affinity, as binding of the whole antibody to the antigen.
  • binding fragments encompassed within the term antibody include: a Fab fragment consisting of the NL, Vf , Cj ⁇ and CJT] domains; an Fd fragment consisting of the VJJ and Cjji domains; an Fv fragment consisting of the VL and Vpj domains of a single arm of an antibody; a dAb fragment (Ward et al., 1989 Nature 341 :544-546 ) consisting of a VJJ domain; an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR); and an F(ab')2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab' fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region.
  • a binding fragment e.g., a binding fragment of an antibody or of a ligand
  • an active or functional binding fragment is intended to include binding fragments which are capable of triggering at least one activity or function triggered by the full length molecule.
  • an active binding fragment of monoclonal antibody M22 or H22 is a fragment of the antibody that is capable of binding to the Fc ⁇ R and triggering a receptor mediated effector cell activity, e.g., production of superoxide anion.
  • binding specificity is used interchangeably herein with the terms “antigen binding site”, “antigen binding region” and “binding determinant of an antibody”. These terms are intended to include the region of a molecule, e.g., an antibody, that are involved in the binding to an antigen.
  • the antigen binding site of an antibody comprises, but is not limited to, the amino acids of the antibody which contact the antigen.
  • the antigen binding region can be the variable region of an antibody.
  • the antigen binding region of an antibody can also be the hypervariable regions of an antibody.
  • the antigen binding region of an antibody can also be the amino acid residues in the hypervariable region of an antibody which contact the antigen and/or which provide proper tertiary structure of the antigen binding region.
  • Various methods are available for determining which amino acid residues of a variable region or hyper variable region of an antibody contact the antigen and/or are important in having a correctly folded antigen binding region. For example, mutagenesis analyses can be performed. In particular, it is possible to substitute one or more amino acids for other amino acids in a recombinantly produced antibody and to perform in vitro binding studies to determine the extent to which the binding affinity of the modified antibody for the antigen has changed compared to the non modified antibody. If binding has decreased due to substitution of an amino acid for another, the amino acid is most likely important in binding of the antibody to the antigen. Other methods for determining which amino acids of a variable region of an antibody are involved in binding of the antibody to an antigen are based on crystallographic analyses, e.g., X-ray crystallography.
  • an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen is intended to include an antibody which binds to the specific antigen with significantly higher affinity than binding to any other antigen, i.e., it is intended to define the specificity of an antibody as defined in the art.
  • an antibody recognizing an antigen and " an antibody specific for an antigen” are used interchangeably herein with the term “an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen”.
  • Preferred bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention comprise a binding specificity for an Fc ⁇ R present on the surface of an effector cell, most preferably Fc ⁇ RI, and a second binding specificity for a target cell antigen, e.g., a TAG-72 cell antigen.
  • the binding specificity for an Fc receptor is provided by a human monoclonal antibody, the binding of which is not blocked by human immunoglobulin G (IgG).
  • IgG receptor refers to any of the eight ⁇ -chain genes located on chromosome 1. These genes encode a total of twelve transmembrane or soluble receptor isoforms which are grouped into three Fc ⁇ receptor classes: Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), Fc ⁇ RII(CD32), and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD 16).
  • the Fc ⁇ receptor a human high affinity Fc ⁇ RI.
  • the human Fc ⁇ RI is a 72 kDa molecule, which shows high affinity for monomeric IgG (10 8 - lO'M 1 ).
  • the anti-Fc ⁇ receptor antibody is a humanized form of monoclonal antibody 22 (H22).
  • H22 monoclonal antibody 22
  • the production and characterization of the H22 antibody is described in Graziano, R.F. et al. (1995) J. Immunol 155 (10): 4996-5002 and PCT/US93/10384.
  • the H22 antibody producing cell line was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection on November 4, 1992 under the designation HA022CL1 and has the accession no. CRL 11177.
  • bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention further comprise a binding specificity which recognizes, e.g., binds to, a target cell antigen, e.g., a tumor associated antigen.
  • the tumor associated antigen is tumor associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72), most preferably human TAG-72.
  • TAG 72 has been identified on about 90% of colorectal cancers, 85% of breast tumors, and 95% of ovarian tumors (Johnson et al.(1986) Cancer Res. 46:850- 897; Bodmer, M. et al, European Patent Specification 0 348 442 Bl; Mezes, P. et al. International Application WO 93/12231).
  • TAG-72 refers to a sialylated glycoprotein which has been identified as a mucin characterized by: (a) a high molecular weight (>1 X 10 ⁇ ); (b) a density of approximately 1.45 gm/ml as determined by equilibrium centrifiigation in CsCl; and (c) a change in migration after neuraminidase digestion (PCT/US88/01941).
  • the binding specificity for TAG-72 can be provided by an anti-TAG-72 antibody, or a fragment thereof.
  • the anti-TAG-72 can be a first or a second generation monoclonal anti-TAG-72 antibody, or a fragment thereof.
  • a "first generation monoclonal antibody” refers to a monoclonal antibody produced using as immunogen a crude cell extract, for example, B72.3 (PCT/US88/01941).
  • a "second generation monoclonal antibody” refers to a monoclonal antibody produced using an antigen which has been affinity purified with a first generation monoclonal antibody.
  • Exemplary second generation anti-TAG-72 antibodies suitable for use in the invention include CCl 1, CC15, CC30, CC46, CC49, CC83 and CC92.
  • the anti-TAG-72 antibody is CC49, produced by a hybridoma deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) at accession number HB9459. Procedures for generating monoclonal and chimeric forms of CC49 are described in published PCT application WO 93/11161, published PCT application WO 90/04410, corresponding to granted EP Patent No. 365 997; published PCT application WO 93/12231; and published PCT application WO 89/01783.
  • a humanized form of CC49 is used, referred to as HCC49, or a fragment thereof (Slavin-Chiorini et al. (1995) Cancer Research suppl. 55:5957s-5967s).
  • effector cell refers to an immune cell which is involved in the effector phase of an immune response, as opposed to the cognitive and activation phases of an immune response.
  • Exemplary immune cells include a cell of a myeloid or lymphoid origin, e.g., lymphocytes (e.g., B cells and T cells including cytolytic T cells (CTLs)), killer cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, polymorphonuclear cells, granulocytes, mast cells, and basophils.
  • lymphocytes e.g., B cells and T cells including cytolytic T cells (CTLs)
  • CTLs cytolytic T cells
  • Effector cells express specific Fc receptors and carry out specific immune functions.
  • an effector cell is capable of inducing antibody- dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC), e.g., a neutrophil capable of inducing ADCC.
  • ADCC antibody- dependent cellular toxicity
  • an effector cell can phagocytose a target antigen, target cell, or microorganism.
  • the expression of a particular FcR on an effector cell can be regulated by humoral factors such as cytokines.
  • expression of Fc ⁇ RI has been found to be up-regulated by interferon gamma (IFN- ⁇ ). This enhanced expression increases the cytotoxic activity of Fc ⁇ RI-bearing cells against targets.
  • An effector cell can phagocytose a target antigen or a target cell.
  • An effector cell can also lyse a target cell.
  • effector cell specific antibody refers to an antibody or functional antibody fragment that binds the Fc receptor of effector cells.
  • Preferred antibodies for use in the subject invention bind the Fc receptor of effector cells at a site which is not bound by endogenous immunoglobulin.
  • TAG cell shall mean any undesirable cell in a subject (e.g., a human or animal) that can be targeted by a bispecific and multispecific molecule of the invention.
  • the target cell is a TAG-72-bearing cell.
  • Exemplary TAG- 72 -bearing cells include tumor cells, such as carcinoma or adenocarcinoma-derived cells (e.g., colon, breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancer cells) (Thor, A. et al.
  • the TAG-72-bearing cell can also be a normal endometrial cell.
  • carcinoma is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, ovarian carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas.
  • Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary.
  • carcinosarcomas e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues.
  • An "adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures.
  • the term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.
  • a monoclonal anti-Fc (e.g., anti-Fc ⁇ ) receptor antibody of this invention can be produced by a variety of techniques, including conventional monoclonal antibody methodology e.g., the standard somatic cell hybridization technique of Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256: 495 (1975). Although somatic cell hybridization procedures are preferred, in principle, other techniques for producing monoclonal antibody can be employed e.g., viral or oncogenic transformation of B lymphocytes.
  • hybridomas The preferred animal system for preparing hybridomas is the murine system.
  • Hybridoma production in the mouse is a very well-established procedure. Immunization protocols and techniques for isolation of immunized splenocytes for fusion are known in the art. Fusion partners (e.g., murine myeloma cells) and fusion procedures are also known.
  • Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against human proteins can be generated using transgenic mice carrying the complete human immune system rather than the mouse system. Splenocytes from these transgenic mice immunized with the antigen of interest are used to produce hybridomas that secrete human mAbs with specific affinities for epitopes from a human protein (see, e.g., Wood et al. International Application WO 91/00906, Kucherlapati et al. PCT publication WO 91/10741; Lonberg et al. International Application WO 92/03918; Kay et al. International Application 92/03917; Lonberg, N. et al. 1994 Nature 368:856-859; Green, L.L.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can also be generated by other methods known to those skilled in the art of recombinant DNA technology.
  • An alternative method referred to as the "combinatorial antibody display” method, has been developed to identify and isolate antibody fragments having a particular antigen specificity, and can be utilized to produce monoclonal antibodies (for descriptions of combinatorial antibody display see e.g., Sastry et al. 1989 PNAS 86:5728; Huse et al. 1989 Science 246:1275; and Orlandi et al. 1989 PNAS 86:3833). After immunizing an animal with an immunogen as described above, the antibody repertoire of the resulting B-cell pool is cloned.
  • Methods are generally known for obtaining the DNA sequence of the variable regions of a diverse population of immunoglobulin molecules by using a mixture of oligomer primers and PCR.
  • mixed oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the 5' leader (signal peptide) sequences and/or framework 1 (FR1) sequences, as well as primer to a conserved 3' constant region primer can be used for PCR amplification of the heavy and light chain variable regions from a number of murine antibodies (Larrick et al.,1991, Biotechniques 11 :152- 156).
  • a similar strategy can also been used to amplify human heavy and light chain variable regions from human antibodies (Larrick et al., 1991, Methods: Companion to Methods in Enzymology 2:106-110).
  • RNA is isolated from B lymphocytes, for example, peripheral blood cells, bone marrow, or spleen preparations, using standard protocols (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,683,202; Orlandi, et al. PNAS (1989) 86:3833-3837; Sastry et al., PNAS (1989) 86:5728-5732; and Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275- 1281.) First-strand cDNA is synthesized using primers specific for the constant region of the heavy chain(s) and each of the K and ⁇ light chains, as well as primers for the signal sequence.
  • variable region PCR primers the variable regions of both heavy and light chains are amplified, each alone or in combinantion, and ligated into appropriate vectors for further manipulation in generating the display packages.
  • Oligonucleotide primers useful in amplification protocols may be unique or degenerate or incorporate inosine at degenerate positions. Restriction endonuclease recognition sequences may also be incorporated into the primers to allow for the cloning of the amplified fragment into a vector in a predetermined reading frame for expression.
  • the V-gene library cloned from the immunization-derived antibody repertoire can be expressed by a population of display packages, preferably derived from filamentous phage, to form an antibody display library.
  • the display package comprises a system that allows the sampling of very large variegated antibody display libraries, rapid sorting after each affinity separation round, and easy isolation of the antibody gene from purified display packages.
  • kits for generating phage display libraries e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, catalog no. 27-9400-01 ; and the Stratagene Swr/ 4 TM phage display kit, catalog no.
  • examples of methods and reagents particularly amenable for use in generating a variegated antibody display library can be found in, for example, Ladner et al. U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409; Kang et al. International Publication No. WO 92/18619; Dower et al. International Publication No. WO 91/17271; Winter et al. International Publication WO 92/20791; Markland et al. International Publication No. WO 92/15679; Breitling et al. International Publication WO 93/01288; McCafferty et al. International Publication No. WO 92/01047; Garrard et al.
  • the V region domains of heavy and light chains can be expressed on the same polypeptide, joined by a flexible linker to form a single-chain Fv fragment, and the scFV gene subsequently cloned into the desired expression vector or phage genome.
  • a flexible linker As generally described in McCafferty et al., Nature (1990) 348:552- 554, complete V j and VL domains of an antibody, joined by a flexible (Gly4-Ser)3 linker can be used to produce a single chain antibody which can render the display package separable based on antigen affinity. Isolated scFV antibodies immunoreactive with the antigen can subsequently be formulated into a pharmaceutical preparation for use in the subject method.
  • the antibody library is screened with the Fc ⁇ R, or peptide fragment thereof, to identify and isolate packages that express an antibody having specificity for the Fc ⁇ R.
  • Nucleic acid encoding the selected antibody can be recovered from the display package (e.g., from the phage genome) and subcloned into other expression vectors by standard recombinant DNA techniques.
  • bispecific and multispecific molecules with high affinities for a surface protein can be made according to methods known to those in the art, e.g, methods involving screening of libraries (Ladner, R.C., et al, U.S. Patent 5,233,409; Ladner, R.C., et al, U.S. Patent 5,403,484). Further, the methods of these libraries can be used in screens to obtain binding determinants that are mimetics of the structural determinants of antibodies.
  • the Fv binding surface of a particular antibody molecule interacts with its target ligand according to principles of protein-protein interactions, hence sequence data for Vj ⁇ and VL (the latter of which may be of the K or ⁇ chain type) is the basis for protein engineering techniques known to those with skill in the art.
  • sequence data for Vj ⁇ and VL is the basis for protein engineering techniques known to those with skill in the art.
  • Details of the protein surface that comprises the binding determinants can be obtained from antibody sequence information, by a modeling procedure using previously determined three-dimensional structures from other antibodies obtained from NMR studies or crytallographic data. See for example Bajorath, J. and S. Sheriff, 1996, Proteins: Struct., Fund, and Genet. 24 (2), 152-157; Webster, D.M. and A. R. Rees, 1995, "Molecular modeling of antibody-combining sites,"in S.
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention include those comprising an antigen binding site that is derived from an antibody and which is grafted onto a molecule which is not an antibody.
  • an antigen binding region can be grafted onto a peptide or protein.
  • one portion of the antigen binding region e.g., the portion similar to the antigen binding region from the light chain of an antibody, is grafted onto one protein or peptide and the other portion of the antigen binding region, e.g., the portion similar to the antigen binding region from the heavy chain of an antibody, is grafted onto another protein or peptide.
  • the two proteins or peptides having each a portion of the antigen binding region are linked, e.g., by chemical linkage, recombinantly, or by non covalent interaction, such as to produce a protein having an antigen binding site specific for an Fc ⁇ R for human IgG, which triggers at least one Fc receptor-mediated effector cell function.
  • An antigen binding region can also be obtained by screening various types of combinatorial libraries with a desired binding activity, and to identify the active species, by methods that have been described. For example, phage display techniques (Marks et al. (1992) JBiol Chem 267:16007-16010) can be used to identify proteins binding Fc ⁇ Rs. Phage display libraries have been described above.
  • a variegated peptide library is expressed by a population of display packages to form a peptide display library.
  • the display package comprises a system that allows the sampling of very large variegated peptide display libraries, rapid sorting after each affinity separation round, and easy isolation of the peptide-encoding gene from purified display packages.
  • Peptide display libraries can be in, e.g., prokaryotic organisms and viruses, which can be amplified quickly, are relatively easy to manipulate, and which allows the creation of large number of clones.
  • Preferred display packages include, for example, vegetative bacterial cells, bacterial spores, and most preferably, bacterial viruses (especially DNA viruses).
  • the present invention also contemplates the use of eukaryotic cells, including yeast and their spores, as potential display packages. Phage display libraries are described above. Other techniques include affinity chromatography with an appropriate
  • receptor e.g., Fc ⁇ R
  • Fc ⁇ R Fc ⁇ R
  • the soluble receptor is conjugated to a label (e.g., fluorophores, colorimetric enzymes, radioisotopes, or luminescent compounds) that can be detected to indicate ligand binding.
  • a label e.g., fluorophores, colorimetric enzymes, radioisotopes, or luminescent compounds
  • immobilized compounds can be selectively released and allowed to diffuse through a membrane to interact with a receptor.
  • Combinatorial libraries of compounds can also be synthesized with "tags" to encode the identity of each member of the library (see, e.g., W.C. Still et al, International Application WO 94/08051).
  • this method features the use of inert but readily detectable tags, that are attached to the solid support or to the compounds. When an active compound is detected, the identity of the compound is determined by identification of the unique accompanying tag.
  • This tagging method permits the synthesis of large libraries of compounds which can be identified at very low levels among to total set of all compounds in the library.
  • Chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques known in the art. For example, a gene encoding the Fc constant region of a murine (or other species) monoclonal antibody molecule is digested with restriction enzymes to remove the region encoding the murine Fc, and the equivalent portion of a gene encoding a human Fc constant region is substituted, (see Robinson et al., International Patent Publication PCT/US86/02269; Akira, et al., European Patent Application 184,187; Taniguchi, M., European Patent
  • the chimeric antibody can be further humanized by replacing sequences of the Fv variable region which are not directly involved in antigen binding with equivalent sequences from human Fv variable regions.
  • General reviews of humanized chimeric antibodies are provided by Morrison, S. L., 1985, Science 229:1202-1207 and by Oi et al., 1986, BioTechniques 4:214. Those methods include isolating, manipulating, and expressing the nucleic acid sequences that encode all or part of immunoglobulin Fv variable regions from at least one of a heavy or light chain. Sources of such nucleic acid are well known to those skilled in the art and, for example, may be obtained from 7E3, an anti-GPII ⁇ III a antibody producing hybridoma.
  • Suitable humanized antibodies can alternatively be produced by CDR substitution U.S. Patent 5,225,539; Jones et al. 1986 Nature 321 :552-525; Nerhoeyan et al. 1988 Science 239:1534; and Beidler et al. 1988 J. Immunol. 141 :4053- 4060.
  • All of the CDRs of a particular human antibody may be replaced with at least a portion of a non-human CDR or only some of the CDRs may be replaced with non- human CDRs. It is only necessary to replace the number of CDRs required for binding of the humanized antibody to the Fc receptor.
  • An antibody can be humanized by any method, which is capable of replacing at least a portion of a CDR of a human antibody with a CDR derived from a non-human antibody. Winter describes a method which may be used to prepare the humanized antibodies of the present invention (UK Patent Application GB 2188638A, filed on March 26, 1987), the contents of which is expressly incorporated by reference.
  • the human CDRs may be replaced with non-human CDRs using oligonucleotide site- directed mutagenesis as described in International Application WO 94/10332 entitled, Humanized Antibodies to Fc Receptors for Immunoglobulin G on Human Mononuclear Phagocytes.
  • chimeric and humanized antibodies in which specific amino acids have been substituted, deleted or added.
  • preferred humanized antibodies have amino acid substitutions in the framework region, such as to improve binding to the antigen.
  • amino acids located in the human framework region can be replaced with the amino acids located at the corresponding positions in the mouse antibody. Such substitutions are known to improve binding of humanized antibodies to the antigen in some instances.
  • Antibodies in which amino acids have been added, deleted, or subsituted are referred to herein as modified antibodies or altered antibodies.
  • modified antibody is also intended to include antibodies, such as monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, and humanized antibodies which have been modified by, e.g., deleting, adding, or substituting portions of the antibody.
  • an antibody can be modified by deleting the constant region and replacing it with a constant region meant to increase half-life, e.g., serum half-life, stability or affinity of the antibody. Any modification is within the scope of the invention so long as the bispecific and multispecific molecule has at least one antigen binding region specific for an Fc ⁇ R and triggers at least one effector function.
  • the bispecific and multispecific molecules of the present invention can be made using chemical techniques (see e.g., D. M. Kranz et al. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:5807), "polydoma” techniques (See U.S. Patent 4,474,893, to Reading), or recombinant DNA techniques.
  • bispecific and multispecific molecules of the present invention can be prepared by conjugating the constituent binding specificities, e.g., the anti-FcR and anti-target binding specificities, using methods known in the art and described in the examples provided herein.
  • each binding specificity of the bispecific and multispecific molecule can be generated separately and then conjugated to one another.
  • the binding specificities are proteins or peptides
  • a variety of coupling or cross- linking agents can be used for covalent conjugation.
  • cross-linking agents examples include protein A, carbodiimide, N-succinimidyl-S-acetyl-thioacetate (SATA), N- succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), and sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl) cyclohaxane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) (see e.g., Karpovsky et al. (1984) J. Exp. Med. 160:1686; Liu, MA et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8648). Other methods include those described by Paulus (Behring Ins.
  • Preferred conjugating agents are SATA and sulfo- SMCC, both available from Pierce Chemical Co. (Rockford, IL).
  • the binding specificities are antibodies (e.g., two humanized antibodies), they can be conjugated via sulfhydryl bonding of the C-terminus hinge regions of the two heavy chains.
  • the hinge region is modified to contain an odd number of sulfhydryl residues, preferably one, prior to conjugation.
  • both binding specificities can be encoded in the same vector and expressed and assembled in the same host cell. This method is particularly useful where the bispecific and multispecific molecule is a mAb x mAb, mAb x Fab, Fab x F(ab')2 or ligand x Fab fusion protein.
  • a bispecific and multispecific molecule of the invention can be a single chain molecule, such as a single chain bispecific antibody, a single chain bispecific molecule comprising one single chain antibody and a binding determinant, or a single chain bispecific molecule comprising two binding determinants.
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules can also be single chain molecules or may comprise at least two single chain molecules. Methods for preparing bi- and multspecific molecules are described for example in U.S. Patent Number 5,260,203; U.S. Patent Number 5,455,030; U.S. Patent Number 4,881,175; U.S. Patent Number 5,132,405; U.S. Patent Number 5,091,513; U.S. Patent Number 5,476,786; U.S. Patent Number 5,013,653; U.S. Patent Number 5,258,498; and U.S. Patent Number 5,482,858.
  • Binding of the bispecific and multispecific molecules to their specific targets can be confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a radioimmunoassay (RIA), or a Western Blot Assay.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • Western Blot Assay Each of these assays generally detects the presence of protein-antibody complexes of particular interest by employing a labeled reagent (e.g., an antibody) specific for the complex of interest.
  • a labeled reagent e.g., an antibody
  • the FcR-antibody complexes can be detected using e.g., an enzyme-linked antibody or antibody fragment which recognizes and specifically binds to the antibody-FcR complexes.
  • the complexes can be detected using any of a variety of other immunoassays.
  • the antibody can be radioactively labeled and used in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub, B., Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, March, 1986, which is incorporated by reference herein).
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • the radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a ⁇ counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
  • compositions which comprise a bispecific or multispecific molecule of the invention (e.g., which contains at least one binding specificity for an Fc receptor and at least one binding specificity for a tumor associated antigen), formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered by combination therapy, i.e., combined with other agents.
  • the combination therapy can include a composition of the present invention with at least one anti-cancer agent, one vaccine, or other conventional therapy.
  • anti-cancer agents include cis-platin, adriamycin, and taxol.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
  • the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion).
  • the active compound i.e., bispecific and multispecific molecule, may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g., Berge, S.M., et al. (1977) J Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
  • Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl- substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like.
  • Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N- methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
  • a composition of the present invention can be administered by a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results.
  • the active compounds can be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.
  • the compound may be necessary to coat the compound with, or co-administer the compound with, a material to prevent its inactivation.
  • the compound may be administered to a subject in an appropriate carrier, for example, liposomes, or a diluent.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline and aqueous buffer solutions.
  • Liposomes include water-in-oil-in-water CGF emulsions as well as conventional liposomes (Strejan et al, (1984) J. Neuroimmunol. 7:27).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
  • the composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze- drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
  • antioxidants examples include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
  • oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), le
  • formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods known in the art of pharmacy.
  • the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated, and the particular mode of administration.
  • the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the composition which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred per cent, this amount will range from about 0.01 per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 0.1 per cent to about 70 per cent, most preferably from about 1 per cent to about 30 per cent.
  • Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of compositions of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
  • the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion.
  • aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
  • vegetable oils such as olive oil
  • injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given alone or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.01 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.1 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compounds of the present invention which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
  • a suitable daily dose of a compositions of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect.
  • Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. It is preferred that administration be intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous, preferably administered proximal to the site of the target.
  • the effective daily dose of a therapeutic compositions may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
  • compositions can be administered with medical devices known in the art.
  • a therapeutic composition of the invention can be administered with a needleless hypodermic injection device, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163, 5,383,851, 5,312,335, 5,064,413, 4,941,880, 4,790,824, or 4,596,556.
  • a needleless hypodermic injection device such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163, 5,383,851, 5,312,335, 5,064,413, 4,941,880, 4,790,824, or 4,596,556.
  • Examples of well-known implants and modules useful in the present invention include: U.S. Patent No. 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; U.S. Patent No. 4.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,447,233 which discloses a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,447,224 which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuous drug delivery
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,439,196 which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,475,196 which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system.
  • the compounds of the invention can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo.
  • the blood-brain barrier excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds.
  • the therapeutic compounds of the invention cross the BBB (if desired)
  • they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes.
  • liposomes For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Patents 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331.
  • the liposomes may comprise one or more moieties which are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., N.N. Ranade (1989) J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685).
  • Exemplary targeting moieties include folate or biotin (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,416,016 to Low et al.); mannosides (Umezawa et al, (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038); antibodies (P.G. Bloeman et al. (1995) FEBSLett. 357:140; M. Owais et al. (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:180); surfactant protein A receptor (Briscoe et al (1995) Am. J.
  • Physiol 1233:134 different species of which may comprise the formulations of the inventions, as well as components of the invented molecules; pl20 (Schreier et al. (1994) J. Biol Chem. 269:9090); see also K. Keinanen; MX. Laukkanen (1994) FEBSLett. 346:123; J.J.
  • the therapeutic compounds of the invention are formulated in liposomes; in a more preferred embodiment, the liposomes include a targeting moiety.
  • the therapeutic compounds in the liposomes are delivered by bolus injection to a site proximal to the tumor or infection.
  • the composition must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • a "therapeutically effective dosage” preferably inhibits tumor growth by at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80% relative to untreated subjects.
  • the ability of a compound to inhibit cancer can be evaluated in an animal model system predictive of efficacy in human tumors. Alternatively, this property of a composition can be evaluated by examining the ability of the compound to inhibit, such inhibition in vitro by assays known to the skilled practitioner.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound can decrease tumor size, or otherwise ameliorate symptoms in a subject. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine such amounts based on such factors as the subject's size, the severity of the subject's symptoms, and the particular composition or route of administration selected.
  • the composition must be sterile and fluid to the extent that the composition is deliverable by syringe.
  • the carrier can be an isotonic buffered saline solution, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by use of coating such as lecithin, by maintenance of required particle size in the case of dispersion and by use of surfactants.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol or sorbitol, and sodium chloride in the composition. Long-term absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate or gelatin.
  • the compound When the active compound is suitably protected, as described above, the compound may be orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier.
  • the multispecific and bispecific molecules of the present invention have in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic utilities.
  • these molecules can be administered to cells in culture, e.g. in vitro or ex vivo, or in a subject, e.g., in vivo, to treat or diagnose a variety of disorders.
  • the term "subject" is intended to include human and non-human animals.
  • Preferred human animals include a human patient having a disorder characterized by abnormal functioning of a target cell, e.g., a TAG-72-expressing cell.
  • non-human animals" of the invention includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
  • Multispecific or bispecific molecules of the invention can be initially tested for binding activity associated with therapeutic or diagnostic use in vitro.
  • the activity of these molecules in triggering at least one Fc receptor-mediated effector cell activity such as antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis of a target cell, e.g., a TAG-72-expressing cell, cytokine release, or generation of superoxide anion can be assayed.
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity
  • phagocytosis of a target cell e.g., a TAG-72-expressing cell
  • cytokine release e.g., cytokine release
  • generation of superoxide anion can be assayed.
  • Protocols for assaying in vitro activity of multispecific or bispecific molecules in inducing superoxide induction are described in Graziano et al. (1995) J. Immunol 155: 4996-5002.
  • Protocols for assaying induction of ADCC in vitro are described in the Example below and in Graziano et al. (1995) J. Immunol. 155: 4996-5002 and in Keler, T. et al. (1997) Cancer Research 57:4008-14). Protocols for detecting changes in cytokine concentration can be detected via a variety of immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA) which are known in the art (see e.g., Keler, T. et al. (1997) supra).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunoassay
  • EIA enzyme immunoassay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • Exemplary cytokines that can be assayed include: granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukins 1 -12 (IL-1 to IL-12), and TNF- ⁇ .
  • GM-CSF granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony- stimulating factor
  • M-CSF macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • IL-1 to IL-12 interleukins 1 -12
  • TNF- ⁇ TNF- ⁇ .
  • Preferred bi- or multispecific molecules of the invention stimulate phagocytosis of target cells by effector cells when the molecules links the target cell to the effector cell.
  • Phagocytosis assays can be performed as follows. Packed target cells can be mixed for 16 hours at 10° C with 20 ⁇ l of the F(ab')2 -I
  • Heteroantibody-coated OE are washed, adjusted to 4 x 10 ⁇ cells/ml, and are mixed with an equal volume of myeloid cells at 2 x 10 ⁇ cells/ml. This mixture is incubated for 10 min at 37° C, and the cells are pelleted and incubated for a further 20 min, after which time noningested OE are lysed at 4° C with buffered ammonium chloride. Phagocytosis can be assessed by microscopic examination of Wright's Giemsa (Sigma) stained cytospin preparations. At least 200 cells are counted in duplicate slides. Phagocytosis can be quantified as the percentage of cells containing one or more ingested erythrocyte(s).
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention have additional utility in therapy and diagnosis.
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecules can be used as a targeting agent e.g., to target cells expressing an Fc ⁇ receptor to a TAG-72- expressing cell.
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecules can be used to target lipid vesicles containing drugs, e.g., anticancer drugs, for treatment of certain diseases, e.g., cancers (e.g. carcinoma or adenocarcinoma-derived) or endometriosis, or to target lipid vesicles containing factors (such as gamma-IFN) to, for example, activate effector cells.
  • the multi- or bispecific molecules can be used directly in vivo to eliminate TAG-72-expressing cells via natural complement or ADCC mechanisms.
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention can be used in the treatment of sarcomas, carcinomas and/or leukemias.
  • Exemplary disorders for which the subject method may be used as part of a treatment regimen include: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinom
  • bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention are known in the art. Suitable dosages of the molecules used will depend on the age and weight of the subject and the particular drug used.
  • the molecules can be coupled to radionuclides, such as 1311, 90 Y, 105Rh, etc., as described in Goldenberg, D.M. et al. (1981) Cancer Res. 41 : 4354-4360, and in EP 0365 997.
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention can also be coupled to anticancer drugs, including one or more agents selected from the group consisting of mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, nucleic acid intercalating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, toxins, agents which promote apoptosis, and agents which increase immune responses to tumors.
  • anticancer drugs including one or more agents selected from the group consisting of mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, nucleic acid intercalating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, toxins, agents which promote apoptosis, and agents which increase immune responses to tumors.
  • Targeted effector cells e.g., effector cells linked to bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention can also be used as therapeutic agents.
  • Effector cells for targeting can be human leukocytes such as macrophages, neutrophils or monocytes. Other cells include and other IgG-receptor bearing cells. If desired, effector cells can be obtained from the subject to be treated.
  • the targeted effector cells can be administered as a suspension of cells in a physiologically acceptable solution.
  • the number of cells administered can be in the order of 10 ⁇ -10 ⁇ but will vary depending on the therapeutic purpose. In general, the amount will be sufficient to obtain localization at the target cell and to effect target cell killing by antibody dependent-mediated cytolysis (ADCC). Routes of administration can also vary.
  • ADCC antibody dependent-mediated cytolysis
  • Routes of administration can also vary.
  • the targeted effector cells could be administered intravenously, or directly into tumor sites; as for example, directly into the peritoneal cavity in the case of ovarian carcinoma.
  • Anti-tumor therapy using bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention and/or effector cells armed with bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention can be used in conjunction with surgery, chemotherapy or radio-therapy.
  • combination immunotherapy may be used to direct two distinct cytotoxic effector populations toward tumor cell rejection.
  • anti-tumor antibodies linked to anti-Fc-gammaRI or anti-T3 (will trigger cytolytic T lymphocytes to lyse tumor cells) may be used in conjunction with IgG-receptor specific binding agents, e.g., heteroantibodies. Protocols based on these concepts may be especially effective in removing residual tumor cells in patients induced into remission by chemotherapy and irradiation.
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention can also be used to modulate Fc ⁇ R levels on effector cells, such as by capping and elimination of receptors on the cell surface. Mixtures of anti-Fc receptors can also be used for this purpose.
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention which have complement binding sites, such as portions from IgGl, -2, or -3 or IgM which bind complement can also be used in the presence of complement.
  • ex vivo treatment of a population of cells comprising target cells with a binding agent of the invention and appropriate effector cells can be supplemented by the addition of complement or serum containing complement.
  • Phagocytosis of target cells coated with a binding agent of the invention can be improved by binding of complement proteins.
  • target cells coated with the multi-or bispecific molecules of the invention can also be lysed by complement.
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention used in vitro or in vivo can also be administered together with complement.
  • compositions comprising multi- or bispecific molecules and serum or complement. These compositions are advantageous in that the complement is located in close proximity to the bispecific or multispecific molecule.
  • the bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention and the complement or semm can be administered separately.
  • kits comprising bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention and instructions for use.
  • the kit can further contain a least one additional reagent, such as complement, or one or more additional bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention.
  • the invention provides methods for treating in vivo human carcinomas or endometriosis.
  • a combination of bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention can be used for this purpose, e.g., a combination of a first binding agent having at least one antigen binding region specific for an Fc ⁇ R and at least one antigen binding region to TAG-72, and a second binding agent having an antigen binding region to a different epitope of TAG-72 and/or Fc ⁇ R.
  • a second bispecific or multispecific molecules of the invention can be used in conjunction with the first.
  • this second bispecific or multispecific molecule can have at least one antigen binding region specific for an IgA receptor, e.g., Fc receptor, IgE receptor, e.g., Fc ⁇ receptor, an Fc ⁇ receptor and/or an Fc ⁇ receptor. Determination of therapeutically affective amounts and dose regimen of the multi- or bispecific molecule can be performed by the skilled artisan using the assays described in the art.
  • the subject can be additionally treated with an agent that modulates, e.g., enhances or inhibits, the expression or activity of Fc ⁇ receptors, by for example, treating the subject with a cytokine.
  • cytokines for administration during treatment with the multispecific molecule include of granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF), interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony- stimulating factor
  • GM- CSF granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • IFN- ⁇ interferon- ⁇
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • Bispecific and multispecific molecules of the invention can also be used to target cells expressing Fc ⁇ R or TAG-72, for example for labeling such cells.
  • the binding agent can be linked to a molecule that can be detected.
  • the invention provides methods for localizing ex vivo or in vitro cells expressing Fc ⁇ R or TAG-72.
  • the detectable label can be, e.g., a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor.
  • the invention provides methods for diagnosing in vitro and in vivo human carcinomas, comprising (i) obtaining a body sample, such as a body fluid, tissue or biopsy from a patient; (ii) contacting the body sample with a multi- or bispecific molecule of the invention or a fragment thereof; (iii) determining the level of binding of said multi- or bispecific molecule to the body sample; (iv) comparing the amount of molecule bound to the body sample to a control sample or to a predetermined base level, so that a binding greater than the contro level is indicative of the presence of human carcinoma.
  • the invention provides a method for detecting the presence of a TAG-72-expressing cell in vivo, e.g., a human carcinoma.
  • the method comprises (i) administering to a subject a multi- or bispecific molecule of the invention or a fragment thereof, conjugated to a detectable marker; (ii) exposing the subject to a means for detecting said detectable marker to identify areas corresponding to a human carcinoma.
  • Protocols for in vivo diagnostic assays are provided in PCT/US88/01941, EP 0 365 997 and US 4,954,617.
  • F(ab')2 fragments were prepared according to modified techniques of Brennen and co workers (Brennen et al. (1985) Biotechniques 4(5)). In brief, F(ab')2 fragments of mAbs CC49 and H22 were made by pepsin digestion (Lamoyi, E. (1986) Methods Enzymol. 121 : 652-63; Lamoyi and Nisonoff, (1983) J. Immunol. Methods
  • the F(ab')2 fragments were then reduced with 0.5 mM DTT for 30 min. at 30°C.
  • the reduced fragments were then treated with 5,5'-dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) for 30 minutes at room temperature.
  • DTNB 5,5'-dithionitrobenzoic acid
  • the H22 Fab'-TNB derivative was purified by G25 gel filtration.
  • MAb CC49 F(ab')2 fragments were reduced with 15 mM Mercaptoethylamine (MEA) for 30 min at 30°C and purified by G25 gel filtration.
  • Equimolar amounts of H22 Fab'-TNB and CC49 Fab'-SH were mixed and incubated overnight at 4°C.
  • the bispecific conjugate was purified from the uncoupled Fab' fragments by gel filtration chromatography (Superdex 200, Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ).
  • Kleb or U937 cell lines were washed with PBS containing 0.1% BSA (PBA), and added to 96-well plates at 3xlONwell. The plate was put on ice, and CC49 xFc ⁇ RI diluted in PBA was added to wells in an equal volume. Where appropriate, an irrelevant antibody of similar species and isotype was used to determine non-specific binding. Binding was allowed for 90 minutes at 4°C, followed by 3 washes with PBA. Phycoerytherin (PE) conjugated antihuman-IgC (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA) was added at 1 :50 in 50ml, and incubated at 4°C for 60 minutes.
  • PE Phycoerytherin conjugated antihuman-IgC
  • Kleb, Jurkat, or CEM cells were washed with PBS containing 0.1% BSA (PBA) and added to 96 well plates at 3xl ⁇ 5/well. The plate was put on ice, and CC49 xH22diluted in PBA was added to wells in an equal volume. Binding was performed on at 4°C for 90 min., followed by 3 washes with PBA. Cells bound with bispecific antibody were incubated with soluble Fc ⁇ RI and human IgM Fc region (Brian Seed). The bound sFc ⁇ RI-m was then incubated with anti human IgM PE at 4° for 60 minutes. The cells were washed 3 times with PBA and re-suspended in 400 ul of 1% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Samples were analyzed on Becton Dickinson FACScan.
  • Monocytes were purified from normal adult source leukocytes (Advanced Biotechnologies, Inc., Columbia, MD) by Ficoll Hypaque (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) density gradient, followed by cold aggregation. Monocytes were cultured for 24-48 hr. in teflon jars with M-SFM (macrophage-serum free medium M-SFM, Gibco, Grand Island, NY). 1000 U/ml IFN ⁇ was added to up-regulate Fc ⁇ RI expression.
  • M-SFM macrophage-serum free medium M-SFM
  • PMNs were purified from heparinized whole blood by lysis of red blood cells with 1.7M NH4C1, 0.1 M KHCO3, ImM EDTA, after separation from mononuclear cells by Ficoll Hypaque density gradient centrifiigation. PMNs were induced to express Fc ⁇ RI with 50 ng/ml G- CSF (kindly provided by Roland Repp, Er Weg, Germany) and 1000 U/ml IFN ⁇ . On the day of the assay, monocytes or PMNs were washed and adjusted to 10 ⁇ /ml or 2xl ⁇ 7/ml respectively.
  • Target cells Kleb, LS174T, Jurkat or CEM cells
  • 100 mCi of 51 Cr for 1 hour washed three times to remove excess 5 Cr and adjusted to a concentration of lO ⁇ /ml.
  • Dilutions of antibodies HCC49xH22, HCC49Mab, H22F(ab')2 were prepared in media and added with effector cells and targets cells to individual wells of microtiter plates in a volume of 50 ul each. Incubation times for ADCC ranged from 14 to 18 hours, then aliquots of supernatant were analyzed for radioactivity in a gamma counter.
  • HCC49xH22 humanized anti-TAG-72 antibody CC49
  • HCC49xH22 humanized anti-TAG-72 antibody CC49
  • Figure 2 shows an SDS PAGE analysis of HCC49xH22 demonstrating the relative purity with the expected molecular weight for F(ab')2 bispecific antibody.
  • lanes 1-4 show samples analyzed in reducing conditions
  • lanes 6-9 show samples analyzed in non- reducing conditions.
  • Lanes 1 and 9 show the low molecular weight and high molecular weight standards, respectively; lanes 2 and 6 show a sample containing 5 ⁇ g of HCC49 X H22; lanes 3 and 7 show a sample containing 5 ⁇ g of H22 F(ab')2; and, lanes 4 and 8 show a sample containing 5 ⁇ g of CC49 F(ab')2-
  • HCC49 X H22 bound specifically to Fc ⁇ RI-expressing cells and to TAG-72 - expressing cells as determined by flow cytometric analysis.
  • Figures 3A-C show schematic representations comparing the binding of HCC49 X H22 to various human carcinoma cell lines.
  • Figures 3A-C show the binding of HCC49 X H22 (c), H22 F(ab')2 (b) and control to human endometrial carcinoma cells (Kleb cells; Fig. 3A); acute human T cell leukemia cells (Jurkat cells; Fig. 3B) and human colon carcinoma (LS174T; Fig. 3C).
  • Figures 4A-B show the saturable binding curves of HCC49 X H22 conjugates to Kleb cells (4A) and U-937 cells.
  • 3x10 ⁇ Kleb cells or U- 937 cells per well in a 96 well plate were stained with HCC49xH22 for 90 minutes at 4° C and detected with mouse anti-humanlgG-PE.
  • anti-humanlgG-PE directed to the nonbinding arm of HCC49 X H22 was used for detection.
  • Figure 4A demonstrates that HCC49xH22 binds with high affinity to human carcinoma cell lines known to overexpress TAG-72, namely Kleb cells, for example, LS174T cells and Jurkat cells.
  • HCC49xH22 bound to Kleb cells at concentrations as low as 0.1 ug/ml.
  • Figure 4A further provides a comparison of the binding of HCC49 X H22 (filled circles) and CC49 monoclonal antibody (empty circles) to Kleb cells, which indicates that the bispecific conjugate retains similar affinities to TAG-72 as the CC49 monoclonal antibody.
  • Figure 4B demonstrates binding of HCC49xH22 to the Fc ⁇ RI-expressing U937 cells, which indicates that the H22 portion is capable of engaging Fc ⁇ RI.
  • HCC49xH22 was further demonstrated by the simultaneous binding of the bispecific antibody to soluble Fc ⁇ RI and TAG-72 - expressing cells, Kleb or Jurkat cells.
  • Figures 5A-B show the simultaneous binding of HCC49 x H22 (filled circles) or control anti-EGF x anti-Fc ⁇ RI (solid circles) to Kleb cells and soluble Fc ⁇ RI. Saturable binding to the carcinoma or the leukemia cells was detected using with HCC49 X H22, but not with the control anti-EGF x anti-Fc ⁇ RI bispecific antibody.
  • FIG. 5 A 3x10 ⁇ Kleb cells/well were stained with HCC49xH22 or anti-EGFr x Fc ⁇ RI followed by soluble Fc ⁇ RI and detected with anti-humanlg MPE.
  • Figure 5B shows the simultaneous binding of HCC49 x H22 to soluble Fc ⁇ RI and Kleb cells (solid circles), Jurkat cells (empty circles) or CEM cells (filled inverted triangle).
  • 3x10 ⁇ Kleb, Jurkat or CEM cells/well were stained with CC49xFc ⁇ Rl or anti-EGFr x Fc ⁇ RI followed by soluble Fc ⁇ RI and detected with antihumanlgMPE. Saturable binding was detected using HCC49 x H22 in Kleb and Jurkat, but not with the anti- TAG-72-negative CEM cell line. Thus, the detected binding activity of HCC49xH22 seems to result from bispecific antibody binding.
  • the cytotoxic activity of the bispecific antibody was examined using Fc ⁇ RI- expressing monocyte and PMN effector cells. Although monocytes express significant levels of Fc ⁇ RI constitutively, culturing these cells with IFN- ⁇ results in up-regulation of Fc ⁇ RI (Perussia, B. et al. (1983) J Exp. Med. 158: 1092-1113; Guyre, P.M. (1983) J. Clin. Invest. 72: 393-97). IFN- ⁇ -treated monocytes mediated specific lysis of TAG-72- expressing target cells (Kleb cells, LS174T cells and Jurkat cells) in a bispecific antibody-dependent fashion that saturated approximately at 100 ng/ml ( Figures 6A-B).
  • Figure 6 A shows a comparison of dose response curves demonstrating induction of ADCC of Kleb cells (filled circles) or LS174T cells (empty circles) with respect to the concentration of HCC49 x H22 ( ⁇ g/ml).
  • Figure 6B shows a comparison of dose response curves demonstrating induction of ADCC of Kleb cells (filled circles) or Jurkat cells (empty circles) with respect to the concentration of HCC49 X H22 ( ⁇ g/ml).
  • FIG. 7 shows a dose response curve demonstrating induction of ADCC of Kleb cells with respect to the concentration of HCC49 X H22 (filled circles) or CC49 monoclonal antibody (empty circles).
  • HCC49xH22 binds with high affinity to both TAG 72 and Fc ⁇ RI-expressing cells. More importantly, these results demonstrate that HCC49xH22 effectively mediates antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity against TAG-72 expressing cells when using monocytes and activated PMNs as effector cells. Therefore, these results support the conclusion that the fully humanized bispecific antibody, HCC49 x H22, may be a promising therapy for treatment of TAG-72 expressing cancers.

Abstract

Molécules bispécifiques et multispécifiques qui se lient à un récepteur de Fcη et à la glycoprotéine 72 associée aux tumeurs (TAG-72). Lesdites molécules peuvent se lier à une cellule exprimant le récepteur de Fcη et à une cellule exprimant TAG-72. Les molécules bispécifiques sont utiles pour diriger des cellules effectrices humaines contre les cellules exprimant TAG-72, in vivo et in vitro. L'invention porte aussi sur des utilisations thérapeutiques et diagnostiques de ces molécules bispécifiques.
PCT/US1997/018428 1997-10-15 1997-10-15 MOLECULES BISPECIFIQUES DIRIGEES CONTRE LES RECEPTEURS DE Fc ET LA GLYCOPROTEINE 72 ASSOCIEE AUX TUMEURS WO1999019362A1 (fr)

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AU47543/97A AU4754397A (en) 1997-10-15 1997-10-15 Bispecific molecules directed to tumor associated glycoprotein-72 and fc receptor
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