WO1999009433A1 - Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999009433A1 WO1999009433A1 PCT/CA1998/000531 CA9800531W WO9909433A1 WO 1999009433 A1 WO1999009433 A1 WO 1999009433A1 CA 9800531 W CA9800531 W CA 9800531W WO 9909433 A1 WO9909433 A1 WO 9909433A1
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- signals
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/01—Measuring or predicting earthquakes
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to detection of impending earthquakes and more particularly, the invention relates to a detector and method for discriminating between general earth tremors and tremors which are precursors to an earthquake. Further, the invention relates to a relay-type earthquake detector for relaying a warning signal to remotely located sensors.
- P-waves typically travel at a faster rate from an epicenter to a given locale in comparison with S-waves.
- detection of P- waves can serve as a warning of the arrival of S-waves at a given location, in particular a location at some remove from the epicenter.
- Windisch Typical of the art that has been patented in this field is U.S. Patent No. 4,689,997, (Windisch).
- the reference provides a detector which primarily employs a vertical spring barb mounted on a support.
- a coupler is supported on the other end of the barb and this coupler is connected through a coil spring to a mass positioned in concentricity with the barb and coupler.
- the spring and mass components are selected to have a natural resonant frequency corresponding to that of an earthquake tremor or other vibration to be detected.
- a switching circuit is provided to detonate an alarm once the earthquake frequency is detected.
- Windisch does not provide an integrated circuit mechanism for detection of earth tremors, but rather relies on a mechanical arrangement in the form of a spring and mass system. As is known, such systems are susceptible to temperature fluctuations which can alter the point at which the apparatus can detect the earthquake frequency. Further, the Windisch arrangement does not appear to provide a system which discriminates between simple extraneous vibration and earthquake caliber frequencies
- Accuracy of a detector may also be enhanced by having regard to various P-wave characteristics. For example, it has been found that P-waves are indicative of serious earthquakes if they have a duration greater than a certain value. For most locations, this value is approximately 15 milliseconds, although in some locations this is less. Further, it has been found that earthquakes may be predicted with reasonable accuracy if multiple spaced-apart sensors detect P-waves over the temporal threshold with temporal overlap existing between the detected P-waves.
- One object of the present invention is to provide an improved earthquake detector capable of detecting earth tremors at a selected frequency and verifying whether the same are indicative of an imminent earthquake.
- a further object is to provide a detector system comprising a central processor in communication with multiple spaced apart sensors to further enhance advance warning of an earthquake.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of detecting vibration signals indicative of an earthquake, comprising the steps of: providing a vibration detecting means for detecting vibration signals in a structure responsive to ground vibration, the detection means comprising an integrated circuit including a potentiometer circuit; mounting the detecting means to the structure; determining the natural vibration frequencies of the structure; intermittently comparing electronically any extraneous vibration signal different from the vibration signal of the structure; and determining whether the extraneous signal is within a predetermined earthquake signal level indicative of P-waves.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a method for detecting an earthquake, comprising the steps of:
- an earthquake detector having a first sensor for sensing a selected frequency indicative of an earthquake and a transducer means for transmitting and receiving information and an alarm; providing a second sensor independent of the first for at least receiving information from the first sensor, the second sensor for verifying information received from the first sensor; subjecting the first and second sensors to the selected frequency; transmitting information indicative of the detected frequency from the first server to the second sensor; processing the information by the sensors; and activating the alarm means when the frequency is indicative of an earthquake.
- the first and second server may independently transmit the vibration detection information to an independent control unit.
- the method comprises the steps of:
- first and second sensors remotely positioned from each other for sensing a selected vibration frequency indicative of an impending earthquake; providing communication means for communication between the first and second sensors; providing a processing unit in communication with the first and second sensors for selecting earth tremor information received from the sensors in the form of a voltage having an amplitude; subjecting the sensors to the selected frequency and communicating the information indicative of the vibration between the sensors; selecting within the processing unit a voltage peak indicative of vibrations having an amplitude and duration exceeding selected minimum levels; assessing any temporal overlap between the selected voltage peaks associated with each of the sensors; activating alarm means when the amplitude, temporal duration and temporal overlap of the voltage peaks associated with the sensors is indicative of an impending earthquake.
- Communication between the sensor means and processing unit may be affected by means of wireless or wired electronic communication means, including wireless communication in the infrared or radio frequencies.
- information from the processing unit can be downloaded to a computer programmed to process the information and optionally transmit the information to corresponding earthquake detectors.
- the sensors and processing unit can communicate by means of light- emitting diodes (LED's), or at radio, microwave or TR frequencies.
- LED's light- emitting diodes
- the sensors and processing unit can communicate by means of radio, microwave or TR frequencies.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide an integrated circuit electronic detector for detecting any vibration signals of a structure or structures positioned on a substrate, comprising: detector means for detecting a predetermined vibration signal of the structure and an extraneous signal different from the vibration signal; amplifier means for amplifying the signal; comparator means for comparing an extraneous signal with the predetermined vibration signal of the structure to verify whether the extraneous signal is indicative of P- waves; and potentiometer signal adjustment means for adjusting the detector means to different vibration signals of a structure.
- the comparator means includes a filter for limiting the detection to vibrations having an amplitude greater than a predetermined minimum and a timer for measuring the duration of said amplitude peaks. The alarm is triggered when the duration of an amplitude peak exceeds a selected amount. For many locations, this selected duration is about 15 milliseconds.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for detecting earthquakes and relaying a signal generated therefrom to a remote location, comprising:
- an earthquake detector having a first sensor for detecting a frequency indicative of an earthquake and an alarm means actuable at the frequency; transducer means for relaying and receiving information from the first sensor; second sensor means remote from the first sensor including a second transducer means for communicating at least with the first sensor; and a comparator means associated with the earthquake detector for comparing a transmitted signal received by the first sensor with the second sensor for confirmation of an earthquake signal.
- the sensors may be linked by any known means for transmissions of electronic signals, including wire linkage and wireless linkage.
- the latter may include, for example, infrared and radio frequency transmission, for example in the 800-900 megahertz range.
- first and second sensors for detecting vibrations at a frequency indicative of an impending earthquake; communication means for transmitting and receiving information between the first and second sensor means; a comparator means for comparing transmitted signals received by the first and second sensors for confirmation of an impending earthquake signal; alarm means actuable at the said frequency.
- the apparatus includes a central controller for controlling the operation of the sensors.
- the controller may also incorporate information storage means for recording and storing vibration tremor information detected by the sensors.
- the controller may further include a communications port, such as an RS232 port, permitting an interface of the controller with a computer, which may be programmed with software for storing and processing the earth tremor information.
- the controller may be independent of the first and second sensors and may itself incorporate a third sensor.
- the controller preferably includes voltage peak comparison means, for comparing the duration of a voltage peak above a selected limit, indicating a precursor earthquake tremor detected by both (or all three) sensor means, and for assessing any temporal overlap in the voltage peak.
- the controller further includes filter means whereby voltage peaks having an amplitude above a selected amount are compared for temporal overlap, and voltage peaks having an amplitude below the selected amount are not so subjected.
- the controller further conveniently includes adjustment means to permit the user to adjust the selected duration cutoff to reflect local earthquake conditions.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view of the apparatus according to one embodiment
- Figure 2 is a longitudinal cross-section of the apparatus of Figure 1;
- Figure 3a is a top plan view of the top mounting plate of the apparatus
- Figure 3b is a bottom plan view of the mounting bracket
- Figure 5 is a block diagram showing the operation of an apparatus for detecting earthquake activity according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a block diagram showing the operation of an apparatus for detecting wu IWIBWA, PCT/CA98/00531
- Figure 7 is a block diagram illustrating a third embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 is one possible embodiment of the discrete earthquake alarm, broadly denoted by numeral 10.
- the apparatus includes a front face 12 with opposed ends 14 and 16 and a rear face 18.
- a top mounting plate 20, shown in plan view in Figure 3b, is provided with two spaced apart eyelets 22 and 24 for mounting the apparatus 10 to a substrate such as a building etc. (not shown).
- a bottom plate 26 is provided with two apertures 28 and 30.
- Aperture 28 receives a reset button (not shown) in order to reset the circuit discussed hereinafter.
- Aperture 30 receives a light emitting diode (LED) (not shown), the purpose of which will be discussed below.
- LED light emitting diode
- FIG. 2 illustrates a longitudinal cross-section of the apparatus 10 in which a piezoelectric alarm element 32 is shown in chain line.
- Piezoelectric element 32 is designed to produce an audible signal once the apparatus in activated indicating an earthquake is imminent.
- Front face 12, as illustrated in Figure 2, includes lips 34 and 36, which are received within cooperating recesses 39 and 40, respectively on the apparatus 10.
- the apparatus provides a transducer circuit, broadly denoted by numeral 42 for detecting incoming signals.
- the incoming signals are filtered by a potentiometer circuit 44 encompassing resistors Rl, R2 and potentiometer PI.
- the potentiometer circuit 44 allows adjustment of a selected frequency or frequencies to be introduced into the remaining circuitry and representing the natural harmonics of the building. Once a signal has been selected, the same can be passed on to the amplification portion of the circuit, broadly embracing resistors R3, R4, R5 and UART chip 4 (U4 Voltage Source V cc ).
- the amplification circuit is broadly denoted by numeral 46.
- the amplified signal is passed on to a detector 48, the detector comprising a UART chip Ul A.
- the detected signal is passed on to a logic circuit denoted by numeral 50 comprising a pair of linked UART chips U1B and U1C,
- the logic circuit compares the signal that is incoming with the natural harmonic frequency signal of the building and comparison is made to determine whether the incoming signal is below the predetermined natural frequency of the building. If the signal does exceed this latter amount, the result is the detonation of the alarm to be discussed hereinafter.
- a manual reset circuit is provided by the combination of the UART chip U2A and diode DIA, the reset circuit being denoted by numeral 52.
- an automatic reset circuit comprising diode DIB and UART chip U28 and resistor R7.
- the auto reset circuit is denoted by numeral 54. Automatic reset of the system will occur after two minutes of ringing of the alarm. This valve is variable.
- Numeral 56 represents a conventional clock circuit comprising a capacitor C2 and resistors R9, RIO. The circuit is designed to provide two minutes of ringing of the alarm.
- Clock circuit 56 is connected to the main counter chip 58, which acts as the main distribution system for the circuit. The entire arrangement is connected to chip 58.
- Numeral 64 represents an optional battery check circuit with low voltage detector lamps to indicate whether the system is operational. This is shown in chain line. The arrangement is provided with diodes D4A, D4B, D5A, D5B and D6 and resistors R13 through 14 as well as transistors Q l , Q2 and light emitting diodes 1/G and 1/R.
- clock circuit 56 associated with chip 58 may be removed as illustrated in chain line in Figure 4.
- a particularly attractive advantage with the present arrangement is that the comparator logic circuit 50 is not continuously running for comparing ground vibration to P-wave vibration as is a chief limitation in the prior art arrangement.
- the present invention once a voltage reaches the threshold value between detector circuit 48 and logic circuit 50, then the arrangement is actuated. Accordingly, there is no continuous power drain with the current arrangement and this, of course, inherently leads to a more reliable and efficient circuit.
- the apparatus 10 may be combined with any known sensing means.
- the sensing means can be placed in any position within a room in order to confirm the signal between the apparatus 10 and any such sensing mechanism.
- the apparatus 10 and the second sensing mechanism can both confirm that the signal received by the apparatus 10 is, in fact, indicative of an imminent earthquake.
- Transmission between the second sensing mechanism and apparatus 10 may be achieved by any known method, i.e. infra-red transmission, microwave, etc.
- a comparison circuit may be employed. Such circuits are well known and set forth in the prior art. Once the signal has been compared, there can be a determination of the signal strength which may or may not be sufficient to trigger the alarm. Providing this arrangement, the advantage of preventing false alarms is greatly enhanced over arrangements in the prior art.
- the second sensing mechanism may include any number of existing sensors, including uni- or triaxial sensors, and will be understood that this explanation is not confined to only a single unit.
- a stand-alone unit 200 comprises a sensor 202, a filter 204, timer 208, controller 210 and alarm 212. These elements are all connected within a housing, not shown.
- the filter permits the passage of signals detected by the sensor having a fequency indicative of P-waves.
- the timer 208 assesses the duration of the selected signals.
- the controller 210 assesses the voltage of the signal, indicative of the amplitude of the detected vibration, and triggers the alarm 212 when the duration and amplitude of a selected signal exceeds predetermined minimums. For most locations, the minimum duration of concern is about 15 milliseconds.
- this information may be relayed via a transmitter to remotely located sensors in other buildings or in other geographical areas. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that transmission of the signal may be achieved by any of the known methods currently employed for signal transmission, including telecommunications, Internet, etc.
- Figure 5 sets forth an overall flow chart scheme for providing signal verification and the remotely located relay or transmission of the signal.
- Dual sensors 100 and 102 are provided, for mounting to a solid surface such as a building wall at separate locations removed from each other, for example on opposing sides of a building or within two separate buildings. Each sensor incorporates a transducer-type vibration detection means, for converting vibratory movement into an electronic signal, as described above.
- Sensors 100, 102 are associated with transmitters 104 and 106 for transmitting signals from the sensors via wired or wireless communications, including infrared, radio frequency or visible light frequency. Alternatively, the signals may be transmitted by wire, and the transmitters in this case comprise simply plug-ins for installation of a wire.
- the signals transmitted by the transmitters are received by corresponding receivers 106 & 108, associated with a processing unit 120.
- the processing unit 120 may comprise a stand alone unit, or alternatively may be integrated with one of the sensors 100 or 102 and hardwired to the corresponding sensor. From each receiver 106 and 108, the electronic signals are transmitted through a corresponding band pass filter 1 10, 1 12. The two band pass filters are used on the receiver side in order to distinguish the two transmitters, based on (frequency modulated) carrier signals.
- a suitable band pass filter is model ML21 10 from MicroLinear (TM). In one example, the first sensor/filter combination is tuned to 4.7 Kilohertz and the second sensor/filter combination is tuned to 2.9 kilohertz.
- Each band pass filter is associated with a corresponding timer circuit and clock unit 1 14, 1 16. The timer circuit and clock units perform two functions.
- tremors are indicative of an impending significant earthquake if they have an amplitude greater than a selected level (indicative of P-waves) with this amplitude peak having a duration of greater than approximately 15 milliseconds. If the amplitude peak is less than this, a significant earthquake is not indicated. It has been found that this duration may differ in different localities around the globe, depending on soil type and other factors. Accordingly, adjustment means are provided to change the cut off duration depending on the region where the device is installed. A further function of the timer circuit/clock unit is to correlate, and compare voltage peak information with similar information from corresponding units, as is discussed below.
- the signal comparison circuit 1 18 receives signals from the timer circuit/clock units 1 14 and 1 16.
- the signal comparison circuit performs the function of assessing any temporal overlap in signals received from the respective timer circuit/clock units and as well contains a potentiometer circuit for comparing the frequency of the incoming signal with the natural predetermined frequency of the building as discussed above. Further, the signal comparison circuit assesses the amplitude of the voltage peak of the incoming frequencies, indicative of the amplitude of the detected vibration signal.
- a further feature of the present invention resides in the capability of employing the sensors as described above in any location, without the requirement of a separate transducer for response to local conditions.
- the filters 1 10 and 112 and the various logic circuits are adjustable, whereby the cut off frequency above which vibration signals are not processed may be changed by the user along with the prescribed frequency duration preselected by the user.
- Figure 8 illustrates a variation of this apparatus, wherein the master control unit 300 incorporates a third sensor 302, linked directly to a third filter 304. This version provides enhanced sensitivity.
- the multiple sensors may be mounted in separate buildings or other structures, and individually hard-wired to the controller.
- the remote positioning of the sensors in this manner enhances the sensitivity of the detector.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU76340/98A AU7634098A (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes |
CA002300377A CA2300377A1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes |
AT98923959T ATE289421T1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETECTING IMPENDING EARTHQUAKES |
JP2000510043A JP4416939B2 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes |
EP98923959A EP1005657B1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes |
DE69829056T DE69829056T2 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING UPPER EARTHQUAKES |
US09/463,987 US6356204B1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US5636397P | 1997-08-19 | 1997-08-19 | |
US60/056,363 | 1997-08-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999009433A1 true WO1999009433A1 (en) | 1999-02-25 |
Family
ID=22003901
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA1998/000531 WO1999009433A1 (en) | 1997-08-19 | 1998-06-01 | Method and apparatus for detecting impending earthquakes |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6356204B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1005657B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4416939B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE289421T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU7634098A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2300377A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69829056T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2238760T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999009433A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69829056D1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
AU7634098A (en) | 1999-03-08 |
JP2001516034A (en) | 2001-09-25 |
DE69829056T2 (en) | 2005-12-29 |
ATE289421T1 (en) | 2005-03-15 |
EP1005657A1 (en) | 2000-06-07 |
JP4416939B2 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
ES2238760T3 (en) | 2005-09-01 |
CA2300377A1 (en) | 1999-02-25 |
EP1005657B1 (en) | 2005-02-16 |
US6356204B1 (en) | 2002-03-12 |
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